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1
Łopuszyńska, Agata. "Reducing the light pollution in settlement units areas – comparative case studies." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400100.
Анотація:
Dark-sky areas are a form of night landscape protection and reduction of light pollution (LP), but also a new direction of inhabited and urban areas development. Yet still the lack of social awareness of artificial light at night (ALAN) exposure issues is widespread. While the technical aspects of outdoor lighting modernization used for reduction are recognized and continuously elaborated, there is no specific scheme of the dark sky communities formation processes. In contrast to isolated areas of dark-sky protection, they are a challenge due to the accumulation of various functions and interests or spatial conflicts. The article is an attempt to determine how and why particular programs work or fail to work on the examples of the Polish village of Sopotnia Wielka and the Scottish town of Moffat. It seems that the legal factors are decisive, but other important aspects like social or planning come to the fore.
2
Jordán, F., and A. Báldi. "Short Communication: Systems-based conservation and conflicts between species protection programs." Web Ecology 13, no. 1 (October 21, 2013): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-13-85-2013.
Анотація:
Abstract. Although the conflict between conservation efforts and economic growth is a major topic of conservation science, the conflicts between different conservation projects are much less documented and represented in the literature. We provide an overview of some case studies where these conflicts arise and discuss how to manage and solve them. We argue that conflicts are unavoidable, and that we can find optimal and efficient solutions only by studying the holistic, macroscopic properties of whole socio-ecological systems. Novel computational solutions offer simple and efficient simulation toolkits providing indicators that can support strategic and integrative decisions from a systems perspective.
3
Convery, J. J., J. F. Kreissl, A. D. Venosa, J. H. Bender, and D. J. Lussier. "Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technology Transfer Activities of the United States Environmental Protection Agency." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1989): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0271.
Анотація:
Technology transfer is an important activity within the ll.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Specific technology transfer programs such as the activities of the Center for Environmental Research Information, the Innovative and Alternative Technology Program, as well as the Small Community Outreach Program are used to encourage the utilization of cost-effective municipal pollution control technology. Case studies of three technologies including a plant operations diagnostic/remediation methodology, alternative sewer technologies and ultraviolet disinfection are presented. These case studies are presented retrospectively in the context of a generalized concept of how technology flows from science to utilization which was developed in a study by Allen (1977). Additional insights from this study are presented on the information gathering characteristics of engineers and scientists which may be useful in designing technology transfer programs. The recognition of the need for a technology or a deficiency in current practice are important stimuli other than technology transfer for accelerating the utilization of new technology.
4
Haddad, Mônica A., and Joshua Hellyer. "Decent Work and Social Protection in Belo Horizonte, Brazil." Journal of Planning Education and Research 38, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x16685157.
Анотація:
This article examines how beneficiaries of Brazil’s Bolsa Família (BFP) conditional cash transfer program find employment in a Brazilian municipality and assesses their participation in decent work. Using Belo Horizonte as a case study, researchers conducted a survey of BFP recipients. The article compares responses of informally and formally employed workers to assess how their employment meets the criteria of the decent work agenda. Results indicate no significant difference between perceptions of formal and informal employees concerning discrimination and poor working conditions. Findings lead to recommendations about formalization of employment, coordination with existing job training programs, child care, and transportation.
5
Kusnandar, Endang, Anis Mashdurohatun, and Siti Rodhiyah Dwi Istinah. "Protection Analysis Of Children Rights That Was Born From The Rape Causing (Study in State Court (PN) in Ex-Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i1.8395.
