Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Winter barley production in the Mykolaiv region"

Abstract Introduction. Attention to grain production is driven by its strategic importance within Ukraine's agro-industrial complex, as its products are critically important as key foodstuffs to support the life. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the economic efficiency increase of grain production in agricultural enterprises in the Mykolaiv region in modern conditions. Results. The general characteristic of the Mykolaiv region agriculture is given. The essence of the concept of «economic efficiency» is revealed and the indicators of its measurement for food grain are proposed. Indicators yield grain crops to the dynamics are considered, outlining the growth of spring wheat, but the reduction millet and buckwheat. The economic efficiency analysis of grain production in agrarian enterprises of the Mykolaiv region has been done for the studied period by the following indicators: yield, cost of 1 centner of production, average selling price, profit, profitability. As a result of the combined impact of rising cost and price, profitability declined by 8% to 25.7% in 2017. The role of scientifically grounded structure of acreage is considered in ensuring efficiency of agricultural enterprises management based on crop rotation of different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine as a form of organization of their alternation in cultivation. Construction parameters for economic and mathematical model of acreage areas optimization of grain crops in agrarian enterprises of Mykolayiv region are presented. Conclusions. As a result of the proposed model calculation, optimized values of the specific gravity of the acreage under different crops have been obtained: the sowing of spring wheat will increase by 10% and the smallest – peas by 2%. It is proposed to reduce the acreage under winter wheat by 14% and spring barley by 8%. Such changes will have a positive impact on sales revenue, product cost, and overall profitability. Keywords: agrarian enterprise, grain crops, economic efficiency, intensification of grain production, yield, cost, profit, level of profitability, economic and mathematical model.

Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) hinder dryland wheat production worldwide. Montana, a leading U.S. wheat production region, has climatic conditions favorable for Pratylenchus spp. A 2006-2007 statewide soil survey revealed damaging populations of Pratylenchus neglectus, primarily in winter wheat production areas of Montana, whereas P. thornei was not found. Analyses of wheat yields in infested fields revealed negative correlations between yields and spring nematode populations (all P < 0.05 and all R2 > 0.2). Statewide yield losses due to root lesion nematodes were an estimated 12 and 15% for winter wheat in 2006 and 2007, respectively. A subsequent study conducted in 2008 to 2009 revealed significant differences in reproductive success of P. neglectus among seven rotation treatments (P < 0.001). Nematode populations persisted from spring to fall under fallow, barley, pea, and camelina; increased under winter wheat and canola; and decreased under lentil. Populations were sustained through winter following winter wheat and barley but declined following canola, camelina, pea, lentil, and fallow. A screening of 19 barley lines for resistance to P. neglectus revealed significant variation in resistance among entries (P < 0.001), with ‘Harrington’ barley displaying promising levels of resistance. Development of resistant wheat cultivars remains a principal goal in managing this nematode.

In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.

Renewable fuel standards for biofuels have been written into policy in the U.S. to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of transportation energy supply. Biofuel feedstocks sourced from within a regional market have the potential to also address sustainability goals. The U.S. Mid-Atlantic region could meet the advanced fuel designation specified in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), which requires a 50% reduction in GHG emissions relative to a gasoline baseline fuel, through ethanol produced from winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We estimate technology configurations and winter barley grown on available winter fallow agricultural land in six Mid-Atlantic states. Using spatially weighted stochastic GHG emission estimates for winter barley supply from 374 counties and biorefinery data from a commercial dry-grind facility design with multiple co-products, we conclude that winter barley would meet RFS2 goals even with the U.S. EPA’s indirect land use change estimates. Using a conservative threshold for soil GHG emissions sourced from barley produced on winter fallow lands in the U.S. MidAtlantic, a biorefinery located near densely populated metropolitan areas in the Eastern U.S. seaboard could economically meet the requirements of an advanced biofuel with the co-production of CO2 for the soft drink industry.

