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Статті в журналах з теми "Wheat Growth"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 січня 2023

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1

Egamberdieva, D. "Growth response of wheat cultivars to bacterial inoculation in calcareous soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 12 (December 16, 2010): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2010-pse.

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In this study the plant growth-promoting bacteria were analysed for their growth-stimulating effects on two wheat cultivars. The investigations were carried out in pot experiments using calcareous soil. The results showed that bacterial strains Pseudomonas spp. NUU1 and P. fluorescens NUU2 were able to colonize the rhizosphere of both wheat cultivars. Their plant growth-stimulating abilities were affected by wheat cultivars. The bacterial strains Pseudomonas sp. NUU1 and P. fluorescens NUU2 significantly stimulated the shoot and root length and dry weight of wheat cv. Turon, whereas cv. Residence was less affected by bacterial inoculation. The results of our study suggest that inoculation of wheat with Pseudomonas strains can improve plant growth in calcareous soil and it depends upon wheat cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria.

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2

Khushnudovna, Khojaniyazova Barno. "ТHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SALT LEVELS ON AUTUMN WHEAT GROWTH". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, № 04 (1 квітня 2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-07.

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Soil salinity i.e. the presence of a solution of salts in the soil solution above the alternative level for plants, leads to a decrease in productivity, which has a negative impact on the growth and development of wheat plants. Complex environmental conditions lead to a decrease in product quality, which is important for the economy, while reducing the yield of wheat. Improving the salinity resistance of wheat remains one of the most pressing issues today. The most effective environmentally friendly way to increase the resistance of plants to salinity is to create varieties that are resistant to these extreme conditions and to accelerate their introduction into production.

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3

Sakri, Faisal Abdulkadir, Noori Hassan Ghafor, and Hoshiar Abdula Aziz. "Effect of Some Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield Component of Wheat – Plants CV. Bakrajo." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2002): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10100.

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4

Priadkina, G. O., O. O. Stasik, A. M. Poliovyi, O. E. Yarmolska, and K. Kuzmova. "Radiation use efficiency of winter wheat canopy during pre-anthesis growth." Fiziologia rastenij i genetika 52, no. 3 (June 2020): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/frg2020.03.208.

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5

JA, Domínguez, J. Kumhálová, and P. Novák. "Winter oilseed rape and winter wheat growth prediction using remote sensing methods." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 9 (June 6, 2016): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/412/2015-pse.

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6

Salantur, A., A. Ozturk, and S. Akten. "Growth and yield response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to inoculation with rhizobacteria." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 3 (November 15, 2011): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3354-pse.

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The growth and yield response of spring wheat to inoculation with foreign and local rhizobacteria of Erzurum (Turkey) origin was studied. At the first stage of the research, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with wheat cv. Kirik using 75 local bacterial strains isolated from the soil with 6 foreign bacteria, and a control. According to results of the greenhouse experiment 9 local strains were identified. At the second stage, the response of wheat cv. Kirik to 20 treatments (9 local strains, 6 foreign bacteria, 4 levels of N, and a control) was investigated in Erzurum field conditions. Seventeen strains had significant positive effects on tiller number per plant, 47 strains on plant height, one strain on dry matter yield, and 28 strains on plant protein content in the greenhouse experiment. Inoculation with certain rhizobacteria clearly benefited growth and increased the grain and N-yield of field grown wheat. The effects of local strains were observed to be in general superior to those of foreign strains. Inoculation with the local Strain No. 19, 73, and 82 increased total biomass by 18.7, 18.1, and 19.9%; grain yield by 18.6, 17.7, and 18.0%; total N-yield by 27.5, 24.3 and 26.0%, respectively, as compared to control. In conclusion, Strain No. 19, 73, and 82 can be a suitable biofertilizer for spring wheat cultivation in areas with similar conditions as in Erzurum. Inoculation with these strains may lead both to increases in wheat yield and savings of nitrogen fertilizer.

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7

Espindula, M. C., V. S. Rocha, J. A. S. Grossi, M. A. Souza, L. T. Souza, and L. F. Favarato. "Use of growth retardants in wheat." Planta Daninha 27, no. 2 (June 2009): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582009000200022.

