Книги: "Why-Not questions"

1

Willke, J. C. Why not love them both?: Questions & answers about abortion. [Cincinnati, Ohio: Hayes Pub. Co., 1997.

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2

Cobb, Vicki. Why can't I live forever?: And other not such dumb questions about life. New York: Lodestar Books, 1997.

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3

Cobb, Vicki. Why doesn't the sun burn out?: And other not such dumb questions about energy. New York: Lodestar Books, 1990.

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4

ill, Enik Ted, ed. Why can't you unscramble an egg?: And other not such dumb questions about matter. New York: Lodestar Books, 1990.

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5

ill, Enik Ted, ed. Why doesn't the earth fall up?: And other not such dumb questions about motion. New York: Lodestar Books, 1988.

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6

Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency., ed. Why some people vote and others do not?: Penetrating answers to this and other key questions which intrigue election observers. Lahore: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2003.

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7

Mooney, Bel. Why not? Methuen Children's, 1990.

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8

Why does not God intervene? and other questions. 2nd ed. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990.

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9

Kea, ElElise. Why Not Me?: Sometimes, We Ask the Wrong Questions. Outskirts Press, Incorporated, 2016.

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10

Hayes, Declan. God's Solution: Why Religion not Science Answers Life's Deepest Questions. iUniverse, Inc., 2007.

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11

Value of Doubt: Why Unanswered Questions, Not Unquestioned Answers, Build Faith. LongHill Partners, Incorporated, 2016.

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12

Tammeus, Bill. The Value of Doubt: Why Unanswered Questions, Not Unquestioned Answers, Build Faith. SkyLight Paths, 2016.

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13

Greggain, W. D. Why Questions Do Not Require Answers: The Mystical Truth with Far-Reaching Applications. Independently Published, 2017.

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14

Young, Ben. Why Mike's Not a Christian: Honest Questions About Evolution, Relativism, Hypocrisy, and More. Harvest House Publishers, 2006.

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15

Why Doesn't The Earth Fall Up? and other not such dumb questions about motion. Scholastic, 2001.

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16

Why does my nose run?...and other Questions Kids Ask About What Makes Them Sick & Not Sick. 2001.

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17

Fisher, Louis. Reconsidering Judicial Finality: Why the Supreme Court Is Not the Last Word on the Constitution. University Press of Kansas, 2019.

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18

editor, Miller Olivia H., ed. Why do bluebirds hate me?: More answers to common and not-so-common questions about birds and birding. 2013.

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19

Bennett, Geoffrey. Three Vital Questions for Today: Why Are Prayers Not Answered? How Does God Guide Today? Can a Christian Be Gay? AuthorHouse, 2020.

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20

Bennett, Geoffrey E. L. THREE VITAL QUESTIONS FOR TODAY: WHY ARE PRAYERS NOT ANSWERED? HOW DOES GOD GUIDE TODAY? CAN A CHRISTIAN BE GAY? Writer's Portal LLC, The, 2022.

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21

Bennett, Geoffrey E. L. Three Vital Questions for Today: Why Are Prayers Not Answered? How Does God Guide Today? Can a Christian Be Gay? Writer's Portal LLC, The, 2022.

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22

Bennett, Geoffrey E. L. Three Vital Questions for Today: Why Are Prayers Not Answered? How Does God Guide Today? Can a Christian Be Gay? AuthorHouse, 2020.

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23

Ivan, F. M. Why Not (Question Ser). Double Quest Pub, 2002.

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24

Glenda Fuge, MS, OTR/L, Paul Pitner, MA. Plausible Answers to the Question "Why Do They Do That?": For Parents and Teachers Who Need Solutions to Some Common and Not-So-Common Questions about Young Children's Behavior. AAPC Publishing, 2014.

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25

Lowther, Adam B., and Beverly Lindsay, eds. Terrorism’s Unanswered Questions. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216024521.