Анотація:
Criminal cases of rape very much creates difficulties in solving both at the stage of investigation, prosecution, or at the stage of the imposition of the verdict. The problems of this study are: forms of legal protection given to the rights of Children Which Born fom rape victims in Ex Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction and constraints in the implementation of the provision of legal protection against rape victims in Ex Residency Cirebon Jurisdiction and solutions.The method used by researchers is normative juridical law approach and specification in this study were included descriptive analysis. The source and type of data in this study are primary data obtained from field studies with interview members of the Police of Ciwaringin Cirebon, And secondary data obtained from the study of literature.Based on the results of research that as is the case in jurisdictions other areas, merely enacted regional regulation on Child Protection, but the regulation is not set up for a child born to mothers who were raped or pregnancy due to rape, as well as court decisions, no one has noticed the rape victims who become pregnant as a result of rape, either already known or unknown since the trial process after the imposition of the verdict (ponis), as well as the Agency duties and authorities are not up to provide protection to Children Which Born from rape, but the child of such status as well as victims. Obstacles such as the difficulty to obtain information from the victim because of the victim's mental condition of the child, still quite a lot of people who are reluctant to testify as a witness, investigators have no children, as well as the infrastructure is not yet complete. To overcome the obstacles faced by those already undertaken several measures, among others cooperate with relevant agencies to provide protection and assistance to child victims of rape, bring in psychologists to recover the child's mental disturbed for being a victim of rape cases, as well as trying to convince the witness that willing to give information and not to be afraid to provide testimony.Keywords : Rights Protection; Children; Rape.
6
O’Campo, Patricia, Alix Freiler, Carles Muntaner, Elena Gelormino, Kelly Huegaerts, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, and Christiane Mitchell. "Resisting austerity measures to social policies: multiple explanatory case studies." Health Promotion International 34, no. 6 (October 1, 2018): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day073.
Анотація:
Abstract Since Margaret Thatcher reached power in the United Kingdom, European governments have increasingly turned to neoliberal forms of policy-making, focusing, especially after the 2008 Great Recession on ‘austerity policies’ rather than investing in social protection policies. We applied a multiple explanatory case studies methodology to examine how and why challenges and resistance to these austerity measures are successful or not in four settings for three different social policy issues: using a gender lens in state budgeting in Andalusia (Spain), maintaining unemployment benefits in Italy and cuts to fuel poverty reduction programs in Northern Ireland and England. In particular, we intended to learn about whether resistance strategies are shared across disparate cases or whether there are unique activities that lead to successful resistance to austerity policies. As our approach drew from realist philosophy of science, we started with initial theories concerning collective action, political ideology and political power of affected populations. Our findings suggest that there are similarities between the cases we studied despite differences in political and policy contexts. We found that joint action between advocacy groups was effective in resisting cuts to social spending. Evidence also indicates that the social construction of target populations is important in resisting changes to social programmes. This was observed in both England and Northern Ireland where pensioners held significant political clout.
7
Hasan, Akhmad Misbakhul, Betta Anugrah, and Andi Misbahul Pratiwi. "Gender-Responsive Budget Analysis on Social Protection Programs in Indonesia: A Case Study in Two Districts and A City." Jurnal Perempuan 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i1.308.
Анотація:
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" lang="EN-AU">Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 9 of 2000 about Gender Mainstreaming is a mechanism to in National Development has impacts on the planning and implementation of public policy in Indonesia. Public policy becomes an important arena for the struggle to realize gender equality and justice. One of the government’s commitments to this matter can be seen through Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB). This study analyses gender responsive budgeting in social protection programs in Indonesia, with case studies in three regions, namely Gunungkidul Regency, North Lombok Regency, and Padang City. Data collection is carried out by in-depth interviews and literature studies, including the Indonesian Budget and Regional Government Budget documents. This study conducted GRB analysis in three regions with three categories of budget expenditure analysis, namely specifically identified gender-based expenditure, equal employment opportunity expenditure, and mainstream budget expenditure. The results of the study show that in several regions there have been gender-responsive specific budget allocations for affirmation programs for women, children, the elderly, and dissability. However, it can be seen that the budget and gender-specific expenditure are still centralized in services that are identical to women's affairs, and not yet mainstreamed in all of the budget allocation.</span></p><p> </p>
8
Birnbaum, David. "Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Programs." Infection Control 8, no. 11 (November 1987): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700069800.
