Готові списки джерел за темами / West African coastal zone

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "West African coastal zone"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "West African coastal zone":

1

Tiando, Damien Sinonmatohou, Shougeng Hu, Xin Fan, and Muhammad Rashid Ali. "Tropical Coastal Land-Use and Land Cover Changes Impact on Ecosystem Service Value during Rapid Urbanization of Benin, West Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 7416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147416.

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West African coastal areas including the Beninese coastal zones have undergone an intensification of socio-economic activity in the last few decades that has been strongly driven by the effects of rapid urbanization. This has led to land-use and land cover changes that represent threats to the sustainability of various ecosystem functions. Such dynamics of land use and land cover changes pose challenges to coastal zone management. Correct assessment is vital for policymakers and planners to ensure efficient and sustainable use of the coastal ecosystem services, and it remains crucial to achieving sustainable coastal zone management. This study examines changes in land-use and land cover (LULC) and their impacts on ecosystem services value (ESV) fluctuations in the tropical coastal region of Benin, West Africa. We employed Globe Land 30 image data for the years 2010 and 2020, and the ESV fluctuations during the study period were evaluated using the benefit transfer approach (BTA) with corresponding local coefficients values and the GIS techniques. The results reveal that (1) in the current urbanizing coastal area, the LULC types have changed significantly, with obvious reductions in forest land and waterbodies and a considerable increase in artificial surfaces; (2) the total ESV decreased by 8.51% from USD 7.1557 million in 2010 to USD 6.5941 million in 2020; (3) the intensity of LULC in the coastal region has increased over the last 10 years; (4) regions with high land-use intensity have a high rate of ESV change; and (5) provisioning services are the greatest contributors of ESV (51% in 2010; 41% in 2020), followed by supporting services (37% in 2010; 35% in 2020) and regulating services (25% in 2010; 30% in 2020). Uncontrolled changes in LULC from forest land and waterbodies are the main causes of the loss in total ESV, necessitating urgent measures to improve the coastal ecosystem sustainability through effective planning and policies.
2

Kounta, Lala, Xavier Capet, Julien Jouanno, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Bamol Sow, and Amadou Thierno Gaye. "A model perspective on the dynamics of the shadow zone of the eastern tropical North Atlantic – Part 1: the poleward slope currents along West Africa." Ocean Science 14, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 971–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-971-2018.

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Abstract. The West African seaboard is one of the upwelling sectors that has received the least attention, and in situ observations relevant to its dynamics are particularly scarce. The current system in this sector is not well known and understood, e.g., in terms of seasonal variability, across-shore structure, and forcing processes. This knowledge gap is addressed in two studies that analyze the mean seasonal cycle of an eddy-permitting numerical simulation of the tropical Atlantic. Part 1 is concerned with the circulation over the West African continental slope at the southernmost reach of the Canary Current system, between ∼8 and 20∘ N. The focus is on the depth range most directly implicated in the wind-driven circulation (offshore and coastal upwellings and Sverdrup transport) located above the potential density σt=26.7 kg m−3 in the model (approx. above 250 m of depth). In this sector and for this depth range, the flow is predominantly poleward as a direct consequence of positive wind stress curl forcing, but the degree to which the magnitude of the upper ocean poleward transport reflects Sverdrup theory varies with latitude. The model poleward flow also exhibits a marked semiannual cycle with transport maxima in spring and fall. Dynamical rationalizations of these characteristics are offered in terms of wind forcing of coastal trapped waves and Rossby wave dynamics. Remote forcing by seasonal fluctuations of coastal winds in the Gulf of Guinea plays an instrumental role in the fall intensification of the poleward flow. The spring intensification appears to be related to wind fluctuations taking place at shorter distances north of the Gulf of Guinea entrance and also locally. Rossby wave activity accompanying the semiannual fluctuations of the poleward flow in the coastal waveguide varies greatly with latitude, which in turn exerts a major influence on the vertical structure of the poleward flow. Although the realism of the model West African boundary currents is difficult to determine precisely, the present in-depth investigation provides a renewed framework for future observational programs in the region.
3

Honfoga, B. G., and G. J. M. van den Boom. "Food-Consumption Patterns in Central West Africa, 1961 to 2000, and Challenges to Combating Malnutrition." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 2 (January 2003): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400210.

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We discuss food-consumption patterns in Central West Africa from 1961 to 2000 and some implications for combating malnutrition. The availability of food in the region improved in the 1960s, declined sharply in the 1970s and the early 1980s, and has shown a modest positive trend since the mid-1980s. Notwithstanding obvious progress over the past decades and in the region as a whole, food availability today remains below the required levels for large parts of the population and appears unstable over time, particularly in the Sahelian zone. On average, diets in this zone contain fewer than 2,200 kcal, compared with almost 2,500 kcal in the coastal zone. Conversely, protein deficiency is more common in the coastal zone, where a typical diet contains only 45 g of protein, compared with 60 g in the Sahelian zone. Furthermore, consumption is showing a dietary shift toward cereals, while yield growth lags far behind population growth. The associated import dependency and pressure on land seem to gain significance regardless of the region's agro-ecological capacity to increase and to substitute cereal imports for locally produced food. Moreover, food consumption appears responsive to income changes (calorie-income elasticity ranges from 0.25 to 0.62), while, in turn, it has a significant impact on nutritional outcomes (stunting-calorie elasticity of −1.42). We conclude that combating malnutrition requires first broad-spectrum income growth, and next specific policies that promote the yield and the contribution to diets of nutritious food produced within the region.
4

Juo, A. S. R., and L. P. Wilding. "Soils of the lowland forests of West and Central Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 104 (1996): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006102.

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The forest zone of West and Central Africa comprises the coastal and adjacent inland regions bounded the semi-deciduous forests in the west and the equatorial forests in central Africa and the Congo basin. Sedimentary plains, developed mostly on weathered sandy materials, lie along the coastal stretches and cover vast areas of the Congo basin. Behind the coast the plain rises gradually to hills and plateaus of much lower elevation than those of the highlands of East Africa. Two great rivers, the Niger and the Congo, which discharge huge volumes of fresh water to the Atlantic Ocean, are major contributors to the hydrological cycles of the rain forests ecosystems of the Guinea–Congo Region. The Niger originates from the forested highlands of Guinea and discharges its waters into the Bight of Benin by way of a large delta in southern Nigeria. The Congo basin occupies an immense area of 750 000 km2, surrounded by Pre-Cambrian uplands. The alluvial floor of the saucer-shaped basin is flat, and marshes and swamps comprise a large proportion of the total area. The highlands and plateaus along the rim are low to the west and north and higher to the south. To the east, they merge with the mountains of the Great Rift Valley of East Africa (Gann & Duignan 1972; Hance 1975; Grove 1978; Hamilton 1989).
5

Barusseau, Jean-Paul, Raphaël Certain, Robert Vernet, and Jean-François Saliège. "Morphosedimentological record and human settlements as indicators of West-African Late Holocene climate variations in the littoral zone of the Iwik peninsula (Banc d’Arguin – Mauritania)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.5.449.

