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Статті в журналах з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Caillard, Romain, Rémy Guillet-Nicolas, Freddy Kleitz, and Muriel Subirade. "Tabletability of whey protein isolates." International Dairy Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 2012): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.06.004.
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Mortenson, Michael A., Zata M. Vickers, and Gary A. Reineccius. "Flavor of whey protein concentrates and isolates." International Dairy Journal 18, no. 6 (June 2008): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.12.003.
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Yi, J., and Y. Ding. "Dual effects of whey protein isolates on the inhibition of enzymatic browning and clarification of apple juice." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 6 (November 27, 2014): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2014-cjfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The inhibition was studied of enzymatic browning occurring in apple juice by whey protein isolates as compared to ascorbic acid and l-cysteine. A further comparison of different filter-aid pretreatments, such as whey protein isolates (WPI), pectinase and whey protein isolates – pectinase pretreatments, alone and combined with ultrafiltration was also made. The results indicated that WPI demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity on polyphenoloxidase (PPO). At lower concentrations (0.005–0.01 g/l), the suppression effect of WPI on PPO activity was higher than that of both ascorbic acid and l-cysteine. WPI exhibited intermediate inhibition on PPO activity at the concentrations of 0.01–0.1 g/l, as compared to ascorbic acid and l-cysteine. The comparison of different clarification treatments suggested that WPI acted more effectively on clarification than pectinase. In addition, combined WPI-pectinase pretreatment significantly increased the clarity of apple juice, indicating a synergistic effect between WPI and pectinase. The subsequent ultrafiltration after WPI and pectinase pretreatments alone or combined could further improve the clarity and colour and reduce the turbidity of clear apple juice with non-significant influence on its typical characteristics.
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Yildiz-Akgül, Filiz. "Enhancement of torba yoghurt with whey protein isolates." International Journal of Dairy Technology 71, no. 4 (May 23, 2018): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12525.
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Smith, T. J., E. A. Foegeding, and M. A. Drake. "Flavor and Functional Characteristics of Whey Protein Isolates from Different Whey Sources." Journal of Food Science 81, no. 4 (February 22, 2016): C849—C857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13248.
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Morr, C. V., and E. Y. W. Ha. "Whey protein concentrates and isolates: Processing and functional properties." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33, no. 6 (January 1993): 431–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399309527643.
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Vardhanabhuti, Bongkosh, and E. Allen Foegeding. "Rheological Properties and Characterization of Polymerized Whey Protein Isolates." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, no. 9 (September 1999): 3649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf981376n.
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Harte, Federico M., Subba Rao Gurram, Lloyd O. Luedecke, Barry G. Swanson, and Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas. "Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and whey proteins on the disruption of casein micelle isolates." Journal of Dairy Research 74, no. 4 (October 26, 2007): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029907002762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High hydrostatic pressure disruption of casein micelle isolates was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and transmission electron microscopy. Casein micelles were isolated from skim milk and subjected to combinations of thermal treatment (85°C, 20 min) and high hydrostatic pressure (up to 676 MPa) with and without whey protein added. High hydrostatic pressure promoted extensive disruption of the casein micelles in the 250 to 310 MPa pressure range. At pressures greater than 310 MPa no further disruption was observed. The addition of whey protein to casein micelle isolates protected the micelles from high hydrostatic pressure induced disruption only when the mix was thermally processed before pressure treatment. The more whey protein was added (up to 5 g/l) the more the protection against high hydrostatic pressure induced micelle disruption was observed in thermally treated samples subjected to 310 MPa.
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Popescu, Violeta, Andreia Molea, Marioara Moldovan, Pompilia Mioara Lopes, Amalia Mazilu Moldovan, and George Liviu Popescu. "The Influence of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Whey Proteins on the Properties of Gelatin-Whey Composite Hydrogels." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133507.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Amino-acids, peptides, and protein hydrolysates, together with their coordinating compounds, have various applications as fertilizers, nutritional supplements, additives, fillers, or active principles to produce hydrogels with therapeutic properties. Hydrogel-based patches can be adapted for drug, protein, or peptide delivery, and tissue healing and regeneration. These materials have the advantage of copying the contour of the wound surface, ensuring oxygenation, hydration, and at the same time protecting the surface from bacterial invasion. The aim of this paper is to describe the production of a new type of hydrogel based on whey protein isolates (WPI), whey protein hydrolysates (WPH), and gelatin. The hydrogels were obtained by utilizing a microwave-assisted method using gelatin, glycerol, WPI or WPH, copper sulfate, and water. WPH was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein isolates in the presence of bromelain. The hydrogel films obtained have been characterized by FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The swelling degree and swelling kinetics have also been determined.
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B.Meena, Jebitta, Durga Devi P. R, Deva Dharshini L, Naga Sai Harika, Theerdham, and Vignesh K. "A Comprehensive Review on Protein Isolates from Legumes." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 6 (March 30, 2021): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f5523.039621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Legumes play an vital function in human body due to dietary fiber, protein, minerals and vitamins and well-balanced essential amino acid. Legume proteins have gained increasing significance because of preferred functional properties, including gelling and emulsifying properties. Legumes contains anti nutritional compounds like Trypsin inhibitor(TIs), Phytic acid(PA), Tannin, Saponin, Lectins, They are not a major concern for most people, but may become a problem during periods of malnutrition, these can be easily removed by dehulled, cooking, thermal process, germination after soaking. Protein isolates are advanced form of protein containing the greater amount of protein with greater digestibility. There are different types of protein isolates like chickpea, whey protein Pea protein, cowpea protein isolates .The extraction methods of protein isolates are Iso electric extraction and alkaline extraction, citric acid extraction. Our aim of this paper is to optimize the protein isolate for diet people and innovate research in this field to produce some protein enriched food formulations.
Дисертації з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Nicodemo, Antonio. "An investigation of the hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of whey protein isolates in the Golden Syrian hamster /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whey protein isolates (WPI) have been indicated to have potent cholesterol lowering and antioxidative properties. Such effects, however, are not consistently observed, which could be the result of major differences in the processing, isolation and composition of WPI. Moreover, the mechanisms of action or the bioactive component(s) in WPI are poorly understood although the relatively high cysteine content in WPI has been suggested to play an important role. Although high dietary cysteine has been shown to lower plasma homocysteine concentrations, the impact of WPI in this regard has not been investigated. The overall objective of this thesis was to examine the antioxidative and plasma cholesterol and homocysteine lowering properties of two WPI that were produced via different industrial processing and isolation techniques with the milk protein, casein, used as the control protein. We also examined for the mechanism(s) of action of WPI in terms of possible antioxidative, and plasma cholesterol and homocysteine lowering effects. In this regard, the intake of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a major cysteine-rich whey protein was also studied since this protein has been implicated as a key bioactive component for the antioxidant effects of WPI. Four studies were performed. The first involved the characterization of a variety of commercially prepared WPI by high performance capillary electrophoresis for identification of two WPI products that showed major differences in protein composition for subsequent feeding trials. Most of the WPI had similar characteristic electrophoretic profiles, however, significant differences in protein and macronutrient (Ca, Mg, P) composition were noted in two commercial WPI that were chosen as the test proteins in subsequent feeding trials. In the first two feeding studies, hamsters were fed different commercial WPI or milk protein (BSA or casein) containing diets that were either matched or unmatched in terms of macro
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Jing, Yan 1975. "Effects of pressurization on the digestibility and glutathione inducing property of whey protein isolates in rats and mice." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrostatic pressure has been demonstrated to induce major changes in secondary structure of whey proteins resulting in an increased digestibility in vitro, and possibly an improvement of the glutathione (GSH) inducing effect of whey proteins in vivo. Micro filtration and ion-exchange, two commonly used processing techniques in whey protein manufacture, generate whey proteins with different compositions. Two animal studies were designed to compare the digestibility and GSH inducing effects of whey protein isolates (WPIs) treated with three repeated pulse cycling of pressure (3-cycle) or single pulse of high pressure (1-cycle) and pressurized microfiltrated and ion-exchange WPIs. The results indicate that special hydrostatic pressure treatment on the proteins improves its growth stimulating effect, but does not enhance the GSH-inducing effect of WPI in the healthy growing rats. Difference among commercial whey protein products is also an important factor that affects the biological properties of the pressurized whey proteins. In conclusion, both proper pressure treatment and product composition should be considered in order to find the most bio-effective whey protein preparation.