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In general, lodging has been controlled by restricting nitrogen fertilizer application and/or using short cultivars. Growth retardants can also be used to solve this problem.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rates and application times of three growth retardants on Pioneiro wheat cultivar. The trial was carried out in Viçosa-MG, from May to September 2005, in a factorial and hierarchical scheme, in a randomized block design with four replications and a control treatment. The treatments consisted of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g ha-1 of chlormequat; 62.5, 125 and 187.5 g ha-1 of trinexapac-ethyl and 40, 80 and 120 g ha-1 of paclobutrazol applied at growth stages 6 or 8, growth stage used on the scale of Feeks and Large, and a control treatment without growth retardant application. Only trinexapac-ethyl and chlormequat were efficient in reducing plant height; the effect of chlormequat and paclobutrazol on plant height was independent of the application time, but the trinexapac-ethyl at growth stage 8 produced shorter plant height than at stage 6. Increasing growth retardant rates produced shorter plant heights; chlormequat and paclobutrazol did not affect grain yield. However, the highest trinexapac-ethyl rates reduced wheat yield.

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8

Delone, N. L., Yu A. Berkovich, S. O. Smolyanina, N. V. Zimina, N. V. Davydova, A. A. Solovyev, and L. S. Bolshakova. "Vibration-induced stimulation of wheat growth." Doklady Biological Sciences 434, no. 1 (October 2010): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001249661005011x.

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9

Agrawal, R. P., and B. S. Jhorar. "Soil Aggregates and Growth of Wheat." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 158, no. 3 (April 1987): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1987.tb00257.x.

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10

PRITCHARD, J., A. D. TOMOS, and R. G. WYN JONES. "Control of Wheat Root Elongation Growth." Journal of Experimental Botany 38, no. 6 (1987): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/38.6.948.

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11

Zubaidi, A., G. K. McDonald, and G. J. Hollamby. "Shoot growth, root growth and grain yield of bread and durum wheat in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 6 (1999): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98184.

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Summary. In South Australia, durum wheat yields more than bread wheat under well-watered and fertile conditions, but over much of the state’s cereal belt the yields of durum wheat, relative to bread wheat, are low. Three experiments were conducted over 3 years at 2 sites to compare the growth and yield of bread and durum wheat and to investigate some of the reasons for the differences in the relative yields of the 2 cereals. Durum wheat yielded less than bread wheat when annual rainfall was less than about 450 mm or when the site mean yield for bread wheat was less than 250 g/m2. Compared with bread wheat, durum wheat had poorer early vigour, which was associated with fewer tillers/m2, and produced fewer kernels/m2. Under favourable grain filling conditions, durum wheat produced larger kernels than bread wheat but its kernel weight was more variable across sites and seasons and consequently, the relative yields of the 2 cereals depended largely on kernel weight. For example, in a wet year, durum wheat yielded 20% more than bread wheat, despite producing 16% fewer kernels/m2, because of its larger kernels (52 v. 36 mg). In 2 drier years, kernel weights of durum and bread wheat were similar (durum and bread wheat mean kernel weights: 40 v. 37 mg; 30 v. 33 mg) and so durum was unable to overcome the limitation of fewer kernels/m2 and its yields were similar to or less than bread wheat. Root length densities of durum and bread wheat below 30 cm were low. Durum wheat had an equivalent or lower root length density than bread wheat and lower length per gram of root dry matter, indicating less finely divided roots. This suggests that durum wheat may sometimes be less able than bread wheat to utilise moisture and nutrient reserves in the subsoil because of a smaller root system. This is an undesirable characteristic for a crop that appears to be more reliant than bread wheat on producing large kernels for high yields. Efforts to improve the yield of durum wheat, either through genetic improvement or by agronomic means, should focus on reducing the levels of stress during the post anthesis period so that limitations to kernel growth are minimised. Improving the early vigour of the crop, having cultivars of the appropriate maturity and with adequate levels of resistance to root disease, and improving root growth and function in the subsoil are likely to be desirable characteristics.

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12

Hunt, L. A., and S. Pararajasingham. "CROPSIM — WHEAT: A model describing the growth and development of wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-107.