Анотація:
Over 20 years ago, Philip Brachman advised us that “… the surveillance of all institutionally associated infections is important in order to minimize the risk of infection to all patients entering the institution and to members of the community.” Seven years later, in 1970, other staff members at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offered us more specific surveillance objectives:A. To determine the frequency and kinds of endemic nosocomial infections, in order to identify deviations from the baseline so that infection control personnel can:1. Determine where studies are needed.2. Ascertain where control measures (long-term and emergency) need to be established and how effective new control measures are.3. Establish policy.B. To provide the patient and personnel (and in some instances the community) with all possible protection from infections of nosocomial origin.C. To meet the requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation and the medical-legal guidelines of “accepted standards of patient care.”D. To provide the medical and nursing staff with meaningful data on the level of nosocomial infection in their work areas.If each single nosocomial infection represented sufficient deviation from the baseline occurrence, then analysis of surveillance data would be quite straightforward. However, that is not the case. A 1976 project report for the National Center for Health Statistics identified various “sentinel health events” whose occurrence should trigger “… scientific search for remediable underlying causes.”
9
Salehi, Khayyam, Jaber Karimpour, Habib Izadkhah, and Ayaz Isazadeh. "Channel Capacity of Concurrent Probabilistic Programs." Entropy 21, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21090885.
Анотація:
Programs are under continuous attack for disclosing secret information, and defending against these attacks is becoming increasingly vital. An attractive approach for protection is to measure the amount of secret information that might leak to attackers. A fundamental issue in computing information leakage is that given a program and attackers with various knowledge of the secret information, what is the maximum amount of leakage of the program? This is called channel capacity. In this paper, two notions of capacity are defined for concurrent probabilistic programs using information theory. These definitions consider intermediate leakage and the scheduler effect. These capacities are computed by a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Therefore, an evolutionary algorithm is proposed to compute the capacities. Single preference voting and dining cryptographers protocols are analyzed as case studies to show how the proposed approach can automatically compute the capacities. The results demonstrate that there are attackers who can learn the whole secret of both the single preference protocol and dining cryptographers protocol. The proposed evolutionary algorithm is a general approach for computing any type of capacity in any kind of program.
10
Risdianto, Yanto, and Lathifah Hanim. "Accountability for Motorized Vehicle Owners Used By Children in Traffic Accidents (Case Study on Supreme Court Decision Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i1.8730.
Анотація:
The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) parts of criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle was used in a traffic accident Case Study of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015? And 2) how is the legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents Case Study of the Supreme Court's Decision No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015?The method used by researchers is juridical sociological legal approach and the specifications in this study are descriptive analytical. The sources and types of data in this study are primary data obtained from interview field studies. And secondary data obtained from literature studies relating to the theory of criminal liability and legal protection.Based on the results of that study The criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle is used in a traffic accident by a child is not held accountable even if only as an inclusion, the child who commits a traffic violation or a traffic crime is the sole offender, even if the motorized vehicle used by permission of an adult, both his parents or other vehicle owners. The legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents has not been fulfilled as in the Supreme Court Decree No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015, the vehicle owner who surrendered his vehicle (car) was only made a witness in a traffic accident that resulted in a victim died, and the child became the sole culprit.Keywords: Liability; Criminal; Motorized Vehicles; Children.
11
Huggins, A., and M. D. LaGrega. "Methods to Set Soil Cleanup Goals to Protect Surface and Ground Water Quality at Hazardous Waste Sites." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0439.
Анотація:
Hazardous waste management programs in the U.S. have focused on the cleanup of sites so that environmental standards are met and environmental and human health risks will be mitigated. The programs involve the cleanup of abandoned sites as well as existing industrial facilities. In many cases the criteria for cleanup at these sites are based on the protection of ground or surface water resources. Criteria can be based on 1) background levels in the surrounding environment, 2) national or state standards set to protect surface and ground water uses, and/or 3) site-specific standards based on risk assessment techniques. Methodologies for the derivation of cleanup goals in the U.S. vary between regulatory programs. Media-protection standards or trigger levels are the simplest to manage, but their appeal can be diminished if they lead to unnecessary cleanup activities. Such simple systems also fail to deal with any unique site characteristics or exposure patterns. Partly in response to such concerns, some U.S. programs depend upon risk assessment to set site-specific cleanup goals. This paper provides several case studies where various approaches to developing cleanup goals have been applied, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
12
Bloks, Suzanne Andrea, and Ton van den Brink. "The Impact on National Sovereignty of Mutual Recognition in the AFSJ. Case-Study of the European Arrest Warrant." German Law Journal 22, no. 1 (January 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.99.