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Marincic, Patricia Z. "Quantitation of Bovine Serum Albumin in Cow's-Milk-Based Infant Formulas and Removal of Bovine Serum Albumin from Cow's Milk and Whey Protein Isolates." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early introduction of cow's-milk-based infant formulas, in particular the ABBOS epitope of bovine serum albumin (BSA), has been implicated as an autoimmune trigger in the pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). A direct enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), using polyclonal anti-BSA antibodies, was developed to determine the BSA content of cow's milk and 15 infant formulas. Powdered high-whey (60%) formulas averaged 41 mg BSA/100 ml; 2% milk contained 52 mg BSA/100 ml; and the high-casein formulas averaged 13 mg/100 ml. BSA content of powdered polymeric formulas and cow's milk varied directly with the whey protein concentration (correlation coefficient = 0.8445, Q = 0.008). BSA was not detected in any hydrolyzed powdered formula or commercially sterile liquid preparation regardless of protein composition. The absence of BSA was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is unlikely that the ABBOS epitope is present in the formulas testing negative for BSA due to enzymatic hydrolysis and heat denaturation of these formula preparations.
A laboratory technology was developed that could be upgraded to produce BSA free protein bases used in the manufacture of infant formula. Affinity chromatography, using paramagnetic beads with an immobilized antibody against BSA, was applied to extract BSA from cow's milk and whey isolates. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody-activated beads were used to capture BSA from samples. The capture efficiency in milk was 11% and 19% for polyclonal beads, and 59% for monoclonal beads. Capture efficiency of monoclonal beads of 91% was significantly greater in both acid and sweet whey compared to the polyclonal beads exhibiting a capture efficiency 31% and 24% in acid and sweet whey, respectively. Capture efficiency of monoclonal and polyclonal beads did not differ significantly in milk, acid whey, or sweet whey. Removal of BSA from a known sample of 25ng of BSA treated with polyclonal beads was 70% effective with a capture efficiency of 35%. A net reduction of 99.9% of the BSA could be expected by coupling immunocapture with molecular sieving. Immunocapture was most effective in removing BSA when only small amounts were present in the sample.
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Iskandar, Michele. "Effect of native and pressurized whey protein isolates on inflammation in respiratory epithelial cells expressing either wildtype or mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal inherited disease characterized by chronic, persistent and exaggerated inflammation. The airways of CF patients exhibit a sustained influx of neutrophils and interleukin (IL)-8, the major neutrophil chemoattractant. Anti-inflammatory therapy is a focus of CF treatment, with a clear need for novel, safe and effective therapies. Whey proteins have been attributed a number of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Previous research has suggested a suppression of the inflammatory response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha by whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) in respiratory epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, it is suggested that hyperbaric pressure (HP) treatment of whey proteins can potentiate their biological activities. The effect of HP treatment on the digestibility, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of whey protein isolates (WPI) was explored in a series of mechanistic in vitro studies and in a clinical trial. Hydrolysates of pressurized (pWPH) and native (nWPH) whey protein isolates were generated using two differing in vitro digestion protocols that mimic human gastrointestinal digestion. Hyperbaric pressure pre-treatment resulted in enhanced in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity of WPI regardless of major differences in enzymatic conditions and the resulting peptide profiles, signifying that pressure processing generates an enhanced release of bioactive peptides regardless of the proteolytic environment. The peptide profiles obtained from the hydrolysates of pWPH exhibited quantitative and qualitative differences from those of nWPH. To explore the possible mechanisms by which WPH may exert their anti-inflammatory effects, wild-type and cystic fibrosis (CF) conductance regulator-deficient cells were treated with either nWPH or pWPH and stimulated with TNFalpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both nWPH and pWPH suppressed LPS-induced IL-8 secretion, although pWPH were more potent requiring lower doses to exert significant inhibition. pWPH increased the ferric-reducing antioxidant activity of cell culture supernatant in both cell lines. Neither type of hydrolysate suppressed TNFalpha- or IL-1beta-induced IL-8 secretion. Since LPS and IL-1beta, beyond the activation of their respective receptors, share a common intracellular pathway, further experiments were conducted on signalling events that occur prior to the convergence of the two pathways, at the level of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4. There was no effect of either nWPH or pWPH on the cell membrane expression of TLR4. Neither type of WPH exhibited direct binding and neutralization of LPS, but both significantly reduced the binding of LPS to cell surface receptors. It is therefore likely that the WPHs exerted the observed LPS-induced IL-8 suppression by suppressing the binding of LPS to its receptor with the consequent inhibited activation of TLR4. To explore the possible in vivo clinical effects of pressurized WPI, a one-month, open-label pilot study of supplementation with pressurized WPI in children and adults with CF was conducted. Nutritional status was enhanced in both children and adults. An improvement in lung function was observed in children, and C-reactive protein decreased in the majority of patients with initially high values. Overall, the thesis results provide a novel mechanism by which whey proteins and pressurized whey can exert anti-inflammatory effects and suggest new potential avenues for the use of pressurized whey protein isolate as a nutrition-based anti-inflammatory therapeutic or preventative agent.La fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie héréditaire fatale caractérisée par une inflammation chronique et exagérée. Les voies respiratoires des patients atteints de FK présentent un afflux soutenu de neutrophiles et d'interleukine (IL)-8, l'agent chimiotactique majeur des neutrophiles. La thérapie anti-inflammatoire est un focus du traitement de la FK et il existe un besoin évident de nouvelles thérapies sûres et efficaces. Des effets biologiques, incluant des effets antioxydants et anti-inflammatoires ont été attribués aux protéines de lactosérum. Des recherches antérieures ont suggéré une suppression de la réponse inflammatoire induite par le facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF)alpha par des hydrolysats de protéines de lactosérum (WPH). De plus, il a été suggéré que le traitement par pression hyperbare (PH) des isolats de protéines de lactosérum (WPI) peut potentialiser leurs activités biologiques. Les effets d'un traitement PH sur la digestibilité et les activités anti-inflammatoires et antioxydants des WPI ont été explorés dans une série d'études mécanistes in vitro et dans un essai clinique. Des hydrolysats de protéines de lactosérum pressurisées (pWPH) et non pressurisées (nWPH) ont été générés par le moyen de deux différents protocoles de digestion in vitro imitant le processus de digestion gastro-intestinal humain. Le prétraitement HP a entrainé une augmentation de la digestibilité in vitro et de l'activité antioxydante des WPI, malgré les différences entre les deux protocoles de digestion et entre les profiles de peptides résultant des digestions, signifiant que la pression génère une augmentation des peptides bioactifs générés quel que soit l'environnement protéolytique. Les profiles des peptides des pWPH ont exhibé des différences qualitatives et quantitatives comparés aux nWPH. Pour explorer les mécanismes possibles par lesquels WPH pourraient exercer leurs effets anti-inflammatoires, des lignées cellulaires normales et déficientes du Régulateur de la Conductance Transmembranaire Mucoviscidose (CFTR) ont été traitées avec nWPH ou pWPH et stimulées avec TNFalpha, IL-1beta, ou lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Les nWPH et pWPH ont diminué la sécrétion d'IL-8 induite par LPS, bien que les pWPH aient été plus puissants, requérant de moindres doses pour exercer une inhibition significative. pWPH a augmenté l'activité antioxydante des surnageants des cultures