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Crop simulation models consolidate mathematical representations of the various physiological processes underlying crop growth and development into an entity that can be used to predict the outcome of various crop, soil and weather scenarios. For wheat, a number of simulation models are already available, but most of these do not appear to be set-up to facilitate easy comparison of model outputs with experimental data, to allow easy modification for new cultivars, and to facilitate the addition of disease routines, an aspect necessary for models to be useful in the general field situation. Cropsim-wheat was developed to help overcome some of these deficiencies.The model assumes that a crop consists of a collection of uniform plants, and performs calculations on a daily basis. It is driven by daily weather data dealing with solar radiation receipt, maximum and minimum temperatures, and precipitation. Water and nitrogen balance subroutines are included, and the rate of various crop processes is modulated through the use of multipliers that reflect the water and nitrogen states of the crop. Developmental processes are simulated using the concept of "biological days", a time measure that equates to chronological days under optimum conditions. The phases into which the life-cycle is broken relate closely to those in the widely used "Zadoks" scale. Dry matter accumulation is calculated from intercepted radiation, and distributed largely on the basis of demand. A minimum fraction of daily assimilate, however, is reserved for root growth. Leaf area is computed on the basis of potential leaf size and available dry matter, whereas stem and spike areas are calculated from the stem and spike weights. Both leaf and stem area are used in calculating radiation interception. Critical stresses, water saturation during early seedling growth and low temperature during the winter period, can result in plant death. Low temperatures, when they occur around heading, can also result in sterility and reduced grain number.The model performance has been compared with datasets from North America and Europe, and results of these comparisons will be conveyed in companion publications. The model has been set-up, however, on the premise that model development should be a continuing process as new datasets become available and new applications are contemplated. With this in mind, it has been built to use file structures that facilitate the handling and storage of field data, and the easy comparison of field and simulated data. It should thus be useable by experimenters as a tool to help in the analysis of field studies. Key words: Wheat, simulation, nitrogen, water, development, growth

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13

Zapletalová, Alexandra, Ladislav Ducsay, Marek Slepčan, Mária Vicianová, Peter Hozlár, and Rastislav Bušo. "Selenium effect on wheat grain yield and quality applied in different growth stages." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 3 (March 1, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/589/2020-pse.

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Small field plot experiments were carried out at the testing station of the Central Control and Testing Institute in Agriculture in Veľký Meder (Slovakia) in the experimental years 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Selenium salts in the form of sodium selenite and sodium selenate were applied in growth phases: end of tillering (BBCH 29) and flag leaf ligule and collar visible (BBCH 39). The effect of experimental years 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 on the yield of wheat grain was not statistically significant within the observed variants. The achieved mean yields were in the range from 10.06 ± 0.81 to 11.07 ± 0.29 t/ha in 2014/2015, from 9.82 ± 0.54 to 10.32 ± 0.10 t/hain 2015/2016 and from 11.23 ± 0.76 to 11.64 ± 0.51 t/ha in 2016/2017. Selenate in comparison with selenite influenced the selenium accumulation in wheat grains more positively. However, a significant difference was recorded in variants with selenite application in the flag leaf growth phase in comparison with the end of tillering phase. The influence on the content of macroelements P, K, Ca and microelements Cu and Fe was observed in sodium selenite only; its application decreased the element content in comparison with the control variant. Statistically significantly higher values of fiber and fat were achieved after application of selenium in the flag leaf growth stage in comparison with the end of tillering.

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14

Al-NAQEEB, Muwafaq, Intsar Al-HILFY, Jalal HAMZA, Ammar AL-ZUBADE, and Hadi Al-ABODI. "Biofertilizer (EM-1) effect on growth and yield of three bread wheat cultivars." Journal of Central European Agriculture 19, no. 3 (2018): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/19.3.2070.

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15

Kumar, A., and N. C. Aery. "Effect of tungsten on growth, biochemical constituents, molybdenum and tungsten contents in wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 11 (November 8, 2011): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/345/2011-pse.

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  The effect of various concentrations (3, 9, 27, 81, and 243 mg/kg) of tungsten (W) on growth performance, biochemical constituents and tungsten and molybdenum (Mo) contents in wheat was observed. Lower doses (up to 9 mg/kg) of tungsten showed promotory effects whereas higher doses retarded. An increment in growth, biomass, chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents was observed. Tungsten contents in root and shoot showed a very strong linear dependence on the soil applied W contents. Mo contents in plant tissue showed an increase with an increase in the W contents in plant tissue up to a threshold after which it showed an abrupt decrease. The activity of peroxidase enzyme decreased with lower application of W. Higher administration of tungsten (27–243 mg/kg) resulted in increased total phenol, free proline and activity of enzyme peroxidase.

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16

Jerković, Z., Ž. Prijić, R. Jevtić, and M. Lalošević. "Interaction of two neonicotinoid insecticides and Lr genes focusing wheat growth and residues." Plant Protection Science 51, No. 2 (June 2, 2016): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2014-pps.