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Abstract The geomorphological, sedimentological and archaeological studies of coastal features in the Iwik-Aouatil area show two categories of coastal sedimentary units: very extensive sand flats and linear relief features covered by a thin veneer of anthropogenic Anadara senilis shell-middens. These units provide an opportunity to discuss the return to arid conditions in western Sahara during the Late Holocene, when climate changes induced the alternating occurrence of more or less dry episodes, from around 5 ka until today. These constructions reflect the global climate change within the general framework known for the region. Two different processes occurred: (1) constant deposition of wide sand-flats and (2) construction of sedimentary ridges at specific moments. These processes demonstrate the existence of (1) constant sand discharge during the whole period as sand availability is not a limiting factor and (2) a substantially increased sand influx during the 4.2-3.2 ka episode. Because of sea-level stability in the Banc d’Arguin area during the Late Holocene, the variability of morphogenetic agents is considered to be the likely cause of fluctuations, influencing sand input rate and implying that either sand was delivered in greater abundance (aridity crisis and stronger winds) or littoral drift was more powerful (stronger waves and more frequent storms in the northern part of the Atlantic ocean), or both simultaneously. The action of these two driving forces in the depositional processes observed in the Iwik-Aouatil coastal plain is evaluated with respect to the occurrence of episodes of rapid climate changes (RCCs) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) changes. A climate pattern combining episodes of RCC and NAO positive (NAO+) index during the 4.5-3.2 ka period is convenient for both sand supply, which accelerates the southwestward migration of barchan’s lines, and sand transportation, which improves the efficiency of the littoral drift.
6

Gaki - Papanastassiou, K., E. Karymbalis, H. Maroukian, and K. Tsanakas. "GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF WESTERN (PALIKI) KEPHALONIA ISLAND (GREECE) DURING THE QUATERNARY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11193.

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Kephalonia Island is located in the Ionian Sea (western Greece). The active subduction zone of the African lithosphere submerging beneath the Eurasian plate is placed just west of the island. The evolution of the island is depended mostly on the geodynamic processes derived from this vigorous margin. The geomorphic evolution of the western part of the island (Paliki peninsula) during the Quaternary was studied, by carrying out detailed field geomorphological mapping focusing on both coastal and fluvial landforms, utilizing aerial photos and satellite image interpretation with the use of GIS technology. The coastal morphology of Paliki includes beachrocks, aeolianites, notches and small fan deltas which were all studied and mapped in detail. The drainage systems of the peninsula comprise an older one on carbonate formations in the northwest and a younger Quaternary one in the south and southeast. Eight marine terraces found primarily on the Pliocene marine formations range in elevation from 2 m to 440 m are tilted to the south. In the Late Pleistocene some of the main drainage networks flowed towards the newly-formed gulf of Argostoli to the east.
7

Sylla, Soumaïla, Kouadio Fréderic Kouakou, Christian Bernard Tia, Stanislas Silvain Yao, and Boua Célestin Atse. "The spatial distribution of coastal fish assemblage in Côte d’Ivoire’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), West Africa." Journal of Applied Biosciences 108, no. 1 (April 19, 2017): 10519. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v108i1.5.

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8

FIELDS-BLACK, EDDA L. "UNTANGLING THE MANY ROOTS OF WEST AFRICAN MANGROVE RICE FARMING: RICE TECHNOLOGY IN THE RIO NUNEZ REGION, EARLIEST TIMES TO c. 1800." Journal of African History 49, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707003374.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the ancient past of coastal Guinea's Rio Nunez region, a coastal rice-growing region virtually unexplored by studies of West African rice and rice farmers. It argues that coastal cultivators have adapted mangrove rice-farming systems in situ for approximately the past 1,000 years, a historical period pre-dating the European travelers' accounts on which the current literature heavily relies. Rather than diffusing from the interior, these specialized farming systems grew organically out of land-use systems. Using the comparative method of historical linguistics and cultural vocabulary, the study establishes different stages in coastal farmers' experimentation, adaptation and specialization in the coastal environment and approximates historical dates when the different stages occurred. And with botanical and biological studies of mangrove vegetation, the study distinguishes between the softer, spongy roots of white mangroves and hard, twisted roots of red mangroves. The interdisciplinary evidence reveals that knowledge of white mangroves was an early formative stage in cultivators' fabrication of coastal land-use systems. Lastly, from an examination of loanwords, the study discusses the important contributions made by Mande groups, who speak the Susu language in the Rio Nunez region, in intensifying mangrove rice-farming systems indigenous to the coast and extending them from zones of white to those of red mangroves. The interdisciplinary methods and sources enable the study to capture localized experimentation and innovation as continuous processes, thereby breaking with the current literature's emphasis on diffusion from the interior to the coast.
9

Havik, Philip J. "Hybridising Medicine: Illness, Healing and the Dynamics of Reciprocal Exchange on the Upper Guinea Coast (West Africa)." Medical History 60, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.3.

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The present article seeks to fill a number of lacunae with regard to the study of the circulation and assimilation of different bodies of medical knowledge in an important cultural contact zone, that is the Upper Guinea Coast. Building upon ongoing research on trade and cultural brokerage in the area, it focuses upon shifting attitudes and practices with regard to health and healing as a result of cultural interaction and hybridisation against the background of growing intra-African and Afro-Atlantic interaction from the fifteenth to the late seventeenth century. Largely based upon travel accounts, missionary reports and documents produced by the Portuguese Inquisition, it shows how forms of medical knowledge shifted and circulated between littoral areas and their hinterland, as well as between the coast, the Atlantic and beyond. It shows that the changing patterns of trade, migration and settlement associated with Mandé influence and Afro-Atlantic exchange had a decisive impact on changing notions of illness and therapeutic trajectories. Over the centuries, cross-cultural, reciprocal borrowing contributed to the development of healing kits employed by Africans and non-African outsiders alike, which were used and brokered by local communities in different locations in the region.
10

Guerrera, Francesco, Manuel Martín-Martín, Mario Tramontana, Bertin Nimon, and Kossi Essotina Kpémoua. "Shoreline Changes and Coastal Erosion: The Case Study of the Coast of Togo (Bight of Benin, West Africa Margin)." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020040.