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Despite the growth of interest in the study of terrorism since 9/11, terrorism analysts rarely take a multidisciplinary approach to the subject. This leaves a number of terrorism's characteristics to be explored in new and unique ways. Terrorism's Unanswered Questions brings together scholars from the fields of criminology, international relations, law, political science, security studies, and sociology to answer several important questions where consensus has yet to be reached. Each chapter offers a new approach to the question asked that is both unique and challenges popular thought. The result is an original work appealing to a broad audience of scholars and students who desire to develop a better understanding of terrorism's characteristics. In the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States terrorism became a topic for the masses to explore, rather than the hidden purview of analysts and scholars tucked away at the CIA or in the ivory tower. Now, more than five years later, there remains much to be discovered about terrorism and its causes. This volume takes a look at some of terrorism's unanswered questions. How do we define terrorism? What threat does the United States face from weapons of mass destruction? Why has international law failed to stop terrorism? These are but three of the questions addressed in this volume. While the editors do not claim to have all of the answers, they do promise a view of terrorism not seen before.

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26

Sherratt, Thomas N., and David M. Wilkinson. Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199548606.001.0001.

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Why do we age? Why cooperate? Why do so many species engage in sex? Why do the tropics have so many species? When did humans start to affect world climate? This book provides an introduction to a range of fundamental questions that have taxed evolutionary biologists and ecologists for decades. Some of the phenomena discussed are, on first reflection, simply puzzling to understand from an evolutionary perspective, whilst others have direct implications for the future of the planet. All of the questions posed have at least a partial solution, all have seen exciting breakthroughs in recent years, yet many of the explanations continue to be hotly debated. Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution is a curiosity-driven book, written in an accessible way so as to appeal to a broad audience. It is very deliberately not a formal text book, but something designed to transmit the excitement and breadth of the field by discussing a number of major questions in ecology and evolution and how they have been answered. This is a book aimed at informing and inspiring anybody with an interest in ecology and evolution. It reveals to the reader the immense scope of the field, its fundamental importance, and the exciting breakthroughs that have been made in recent years.

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27

Case, Holly. The Age of Questions. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691131153.001.0001.

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In the early nineteenth century, a new age began: the age of questions. In the Eastern and Belgian questions, as much as in the slavery, worker, social, woman, and Jewish questions, contemporaries saw not interrogatives to be answered but problems to be solved. Alexis de Tocqueville, Victor Hugo, Karl Marx, Frederick Douglass, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Rosa Luxemburg, and Adolf Hitler were among the many who put their pens to the task. This book asks how the question form arose, what trajectory it followed, and why it provoked such feverish excitement for over a century. Was there a family resemblance between questions? Have they disappeared, or are they on the rise again in our time? This book presents seven distinct arguments and frameworks for understanding the age. It considers whether it was marked by a progressive quest for emancipation (of women, slaves, Jews, laborers, and others); a steady, inexorable march toward genocide and the “Final Solution”; or a movement toward federation and the dissolution of boundaries. Or was it simply a farce, a false frenzy dreamed up by publicists eager to sell subscriptions? As the arguments clash, patterns emerge and sharpen until the age reveals its full and peculiar nature. Turning convention on its head with meticulous and astonishingly broad scholarship, the book illuminates how patterns of thinking move history.

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28

Bellot, Joan. Trust, Delight, Commit, Rest: Why has God not answered our prayers? Why does God forsake us in our times of need? These are some of the questions that we sometimes ask as we face a world full of Chaos. Outskirts Press, Incorporated, 2009.

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29

Miller, Manjari Chatterjee. Why Nations Rise. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639938.001.0001.

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What are rising powers? Do they challenge the international order? Why do some countries, but not others, become rising powers? Why Nations Rise answers these questions and shows that some countries rise not just because they develop the military and economic power to do so, but because they develop particular narratives about how to become a great power in the style of the great power du jour. These active rising powers accept the prevalent norms of the international order in order to become great powers. On the other hand, countries that have military and economic power but not these narratives do not rise enough to become great powers—they remain reticent powers. This book examines the narratives in historical (the United States, the Netherlands, Meiji Japan) and contemporary (Cold War Japan, post–Cold War China and India) cases to show patterns of active and reticent rising powers. It ends with lessons for how to understand two rising powers today, China and India.