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17

Sayar, R., H. Bchini, M. Mosbahi, and H. Khemira. "Response of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growth to salt and drought stresses." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, No. 2 (June 29, 2010): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/85/2009-cjgpb.

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Two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars were tested for salt and drought tolerance at germination, seedling emergence and early seedling growth in NaCl and PEG-8000 solutions of different osmotic potentials (–0.2, –0.4, –0.6 and –0.8 MPa). Daily and final germination and emergence percentage, as well as germination and seedling emergence rate, seedling growth, fresh and dry weight were recorded under controlled conditions. Results showed that germination and emergence rates were delayed by both solutions in both cultivars, but Omrabia showed higher germination and emergence rates than BD290273 in NaCl while BD290273 was less affected by NaCl and PEG solutions at the emergence stage. Sodium chloride had a lesser effect on both cultivars in terms of germination rate, emergence rate, final germination and emergence percentage than did PEG-8000. This conclusively proves that the adverse effect of PEG-8000 on germination, emergence and early seedling growth was due to the osmotic effect rather than to the specific ion. Seedling growth was reduced by both stresses. However, NaCl usually caused less damage than PEG to durum wheat seedlings, suggesting that NaCl and PEG acted through different mechanisms.

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18

Ram, H., Malik SS, Dhaliwal SS, B. Kumar, and Y. Singh. "Growth and productivity of wheat affected by phosphorus-solubilizing fungi and phosphorus levels." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 3 (June 6, 2016): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/982/2014-pse.

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19

Rehman, A., M. Farooq, R. Ahmad, and S. M. A. Basra. "Seed priming with zinc improves the germination and early seedling growth of wheat." Seed Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.2.15.

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20

Karimi, MM, and KHM Siddique. "Crop growth and relative growth rates of old and modern wheat cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (1991): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910013.

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An analysis of the dynamics of green area index (GAI), dry matter (DM), relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) based on growing degree days (GDD) is presented for a historical series of wheats commercially released in Western Australia. Relative to the old cultivars, modern wheats were characterized by a greater RGR during the vegetative phase. This was achieved at a lower initial GAI, which persisted as the season progressed and was associated with a higher CGR at anthesis and greater grain yield at the end of the season. In the old cultivars, a greater GAI during the mid season declined rapidly as temperatures and soil moisture stress increased in spring, resulting in a lower GAI at anthesis. Together with lower CGR at anthesis this resulted in less dry matter and grain yield at final harvest. The higher grain yield of modern wheat cultivars was achieved with a high RGR during the vegetative phase and greater CGR from ear emergence to harvest.

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21

Hetrick, B. A. D., G. W. T. Wilson, and T. S. Cox. "Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat varieties, landraces, and ancestors." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-253.

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Using mycorrhizal fungi known to colonize wheat, the mycorrhizal dependence of various small grains including modem wheat varieties, primitive wheat lines, and wheat ancestors was studied. With the exception of the United States cultivar Newton and the German cultivars Apollo, Kanzler, and Sperber, dry weight of eight other modern wheats from the United States and Great Britain were increased by 29–100% following inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. All landraces from Asian collections or early introduced American cultivars were also dependent on the symbiosis, with dry weight increases averaging 169 and 55%, respectively. All wheat ancestors of the AA and BB genomes (except Aegilops speltoides) benefitted significantly from the symbiosis, whereas no benefit was observed for ancestors of the DD genome, tetraploid wheats of the AABB or AAGG genomes, or in the hexaploid ancestor Triticum zhukovskyi (AAAAGG genome). These differences in mycorrhizal response of the ancestors, lines, and cultivars were highly correlated with root fibrousness ratings. When the fungi used as a combined inoculum in the previous experiment were inoculated individually onto selected plant species or cultivars, 6 of the 10 isolates stimulated growth of Andropogon gerardii, a highly dependent grass species, and 8 of the 10 stimulated the growth of 'Turkey' wheat. In contrast, none of the isolates positively affected growth of 'Newton' or 'Kanzler' wheat cultivars, and in fact several fungi decreased the biomass produced by these two cultivars. These studies have demonstrated a strong genetic basis for differences in mycorrhizal dependence among cultivars. A trend for greater reliance on the symbiosis in older cultivated wheats than iin wheat ancestors or modern wheats was also observed. The depression in growth associated with certain mycorrhizal fungi and wheat cultivars demonstrates that colonization of roots does not guarantee benefit from the symbiosis. Key words: root fibrousness, growth response, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.