des deux lignées cellulaires. Aucun type de WPH n'a inhibé la sécrétion d'IL-8 induite par TNFalpha ou IL-1beta. Puisque LPS et IL-1beta partagent une voie commune de signalisation suivant l'activation de leurs récepteurs respectifs, des expériences ont été menées sur des événements prenant place en amont de la convergence des deux voies de signalisation, au niveau du récepteur Toll-like receptor (TLR)4. Les nWPH ni les pWPH n'ont eu d'effet sur l'expression du TLR4, mais la liaison entre LPS et les récepteurs de surface a été réduite par les deux traitements. Aucun WPH n'a exhibé de liaison directe ou de neutralisation du LPS. Il est donc probable que les WPHs aient exercé la suppression d'IL-8 induite par LPS en inhibant la liaison du LPS avec son récepteur et par conséquent l'activation du TLR4. Pour explorer les effets cliniques in vivo des WPI pressurisés, un essai clinique pilote d'une durée d'un mois a été mené, où des enfants et adultes souffrant de FK ont été supplémentés avec des protéines pressurisées. Le statut nutritionnel des enfants et adultes a été amélioré. Une amélioration des fonctions pulmonaires chez les enfants a été observée et le taux sanguin de protéine C réactive a diminué chez la majorité des patients chez qui les taux étaient élevés au début de l'étude. Globalement, les résultats de cette dissertation fournissent un nouveau mécanisme par lequel les WPI pressurisés peuvent exercer des effets anti-inflammatoires et suggèrent de nouvelles avenues potentielles pour l'usage des WPI pressurisés en tant qu'agent nutritionnel thérapeutique ou préventif.
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Kharlamova, Anna. "Texturization of dairy protein systems with whey protein isolate aggregates." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1029/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dans le lait on peut distinguer les protéines sériques et les caséines. Les protéines sériques sont des protéines globulaires qui se trouvent dans le sérum du lait et elles sont connues pour leurs propriétés fonctionnelles exceptionnelles. Quand une solution de protéines sériques est chauffée, elles perdent leur structure native et peuvent s'agréger. Elles forment des agrégats de différentes formes, tailles et densités : des cylindres, des agrégats fractals, des microgels et des agrégats fibrillaires. De l'autre côté, les caséines sont organisées dans des micelles de caséine d'un rayon environ 100-200 nm stabilisées par du phosphate de calcium colloïdal.Au cours de ce travail, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment les agrégats de protéines sériques pouvaient être utilisés en mélange avec les micelles de caséine pour obtenir et contrôler la texture de produits laitiers. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le processus de « cold gelation » induit par ajout de calcium et/ou acidification d'agrégats et de microgels de protéines sériques seuls. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fonctionnalité des agrégats dans les mélanges plus complexes avec les autres protéines laitières et en présence de minéraux. L'addition de petites quantités d'agrégats fractals dans des suspensions de micelles diminuait leur température critique de gélification, augmentait le module élastique et diminuait la synérèse des gels.Les agrégats de protéines sériques peuvent être utilisés pour modifier la viscosité des mélanges, comme gélifiant ou pour enrichir la teneur en protéine du milieu sans en augmenter la viscositéThe proteins of milk can be divided into whey proteins and caseins. Whey proteins are compact globular proteins that are found in the aqueous phase of milk. They are well-known for their exceptional functional properties. Upon heating, individual whey proteins denature and aggregate, forming aggregates of different morphologies and sizes, such as strands, fractal aggregates, microgels and fibrillar aggregates, depending on the heating conditions. On the other hand, the caseins in milk are organized in complex protein units with a diameter of 100-200 nm called casein micelles stabilized by colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP).The current work is an endeavor to understand how whey protein aggregates might be used in mixtures with other dairy proteins, such as casein micelles, in order to get a particular texture in a dairy product. We first extended the understanding of so-called “cold gelation” of pure WPI aggregates induced by calcium and acidification and then studied how the aggregates work in more complex mixtures of proteins and minerals. Interestingly, addition of small amounts of fractal aggregates to suspensions of casein micelles has been demonstrated to decrease the critical gelation temperature, increase the elastic modulus and decrease the syneresis of the gels.The aggregates are to be used to modify the viscosity of dairy products, as a gelling agent and for protein enrichment. The properties of strands, fractal aggregates and microgels have been studied and compared. WPI aggregates might be considered as “clean label” texturizing ingredients that do not require approval from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
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Liu, Ning. "Effect of radiation on polymerization, microstructure, and microbiological properties of whey protein in model system and whey protein based tissue adhesive development." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whey proteins are mainly a group of small globular proteins. Their structures can be modified by physical, chemical and other means to improve their functionality. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of radiation on protein-protein interaction, microstructure, and microbiological properties of whey protein-water solutions. Whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions (27-36% protein) were treated with different dosages (10-35 KGy) of gamma radiation. The protein solutions were analyzed for viscosity, turbidity, soluble nitrogen, total plate count, and yeast and mold counts. The interactions between whey proteins were also analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The viscosity of protein solution (27%, w/w) was increased from 2.19 for the control to 4.78 mPa*s for the sample treated at 25 KGy, respectively, and viscosity also increased during storage at 23°C. The soluble nitrogen (10%, w/w) was decreased from 100% to 54.7% for control and the sample treated at 35 KGy. The effects of gamma radiation and storage time on viscosity of whey protein solutions were significant (p
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Shute, Max. "Effect of Whey Protein Isolate on Oxidative Stress, Exercise Performance, and Immunity." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a whey protein isolate (WPI), a reported glutathione (GSH) booster, on exercise performance, immune function, and antioxidant status during weight maintenance and energy restriction in humans. Twenty well-trained, college age, male cyclists performed a cycling exercise test for 45 min, the first 7 min at 70% of VO2peak and the remaining 38 min at 55% VO2peak immediately followed by a performance test set at 90% VO2peak until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected prior to the exercise test, after 45 min of exercise, within 5 min of exhaustion, and 1 h after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), phagocytosis, oxidative burst, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, and PBMC phenotyping. Subjects consumed 40g/day of WPI or casein placebo (P) along with their normal diet for 2 wk, repeated the exercise test, and then began a low energy period continuing the same supplementation for 4 d before the final exercise test. WPI was not associated with superior exercise performance or antioxidant status following exercise or weight loss. WPI supplementation did result in 33% greater lymphocyte proliferation capacity following exercise. Following exhaustive exercise for all trials, tGSH and GPx increased 7% and 11%, respectively, while WBCGSH decreased 13%. For WPI, GPx activity was 10% lower than P following exhaustive exercise for all trials combined. Weight loss (2.67 ± 0.26 kg) resulted in increases in phagocytosis (65%), white blood cell (WBC) GSH (40%), and GPx (35%) while decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio (55%) and LPO (16%). Exhaustive exercise caused a 28% increase in CD8+ PBMCs and decreased CD4+ (34%), CD3+ (15%), the CD4+/8+ ratio (45%), and phagocytosis (8%) with all values returning to baseline after 1 h recovery. Supplementation with WPI did not enhance GSH status or exercise performance in trained cyclists, during weight maintenance or energy restriction. Following exercise, WPI is associated with greater lymphocyte proliferation of PBMCs which may help maintain an athleteâ s health during heavy training or competition.Ph. D.