Анотація:
AbstractNational sovereignty has been the key consideration for basing judicial cooperation in the European Union on mutual recognition. More than one decade after the creation of the Area of Freedom Security and Justice (AFSJ), this contribution assesses whether mutual recognition-based EU legislation in civil and criminal law indeed respects national sovereignty. To this end, it studies the Framework decision on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW), the EU’s flagship instrument in the AFSJ. We distinguish two elements of national sovereignty: (a) the protection of the State and its basic structures (its statehood); (b) the State’s values, principles and fundamental rights (its statehood principles), and assess the EAW from a dynamic perspective: from its initial inception, in which mutual trust primarily implied little interferences with the laws and practices of issuing states, to the current state of affairs which is marked by what could be called a ‘mutual trust supported by harmonization’- approach. Especially in the judge-driven harmonization of the EAW and the dialogue between judicial authorities we witness important (and oftentimes overlooked) elements that impact national sovereignty. At the end, the findings of the article are put in the context of the current rule of law crisis in the EU.
13
Reza Karimi, Mohammad, Jalaleddin H. Hamissi, Simin Rafieyan Naeini, and Mojgan Karimi. "The Relationship Between Maternal Periodontal Status of and Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants in Iran: A Case Control Study." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 5 (September 28, 2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p184.
Анотація:
<p><strong>AIM & BACKGROUND: </strong>It has been suggested that periodontitis is associated with systemic alterations such as adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, some conflicting results have been reported. This study was conducted to determine the association between periodontitis and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) to obtain information which is necessary for the planning of preventive programs of periodontal disease for pregnant women in this area.</p> <p><strong>MATERIALS & METHODS: </strong>This case-control study was performed on 264 mothers. The index used to determine oral hygiene and periodontal diseases is Community Periodontal Index Treatment Needs (CPITN).</p> <p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The mothers in the sample group with single delivery delivered 8 times low birth weight infants more than the mothers in the control group with single delivery. And also the mothers in the sample group with multiple deliveries; delivered 10 times low birth weight infants and 8 times premature infant more than the mothers in the control group.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>More studies should be carried out in through preventing and treating periodontal diseases, expenses incurred due to preterm labor and low birth weight decrease and the society will witness fewer mental problems suffered by such children as they grow up. So we can emphasize the importance of periodontal care in prenatal health programs. And we may suggest that a special program of periodontal disease prevention for pregnant women is very necessary.</p>
14
Abdallah, Nahel, and Odeh Abdullah. "Computer Security Behavior and Awareness: An Empirical Case Study." International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijpcc.v5i1.76.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the student’s behavior towards information security and test critical factors that are affecting its awareness, which was carried out among the undergraduate students of An-Najah National University, Palestine. Previous studies have shown that end-users present the weakest link in the security chain. The attacks on computer systems are continuously becoming serious problems which raise the interest among researchers. In achieving the goal of this study, surveys of 80 university students' data were collected and analyzed using SPSS to examine the theoretical model. It is hoped that the outcome of this study will contribute in developing a proper understanding of the factors influencing the behavior of university students towards information security behavior. Additionally, it is anticipated that the findings of this study to lead to more awareness programs that can be used to promote privacy and security protection behaviors of information security.
15
Kosolapov, Alexey E., Grigory I. Skripka, Lyudmila A. Bespalova, Vadim V. Glinka, Olga V. Ivlieva, and Vladislav V. Saprygin. "Evaluation of Horizontal and Vertical Erosion of the Water Protection Zone of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir (a Case of Dubovsky District)." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 1 (209) (March 31, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2021-1-81-88.