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The coastal strip between the Volta River delta and the westernmost portion of Benin (West Africa Margin of Atlantic Basin) is highly populated (e.g., Lomé) due to migrations from inland areas. The coastal zone has proved to be very vulnerable because of the potential development of sometimes catastrophic events related to different and interacting causes, resulting in negative effects on natural ecosystems and socio-economic conditions. The main problem is the marked erosion of large coastal sectors with maximum retreat rates of the order of 5 m/year. The continuous loss of territory leads to a progressive impoverishment of activities and human resources and to the increase of geological risk factors. The coastal erosion is induced both by natural and anthropic causes and can be controlled only by means of prevention programs, detailed scientific studies and targeted technical interventions. The main erosional processes observed in the study area are triggered by the presence of the Lomé port and other human activities on the coastal strip, including the water extraction from the subsoil, which induces subsidence and the use of sediments as inert material. These elements, together with the reduction of the solid supply from Volta River (caused by the realization of the Akosombo dam) are among the main factors that control the medium and long-term evolution of the area. Also relative sea level changes, which take into account also tectonic and/or isostatic components, can contribute to the process. In order to have a real understanding of the coastal dynamics and evolution, it would be necessary to develop a scientific structure through the collaboration of all countries of the Bight of Benin affected by coastal erosion. The aim should be primarily to collect the interdisciplinary quantitative data necessary to develop a scientific knowledge background of the Bight of Benin coastal/ocean system. In conclusion, some proposals are presented to reduce the vulnerability of the coastal area as for example to plan surveys for the realization of appropriate coastal protection works, such as walls, revetments, groins, etc. A possible expansion of the port of Lomè is also considered. Proposals comprise the constitution of a Supranational Scientific Committee as a coordinating structure on erosion for both the study of phenomena and planning interventions.
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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "West African coastal zone":

1

Montoya-Maya, Phanor Hernando. "Dynamics of larval fish and zooplankton in selected south and west coast estuaries of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1641/.

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2

Failler, Pierre. "From the management of marine resources to the governance of ocean and coastal zones in West Africa." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-the-management-of-marine-resources-to-the-governance-of-ocean-and-coastal-zones-in-west-africa(975eb2d1-fa82-48e9-9911-ea1351e0e0d4).html.

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The overarching aim of the work presented here is to contribute to the development of a new interdisciplinary approach to fisheries economics for fisheries governance. it is geographically limited to West Africa but results can be used in other areas where small scale fisheries are active and governance rules are not fully implemented. The disciplinary orientations and conceptual frameworks applied in the research are institutional analysis and governance, as well as the assessment of key drivers of change. The new institutional economic theory provided a sound conceptual frame to analyse fisheries as it brings together economics (theory of the firm and social cost theory), law (convention, contracts, etc.) and sociology (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, and codes of conduct). Used on its own it provides a good framework for the analysis of the fish chain and relationships between stakeholders (wealth distribution and equity) and the whole governance of fisheries, coastal zones and oceans. Combined with neo-classical tools such as modelling of fishing activities, it provides a good analytical method to predict effects of management measures on fisher strategies. Furthermore, coupled with an ecological model such as ECOPATH or ECOSIM, its gives a holistic modelling tool (integrating ecology, economic and social dimensions) for the assessment of the full costs and benefits (private and public) of fishing practices and policy policies. The research suggests that the key drivers of change are often hidden and therefore not taken into account while designing management measures. Among shaping drivers, research in West Africa shows that international trade and its rules is shaping the orientation and the functioning of small scale fisheries. Fisher migration, which is directly linked to the trade driving effects, is currently one of the major drivers of change of West African fisheries and the most destabilizing factor. The main results, such as the identification of drivers of change (e.g. international trade, migration), and the integration of social, economic and ecological models are currently used by international institutions such as FAO, UNEP, UNDP and the Group of the ACP countries, regional organisations such as ATLFALCO (Ministerial conference of the African Atlantic countries), the Sub-regional Fishery Commission of seven West African countries and at national level by fishery ministries. The future of fisheries governance in West Africa is strongly linked to a better understanding of small scale fisher strategies and the way they react to fishery management. New research activities on co-management have to be developed in order to switch from a strong centralised fishery management process to a local one where fisher communities play a significant role. Aside from this, work has to be continued to implement the integrated approach into the fishery governance system in West Africa and in other world coastal countries.
3

Nwosu, Chioma P. "Inflation and economic growth relationship in the West African Monetary Zone." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17315.

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Inflation and output growth relationship is of interest to policymakers and researchers. In the West African Monetary Zone, the attainment of low inflation rate is considered as one of the convergence criteria for the successful implementation of monetary union in the zone. Although there has been empirical evidence that the relationship between inflation and output growth in the WAMZ is non-linear, the question yet to be answered is, “at what level is inflation detrimental to economic growth?” This paper extends the link of analysis by investigating the optimal inflation for the WAMZ countries using the quadratic approach to threshold estimation. The findings drawing from economic theory and analysis suggests that inflation rate in the WAMZ is significantly associated with lower growth only after it reaches 12.86 percent. The result further indicates that there are significant differences in the inflation threshold levels in the WAMZ countries. The findings of this research are not surprising given the institutional features and structure of the different countries in the zone. The findings of the research suggest that monetary authorities in the WAMZ countries could accommodate inflation rate up to the threshold level, even when that is higher than what is currently being targeted in the zone, so as not to stifle growth in the area. Also, although the WAMZ countries belong to the same geographical area, which could enhance group formation; there could be other sources of heterogeneity like different political, legal, economic, and national policies that drive individual growth processes in the zone.
Central Bank of Nigeria
4

Morris, Kathryn. "Kelp forests in False Bay: urchins vs. macroalgae in South Africa's south-west coast biogeographical transition zone." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25072.