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Bala, Soumya. "Enhancing cysteine content in yogurt with addition of whey protein isolate and its sensory evaluation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16270.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Food Science
Karen A. Schmidt
Milk proteins are excellent sources of sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine, in particular whey proteins. Cysteine is synthesized from methionine by γ-cystathionase. However, cysteine has to be included in the diets of certain subpopulations due to diminished γ-cystathionase activity. Cysteine, a heat- liable amino acid, may lose bioavailability during thermal processing. The objective of this research was to enhance cysteine content in yogurt while maintaining its quality. First, yogurt mixes were formulated to a total solids content of 12.5% with nonfat dry milk (NDM) (N) or a combination of NDM (10%) and whey protein isolate (WPI) (2.5%) (W), and processed at 70°C (20 min) (70) or 90°C (7 min) (90). Yogurt was prepared and maintained at 4oC for 60 days. Three replications were performed and data were analyzed using SAS®. The W mixes had 65%, 32% and 190% more cysteine, true protein and whey protein contents respectively, compared to N mixes prior to processing. However in day 1 yogurt, the highest cysteine content (398.3 mg/L) was found in the W70 yogurt and its gel quality was comparable to the N90 yogurt except for firmness. During a 60 day storage period the W70 and N90 were similar in gel quality except for firmness. Secondly, a hedonic test was done on the W70 (HC) and N90 (LC) yogurts which had been reformulated to contain sugar and vanillin. One replication was performed and data were analyzed using SAS®. The LC and HC yogurts did not vary in liking of flavor (6.1), aftertaste (6.1) and overall acceptability (6.3) corresponding to the words of “like slightly” when compared. However, the appearance of the LC yogurt was liked more than the HC yogurt (6.7 vs. 6.1) whereas the thickness of HC yogurt was liked more than the LC yogurt (6.4 vs. 5.8). These results suggest that addition of WPI along with lower process treatment resulted in yogurt with enhanced cysteine; however, further studies may be needed to optimize the WPI addition to improve the visual characteristics of the yogurt for consumer acceptance.
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Hongsprabhas, Parichat. "Mechanisms of calcium-induced cold gelation of whey protein isolate." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24409.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Geara, Charif. "Study of the gelation of whey protein isolate by FTIR spectroscopy and rheological measurements." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50774.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Bird, Mark F., and David G. Lambert. Deorphanization of ORL-1/LC132 by reverse pharmacology in two landmark studies. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Deorphanization of ORL-1/LC132 in 1995 by reverse pharmacology in two simultaneously published landmark studies added a new member to the opioid family of G-protein coupled receptors. Meunier and Reinscheid used cells expressing recombinant ORL-1 (human) or LC132 (rat) and the presumed intracellular inhibition of cyclic AMP formation to ‘fish’ for endogenous peptide ligands in rat whole-brain and pig hypothalamic extracts. Both studies reported the isolation of a 17-amino-acid peptide, which was named nociceptin and orphanin FQ by the two authors, respectively. The behaviour of the isolated peptide was a complete surprise, as a general hyperalgesia was observed when the peptide was administered at supraspinal sites. We now know that this peptide has, in fact, anti-opioid action, particularly in the medulla. The endogenous peptide exerts a multitude of effects both in the nervous system and, unlike classical opioids, has efficacy in neuropathic pain.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin, and M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Edited by I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.
Частини книг з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Monahan, Frank J., D. Julian McClements, and J. Bruce German. "Disulfide-Mediated Polymerization of Whey Proteins in Whey Protein Isolate-Stabilized Emulsions." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 127–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1792-8_10.
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Marangoni, Alejandro G. "Implementation of the van Smoluchowski Model for Protein Aggregation Kinetics: Cold-Gelation of Heated Whey Protein Isolate." In Kinetic Analysis of Food Systems, 161–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51292-1_10.
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Gwartney, Elizabeth A., E. Allen Foegeding, and Duane K. Larick. "The Role of Texture and Fat on Flavor Release from Whey Protein Isolate Gels." In ACS Symposium Series, 355–67. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0763.ch029.
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Vojdani, Fakhrieh, and John R. Whitaker. "Limited Proteolysis of α-Lactalbumin and Whey Protein Isolate: Effect on Their Functional Properties." In ACS Symposium Series, 184–204. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0708.ch012.
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Laplante, S., S. L. Turgeon, and P. Paquin. "Effect of various factors on emulsion stabilising properties of chitosan in a model system containing whey protein isolate." In Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 11, 245–55. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847551016-00245.
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Clarke, Kieran J., and Richard K. Porter. "The Importance of Calcium Ions for Determining Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity When Measuring Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) Function in Mitochondria Isolated from Brown Adipose Tissue." In Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, 325–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7831-1_19.
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Ali, Anwar, Quratul Ain, Ayesha Saeed, Waseem Khalid, Munir Ahmed, and Ahmed Bostani. "Bio-Molecular Characteristics of Whey Proteins with Relation to Inflammation." In Whey Proteins - Uses and Biological Roles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whey proteins in bovine milk are a mixture of globular proteins manufactured from whey which is a byproduct of cheese industry. Whey protein is categorized to contain plethora of healthy components due to wide range of pH, promising nutritional profile with cost effective and diverse functionality. Reportedly there are three categories of whey protein, whey protein concentrate (WPC) (29–89%); whey protein isolate (WPI) 90% and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the basis of proteins present in them. Whey proteins is composed of β-lactoglobulin (45–57%), immunoglobulins (10–15%) α-lactalbumin (15–25%), glicomacropeptide (10–15%), lactoperoxidase (<1%) and lactoferrin nearly (1%). Whey protein plays an important role and is validated to confer anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory roles related to all metabolic syndromes. According to molecular point of view whey proteins decrease inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF- α); inhibits ACE and NF-κB expression; promotes Fas signaling and caspase-3 expression; elevates GLP-1, PYY, CCK, G1P and leptin; chelate and binds Fe+3, Mn+3 and Zn+2. In this chapter we will discuss significant biological role of whey proteins related to inflammatory health issues.
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McCarthy, Geoffrey, James A. O’Mahony, Mark A. Fenelon, and Rita M. Hickey. "Understanding nutritional and bioactive properties of whey." In Understanding and improving the functional and nutritional properties of milk, 241–78. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0099.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whey is a co-product of cheese and casein manufacturing processes. Historically, whey was a waste product with associated challenges on disposal due to its high organic matter content and biological oxygen demand. However, with the emergence of fractionation technology, whey has gained recognition as a source of nutritional and bioactive compounds, particularly for its protein and peptide constituents. Findings from in vitro, animal and human studies demonstrate that whey in its various formats (concentrate, isolate, hydrolysate and individual proteins/ peptides) possess a range of beneficial bioactivities. This chapter summarizes the key studies that contributed to our current understanding of whey's health benefits.