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30

Frost, J. William. Why Quakers and Slavery? Why Not More Quakers? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038266.003.0003.

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This chapter considers the question of why, after the Quakers began directly addressing the problem of slavery in the 1670s, there was only one period, between 1758 and 1827, during which they achieved any kind of consensus among themselves on the issue. The answer lies in changes within Quakerism itself. It argues that to understand Quaker antislavery, scholars need to understand how the beliefs and practices in the Society of Friends from the 1670s until the Civil War evolved, because these affected Friends'perspectives and actions on slavery. A few Quaker beliefs and practices influenced the variety of stances Friends took on slavery: the Inward Light, progressive revelation, the authority of the Bible, the nature of the church, the “Holy Experiment,” the antiwar stance, and the Quaker family. The chapter discusses these themes in turn because they first facilitated and then hampered antislavery activities.

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31

Fitzduff, Mari, ed. Why Irrational Politics Appeals. Praeger, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035671.

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The 2016 election has inspired millions of U.S. citizens—and struck panic in the hearts of millions more. This book explains the allure of Trump, examines how Trump’s success ties into the hopes and fears of many Americans, and calls into question the limitations of our democratic system. Across the United States and around the world, people are struggling to understand why so many turned to Donald Trump—an individual described as rude and insensitive at best, and as racist, hateful, and ignorant at worst—as their champion. Trump’s nomination as the Republican presidential candidate, and his subsequent election to president of the United States, upended many long-held assumptions and beliefs about politics, such as the inevitable power of superfunding election syndicates and the need for presidential candidates to have governance experience and broad knowledge of domestic and foreign affairs. Why Irrational Politics Appeals: Understanding the Allure of Trump takes a serious, scientific look at Trump and his politics against the backdrop of modern American society. It brings together experts from a variety of psychological and political science fields to answer the mystifying question of why people by the millions would follow a leader who to so many others seems unqualified, undiplomatic, and in opposition to previously established standards for a national leader. Readers will gain an understanding of how little a role rationality plays in political choices, particularly—but not always—among citizens of certain socioeconomic backgrounds; and why Trump’s apparently divisive attitudes and prejudices, his lack of “political correctness,” and his hubris appeal to so many voters. The book also raises questions about our democratic processes, and our need for more thoughtful political cultures to ensure that citizens are adequately prepared to make important leadership decisions that will affect the future of our nation’s economy, social norms, and global safety. Features • Examines Donald Trump’s ascendancy and elective allure from the perspectives of social, political, and evolutionary psychology as well as neuroscience and biopsychology • Challenges readers to reconsider the process of electoral politics and political voting in the United States • Considers how voting behavior and political choices are often based on emotions rather than on a rational, carefully considered decision-making process

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32

Pooler, Jim. Why We Shop. Praeger, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035770.

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Shopping is one of the most challenging and rewarding human activities. Pooler offers a captivating exploration of the emotional and psychological dimensions of shopping. What drives shoppers in various situations? Why do we shop the way we do? Why do people go to malls, boutiques, and Web sites with their credit cards in hand, despite not knowing what it is they're looking for? This book answers such questions, taking an incisive look at how shopping and shoppers have changed in recent years. For those in retailing and marketing, this guide to the fickle consumer's mindset offers concrete and practical advice on modern shopping behavior, along with important insights into the shopping psyche. Comprehending why people shop as they do is a daunting challenge for today's retailer. For example, why do people shop for bargain groceries yet purchase the latest luxury-model SUV? Why do people feel justified in splurging for Christmas, birthdays, or anniversaries, but suffer guilt from over-spending at other times of the year? Is clothes-shopping all about price and practicality, or is it more about emotional reward and psychological needs? Is the excitement in the quest or the acquisition? Why is there such a thing as a morning-after urge to return among certain shoppers, while others refuse to return an item even if it's flawed or doesn't fit? Pooler probes to the heart of today's complex shopper, providing valuable insights for retailers, advertisers, marketers, and consumers.