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There is ongoing global concern over unwanted regime shifts in marine systems. Shifts from diverse and productive algal-dominated ecosystems to less productive urchin and coralline-dominated temperate reefs are becoming increasingly common. Kelp forests found along South Africa's south-west coast between Cape Point and Cape Agulhas occur in a region of biogeographical overlap. They are commonly referred to as transition zone kelp forests and are dynamic ecosystems that are particularly susceptible to grazing influence from species such as sea urchins. This study (1) explores the uniformity of these transition zone kelp forests along the western side of False Bay, with a focus on macroalgae and urchins, (2) identifies a threshold in urchin density above which algal abundance declines and (3) seeks to identify relationships between attached and drift algal abundance. Twenty replicate quadrats were sampled in six kelp forests along the western side of False Bay. Within each quadrat, urchins (Parechinus angulosus) and kelps (Ecklonia maxima) were counted, percentage covers of various understorey algal species were recorded and drift algae were collected. Although there was significant variability in algal and urchin cover across the six sites, kelps generally increased from north to south, while urchins did the opposite. Urchins were negatively correlated with algal communities, and a localised threshold of 1.43kg/m² (50 urchins/m²) was identified, above which attached kelp density failed to increase above 10/m² and percentage cover of understorey algae usually remained below 20%. Surprisingly, no relationship was discovered between abundance of drift kelp and attached kelp, understorey algae or urchin density. This result was likely distorted by the naturally turbulent conditions of South African waters. Results highlight the complexity of these cool-water environments. To better understand the role of urchins in this system, experimental research into the feeding behaviour and effect of P. angulosus on kelps and understorey seaweeds in the presence/absence of drift algae is advised.
5

Brewster, Fozlo Leo Stanley. "Application of littoral vulnerability assessment into the integrated coastal zone management process of Barbados, West Indies." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55962/.

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This research focuses on applying littoral vulnerability assessment (LVA) into the coastal management process of Barbados, W. I. using a multipurpose rapid assessment technique, making the most of limited data and process knowledge. The conceptual and theoretical components of coastal vulnerability assessment set the context on which the LVA process is built. Three environmental sensitivity indices (ESIs) have been developed to using to a selection of the variables to characterise the coastline. Seventy four coastal locations are described according to the following ESIs: - Wave Exposure Index, Coastal Sensitivity Index, and Beach Aesthetic Index. These respectively represent the coastline being 92% being sheltered 64% having a high to very high sensitivity to oil pollution and 51% being of good to very good aesthetic quality Factor and cluster analyses were used to develop Coastal Vulnerability and Degree of Risk Indices. Twenty three coastal segments were analysed of which 52% were considered to be high to very highly vulnerable to erosion and potential storm wave damage. The south coast's most vulnerable locations are Casuarina, Dover and St Lawrence while west coast locations are Fitts Village, Paynes Bay and Sandy Lane. The highest degrees of risk locations identified were Casuarina, St. Lawrence. Batts Rock. Dover and Carlisle Bay. The research has also interpreted case studies using GIS and available socio economic information to quantify property vulnerability based on potential economic loss value. These results show that 88% of the coast is fully urbanized, with 63% being used in tourism infrastructure and having the greatest land value. The thesis also includes the construction of LVA profile model, which is intended to: 1) contribute to the formulation of future coastal management policies in Barbados and 2) provide an easy to implement monitoring procedure for small islands embarking on coastal management initiatives. The research demonstrates the use of scientifically valid yet inexpensive methods of quantitative shoreline monitoring and assessment, which could be of practical value in the coastal management of Small Island Developing States.
6

Klinka, Karel. "Forest floor dynamics across a chronosequence in the coastal western hemlock zone." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/653.

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The forest floor represents the uppermost organic and organicenriched mineral soil horizons. They have been formed by the deposition of organic material and the subsequent biologically mediated decomposition. The forest floor influences rooting-zone temperature, aeration, moisture, and nutrient conditions, and hence, forest productivity. Considering the importance of the forest floor, and the fact that it is exposed to disturbance (being the surface layer), we need to assess the potential impacts our logging practices may have. Clearcutting, one of the contentious silvicultural practices used in British Columbia, is imputed to most adversely affect ecosystems and sustainability. We assessed the long-term impact of clearcutting on the forest floor by documenting changes in the thickness, chemical and biotic properties of the humus form across a chronosequence of forest stands. The study was located in the largest and most representative portion of the coastal rainforest the Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHvm) subzone.
7

Auil, Nicole Erica. "Abundance and distribution trends of the West Indian manatee in the coastal zone of Belize: implications for conservation." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/560.

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The coastal zone of Belize is home to the largest recorded number of the threatened Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) within the species' Caribbean range. The objectives of my study were: (1) to determine long-term trends in aerial survey counts and indices of the manatee population in the coastal zone of Belize; and (2) to examine the seasonal change in manatee distribution among habitats in the coastal zone. Standardized extended-area aerial surveys were conducted along the entire coastline of Belize in the dry and wet seasons of 1997, and 1999 - 2002. Manatees were counted in five habitat categories: cay, coast, estuary, lagoon, and river. Total sightings per survey ranged from 90 to 338; the greatest number was counted in the 2002 wet season. Calf percentage ranged from 5 to 13. A slight negative trend in total counts was significant for dry-season, not wet-season surveys, indicating an interactive effect of season and year. Based on analysis of variance, the Abundance Index (transformed manatee sightings per hour) did not differ significantly among years, although it varied significantly within year by season and habitat by season. In applying a spatial approach, the general survey route was buffered 1 km on both sides, and 1 km grids were overlaid and classified by habitat type. The presence or absence of each cell for each survey was used in likelihood ratio tests of the single and interactive effect of season and habitat. The Index for river habitat was higher in the dry season, while cay habitat was higher in the wet season. Overall, near-shore habitat (estuary, lagoon, and river) showed a higher Index than did the offshore habitat (cay and coast) although the total number of sightings was higher offshore. Considering the interactive effect of year, season, and habitat, long-term studies are needed, in both seasons, and among all habitats to account for variation. Continued broad-scale surveys, along with metapopulation analysis would fine-tune the understanding of specific sites, enhancing integrated coastal zone management for protected species and their habitat systems.
8

Yameogo, Poulouma Louis [Verfasser]. "Managing seasonal soil nitrogen dynamics in inland valleys of the West African savanna zone / Poulouma Louis Yameogo." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135724725/34.

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9

Sow, Amadou. "Les principes généraux du droit de l'environnement et les conventions régionales dans la lutte contre la pollution marine en Afrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. https://docassas.u-paris2.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/406be0fa-f17b-4618-a361-2dcb38b0f4e1.