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Rao, Anand. "Manufacture of Milk and Whey Products: Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) and Isolate (WPI)." In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818766-1.00275-0.
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Patel, Hasmukh, Prateek Sharma, and Sonia Patel. "Manufacture of Milk and Whey Products: Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) and Isolate (MPI)." In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818766-1.00244-0.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Walker, F. J. "REGULATION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY OF ACTIVATED PROTEIN C BY PROTEIN S AND PROTEIN S BINDING PROTEIN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642964.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent protein that acts as a cofactor for the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C both in the proteolytic inactivation of factor V and VIII. Protein S is a single chain protein with a molecular weight of approximately 62 kDa. When the molecular weight of protein S in plasma was determined it was found to be much larger than the single chain protein. The molecular weight of functional protein S when measured by sedimentation equilibrium with the air-driven ultracentrifuge was observed to be between 115 and 130 kDa. In high salt or in the presence of copper ions this was observed to be reduced to approximately 62 kDa. Frontal analysis of plasma indicated that the functional protein by exist in as many as three molecular weight foras. Gel filtration of radiolabeled protein S also indicates heterogeneity in the molecular weight. In order to isolate the binding protein, bovine plasma was fractionated first on a column of immobilized iminodiacetic acid that had been equilibrated with copper ions. The proteins that eluted in the 0.6 M NaCl wash were passed over a column of protein S immobilized on agarose beads. A single protein was observed to elute from the protein S agarose at high salt. Fractionation of human plasma indicated the presence of several proteins. One major component isolated was C4-binding protein. A second major component has also been isolated that appears to correspond to protein S-binding protein that has been isolated from bovine plasma. When added to plasma depleted of both protein S and the binding protein, the binding protein was observed to enhance the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C only in the presence of protein S. Protein S-binding protein was also observed to enhance the rate of factor Va inactivation by activated protein C and protein S.
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Aluko, Rotimi. "Protein gelation enhances resistance to proteolysis and in vivo cholesterol-lowering ability of the indigestible proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ztlc7556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death globally with excessive levels of blood cholesterol being a major risk factor. A dietary approach towards reducing this health risk is the intake of foods enriched with indigestible proteins that bind cholesterol to minimize reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the level of indigestible proteins in regular foods is low and normal dietary intake may not provide sufficient cholesterol-lowering effect. Therefore, the aim of this work was to utilize various processing techniques to enhance resistance of food proteins to proteolysis and facilitate recovery of large amounts of indigestible proteins, which was then incorporated into the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats. Various legume seed protein isolates were subjected to the following pretreatments: dry heat, wet heat, autoclave, gelation, and freeze-thaw (3 cycles). The pretreated isolates were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin to obtain insoluble residue as the indigestible product, which was tested for in vitro bile acid-binding ability. Results showed that the indigestible proteins from gelled cowpea protein isolate (ICP) was most abundant (68% yield) and had strong bile acid-binding ability. The rats were fed high fat diets and divided into 4 groups of 6 each (3 males + 3 females): group 1 was 20% casein diet while groups 2, 3 and 4 consumed same diets but casein was partially substituted with 1% ICP, 5% ICP, and 5% undigested cowpea protein isolate (CPI), respectively. After feeding for 6 weeks, rats that consumed the diet containing 5% ICP had the lowest increase in plasma total cholesterol of 1.8 mmol/L when compared to increases of 9.34 and 4.15 mmol/L for CPI and casein only diets, respectively. Analysis of the fecal matter by gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a high molecular proteins in the ICP-containing diets but absent in the casein only and CPI diets.
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Zhang, Jingnan, Bovie Hong, Mehdi Abdollahi, Marie Alminger, and Ingrid Undeland. "Lingonberry Press-cake Inhibits Lipid Oxidation During Ph-shift Processing of Herring Co-products and Subsequent Ice Storage of Recovered Protein Isolates." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ztsa6947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lipid oxidation has been reported as a problem when recovering functional proteins from herring filleting co-products using the pH-shift method. Motivated by the wish for clean label and sustainable development within the food industry, we have earlier shown good oxidation-inhibiting potential when adding 30% (dw/dw) of seven different antioxidant-containing underutilized materials including agricultural/shellfish side streams and seaweeds, both during processing and during subsequent ice storage of protein isolates. Lingonberry press-cake has been recognized as the most promising. However, at 30% addition, it reduced protein yields, increased consumption of base, and dramatically changed the color and texture of protein isolates. Here, we investigated how reducing the lingonberry press-cake addition from 30% to 2.5% affected protein yields and base consumption during processing as well as lipid-oxidative stability, composition and appearance of protein isolates. < ![if !supportLineBreakNewLine] > < ![endif] >Aligned with our hypothesis, lower lingonberry addition yielded increased protein yields, reduced base consumption and lightened color of protein isolates. The results of hexenal, heptanal and octanal revealed that 2.5% addition of lingonberry press-cake efficiently limited lipid oxidation during pH-shift processing, and 10% was enough to also prevent the formation of above-mentioned volatile aldehydes during 7 days of ice storage. Based on the wish of higher protein yield and saving base while at the same time avoiding lipid oxidation, combining herring filleting co-products with 10% lingonberry press cake (dw/dw) was recognized as a very promising raw material combination for new types of protein isolates which will be subject for further studies.
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Siripornadulsil, Surasak, and Wilailak Siripornadulsil. "Characterization of Cadmium-Resistant Bacteria and Their Application for Cadmium Bioremediation." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On a global basis, trace-metal pollution is one of the most pervasive environmental problems. It is particularly difficult to prevent or clean up because the metals are toxic in their elemental form and cannot be decomposed. Bioremediation has been shown to be a powerful system for heavy metal pollution clean up and prevention. In this work, we characterized the cadmium (Cd)-resistant bacteria isolated from rice field soil downstream from zinc (Zn) mineralized area which the owners were contaminated at high level of cadmium content in their blood (>10 μgCd/g creatinine). We found that all 24 isolated bacteria tolerated toxic Cd concentrations (2,500 μM). In order to determine whether the Cd toxicity affected the growth of isolated bacteria, we grew the isolated bacterial cells in the absence and presence of toxic concentrations of CdCl2 (500 μM). In the absence of Cd, all isolated bacterial cells grew slightly better than in the presence of toxic concentrations of Cd. In addition, the Cd binding capacity of all isolated bacteria were very high, ranging from 6.38 to 9.38 log[Cd(atom)]/cell when grown in the presence of 500 μM CdCl2. Furthermore, the stability of Cd-bacteria complex of all isolated bacteria was affected by 1mM EDTA. When grown in the presence of 500 μM CdCl2, Cd-resistant isolates S2500-6, -8, -9, -15, -17, -18, -19, and -22 increasingly produced proteins containing cysteine (SH-group) (from 1.3 to 2.2 times) as well as 11 isolates of Cd-resistant bacteria, including S2500-1, -2, -3, -5, -6, -8, -9, -11, -16, -20, and -21, increasingly produced inorganic sulfide (1.5 to 4.7 times). Furthermore, the Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy studies indicated that Cd-resistant isolated S2500-3 precipitated amounts of cadmium sulfide (CdS), when grown in the presence of 500 μM CdCl2. The results suggested that these Cd-resistant bacteria have potential ability to precipitate a toxic soluble CdCl2 as nontoxic insoluble CdS. Interestingly, Cd-resistant bacteria isolated S2500-3, -8, -9,and -20 increased cadmium tolerance of Thai jasmine rice (Kao Hom Mali 105) when grown in the presence of 200 μM CdCl2. These 4 isolates also decreased cadmium concentration accumulation in Kao Hom Mali 105 plant at 61, 9, 6, and 17%, respectively when grown in the presence of 200 μM CdCl2. They were identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and classified as Cupriavidus taiwanensis (isolate S2500-3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolates S2500-8, -9, and -20).