Last years the Rostov region has faced a significant climate continentality increase during the growing season of winter crops. This factor makes necessary to develop new varieties of intensive winter barley with a high level of ecological adaptability, resistance to lodging and leaf diseases, with a high level of potential productivity. The purpose of the current study was to develop a new highly productive, stress-resistant winter barley variety with a high level of adaptability and to evaluate it according to economically valuable traits. The current paper has presented the agrobiological characteristics of the winter barley variety ‘Marusya’, the originator and patent holder of which is the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy”. The research was carried out from 2018 to 2020 in the fields of experimental crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The forecrop was peas. The accounting plot area was 10 m², the number of repetitions was 6. The winter barley variety ‘Timofey’ was used as a standard variety. The species was parallelum. The type of development was facultative. Over the years of study in the Competitive Variety Testing of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” (2018–2020), the variety produced from 8.0 to 11.2 t/ha, that exceeded the standard variety ‘Timofey’ on 0.5–1.5 t/ha. Since 2020, the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops decided to include the variety ‘Marusya’ in the State List of Breeding Achievements in the North Caucasus region. The variety is being studied in the Central Blackearth and Lower Volga regions of the Russian Federation. The consistently high productivity of the new variety is achieved due to the large grain and higher indicators of the yield structure elements and resistance to diseases in comparison with those of the standard variety ‘Timofey’

An experiment was established to determine the effect of different winter cover crops residues on yields of no-till pumpkins, yellow summer squash, and sweet corn. Residue treatments of fallow, triticale, crimson clover, little barley, and crimson clover + little barley were fall established and killed before spring no-till planting in 1998 and 1999. All summer vegetables received recommended fertilizer rates and labeled pesticides. Spring cover crop growth and biomass measurements ranged from 1873 to 6362 kg/ha. No-till sweet corn yields among the various cover residue treatments were greater where crimson clover and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) were used as residue in 1999, but not significantly different in 1998. No-till pumpkins showed the beneficial affect cover crop residue had on vegetable yields when dry conditions exist. Triticale and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) residues reduced soil water evaporation and produced more numbers of fruit per hectare (5049 and 5214, respectively) and greater weights of fruit (20.8 and 20.9 Mg/ha) than the other residue treatments (3725 to 4221 fruit/ha and 11.8 to 16.1 Mg/ha, respectively). No-till summer squash harvest showed steady increases in yield through time by all treatments with crimson clover residue treatment with the greatest squash yields and triticale and little barley residue treatments with the lowest squash yields. We found that sweet corn and squash yields were greater where legume cover residues were used compared to grass cover residues, whereas, pumpkin yields were higher where the greatest quantity of mulch was present at harvest (grass residues).

Abstract The aim of this experiment was to determine the variations in some important chemical indicators of annual winter cereal and legume pure and mixed crops for green forage production under the conditions of the fore-mountain regions of the Central Northern Bulgaria (Troyan region). In pure crops the crude protein content had fewer values compared to mixed crops. The cereals accumulated less crude fat in comparison with legumes. In mixed crops the crude fat was from 1.99 to 2.82%, with a relatively lower coefficient of variation in comparison with pure crops. More crude fibre was indicated in winter barley, triticale and winter vetch. All pure crops displayed a low coefficient of variation (from 7.21% to 10.26%). The lowest values of crude fibre were in the mixed crops with winter pea and they had a lower coefficient of variation compared to pure crops. In regard to crude ash content the legumes exceeded the cereals. In the legume pure crops a low coefficient of variation was established, while in cereals it was a medial value. On the whole all mixed crops had a low coefficient of variation. In legumes the calcium content was higher but with a low coefficient of variation than cereals. In mixed crops irrespective of whether it had a cereal or legume component the calcium content in forage varied from 0.530 to 0.870%. In mixtures the calcium variation was mostly with a medial value. The phosphorus content had lower values in forage of pure and mixed crops. The least variation (as a medial value) was observed in winter vetch and winter barley. In mixed crops with winter barley this indicator had a low coefficient of variation. The most favorable proportion between calcium and phosphorus for pure crops was found in cereals (triticale and winter barley) - respectively 2.46 and 2.23 and for mixed crops - in Winter barley+winter pea and Winter barley+winter vetch - from 1.76 to 2.57.