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Le problème de la dégradation de l’environnement n’est plus aujourd’hui celui de la rédaction de nouvelles conventions, même si tous les domaines ne sont pas encore couverts par le droit, mais bel et bien celui de l’effectivité et de la mise en application des normes en vigueur. Le plus souvent le droit existe mais il est inappliqué ou mal appliqué. Ceci soulève deux difficultés : l’une relative à la mise en œuvre du droit et, l’autre portant sur le contrôle de sa bonne application. Dans ce contexte, le continent africain ne peut œuvrer à son unité et son développement économique sans se soucier du changement climatique notamment dû aux gaz à effet de serre et de la destruction du milieu marin. Par ailleurs, l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique de droit des affaires (OHADA) doit permettre à l’Afrique de progresser et d’œuvrer à la responsabilisation des entreprises en matière de protection de l’environnement et du climat. Face à ce vide juridique, l’OHADA devrait s’intéresser dans un proche avenir à l’adoption d’un acte uniforme relatif à la Responsabilité sociale et environnementale. La mise en œuvre des politiques environnementales et du droit qui en résulte nécessite une véritable révolution culturelle. Ainsi, ce sont les jeunes générations qui doivent recevoir une éducation adaptée sur les nouveaux enjeux écologiques. Si les principes généraux du droit de l’environnement contribuent de manière importante au développement de la soft law en droit international, il est plus étonnant de constater que le phénomène prend une importance croissante en droit interne. Au-delà des aspects juridiques formels, la mise en œuvre des conventions régionales imposera de relever d’autres défis, au premier rang desquels figure le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles des autorités nationales à concilier les impératifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux
The problem of environmental deterioration is not linked to the draft of new agreements anymore, even though not all fields are covered so far by the existing law, but to the efficiency of the norms in effect. Most often, law exists, but is badly applied or not applied at all. This leads to two problems: first, the implementation of law, and second, the control of its application. In this context, the African continent cannot achieve its unity and its economic development without caring of the sword of Damocles which is the global warming caused by greenhouse gases and environmental destruction. Furthermore, the OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law) should allow Africa to significantly advance on the subject of the companies’ responsible behaviour in terms of environmental and climate protection. In order to fill this gap, the OHADA should adopt in the near future a Uniform Act concerning social and environmental responsibility. The implementation of environmental policies and the application of the norms arising from them require a cultural revolution. The young generations should receive an education which is adapted to the new ecological challenges. The principles contribute in an important way to the development of the soft law in international law, but it is even more surprising that this phenomenon is more and more important in national law. Beyond formal legal aspects, the implementation of regional agreements will be confronted to further challenges: first of all, the reinforcement of the national institutional authorities’ capacity to reconcile economic, social and environmental imperatives
10

Wellington, Christine. "A nutrient mass balance for nitrogen and phosphorous for the nearshore water of the west coast of Barbados, W.I., July 1996 to May 1997 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29931.

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A mass balance approach was used in an attempt to quantify nutrient flux to the nearshore at the West Coast, Barbados, W.I. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels of the groundwater at inland pumping stations and above beach margins, as well as in the water of the nearshore zone and approximately 2 km offshore, were obtained. Nearshore groundwater seepage rates and salinity data were also taken. This study attempted to use this raw data to estimate flushing rates, nutrient loading rates, and nutrient loss rates, to ultimately create a picture of the fate of nutrients as they travel in groundwater into the nearshore zone. Annual loading for the entire West Coast was calculated at 1.46 x 105 kg NO3---N for nitrogen and 1.19 x 103 kg PO4 3---P for phosphorus. Mean nutrient levels in groundwater above the beach margin were estimated at 969.83 muM for nitrogen and 3.63 muM for phosphorus. For nitrogen and phosphorus respectively, these levels were twice and three times higher than at the pumping stations farther inland; and there was also a fourfold and fivefold drop in nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in the nearshore zone relative to this groundwater above the beach margin. This indicated that the dense coastal population at the West Coast was adding significant amounts of nutrient to groundwater after it had left the inland pumping stations. There were no patterns of gradation in nutrient concentrations detected within the immediate nearshore, making completion of an accurate mass balance impossible, though indicating that there was significant advection of submarine groundwater offshore, beyond the study zone. This may contribute to the poor health of West Coast reefs, where sewage and fertiliser leaching and runoff are suspected as the primary sources for nutrient input to submarine groundwater to the south and northern parts of the West Coast, respectively.
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Книги з теми "West African coastal zone":

1

Diop, Salif, Jean-Paul Barusseau, and Cyr Descamps, eds. The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06388-1.

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2

International Seminar on the Coastal Zone of West Africa (1996 Accra, Ghana). The coastal zone of West Africa: Problems and management : proceedings of an international seminar, 23-28 March, 1996, Accra, Ghana. Sunderland, UK: Penshaw Press, 1997.

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3

S, Khan Ahmed. Sustainable ocean development: An initiative for the management and protection of the marine and coastal resources of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sub-region. Banjul, The Gambia: UNIGAM, 2002.

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4

South West Regional Coastal Management Workshop (1994 Busselton, W.A.). South West Regional Coastal Management Workshop: Proceedings : convened by the South West Regional Coastal Management Coordinating Committee at Busselton, Western Australia, on April 18, 1994. [Western Australia?: s.n., 1995.

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5

Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection, Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (1985 Nairobi, Kenya). Action plan for the protection, management, and development of the marine and coastal environment of the Eastern African region. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP, 1985.

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6

Barker, Timothy D. G. A plan for coastal zone integrated resource management in a developing South West Pacific Island country. Fredericton, N.B: Dept. of Surveying Engineering, University of New Brunswick, 1991.

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7

Rippon, Stephen. The transformation of coastal wetlands: Exploitation and management of marshland landscapes in North West Europe during the Roman and medieval periods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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8

Ogunkola, E. Olawale. An evaluation of the viability of a single monetary zone in ECOWAS. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 2005.

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9

Stienbarger, Douglas M. Tenure and alley farming: A literature review, with particular reference to the West African humid zone. Madison, Wis: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-- Madison, 1990.

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10

Hildreth, Richard G. Marine use conflicts arising from development of seabed hydrocarbons and minerals: Some approaches from the United States West Coast. Corvallis, Or: Oregon Sea Grant, Oregon State University, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "West African coastal zone":

1

Goussard, Jean-Jacques, and Mathieu Ducrocq. "West African Coastal Area: Challenges and Outlook." In Estuaries of the World, 9–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06388-1_2.