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33

Aikens, Walter. Why Are You Not Rich? The Question That Silenced The Room. Aocsi.org, 2016.

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34

Why Not Speak in Tongues? Sound, Scriptural Answers to a Perplexing Question. Son-Rise Publications, 1988.

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35

Unknown. Encyclopedia of Chinese children a good question: Why do not tickle your itch? Unknown, 1991.

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36

LoCicero, Alice. Why “Good Kids” Turn into Deadly Terrorists. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035572.

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Using psychological theory and the author's direct experience working with at-risk youth, this book answers the questions on the minds of anyone shocked and appalled by the events of the Boston Marathon bombings. The shock of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings was soon followed by a revelation initially disturbing and mystifying: two apparently unremarkable brothers—one a teenager, the other a young adult; both well-liked immigrants and longtime U.S. residents—had allegedly triggered the bombs. Why were these two seemingly "normal" individuals driven to commit such acts of coldblooded violence? This book examines not only the lives, motivations, and key influences of these infamous brothers, but those of other young, unexpected terrorists worldwide, comparing factors that contributed to their decisions to become terrorists and identifying methods used to recruit them into that deadly fold. The chapters teach readers warning signs that youths are being drawn in to terrorism and serve to spur meaningful conversations among citizens, politicians, and policymakers about what we can do to prevent such recruitment of youths and young adults, including other U.S. residents who might consider emulating the Tsarnaev brothers. The book also addresses larger, related questions, such as whether humans are naturally violent, who benefits when young individuals engage in terrorism, and why minors are recruited to become killers.

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37

Fuentecilla, Jose V. “It’s Not All Greek to Me”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037580.003.0012.

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This chapter focuses on Steven Elias Psinakis, one of the most frequently pictured members of the U.S.-based opposition in both Philippine and American media throughout the martial law years. On July 6, 1987, he was charged with conspiracy and interstate transportation of explosive materials. He had landed at the San Francisco International Airport after a flight from Manila and was arrested upon arrival. At the arraignment, he pleaded not guilty and was returned to jail pending a bail hearing. He hadn't “the slightest clue why they would move against me on a case this old,” he was quoted as saying in the San Francisco Examiner. The case was indeed five years old, but the indictment had been unsealed in secret only in December 1986, days before the statute of limitations would have run out. In 1981, said the indictment, bomb paraphernalia had been found in some garbage bags at his San Francisco home. Questions arose as soon as the indictment was unsealed. Why the five-year delay? And why at the very moment when a new democratic government was now in place? To arrive at some answers, it is necessary to go back to the years before martial law was declared and Psinakis became involved with the U.S. exile groups.

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38

Gardner, John. It’s Not About the Money. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818755.003.0004.

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This chapter turns to the case in favour of the wrongdoer repairing the losses that they caused to the person wronged. The literature on repair by wrongdoers often emphasizes reconciliation, although the chapter questions this emphasis. It asks if reconciliation is always desirable and, if so, why repair by the wrongdoer of losses that were caused by the wrongdoer is an effective way to achieve it. There must be an independent case for such repair that makes it a suitable strategy of reconciliation. The chapter advances such an independent case, namely the case that, by repairing the losses the wrongdoer caused, they come closer to doing what they should have done in the first place. More precisely they conform, as far as can still be done, to reasons that they did not conform to when they failed in their duty.

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39

Edwards, George C. Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243888.001.0001.