In the south of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China there is a network of valleys where intensive agriculture is practiced. Although considered highly productive by Tibetans, farm incomes in the region are low, leading to a range of government initiatives to boost grain and fodder production. However, there is limited information available on current farming practices, yields, and likely yield constraints. The present paper uses available data and farmer interviews to describe the agro-climate and current systems of crop and livestock production, and considers possible strategies to boost production. Although winters in Tibet are cold and dry, summer and autumn provide ideal conditions for crop growth. Cropping systems are characterised by heavy tillage, frequent irrigation, high seeding rates and fertiliser applications, some use of herbicides, and little stubble retention or mechanisation. Spring barley and winter wheat are the predominant crops, followed by rapeseed, winter barley, and minor fodder and vegetable crops. Average yields for the main grain crops are around 4.0 t/ha for spring barley and 4.5 t/ha for winter wheat, significantly lower than should be possible in the environment. Farmers typically keep five or six cattle tethered near the household. Cattle are fed diets based on crop residues but are generally malnourished and rarely produce beyond the needs of the family. It is suggested that research and extension in the areas of crop nutrition, weed control, irrigation, seeding technology, and crop varieties should enable significant increases in grain yield. Increases in cattle production will require increases in the supply of good quality fodder. Cereal/fodder intercrops or double crops sown using no-till seed drills might enable the production of useful amounts of fodder in many areas without jeopardising food grain supply, and allow more crop residues to be retained in fields for improved soil health.

Productivity of winter barley varieties is a main characteristic for their wide introduction into agricultural production. Yields and quality of grain are usually formed under influence of a complex set of conditions. Grain productivity depends on such factors as cultivation technology, hydrothermal regime, tolerance to unfavourable weather conditions. Plant moisture supply is the main factor for obtaining high yields of winter barley in the eastern part of the Rostov region. The study was conducted in the years of 2014-2016, which were characterized with different moisture supply. There were studied the varieties ‘Master’, ‘Tigr’, ‘Timofey’ and ‘Erema’ developed by the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy”. On average three varieties ‘Master’ (4.26 t/ha), ‘Timofey’ (4.18 t/ha) and ‘Erema’ 4.37 t/ha) gave the largest yields for three-year period of study. On average for three-year period of study the greatest quantity of protein was found in the variety ‘Tugr’ (11.7%), the greatest amount of starch was found in the variety ‘Timofey’ (59.2%).

В тезах наведено результати статистичного аналізу Державного реєстру сортів ячменю озимого. Проведено аналіз стану виробництва насіння ячменю озимого в Миколаївській області та сортозаміна
В тезисах представлены результаты статистического анализа государственного реестра сортов ячменя зимой. Проведен анализ состояния производства семян озимого ячменя в Николаевской области и сортовой замены.
The theses contain the results of the statistical analysis of the state register of varieties of barley of winter. The analysis of the condition of production of winter barley seeds in the Mykolaiv region and varietal substitution was carried out.

Drought has been posing serious problems for agricultural production in Russia. A well-known Russian scientist, Vavilov (1931), noted that droughts characterize Russian farming. Recently, in some Russian Federation regions, there has been a high probability of severe or extremely severe droughts (Pasechnyuk et al., 1977; ARRIAM, 2000; Kleschenko, 2000; Ulanova and Strashnaya, 2000; Zoidze and Khomyakova, 2000; table 15.1). Numerous definitions of drought are available in the Russian literature (Bova, 1946; Alpatiev and Ivanova, 1958; David, 1965; Kalinin, 1981; Polevoy, 1992; Khomyakova and Zoidze, 2001). However, Kleschenko (2000) noted that all definitions are similar. Droughts are most frequently observed in Russia (Povolzhie, North Caucasus, Central-Chernozem regions, Ural, West and East Siberia) as well as in other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries: Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, and Armenia. The Povolzhie, North-Caucasus, and Central-Chernozem regions contribute significantly to the Russian economy because these regions have fertile chernozems soils and produce most (about two-thirds) of the food grains—wheat and rye during the winter season and wheat, maize, and barley during the spring season. In recent moisture-favorable or nondrought years (1978, 1990 and 2001), the total grain production was 130 million tons, while during drought years (1975, 1981, 1995 and 1998), the production declined by half (Ulanova and Strashnaya, 2000). Decline in food grain yields was observed from 1917 to 1990 in the former USSR, and since 1990 in the post-Soviet Russia. Rudenko (1958) reported that Ukraine experienced severe droughts during 1875, 1889, 1918, and 1921, when the spring wheat yield was 70% of the mean yield. A sudden depression in the winter rye yield was observed in Povolzhie region during severe droughts of 1890, 1898, and 1911, when the yield was less than 60%, and during 1906, when the yield was only 25% of the mean yield. During severe droughts in Russia during 1972, 1975, 1979, 1984, and 1995, the crop yield deviated by an average of 17–42% in Russia as a whole, up to 19–91% in the Central-Chernozem regions, up to 45–100% in Povolzhie region, 27–36% in the North-Caucasus region, and 21–100% in the Ural region.

Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.