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22

Jiang, Shuangshuai, Jinyu Hao, Han Li, Changzhen Zuo, Xia Geng, and Xiaoyong Sun. "Monitoring Wheat Lodging at Various Growth Stages." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186967.

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Lodging is one of the primary factors that reduce wheat yield; therefore, rapid and accurate monitoring of wheat lodging helps to provide data support for crop loss and damage response and the subsequent settlement of agricultural insurance claims. In this study, we aimed to address two problems: (1) calculating the wheat lodging area. Through comparative experiments, the SegFormer-B1 model can achieve a better segmentation effect of wheat lodging plots with a higher prediction rate and a stronger generalization ability. This model has an accuracy of 96.56%, which realizes the accurate extraction of wheat lodging plots and the relatively precise calculation of the wheat lodging area. (2) Analyzing wheat lodging areas from various growth stages. The model established, based on the mixed-stage dataset, generally outperforms those set up based on the single-stage datasets in terms of the segmentation effect. The SegFormer-B1 model established based on the mixed-stage dataset, with its mIoU reaching 89.64%, was applicable to wheat lodging monitoring throughout the whole growth cycle of wheat.

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23

Bhandalwar, S. D., S. S. Toncher, D. P. Gite, and S. S. Wanjari. "Growth and yield of wheat as influenced by system of wheat intensification." Agricultural Research Journal 53, no. 4 (2016): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2016.00117.4.

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24

White, Jeffrey W. "From genome to wheat: Emerging opportunities for modelling wheat growth and development." European Journal of Agronomy 25, no. 2 (August 2006): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.04.002.

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25

Petr, J., and D. Hradecká. "Peculiarities of the growth and development of triticale in comparision with wheat and rye." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6205-cjgpb.

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26

Iqbal, Kanwal. "Effect of different light on wheat (Triticum aestivum L) growth and role of phytochrome." Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/001.

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Анотація:

Among the various naturally occurring abiotic factors regulating plant development, different types of light play an important role in them. Photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and photo morphogenesis. In this trial the effects of different colors of light on (seed) germination, phytochrome conversion, length of seedling, biomass production in wheat varieties Shalkot and Tandojam. The rate of germination data indicates white 96%, Red 100%, far-red 95%, Blue 95%, and dark 64%, in Shalkot. In Tandojam rate of germination 94% White, 93% red, 82% far red, 92% blue, and 50% dark, were observed. Root and shoot length were higher in Shalkot under white light. Difference between dry and fresh weight in Shalkot under white, red, far-red, blue, dark, 1.66g, 0.94g, 0.98g, 0.97g, 0.6g, respectively. In Tandojam difference between dry and fresh weight observed under white, red, far-red, blue, dark, 1.48g, 0.92g, 0.70g, 0.97g, 0.4g respectively. By using bioinformatics tools identified some light-harvesting genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by using model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The identified light-harvesting genes include cl02879, cl25816, cl33336, cl31857, cl28913.

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27

Karim Hama Ali, Fatih, and Dana Azad Abdulkhaleq. "Inheritance of Some Growth and Yield Traits in Bread Wheat Using Line×Tester Analysis." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 21, no. 2 (November 17, 2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10763.

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28

Camargo, Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira, and Antonio Wilson Penteado Ferreira Filho. "Genetic control of wheat seedling root growth." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 4 (August 2005): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000400004.

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Wheat cultivars should have long primary roots to allow good crop establishment, considering the short crop establishment season (April) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, where the occurrence of water stress is frequent. This paper demonstrates the control and type of inheritance of the primary root growth trait. Crosses were made between genotypes, BH-1146 and KAUZ "S"/IAC-24 M4 with strong and reduced primary root growth, respectively. F2 and F3 generation seeds from these crosses and F2 generation seeds from the backcrosses of both parents were also obtained. Seedlings from these genotypes plus the parentals were evaluated in relation to primary root growth in complete nutrient solutions containing 3.875 mg L-1 phosphorus, at pH 4.0 and a temperature of 25 ± 1°C for 10 days. Control of the primary root growth trait was demonstrated to have quantitative inheritance. The degrees of dominance showed that the genes for strong root growth had a partially recessive behavior. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis values were negative. The estimated broad-sense heritability for root growth indicated that a great part of the observed variation was of genetic origin. The narrow-sense heritability indicated that a great part of the total genetic variability in relation to the trait under consideration is due to a small number of genes. Considering the estimated coefficient of determination, selection for strong root growth would be effective even when made in the early segregant generations after the cross.