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2

Khanna, P., P. Ram Babu, and S. K. Gadkari. "Sustainable Developmental Planning in Ecologically Sensitive Dahanu Region on the West Coast of India." In Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 313–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60103-3_18.

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3

Bhattacharya, Prosun, Gunnar Jacks, Bibhas Nath, Debashis Chatterjee, Ashis Biswas, Dipti Halder, Santanu Majumder, Subhamoy Bhowmick, and A. L. Ramanathan. "Natural Arsenic in Coastal Groundwaters in the Bengal Delta Region in West Bengal, India." In Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone Environments, 146–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3068-9_10.

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4

Gbode, Imoleayo E., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Jimy Dudhia, and Changhai Liu. "Impacts of Global Warming on West African Monsoon Rainfall." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2469–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_93.

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AbstractThe impacts of global warming on rainfall in West Africa were examined using a numerical framework for 5 monsoon years (2001, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Rainfall characteristics over the three climatic zones, Guinea coast, Savannah, and Sahel, were analyzed. The potential changes associated with global warming were assessed by the pseudo-global warming (PGW) downscaling method. Multiple PGW runs were conducted using climate perturbation from the 40-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) coupled with Community Atmospheric Model version 5.2 (CAM5.2) component large ensemble project. The model output was compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall alongside surface temperature from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis. Results show that the estimated rainfall amount from the future climate in the 2070s increases slightly compared with the current climate. The total rainfall amount simulated for the current climate is 16% and 63% less than that of the PGW runs and observations, respectively. Also found is an increase (decrease) in heavy (light and moderate) rainfall amount in the PGW runs. These results are, however, contingent on the global circulation model (GCM), which provides the boundary conditions of the regional climate model. CESM1.0-CAM5.2, the GCM employed in this study, tends to provide a greater surface temperature change of about 4 °C. This projected temperature change consequently caused the increase in the simulated precipitation in the PGW experiments, thus highlighting the advantage of using the PGW method to estimate the likely difference between the present and future climate with reduced large-scale model differences and computational resources. The findings of this study are, however, useful to inform decision-making in climate-related activities and guide the design of climate change adaptation projects for the West African region.
5

Samal, A. C., S. Kar, Piyal Bhattacharya, and S. C. Santra. "Assessment of Potential Health Risk through Arsenic Flow in Food Chain—A Study in Gangetic Delta of West Bengal." In Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone Environments, 259–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3068-9_17.

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6

Davies-Vollum, K. Sian, Debadayita Raha, and Daniel Koomson. "Climate Change Impact and Adaptation: Lagoonal Fishing Communities in West Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_221-1.

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AbstractLagoons are a common feature of the low-lying West African coastline. These lagoons are resource-rich and biodiverse. The small-scale fishing communities, which border them, are dependent on the resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods and well-being. Climate change has had significant and diverse effects on both the lagoons and their surrounding communities. Sea level rise has caused erosion of the coast and increased the risk of floods. Changes to rainfall patterns have caused shifts in lagoon ecosystems and physical cycles. Of particular relevance to lagoon fishing communities is the fluctuation in quantity and distribution of fish catch that they rely upon for economic livelihood. Understanding the vulnerability of these communities to the effects of climate change is critical to supporting and developing successful adaptations. Using a case study from Ghana, sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) and vulnerability framework are used to characterize the community vulnerability, giving insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of vulnerability and how subsections of the community may be identified and prioritized for adaptation interventions. A scalar analysis of the relevant coastal and environmental frameworks and policy to support climate change adaptation in coastal communities reveals the common challenges in implementing adaptation interventions and strategies in the region. A policy gap exists between high level, institutional coastal, and climate directives and implementation of climate adaptations at the local level. That gap might be bridged by a participatory approach that places coastal communities at the center of creating and enacting climate change adaptations.
7

Davies-Vollum, K. Sian, Debadayita Raha, and Daniel Koomson. "Climate Change Impact and Adaptation: Lagoonal Fishing Communities in West Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2221–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_221.

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AbstractLagoons are a common feature of the low-lying West African coastline. These lagoons are resource-rich and biodiverse. The small-scale fishing communities, which border them, are dependent on the resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods and well-being. Climate change has had significant and diverse effects on both the lagoons and their surrounding communities. Sea level rise has caused erosion of the coast and increased the risk of floods. Changes to rainfall patterns have caused shifts in lagoon ecosystems and physical cycles. Of particular relevance to lagoon fishing communities is the fluctuation in quantity and distribution of fish catch that they rely upon for economic livelihood. Understanding the vulnerability of these communities to the effects of climate change is critical to supporting and developing successful adaptations. Using a case study from Ghana, sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) and vulnerability framework are used to characterize the community vulnerability, giving insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of vulnerability and how subsections of the community may be identified and prioritized for adaptation interventions. A scalar analysis of the relevant coastal and environmental frameworks and policy to support climate change adaptation in coastal communities reveals the common challenges in implementing adaptation interventions and strategies in the region. A policy gap exists between high level, institutional coastal, and climate directives and implementation of climate adaptations at the local level. That gap might be bridged by a participatory approach that places coastal communities at the center of creating and enacting climate change adaptations.
8

McGraw, W. Scott, and Paul W. Sciulli. "Posture, Ischial Tuberosities, and Tree Zone Use in West African Cercopithecids." In Primate Locomotion, 215–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1420-0_12.

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9

Kelly, Kenneth G. "The African Diaspora Starts Here: Historical Archaeology of Coastal West Africa." In Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology, 219–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8863-8_8.

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10

Mistry, Aminul Haque. "Soil Salinity Effects on Traditional Agricultural Practices in Three Coastal Rural Villages of Indian Sundarban, West Bengal." In Transforming Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security, 1043–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95618-9_76.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "West African coastal zone":

1

Renac, L., D. P. Hurdle, F. J. M. Enet, and J. De Vroom. "Squall Detection and Analysis From Historical Satellite Data." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96549.