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This is the third edition of the definitive book on the unique system by which Americans choose a presidents, and why that system should be changed. It is a critique of the U.S. electoral college and includes a new chapter focusing on the 2016 election. The book examines the function of the electoral college during the 2016 presidential elections and argues that the electoral college did not work as it should have. The book claims that the electoral college distorted the electoral process and gave the candidates strong incentives to ignore most of the country. It did not guarantee victory to the candidate receiving the most votes, nor ensure national harmony, nor provide the winner a broad coalition and a mandate to govern. The book asserts that there is a need to focus directly and systematically on the core questions surrounding the electoral college and assess whether its role in American democracy is justified.

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40

Kakudji, Deirdre. Story of a Woman : Sharing Why Why Don't You Have Kids yet Is Not an Appropriate Question to Ask: Struggling with Conceiving. Independently Published, 2021.

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41

Lipton, Peter. Causation and Explanation. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0030.

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In its simplest form, a causal model of explanation maintains that to explain some phenomenon is to give some information about its causes. This prompts four questions that will structure the discussion to follow. The first is whether all explanations are causal. The second is whether all causes are explanatory. The answer to both of these questions turns out to be negative, and seeing why this is so helps to clarify the relationship between causation and explanation. The third question is itself a request for an explanation: Why do causes explain, when they do? Why, for example, do causes explain their effects but effects not explain their causes? Finally, the article considers how explanation can illuminate the process of causal inference.

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42

Rohling, Eelco J. The Climate Question. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910877.001.0001.

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In 2015, annual average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels surpassed a level of 400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time in three million years. This has caused widespread concern among climate scientists, and not least among those that work on natural climate variability in prehistoric times, before humans. These people are known as "past climate" or palaeoclimate researchers, and author Eelco J. Rohling is one of them. The Climate Question offers a background to these concerns in straightforward terms, with examples, and is motivated by Rohling's personal experience in being intensely quizzed about whether modern change is not all just part of a natural cycle, whether nature will not simply resolve the issue for us, or whether it won't be just up to some novel engineering to settle things quickly. This book discusses in straightforward terms why climate changes, how it has changed naturally before the industrial revolution made humans important, and how it has changed since then. It compares the scale and rapidity of variations in pre-industrial times with those since the industrial revolution, infers the extent of humanity's impacts, and looks at what these may lead to in the future. Rohling brings together both data and process understanding of climate change. Finally, the book evaluates what Mother Nature could do to deal with the human impact by itself, and what our options are to lend her a hand.

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43

Furmedge, Dan, and Rudy Sinharay, eds. Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812968.001.0001.

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Maximise your exam success with this essential revision guide. The third edition of Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine features over 550 Single Best Answer questions. Packed with questions written by practicing clinicians and educators, this revision tool is an authoritative guide on core clinical topics and professional themes. Each question is accompanied by extensive feedback which explains not only the rationale of the correct answer, but why the other options are incorrect. Further reading resources and cross-references to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine have been fully updated to expand your revision further. Progess to exam success with the third edition of Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine.

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44

Benatar, David. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190633813.003.0001.

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Life’s big questions are introduced and an outline of the book is provided. It is suggested that while existential questions are momentous, they are not as hard to answer as many people think. It is proposed that the human condition is a predicament. The concepts of “pessimism” and “optimism” are clarified and discussed. Similarities and differences between the human and nonhuman animal predicaments are outlined, and it is explained why the book focuses on the former. Finally, the introduction engages the question whether pessimistic views, such as those defended in The Human Predicament, should be disseminated, given the danger that they may make people’s lives even worse.

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45

Berkey, William Augustus. Money Question : The Wealth and Resources of the United States, and Why the People Do Not Enjoy General Prosperity: Money and Its Functions. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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46

Drummond, Helga. Megaproject Escalation of Commitment. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.10.