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Zhou, Hualu, Giang Vu, and David J. McClements. "Rubisco Proteins as Plant-based Alternatives to Egg White Proteins: Characterization of Thermal Gelation Properties." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vamx3998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
RuBisCO proteins can be isolated from abundant and sustainable plant sources, such as duckweed (e.g., Lemnoideae). These plant-based globular proteins are capable of irreversibly unfolding and forming gels when heated, which means they may be able to mimic some of the functional attributes exhibited by animal globular proteins. In this study, we examined the ability of RuBisCo proteins to mimic the initial rheology and thermal gelation properties of egg white, which the aim of developing plant-based egg analogs. The impact of protein concentration (10-15% w/w), pH (7 to 9), and calcium concentration (0 to 50 mM CaCl2) on the properties of the egg white analogs was examined. The appearance (colorimetry), thermal denaturation (differential scanning calorimetry), thermal gelation (dynamic shear rheology), and texture profiles (compression testing) were measured. RuBisCO-based egg white analogs could be successfully produced at 10% protein content and pH 8 in the absence of salt. These RuBisCO protein solutions had similar apparent viscosity-shear rate profiles, shear modulus-temperature profiles, gelling temperatures, and final gel strengths as egg white. However, there were some differences. RuBisCO protein gels were slightly darker than egg white, which was attributed to the presence of some phenolic impurities. RuBisCo protein exhibited a single thermal transition temperature (~ 66 ℃) whereas egg white exhibited two (~66 and ~81 ℃). RuBisCo protein gels were more brittle but less chewy and resilient than egg white gels. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of RuBisCo protein for formulating plant-based egg white analogs, which may help improve the sustainability of the modern food supply.
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Tsai, C. S., Wen-Shin Chen, T. C. Chiang, and Yung-Chang Lin. "Application of Direction Optimized-Friction Pendulum System to Seismic Mitigation of Sensitive Equipment." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the recent years, earthquake proof devices have been used to promote the earthquake resistant capabilities of many structures and public constructions. In addition, the high-tech industries are an important key to economic development in some earthquake prone areas, and many historical relics are also located in these areas. Therefore, how to protect the critical equipments from earthquake damage is an important issue. Among many control devices, sliding type isolators such as the FPS, MFPS and TFPS, ect. Isolators are used to lengthen the natural periods of equipment, and to isolate the seismic energy trying to impart to structures. However, the frequency and displacement capacity have been predefined when the radius of curvature of the concave surface or stiffness of base isolator is once determined. In this study, the base isolator with variable frequencies and displacement capacities has been proposed, and several shaking table tests of critical sensitive equipment with the proposed isolators have been carried out in Feng Chia University. The experimental results illustrated that the most responses of tested equipment have been reduced during earthquake.
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De Souza Lima, Roger, Gaëtan Gutierez, Patricia Arlabosse, and Maria-Inês Re. "Changing spray-dried lactose-whey protein isolate particle structure with drying conditions." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spray drying has become not merely a drying process, but also an important tool for engineering solid structures, specially for multi-component feeds. In that way, it is important to know how the drying conditions and liquid formulations affect the particle final solid structure. In the present study, we investigated the changes on the solid structure of a spray-dried binary mixture of lactose and whey protein isolate under different process and formulation conditions. Particle morphology, diameter, porosity and occluded air were analyzed. Total solid content in the feed was the parameter of highest impact on the spray-dried particle’s occluded air volume.Keywords: spray drying; solid structure; porosity; hollow particless.
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Dyr, J. E., H. Fořtová, J. Suttnar, Z. Vorlová, and F. Kornalxk. "ISOLATION OF HUMAN PROTEIN C AND ITS SNAKE VENOM ACTIVATORS BY ION EXCHANGE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simple and efficient methods for the purification of functionally active clotting factors in good yields are still missing. The purpose of the present study was to design a chromatographic procedure for the isolation of protein C (PC) and its snake venom activators taking advantage of the high resolution, high speed of analysis and sensitive detection of high performance liquid chromatography.PC was purified from a human plasma concentrate containing vitamin Kdependent proteins using a Mono Q anion exchanger. Electrophoretic titration curve was used to serve as a guide for finding approximate conditions for separations. Elution profiles for vitamin K-dependent proteins were determined. PC was assayed by both immunological and functional methods. For the latter methods, protein C activators (PCA) were isolated from snake venoms of Agkistrodon c, -contortrix (ACC) and Agkistrodon c, mokasen.Both venoms (pooled samples)were found to contain at least two different PCA. AtpH 6.5> by simple one step procedures either an acidic PCA (on a Mono Q) or a basic PCA (on a Mono S) was isolated. A great diversity was found among venom samples from specimen originating from a small geographic area near Philadelphia (USA). In six out of the nine analysed ACC venoms only the acidic PCA was present.In conclusion, an optimum separationof protein C onthe Mono Q at pH 8.0 was proposed (usual recovery 90-95%).Optimalization of the salt gradient was considerably more effective than the pH changes. A great individual variability has to be taken into account when snake venoms are used as a source of protein C activators.
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Brass, L. F., D. R. Manning, and M. J. Woolkalis. "G PROTEIN REGULATORS OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C AND ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides (PI) by phospholipase C during platelet activation produces two key intracellular messengers, inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol. This process is thought to be regulated by a guanine nucleotide binding protein referred to as Gp. Although the evidence that Gp exists is compelling, to date it has not been isolated. Uncertainty about its identity has been compounded by variations between tissues in the susceptibility of Gp to pertussis toxin and by reconstitution studies which show that pertussis toxin-inhibited PI hydrolysis can be restored by purified Gi, the pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein which inhibits adenylate cyclase. Therefore, it remains unclear whether Gp represents a new G protein or a second role for Gj. When platelets permeabilized with saponin were incubated with pertussis toxin and 32P-NAD, a single 42 kDa protein was 32P-ADP-ribosylated which co-migrated with the purified a subunit of Gi. Preincubating the platelets with an agonist inhibited labeling of this protein by dissociating the G protein into subunits. The extent of inhibition correlated with the number of toxin-sensitive functions caused by the agonist. Labeling was abolished by thrombin, which inhibited cAMP formation and caused toxin-inhibitable PI hydrolysis. Labeling was partially inhibited by vasopressin and platelet activating factor, which caused toxin-inhibitable PI hydrolysis, but had no effect on cAMP formation and by epinephrine, which inhibited cAMP formation, but did not cause PI hydrolysis. Labeling was unaffected by the TxA2 analog U46619, which neither caused toxin-sensitive PI hydrolysis nor inhibited cAMP formation. These observations suggest that the 42 kDa band may contain a subunits from both Gp and Gi and, in fact, 2D electrophoresis resolved the 42 kDa protein band into two proteins with distinct pi. However, those agonists linked functionally only to Gp or only to Gi decreased the labeling of both proteins. Therefore, our data suggest (1) that Gj and Gp are the same protein and (2) that whether a aiven platelet agonist affects adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C or both depends upon factors extrinsic to the G protein.