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Abstract Thunderstorms and squalls (fronts of contiguous thunderstorms) are associated with short but intense local winds that have a great impact on operability or design conditions for moored ship operations in the coastal zone. The brevity and local scale of such events makes them difficult to capture using standard measurement data and usually requires dedicated long-term measurement campaigns. Because the standard measurements available are usually based on 10-minute averages taken once an hour, such data is often not available. In the absence of conventional measured data, the use of satellite data can provide useful design data if analyzed and applied with caution. We present two case studies (West Africa and Brazil) where squalls have been identified in satellite data and used for extreme value analysis (EVA) to support the design of intermediate water depth mooring systems. The detection of squalls is confirmed with satellite imagery and the handling of this data for the EVA is presented in detail with assumptions made and the sensitivity of the results to these assumptions. The impact on design values is also discussed for both geographic locations.
2

Dwarakish, G. S., Dinakar Shetty, Rajarama Rao, Jagadeesh Pai, and Usha Natesan. "Integrated coastal zone management plan and coastal zone information system for Mangalore Coast, west coast of India." In Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing Symposium, edited by Robert J. Frouin, Vijay K. Agarwal, Hiroshi Kawamura, Shailesh Nayak, and Delu Pan. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.698179.

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3

EUPHRASIE-CLOTILDE, LOVELY, JACK MOLINIÉ, TONY FEUILLARD, and FRANCENOR BRUTE. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COASTAL WEST AFRICAN DUST LEVEL AND CARIBBEAN ISLAND DUST." In AIR POLLUTION 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air170121.

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4

Adam, Elhadi M. I., Riyad Ismail, and Onisimo Mutanga. "A comparison of selected machine learning classifiers in mapping a South African heterogeneous coastal zone: Testing the utility of an object-based classification with WorldView-2 imagery." In SPIE Remote Sensing, edited by Ulrich Michel, Daniel L. Civco, Manfred Ehlers, Karsten Schulz, Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos, Shahid Habib, David Messinger, and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.978996.

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5

Babakov, Alexander, Alexander Babakov, Boris Chubarenko, and Boris Chubarenko. "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT NEAR THE VISTULA SPIT (BALTIC SEA)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315e36e45.

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The Vistula Spit is a sandy elongated barrier form which borders the Vistula Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. The evolution of the spit as well as nowadays sediment transport along the marine shore of it are still under discussion, especially due to existing of entrance jetties bordered the Strait of Baltiysk, the single inlet to the Vistula Lagoon, and advanced up to 10 m depth seaward. Different hypothesizes about ether uniform transport from north to south or contrary directed fluxes with convergence at various points at the spit shore are discussed. Most of them are based on fact of accumulation of sandy material just to north from the northern entrance jetty as in incoming corner. Basing on statistics of near-surface wind, direct measurements of currents and analysis of direction of the scour hole located between jetties the paper confirms the existence of two opposite fluxes - one brings alluvium from the Vistula River mouth to north as main winds blow from south-west and west, and, in contrast, another one brings material obtained by erosion of the western shore of the Sambian Peninsula to south. Dynamic equilibrium between these fluxes through hundreds of years resulted in formation of present shape of the coastline, and it is expected that the area of the equilibrium in alongshore migrations is in the top of the Yantarny- Baltiysk concave. Appearance of entrance jetties of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, in the area where opposite alongshore migration of material are nearly equalised, leaded to the accretion-erosion pattern, which is pseudo equal to sediment transport from north to south. In fact the accumulation of sand just to north from the northern entrance jetty and erosion to south from southern jetty may be explained by mechanism, when the sand transported in the incoming corner just near the northern mole by southward migrations is excluded from migratory movement and deposited in the zone shadowed by jetties (from northward migrations). Erosion to south of jetties is explained by wind surges in incoming corner for prevailing western winds.
6

Babakov, Alexander, Alexander Babakov, Boris Chubarenko, and Boris Chubarenko. "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT NEAR THE VISTULA SPIT (BALTIC SEA)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93751e4b25.42106675.

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The Vistula Spit is a sandy elongated barrier form which borders the Vistula Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. The evolution of the spit as well as nowadays sediment transport along the marine shore of it are still under discussion, especially due to existing of entrance jetties bordered the Strait of Baltiysk, the single inlet to the Vistula Lagoon, and advanced up to 10 m depth seaward. Different hypothesizes about ether uniform transport from north to south or contrary directed fluxes with convergence at various points at the spit shore are discussed. Most of them are based on fact of accumulation of sandy material just to north from the northern entrance jetty as in incoming corner. Basing on statistics of near-surface wind, direct measurements of currents and analysis of direction of the scour hole located between jetties the paper confirms the existence of two opposite fluxes - one brings alluvium from the Vistula River mouth to north as main winds blow from south-west and west, and, in contrast, another one brings material obtained by erosion of the western shore of the Sambian Peninsula to south. Dynamic equilibrium between these fluxes through hundreds of years resulted in formation of present shape of the coastline, and it is expected that the area of the equilibrium in alongshore migrations is in the top of the Yantarny- Baltiysk concave. Appearance of entrance jetties of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, in the area where opposite alongshore migration of material are nearly equalised, leaded to the accretion-erosion pattern, which is pseudo equal to sediment transport from north to south. In fact the accumulation of sand just to north from the northern entrance jetty and erosion to south from southern jetty may be explained by mechanism, when the sand transported in the incoming corner just near the northern mole by southward migrations is excluded from migratory movement and deposited in the zone shadowed by jetties (from northward migrations). Erosion to south of jetties is explained by wind surges in incoming corner for prevailing western winds.
7

Goryachkin, Yuri, and Yuri Goryachkin. "COASTAL EROSION IN THE GULF OF KALAMITA AS A RESULT OF LONG-TERM ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431522def4.

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The Gulf of Kalamita is located in the Black Sea off the west coast of the Crimea and is known to be a major recreational area. However, in the last 30 years, its famous sandy beaches have drastically degraded. Degradation of sandy beaches was expressed in erosion of the coastal line (30-70 m) and reduction of the total area of beaches; disappearance of sand in a number of ar-eas in the near-shore zone and openings of marl; sharp increase of fragments of limestone in the composition of beaches. In the last 60 years, the level of the Black Sea has risen by 14 cm. Only this factor, as the calculations show, has caused about 15 mln m3 deficiency of deposits. Accord-ing to direct observations, shoreline response to changes in the sea level at the inter-annual scale changes comproses 0,3 m per 1 cm. Climate changes in trajectories of passing cyclones have resulted in a 2-3 times increase in storm activity over the past 30 years. The contribution of natural factors into the shoreline changes do not exceed 10-15% according to our estimates. The main contribution is related to the background and point anthropogenic impacts. The first group includes overall reduction of sediment in the sea due to construction of reservoirs, cliffs closing with concrete embankments, reducing populations of benthic mollusks for various rea-sons, etc. The second group includes construction of hydraulic structures which do not address lithodynamics peculiarities in particular stretches of coastline.
8

Goryachkin, Yuri, and Yuri Goryachkin. "COASTAL EROSION IN THE GULF OF KALAMITA AS A RESULT OF LONG-TERM ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93fc632f56.50816381.