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Megaprojects frequently go awry. Not only do a good many take a lot longer and cost a lot more than expected; the benefits may fall far short of what was promised. A question that has puzzled scholars is why organizations persist when it becomes abundantly clear that important expectations will not be met. This chapter explores a phenomenon known as “escalation of commitment.” Escalation theorists believe that once megaprojects get underway, decision makers are likely to experience mounting pressures to persist—regardless. Four main questions are addressed. How does escalation start? What drives decision makers to reinvest in economically poor megaprojects? What can decision makers do to curb project “run-aways”? How can research best help decision makers to make better—that is, more economically wise–decisions?

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47

Strange, Jason G. Shelter from the Machine. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043031.001.0001.

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Drawing upon deep ethnographic fieldwork, and written in lively prose that weaves together story and evidence, the book explores contemporary homesteading in Appalachia as a means of resistance to capitalist modernity. It is framed around two questions: Why are people still pursuing rural subsistence? And why are they often divided into two main groups, known to each other--not always kindly--as “hicks” and “hippies”? These turn out to be urgent questions, considering that the cultural divide between these two groups is one instance of the dangerous and growing schism between “liberal” and “conservative” in the contemporary United States. Because the answer turns upon the distribution of literacy and literate education, these also turn out to be profound questions that cannot be answered without exploring the inner workings of class and capitalism. Thus, the narrative begins by telling the complex and often misunderstood histories of both groups of back-to-the-landers, but turns in the middle chapters to an analysis of the ways in which working-class people are rendered educationally dispossessed through schooling and jobs, as well as discussion of the often devastating consequences of that dispossession. In the final chapter, the book returns to homesteading as a form of resistance, to address the question of whether it provides, as practitioners hope, a measure of shelter from the machine.

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48

Anderson, James A. Return to Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0016.

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Is ambiguity unavoidable? It is found in vision and everywhere in language. Semantic nets for disambiguation are realized in George Miller’s WordNet, a practical project helping disambiguate search strings using contextual disambiguation. Simple association using traditional passive memory is boring compared to complex association using active memory with multiple associative links active at the same time to perform a clearly defined task. A “mixer” is used to recognize items from a list, and generalization of the mixer is used for disambiguation. The chapter also discusses artificial intelligence, both its origins and currently ignored questions: Are biological intelligence and machine intelligence the same thing? Can digital computers really mimic in digital software a largely analog brain? The important question is not why machines are becoming so smart but why humans are still so good. Artificial intelligence is missing something important probably based on hardware differences.

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49

Bedock, Camille. Reforming Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779582.001.0001.

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When, why, and how are democratic institutions reformed? This is the broad question guiding this research, rooted in a context of declining political support in Western Europe. This book deals with the context, the motives, and the mechanisms explaining the incidence of institutional engineering in consolidated Western European democracies between 1990 and 2015. It is centred on the choice of elites to use—or not to use—institutional engineering as a response to the challenges they face. The book answers two key questions about institutional change. First, how much change to the core democratic rules can be observed over the course of the last twenty-five years, where did change take place, and at what point in time? Second, why are some reform attempts successful while others are not? The use of a wide comparison of Western European democracies over time is the central contribution of the book in tackling these two issues. This enables a development of the concept of bundles of reforms, a key analytical tool to understand institutional change in a longitudinal and comparative perspective.

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Newlands, Samuel. Spinoza’s Metaphysics of Modality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817260.003.0005.

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Chapter four argues that ignoring a fundamental explanatory question has led interpreters to misunderstand Spinoza’s views on necessity, contingency, possibility, and impossibility. Although the scope of Spinoza’s necessitarianism has also been hotly debated, a central question has gone largely unasked: just what is modality, according to Spinoza? By focusing first on his analysis of necessity, we gain insight into more familiar questions of modal distribution: what exists necessarily, contingently, and so forth. Spinoza ultimately endorses a form of what might now be called anti-essentialism, according to which the modal status of some things depends partly on how those things are conceived. Hence Spinoza affirms both the genuine contingency and strict necessity of one and the same thing’s existence, depending on how it is conceived. After considering Spinoza’s defense of this account, the author turns to why Spinoza thinks we do not, in fact, adopt necessitarian perspectives on the world.

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