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29

WILHELM, W. W., and L. N. MIELKE. "WINTER WHEAT GROWTH IN ARTIFICIALLY COMPACTED SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-051.

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Dense soil tillage pans can develop from the improper use of tillage tools. The influence of compacted layers or pans on plant growth and development, although much studied, is not clearly understood. This greenhouse experiment evaluated the influence of uniformly compacted soil and thin layers of compacted soil placed at various depths on early growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Artificially compacted soil [Alliance silt loam, Aridic Argiustoll (Eluviated Brown Chernozem); A horizon] profiles were constructed in polyvinyl chloride tubes of 150-mm diameter by 350 mm long. Treatments were: (1) uniformly noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3) soil; (2) uniformly compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil; (3) a compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil layer at 100- to 120-mm depth with the remaining soil noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3); or (4) a compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil layer at 180- to 200-mm depth with the remaining soil noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3). Generally, winter wheat grown in cores that were uniformly compacted or compacted in the upper layer responded similarly. Plant height, at the end of the experiment (32 d after planting), for the uniformly compacted and upper compacted layer treatments was 280 mm, compared to 323 mm for the control (uniformly noncompacted). Leaf area development was similar to the response indicated for plant height throughout the growth period. Root mass and length tended to be less in layered or compacted soil than in noncompacted soil. Roots accumulated within or immediately above compacted soil layers. Higher bulk density or a shallow compacted layer produced winter wheat with reduced height, leaf area, and dry matter compared with soil of normal density or with a deeper compacted layer. Key words: Bulk density, Triticum aestivum L., tillage pan, wheat (winter)

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30

Sharma, Pramila Kumari. "Growth in Wheat Productivity in Southern Rajasthan." Khoj:An International Peer Reviewed Journal of Geography 5, no. 1 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-6963.2018.00009.7.

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31

CHALABI, Z. S., W. DAY, V. B. A. WILLINGTON, and P. V. BISCOE. "Grain Growth Dynamics in Winter Wheat Crops." Annals of Botany 61, no. 4 (April 1988): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087577.

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32

McMaster, Gregory S., Jack A. Morgan, and W. W. Wilhelm. "Simulating winter wheat spike development and growth." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 60, no. 3-4 (August 1992): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90038-6.

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33

Rickman, Ronald W., Sue E. Waldman, and Betty Klepper. "MODWht3: A Development‐Driven Wheat Growth Simulation." Agronomy Journal 88, no. 2 (March 1996): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800020010x.

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34

Freitas, J. Renato de, and James J. Germida. "Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-046.

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The association of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norstar) with root-colonizing bacteria (rhizobacteria) was studied in potted soil experiments in the growth chamber. Thirty-six known bacteria, some of which have been reported to stimulate plant growth, and 75 isolates obtained from the rhizosphere of winter wheat were tested for their effects on plant growth and development in two different soils. Two known bacteria and 12 isolates stimulated growth of winter wheat. Of these, the most effective were nine isolates that significantly (P < 0.01) increased plant height, root and shoot biomass, and number of tillers. The plant growth promoting effects of isolates were different in the two soils. Three of these strains were tentatively classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two each as Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. Some isolates induced significant increases in seedling emergence rates and (or) demonstrated antagonism in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani and Leptosphaeria maculans. These results demonstrate the potential use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat. Key words: pseudomonads, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, winter wheat, rhizosphere, bacterial inoculants.

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35

Guda, Tavonga, Tuarira A. Mtaita, Moses Mutetwa, Thomas Masaka, and Portiah P. Samkaange. "Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria-Fungi as Growth Promoter in Wheat Production." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 10, no. 3 (2020): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.2.2020.103.141.155.

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36

Penner, Amy, Leaelaf Hailemariam, Martin Okos, and Osvaldo Campanella. "Lateral growth of a wheat dough disk under various growth conditions." Journal of Cereal Science 49, no. 1 (January 2009): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.007.

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37

Jarošík, V., A. Honěk, and A. Tichopád. "Comparison of Field Population Growths of Three Cereal Aphid Species on Winter Wheat." Plant Protection Science 39, No. 2 (November 25, 2011): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3827-pps.