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The Gulf of Kalamita is located in the Black Sea off the west coast of the Crimea and is known to be a major recreational area. However, in the last 30 years, its famous sandy beaches have drastically degraded. Degradation of sandy beaches was expressed in erosion of the coastal line (30-70 m) and reduction of the total area of beaches; disappearance of sand in a number of ar-eas in the near-shore zone and openings of marl; sharp increase of fragments of limestone in the composition of beaches. In the last 60 years, the level of the Black Sea has risen by 14 cm. Only this factor, as the calculations show, has caused about 15 mln m3 deficiency of deposits. Accord-ing to direct observations, shoreline response to changes in the sea level at the inter-annual scale changes comproses 0,3 m per 1 cm. Climate changes in trajectories of passing cyclones have resulted in a 2-3 times increase in storm activity over the past 30 years. The contribution of natural factors into the shoreline changes do not exceed 10-15% according to our estimates. The main contribution is related to the background and point anthropogenic impacts. The first group includes overall reduction of sediment in the sea due to construction of reservoirs, cliffs closing with concrete embankments, reducing populations of benthic mollusks for various rea-sons, etc. The second group includes construction of hydraulic structures which do not address lithodynamics peculiarities in particular stretches of coastline.
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Ванкевич, Р., R. Vankevich, А. Исаев, A. Isaev, Е. Софьина, and E. Sof'ina. "ESTIMATION AND FORECASTING OF THE FLOODING OF COASTAL AREAS AS A RESULT COMMISSIONING OF THE COMPLEX OF PROTECTION CONSTRUCTIONS (CPC) IN THE NEVA BAY." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce375e40214.39233583.

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Closing the water and navigation gates, preventing flooding on the coast of the Neva Bay in St. Petersburg, causes an additional increase in the level rise and flooding of coastal areas of the Gulf of Finland to the west from the complex of protection constructions (CPC). The magnitude of this flooding and its distribution along the coast have not been investigated. There is only a model for evaluating the likely level rise caused by CPC closing. It should be noted also that sea level rise event to the west of the dam leads to a shift of the area undergoing active wave influence in the direction of the coast. The situation is complicated by the fact that ground in this area not previously exposed to hydrodynamic forces and therefore can be easily washed out. Also due to the fact that flooding is almost always accompanied by stormy waving in flooded areas we can expect a significant morphological transformation: coastal erosion, as well as change the contour of the shore. It is planned the implementation of operational three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the coastal areas with a horizontal spatial resolution of about 100 m and variable eastern boundary, simulating the closure of the water and navigation gates, as well as built-in procedure that simulates the drying zone and flooding. As a result will be new knowledge on the effects of hydraulic constructions to the level variations during the flooding, the quantitative assessment of flooding potential areas and drying shores, GIS maps to visualize the results, developed a method for rapid prediction of flooding coasts.
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Granath, James, Rolf Rango, Pete Emmet, Colin Ford, Robert Lambert, and Michael Kasli. "New Viewpoint on the Geology and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Seychelles Plateau." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2556681-ms.

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ABSTRACT We have reprocessed, re-imaged, and interpreted 10000+ km of legacy 2D seismic data in the Seychelles, particularly in the western part of the Plateau. Seychelles data have been difficult to image, particularly for the Mesozoic section: volcanics are a major attenuator of low frequency signal, and a hard water bottom contributes to signal problems. Enhanced low frequency techniques were applied to improve the signal fidelity in the 4 to 20 Hz range, and to remove spectral notches of shallow geologic origin. These efforts have allowed a reasonable view of the structure of the Plateau to a depth equivalent to about 3.5 sec TWT, and permit a comparison of areas atop the Plateau to the south coast where the three 1980's Amoco wells were drilled. It is clear that the main Plateau area of the Seychelles (excluding the outlying territories) is comprised of several separate basins, each with similar Karoo, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic sections that relate to the East African and West Indian conjugate margins, but the basins each have nuanced tectono-stratigraphic histories. The previously recognized Correira Basin in the SE and the East and West South Coast Basins face the African conjugate margin; other unimaged ones complete the periphery of the Plateau. The interior of the Plateau is dominated by the Silhouette Basin to the west of the main islands and the Mahé Basin to the east. The co astal basins have harsh tectono-thermal histories comparable to other continental margins around the world; they are typically characterized by stretching, subsidence and breakaway from their respective conjugate margins. In contrast the interior basins are comparable to ‘failed’ rift systems such as the North Sea or the Gulf of Suez. The South Coastal Basins, for example, tend to be more extended which complicated interpretation of the Amoco wells, but they have significant upside, as exemplified by the Beau Vallon structure. The interior basins, on the other hand, have typically simpler structure: the Silhouette Basin contains a system of NW-trending linked normal faults that could easily harbor North Sea-sized hydrocarbon traps with a variety of rift-related reservoir possibilities. Bright, reflective, hard volcanic horizons are less common than usually presumed, but most of the basins may contain considerable pyroclastic material in parts of the section. All of the basins appear to be predominantly oil prone, with considerable upside prospectivity.

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Moody, Jessica. The Role of CBAGs in Combatting the Expansion of Islamist Extremism in Côte D’Ivoire and Benin. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2022.2.cbags.

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While Islamist extremist groups had been present and involved in criminal activities in northern Mali since the early 2000s, they began to gain ground in the Sahel around 2012, when small, local insurgencies connected with al-Qaeda began launching attacks in northern Mali. Now, both Benin and Côte d’Ivoire find themselves periodically targeted by these groups. The role of community based armed groups (CBAGs) within this evolving threat is extremely important. The relationship between the state, local communities, and CBAGs is therefore crucial for coastal West African states to manage effectively. This is not least because CBAGs’ local knowledge and connections make them, if mobilized well, potentially valuable resources in combatting the proliferation of jihadist violence in coastal states. This Policy Note seeks to address the challenges and opportunities posed by the role of CBAGs in combatting the expansion of Islamist extremism in Côte D’Ivoire and Benin.

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