Анотація:
The nature and intensity of erosion processes are an important parameter for monitoring water protection area of water body. A technique, based on field and office studies, which were carried out with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (Phantom 4 Pro and Phantom 4 Advanced), was worked out and the intensity of the manifestation of erosion processes in the water protection area of the Tsimlyansk reservoir was assessed (on the example of Dubovsky district). In our research, the comparative-geographic method was used. That allowed us very accurately to identify erosional objects on the ground, and to determine their morphological and morphometric characteristics. Cameral works processed the data obtained by using UAVs. The tools of the Agisoft Metashape Professional program and the tools of the ArcGIS program were used during the work. These programs make it possible, without labor-intensive instrumental field research, to draw up orthophotoplans for gullies and determine their areas, steepness of slopes, length and width of slopes, depth of gullies, make longitudinal and transverse profiles of gullies, measure the volume of gullies and a number of other parameters. This method gives us a complete picture of the gullying network within the water protection area. In addition, a comparison of survey materials for different periods makes it possible to identify trends in the development of individual erosional forms, as well as the entire gullying network within the water protection area as a whole.
16
Chiteculo, Vasco, Azadeh Abdollahnejad, Dimitrios Panagiotidis, Peter Surový, and Ram Sharma. "Defining Deforestation Patterns Using Satellite Images from 2000 and 2017: Assessment of Forest Management in Miombo Forests—A Case Study of Huambo Province in Angola." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010098.
Анотація:
A few studies have recently been published on changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) of Angolan Miombo forests, however, none have attempted to offer forest management solutions for degraded Miombo forests. Landscapes are witness to past and present natural and social processes influencing the environment, where each period in the past leaves footprints on the landscape’s development, which can be described by a continual decrease in forest area over time. The expansion of degraded areas from 2000 to 20017 began near urban areas where many Miombo forests have been eliminated or highly degraded, particularly in the southwest and northeast of the Huambo province. Large areas of degraded forests were observed along the Benguela railway (Caminho de ferro de Benguela). Our detailed analysis of the landcover map suggests that the impact has been devastating and there is no form of forest protection, which leads to unregulated exploitation. Descriptions of the Miombo forest dynamics are explained using height–diameter curves developed for different vegetation types that provide important insights about forest structures in the management zones. The height–diameter models differed for all vegetation types, and four management zones (MZ) were created based on a set of particular attributes. The vegetation types differed in each management zone, which included agricultural land and bare soil (MZ–E), grassland or savanna (MZ–C), open Miombo forests (MZ–B), and closed Miombo forests (Miombo forests). The four management zones were easily identified on the available maps and the height–diameter models developed represent a fundamental tool for future studies on forest planning.
17
Pevtsov, E. Ph, T. A. Demenkova, and A. A. Shnyakin. "Design for Testability of Integrated Circuits and Project Protection Difficulties." Russian Technological Journal 7, no. 4 (August 11, 2019): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2019-7-4-60-70.
Анотація:
Design solutions of domestic VLSI were obtained as a result of the application of computeraided design tools of a foreign supplier (CAD Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems and Mentor Graphics), based on standard libraries of PDK elements (Project Design KIT) of factories and IC-modules also supplied mainly by foreign companies. As a rule, the developer does not have its own production facilities, using the services provided by foreign factories (fablesscompanies). Due to this fact, relevant are the studies aimed at the development of a complex of measures, excluding the possibility of unauthorized changes into IC, i.e. protection of projects against intentional hardware and technology violations made during the formation of the control information for handing it over to the production facility and/or in case of IC manufacture at the factory. This paper considers this task from the standpoint of the analysis of the methodology of design for testability (DFT), i.e., a complex of measures that provide obtaining solutions at the design stage. The solutions include the verification of the correct performance of the manufactured chip by means of external tests and/or self-testing procedures. It was proposed, inter alia: 1) to analyze the libraries of standard elements used in the project with full disclosure of their specifications; 2) to create nodes with the physical non-cloning function in the projects on the basis of the libraries of standard elements in models and analysis programs; 3) to analyze IP modules used in the project with the maximum disclosure of structure, methods and algorithms for providing test coverings; 4) to provide for the development in projects of special test kits and methods of their generation at the design stage of functions in order to detect malicious nodes and programs both within SoC cores and at the level of system buses; 5) to develop at the design stage and to apply during tests a technique of special hardware measurements of parameters of the manufactured circuits and analysis of their results, inter alia, according to measurements of delays in distribution of signals and/or buses current consumption.