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Fang, Baochen, and Jiajia Rao. "Functional, nutritional properties and aroma profile of hemp protein isolate by reverse micelles extraction technique: impact of defatting processing." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wzgi5968.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is an increased awareness of the incorporation of hemp protein in a commercial product on account of its high nutritional value and neutral flavor. One of the factors that impact the functional properties of hemp protein is the isolation conditions. In recent years, reverse micelles (RMs) has emerged as a powerful technique for extracting protein and enzyme because of low cost, convenience, and potential for scaling up in the manufacturing process. For oil crops, it generally requires long defatting processing before protein extraction. Therefore, it would be interesting to investigate whether the defatting of hempseed flour would impact on physicochemical properties of hemp protein using the RM extraction method. Our results revealed that high protein recovery yield (69.37-70.21%) and protein purity (92.76-95.2%) of hemp protein isolate (HPI) could be obtained through the RM technique using either non-defatted hemp flour (ND-HF) or defatted hemp flour (D-HF). Concerning the defatting processing, both HPIs showed great similarity in protein composition, and functional properties including solubility, thermal stability, foaming, and emulsifying properties. Interestingly, HPI obtained from ND-HF had higher essential amino acid ratio when compared to D-HF. Beyond that, distinct gelling behaviors (least gelling concentration, gel strength, and color) have been observed. The HPI gel obtained from ND-HF displayed a higher least gelling concentration (4%) with yellowish color than that of HPI gel from D-HF (2%). In terms of aroma profile, a significantly high number of aromatic compounds with a greater abundancy were detected in HPI from ND-HF (33) as compared to HPI isolated from D-HF (26), which contributed to the different process conditions and lipid content. The research findings provided an eco-friendly protein isolation method with premium functional attributes, especially for oil crops, which pave the way for the future application of RMs in a wide range of protein extraction.
Звіти організацій з теми "Whey protein isolates"
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Wicker, Louise, and Nissim Garti. Entrapment and controlled release of nutraceuticals from double emulsions stabilized by pectin-protein hybrids. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695864.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original Objectives Specific objectives are to: (1) modify charge and hydrophobicity of pectins to improve emulsion stabilizing properties (2) develop emulsions that can be sterically stabilized using modified pectins and/or pectin/protein hybrids (3) obtain submicronal inner emulsion droplets (10-50 nanometers) with small and monodispersed double emulsion (1-2 μm) droplets with long-term stability (possibly by emulsified microemulsions) and (4) trigger and control the release at will. Background Methodology for encapsulation and controlled release of selected addenda, e.g. drugs, vitamins, phytochemicals, flavors, is of major impact in the food industries. Stable double emulsions with desired solubilization and release properties of selected addenda are formed using charge modified pectin or pectin-protein hybrids. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements * We developed methodology to isolate PME isozymes and prepared modified pectins in sufficient quantity to characterize, form single and double emulsions and test stability. *Amino acid sequence of PME isozymes was estimated and will facilitate cloning of PME for commercial application * The contribution of total charge and distribution of charge of modified pectin was determined *Soluble complexes or modified pectins and whey isolates are formed * Stable W/O/W double emulsions were formed that did not cream, had small particle size * Inner phase of double emulsions are nano-sized and stable. These new structures were termed emulsified microemulsions (EME) * Release of bioactives were controlled between a few days to months depending on layering on droplets by hybrids * Commercial testing by Israeli company of stability and release of Vitamin C showed good chemical stability Implications Resolved the major stability limitation of W/O/W emulsions. Resolved the questions regarding citrus PMEs and tailored pilot scale modification of pectins.
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Loebenstein, Gad, William Dawson, and Abed Gera. Association of the IVR Gene with Virus Localization and Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604922.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have reported that localization of TMV in tobacco cultivars with the N gene, is associated with a 23 K protein (IVR) that inhibited replication of several plant viruses. This protein was also found in induced resistant tissue of Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi. During the present grant we found that TMV production is enhanced in protoplasts and plants of local lesion responding tobacco cultivars exposed to 35oC, parallel to an almost complete suppression of the production of IVR. We also found that IVR is associated with resistance mechanisms in pepper cultivars. We succeeded to clone the IVR gene. In the first attempt we isolated a clone - "101" which had a specific insert of 372 bp (the full length gene for the IVR protein of 23 kD should be around 700 bp). However, attempts to isolate the full length gene did not give clear cut results, and we decided not to continue with this clone. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of IVR was determined and an antiserum was prepared against a synthetic peptide representing amino acids residues 1-20 of IVR. Using this antiserum as well as our polyclonal antiserum to IVR a new clone NC-330 was isolated using lamba-ZAP library. This NC-330 clone has an insert of about 1 kB with an open reading frame of 596 bp. This clone had 86.6% homology with the first 15 amino acids of the N-terminal part of IVR and 61.6% homology with the first 23 amino acids of IVR. In the QIA expression system and western blotting of the expressed protein, a clear band of about 21 kD was obtained with IVR antiserum. This clone was used for transformation of Samsun tobacco plants and we have presently plantlets which were rooted on medium containing kanamycin. Hybridization with this clone was also obtained with RNA from induced resistant tissue of Samsun NN but not with RNA from healthy control tissue of Samsun NN, or infected or healthy tissue of Samsun. This further strengthens the previous data that the NC 330 clone codes for IVR. In the U.S. it was shown that IVR is induced in plants containing the N' gene when infected with mutants of TMV that elicit the HR. This is a defined system in which the elicitor is known to be due to permutations of the coat protein which can vary in elicitor strength. The objective was to understand how IVR synthesis is induced after recognition of elicitor coat protein in the signal transduction pathway that leads to HR. We developed systems to manipulate induction of IVR by modifying the elicitor and are using these elicitor molecules to isolate the corresponding plant receptor molecules. A "far-western" procedure was developed that found a protein from N' plants that specifically bind to elicitor coat proteins. This protein is being purified and sequenced. This objective has not been completed and is still in progress. We have reported that localization of TMV in tobacco cultivars with the N gene, is associated with a 23 K protein (IVR) that inhibited replication of several plant viruses. This protein was also found in induced resistant tissue of Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi.
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Avni, Adi, and Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.