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Population growths of three aphid species colonising winter wheat stands, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, were analysed by regression method. The calculations were based on counts in 268 winter wheat plots at 3 or 7 day intervals over 10 (leaves) or 6 (ears) years. The population dynamics of a particular species differed widely between years. Density independent exponential growth of the population was most common, but its rate differed significantly between species, and for S. avenae also between populations on leaves and ears, on which the populations grew fastest. Field estimates of the intrinsic rate of increase derived from the exponential growths ranged between 0.010–0.026 in M. dirhodum, 0.0071–0.011 in R. padi, and between 0.00078–0.0061 and 0.0015–0.13 in S. avenae on leaves and ears, respectively. In the populations with the most vigorous population growth, S. avenae on ears and M. dirhodum on leaves, the rate of population increase significantly decreased with increasing aphid density.  

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38

Singh, Gurjinder, and Balwinder Singh Dhillon. "Growth and Productivity of Wheat as Influenced by Crop Residue Incorporation under Rice-wheat, Guar-wheat and Cotton-wheat Cropping Systems." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 2222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.266.

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39

Haile, Fikru J., Leon G. Higley, Xinzhi Ni, and Sharron S. Quisenberry. "Physiological and Growth Tolerance in Wheat to Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Injury." Environmental Entomology 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.5.787.

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40

Wu, G. Q., L. N. Zhang, and Y. Y. Wang. "Response of growth and antioxidant enzymes to osmotic stress in two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars seedlings." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 12 (November 26, 2012): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/373/2012-pse.

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 To investigate the responses of growth and antioxidant enzymes to osmotic stress in two different wheat cultivars, one drought tolerant (Heshangtou, HST) and the other drought sensitive (Longchun 15, LC15), 15-day-old wheat seedlings were exposed to osmotic stress of –0.25, –0.50, and –0.75 MPa for 2 days. It is found that osmotic stress decreased shoot length in both wheat cultivars, whereas to a lesser degree in HST than in LC15. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) of shoot in both wheat cultivars were increased by osmotic stress. It is clear that MDA contents increased less in the more drought tolerant cultivar HST than in drought sensitive one LC15. On the contrary, POD and CAT activities increased more in HST than LC15 under osmotic stress. As the activity of SOD, however, no significant differences were found between HST and LC15. These results suggest that wheat cultivar HST has higher activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD and CAT to cope with oxidative damage caused by osmotic stress compared to sensitive LC15.  

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41

Chatterjee, Kaushik, C. S. Singh, A. K. Singh, Ashok Kr Singh, and S. K. Singh. "Performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of wheat production system." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.977.

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A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 at Ranchi, Jharkhand to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of cultivation. The morpho-physiological analysis of growth and yield in wheat revealed that system of wheatintensification manifested higher total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight resulting in higher grain and straw yield over conventional method of cultivation. The net return and benefit: cost ratio as well as the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash was also recorded significantly higher under system of wheat intensification. Higher fertility level of 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 also significantly improved the plant height, total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Among the wheat cultivars, K 9107 manifested significant improvement in growth attributes at all the growth stages resulting in significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash than Birsa Gehu 3, HUW 468 and K 0307. Thus it can be concluded that the wheat variety K 9107 fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 under System of Wheat Intensification may able to boost up the wheat productivity under irrigated ecosystem of Chhotanagpur plateau region, India.

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42

Rathwa, PG, KD Mevada, KC Ombase, CJ Dodiya, Vipen Bhadu, VS Purabiya, and MM Saiyad. "Integrated Nitrogen Management through Different Sources on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.2.53.

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43

Qiong, Wu, Wang Yu hui, Zhang Xiao hong, Li En hui, and Yang Shen jiao. "Analysis of Crop Growth Rhythm in Alfalfa - Wheat Intercropping." Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjavs.2022.v09i03.002.

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Logistic equation was used to fit the plant height growth of wheat and alfalfa in different intercropping treatments, and the effects of intercropping on the plant height growth of wheat and alfalfa were analyzed according to the results of fitting curve model parameters. The results showed that the plant height growth of wheat and alfalfa under different intercropping patterns was in line with "S" curve. According to the turning point of the growth curve, the plant height growth can be divided into three stages: gradual growth stage, linear growth stage and slow growth stage. In late March, wheat and alfalfa began to enter linear growth phase, which lasted about one month and one and a half months, respectively. The linear growth of wheat and alfalfa in all treatments accounted for more than 50% of the total growth in growth period. Intercropping alfalfa extended the linear growth period of wheat, but reduced the growth rate and amount of wheat in the linear growth period. While intercropping with wheat shortened the linear growth period of alfalfa, but accelerated its growth rate.