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Pirone, Thomas P., Benjamin Raccah, and Nor Chejanovsky. Vector Specificity in Potyvirus Transmission: Role of the Helper Component. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586456.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: The overall objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of how potyviruses interact with their aphid vectors. The aim was to design new approaches for prevention of potyvirus spread by aphids. The sub-objectives included: (1). Determination of which of the HCs of different potyviruses effect efficient transmission by specific aphid vectors; (2). Determine regions in the HC that play a role in their compatibility with the vector; (3). Determine the factors within the aphid stylets that modify HC activity in transmission. Background of the topic: Background to the topic: Potyviruses are typical non persistent viruses. They are retained within the vector’s stylets and rapidly lost by the vector. Some potyviruses greatly differ in their ability to be transmitted by different aphid species. The present work centered on analyzing factors that may modify the interactions between the "helper component"(HC), the virions and the aphid species involved. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: It was established that specificity of transmission may depend on aphid species used. It was also shown that specificity may depend on the affinity between HC and virion. However, the attempts to create activechimericTEV/TuMVHCs or ZYMV/TuMVHCs to identify the regions that determine interaction with a specific vector(s), were not successful. More progress was attained in objective 3: In Kentucky, tests were conducted to ascertain retention tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) HC in the stylets of L. erysimicompared to that in M. persicae. Ultra-thin section of stylets of aphids that fed on either TuMVHC or TVMVHC antibodies were treated with gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies.TuMV was seen in 25% the stylets of L. erysimi when they acquired TuMVHC but not when they acquired TVMVHC. In M. persicae, TVMVHC was present in 30% of the stylets. . Transmission with TuMVHC was not affected by treatment with L. erysimi saliva whereas transmission with PVYHC (which also is not functional in L. erysimi) was consistently reduced by about half. Saliva from M. persicaehad essentially no effect on either HC. The possible role aphid cuticle proteins (which are found on the stylets surface) in the association with the potyviralHC was investigated in Israel. This was done adopting two approaches: (a) isolation of cuticular proteins from aphid cuticle; (b) screening for genes encoding cuticular proteins. In the first approach, we succeeded in extracting proteins from whole homogenized M. persicaeusing concentrated urea. The extracted protein served for preparation of anti cuticular antibodies. In overlay experiments it was found that cuticular proteins specifically bind to ZYMVHC. In addition, a cDNA library of M. persicae has been prepared. Genes encoding for cuticular proteins were ascertained using antibodies to cuticular proteins. This allowed reporting the sequence of the first cuticular gene of aphids and comparing it in six aphid species. Implications, scientific and agricultural: Achievements: (1) Proofs were provided for the role of the specificity of the aphid species to the HC of certain potyviruses; (2) aphid’s saliva was found to affects transmission efficiency; (3) cuticle protein genes were isolated for the first time from aphid species and an association of cuticle protein with the potyviralHC was discerned. Agricultural and/or economic impact of the research findings: At this stage of research, our finding do not bear an agricultural or economic impact.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Manulis-Sasson, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Laura Chalupowicz, Guido Sessa, and Thomas J. Burr. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-tomato interactions: expression and function of virulence factors, plant defense responses and pathogen movement. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594405.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Clavibactermichiganensissubsp. michiganensis(Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The goal of the project was to unravel the molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato. The genome of Cmm contains numerous genes encoding for extracellular serine proteases and cell wall degrading enzymes. The first objective was to elucidate the role of secreted serine proteases in Cmm virulence. Mutants of nine genes encoding serine proteases of 3 different families were tested for their ability to induce wilting, when tomato stems were puncture-inoculated, as compared to blisters formation on leaves, when plants were spray-inoculated. All the mutants showed reduction in wilting and blister formation as compared to the wild type. The chpCmutant displayed the highest reduction, implicating its major role in symptom development. Five mutants of cell wall degrading enzymes and additional genes (i.e. perforin and sortase) caused wilting but were impaired in their ability to form blisters on leaves. These results suggest that Cmm differentially expressed virulence genes according to the site of penetration. Furthermore, we isolated and characterized two Cmmtranscriptional activators, Vatr1 and Vatr2 that regulate the expression of virulence factors, membrane and secreted proteins. The second objective was to determine the effect of bacterial virulence genes on movement of Cmm in tomato plants and identify the routes by which the pathogen contaminates seeds. Using a GFP-labeledCmm we could demonstrate that Cmm extensively colonizes the lumen of xylem vessels and preferentially attaches to spiral secondary wall thickening of the protoxylem and formed biofilm-like structures composed of large bacterial aggregates. Our findings suggest that virulence factors located on the chp/tomAPAI or the plasmids are required for effective movement of the pathogen in tomato and for the formation of cellular aggregates. We constructed a transposon plasmid that can be stably integrated into Cmm chromosome and express GFP, in order to follow movement to the seeds. Field strains from New York that were stably transformed with this construct, could not only access seeds systemically through the xylem, but also externally through tomato fruit lesions, which harbored high intra-and intercellular populations. Active movement and expansion of bacteria into the fruit mesocarp and nearby xylem vessels followed, once the fruit began to ripen. These results highlight the ability of Cmm to invade tomato fruit and seed through multiple entry routes. The third objective was to assess correlation between disease severity and expression levels of Cmm virulence genes and tomato defense genes. The effect of plant age on expression of tomato defense related proteins during Cmm infection was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Five genes out of eleven showed high induction at early stages of infection of plants with 19/20 leaves compared to young plants bearing 7/8 leaves. Previous results showed that Cmm virulence genes were expressed at early stages of infection in young plants compared to older plants. Results of this study suggest that Cmm virulence genes may suppress expression of tomato defense-related genes in young plants allowing effective disease development. The possibility that chpCis involved in suppression of tomato defense genes is currently under investigation by measuring the transcript level of several PR proteins, detected previously in our proteomics study. The fourth objective was to define genome location and stability of virulence genes in Cmm strains. New York isolates were compared to Israeli, Serbian, and NCPPB382 strains. The plasmid profiles of New York isolates were diverse and differed from both Israeli and Serbian strains. PCR analysis indicated that the presence of putative pathogenicity genes varied between isolates and highlighted the ephemeral nature of pathogenicity genes in field populations of Cmm. Results of this project significantly contributed to the understanding of Cmm virulence, its movement within tomato xylem or externally into the seeds, the role of serine proteases in disease development and initiated research on global regulation of Cmm virulence. These results form a basis for developing new strategies to combat wilt and canker disease of tomato.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.
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Newton, Ronald, Joseph Riov, and John Cairney. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Drought-Induced Genes in Pinus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568752.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drought is a common factor limiting timber production in the U.S. and Israel. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and alleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedling survival is reduced when out planted, and growth and reproduction are often hindered by periodic droughts during later stages of tree development. Molecular and gene responses to drought stress have not been characterized. The objectives were to characterize drought-induced gene clones from these pines, to determine the effects of a growth regulator on drought tolerance, ABA levels, and drought-induced gene expression in alleppo pine, and to develop procedures for loblolly pine transformation. Nearly 20 cDNA clones influenced by gradual, prolonged drought stress have been isolated. Many of these have been shown to be induced by drought stress, whereas several others are down-regulated. These are the first drought-induced genes isolated from a pine species. Two genomic clones (lp5-1 and lp3-1) have been sequenced and characterized, and each has been found to be associated with a gene family. Clone lp5 appears to code for a cell wall protein, and clone lp3 codes for a nuclear protein. The former may be associated with changing the elastic properties of the cell wall, while the latter may be involved in signal transduction and/or protection from desiccation in the nucleus. Clone lp3 is similar to a drought-induced gene from tomato and is regulated by ABA. Several DNA sequences that are specific to induction during growth-retardation in alleppo pine by uniconazole have been identified. The active DNA species is now being identified. Promoters from genomic clones, lp3 and lp5, have been sequenced. Both are functional when fused with the gus reporter gene and transferred to other plant tissues as well as responding to a simulated drought stress. Through exodeletion analysis, it has been established that the promoter ABRE element of lp3 responds to ABA and that drought-induction of lp3 expression may also involve ABA. Stable tobacco transformants carrying either the lp5 or the lp3 promoter fused to a reporter gus gene have been obtained. The lp5lgus fusion was expressed at several stages of tobacco development and differentiation including the reproductive stage. There was no difference in phenotype between the transformants and the wild type. Embryogenesis procedures were developed for slash pine, but attempts to couple this process with gene transfer and plantlet transformation were not successful. Transformation of pine using Agrobacterium appears tractable, but molecular data supporting stable integration of the Agrobacterium-transferred gene are still inconclusive.