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44

Jacobs, Th, and M. B. Buurlage. "Growth of wheat leaf rust colonies in susceptible and partially resistant spring wheats." Euphytica 45, no. 1 (January 1990): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00032152.

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45

Liu, Q., C. Zheng, C. X. Hu, Q. Tan, X. C. Sun, and J. J. Su. " Effects of high concentrations of soil arsenic on the growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and rape (Brassica napus)." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 1 (January 16, 2012): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/311/2011-pse.

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Soil arsenic (As) levels are particularly high in parts of China, where wheat and rape are widely grown. Understanding the effects of As concentration on the growth of these two major crops is of significance for food production and security in China. A pot experiment was carried out to study the uptake of As and phosphorus (P), and the soil As bioavailability at different growth stages of wheat and rape. The results indicated that winter wheat was much more sensitive to As stress than rape. Wheat yields were elevated at low rates of As addition (< 60 mg/kg) but reduced at high rates of As concentrations (80–100 mg/kg); while the growth of rape hadn’t showed significant responses to As addition. Phosphorus concentrations in wheat at jointing and ear sprouting stages increased with increasing soil As concentrations, and these increases were assumed to contribute a lot to enhanced growth of wheat at low As treatments. Arsenic did not significantly affect P concentrations in rape either. The highest As concentrations in wheat shoot and rape leaf were 8.31 and 3.63 mg/kg, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in wheat and rape grains did not exceed the maximum permissible limit for food stuffs of 1.0 mg/kg. When soil As concentration was less than 60 mg/kg, both wheat and rape could grow satisfactorily without adverse effects; when soil As concentration was 80–100 mg/kg, rape was more suitable to be planted than wheat.    

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46

Khalid, A., M. Arshad, and Z. A. Zahir. "Screening plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for improving growth and yield of wheat." Journal of Applied Microbiology 96, no. 3 (March 2004): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02161.x.

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47

Lee, Sang Gyu, Hyeri Lee, Jimin Lee, Byung Cheon Lee, Hojoung Lee, Changhyun Choi, and Namhyun Chung. "Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on early growth of wheat cultivars." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2019.033.

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48

de Freitas, J. R., and J. J. Germida. "Growth promotion of winter wheat by fluorescent pseudomonads under growth chamber conditions." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, no. 11 (November 1992): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(92)90063-4.

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49

Mian, MAK, MR Islam, J. Hossain, and MA Aziz. "Grain Growth of Wheat Under Prevailing Air Temperature." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v19i2.31856.

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An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishwardi, Pabna in two consecutive years of 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to quantify the effect of temperature on phenological duration and grain growth of wheat. Temperature variation was created by changing sowing date (15 November=S1, 30 November=S2, 15 December=S3 and 30 December=S4). Results revealed that reproductive phase was more sensitive to high temperature as compared to vegetative phase of wheat. Reproductive phase reduced from 54 to 37 days in 2010-2011 and from 64 to 34 days in 2011-2012 as influenced by higher air temperature under late sowing. Duration of reproductive phase was strongly and negatively correlated with mean air temperature (r=-0.64 to -0.96 at p<0.01). Maximum grain growth (49.12-50.18 mg grain-1) was recorded at 55 days after anthesis in 30 November sowing in both the years. Grain growth was negatively correlated (r=-0.80 at p<0.01) with mean air temperature during grain growth period. Grain yield was the highest (4560-6080 kg ha-1) in 30 November sowing, afterwards it reduced in both the years. Grain yield was negatively correlated (r=-0.70 at p<0.01) with mean air temperature of grain growth period. Rising of air temperature at grain filling stage subjected to reduced grain yield of wheat. Effect of temperature on grain yield of wheat can be explained about 88% by the function of Y= -14910+ 2069X-52.67X2 (R² = 0.88). Rising of one degree (oC) temperature above optimum (19.64 0C) grain yield reduced @ 53 kg ha-1 (0.98%).Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016 19(2): 79-85

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50

Xue, Jun-xiao, Chen-yang Sun, Jun-jin Cheng, Ming-liang Xu, Ya-fei Li, and Shui Yu. "Wheat ear growth modeling based on a polygon." Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 20, no. 9 (September 2019): 1175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1800702.

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