18
Fried, Jeremy S., J. Keith Gilless, and James Spero. "Analysing initial attack on wildland fires using stochastic simulation." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05027.
Анотація:
Stochastic simulation models of initial attack on wildland fire can be designed to reflect the complexity of the environmental, administrative, and institutional context in which wildland fire protection agencies operate, but such complexity may come at the cost of a considerable investment in data acquisition and management. This cost may be well justified when it allows for analysis of a wider spectrum of operational problems in wildland fire protection planning. The California Fire Economics Simulator version 2 (CFES2), is a sophisticated stochastic simulation model designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of the potential effects of changes in many key components of most wildland fire systems, e.g. availability and stationing of resources, dispatch rules, criteria for setting fire dispatch level, staff schedules, and deployment and line-building tactics. The CFES2 model can also be used to support strategic planning with respect to vegetation management programs, development at the wildland–urban interface, reallocation of responsibilities among fire protection agencies, and climatic change. The analytical capacity of stochastic simulations models to address such key issues is demonstrated using the CFES2 model in four case studies addressing the impact on initial attack effectiveness of: (1) multiple fire starts; (2) diversion of firefighting resources to structure protection; (3) alternate stationing of firefighting resources; and (4) multi-agency cooperation.
19
Mindel, Adrian, and Shailendra Sawleshwarkar. "Condoms for sexually transmissible infection prevention: politics versus science." Sexual Health 5, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07054.
Анотація:
The present review assesses the protection that condoms offer against sexually transmissible infections (STI) and the impact that social, political and religious opinion in the USA has had in the past 8 years on promoting condoms for safer sex. Condoms offer protection against most STI. However, the degree of protection depends on correct and consistent use, the type of sexual activity and the biological characteristics of different infections. Cross-sectional and case-control studies and other observational data provide the majority of evidence for STI prevention. Condoms provide a high level of protection against those infections that are transmitted mainly via infected secretions, including HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Protection against those infections transmitted via skin and mucous membrane contact, including Herpes simplex virus infection and human papilloma virus, appears to be less. The Bush administration, driven by conservative political, social and religious elements in the USA, has mounted a concerted campaign to undermine the role of the condom in health-promotion activities in the USA and overseas by undervaluing and misrepresenting scientific data, and through a sustained and well-funded promotion of abstinence-only education. However, this has lead to considerable controversy and disillusionment with abstinence-only education, both at home and abroad, and there is now incontrovertible evidence that abstinence-only programs are ineffectual.
20
Rutherford, Leonie, Dean Biron, and Helen Skouteris. "Children's Content Regulation and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’." Media International Australia 140, no. 1 (August 2011): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1114000108.
Анотація:
Some 30 years ago, Australia introduced the Children's Television Standards (CTS) with the twin goals of providing children with high-quality local programs and offering some protection from the perceived harms of television. The most recent review of the CTS occurred in the context of a decade of increasing international concern at rising levels of overweight and obesity, especially in very young children. Overlapping regulatory jurisdictions and co-regulatory frameworks complicate the process of addressing pressing issues of child health, while rapid changes to the media ecology have both extended the amount of programming for children and increased the economic challenges for producers. Our article begins with an overview of the conceptual shifts in priorities articulated in the CTS over time. Using the 2007–09 Review of the CTS as a case study, it then examines the role of research and stakeholder discourses in the CTS review process and critiques the effectiveness of existing regulatory regimes, both in providing access to dedicated children's content and in addressing the problem of escalating obesity levels in the population.
21
Vincent, Charles, Jacques Lasnier, Charles-Henri de Coussergues, and Alain Baril. "Biodiversity in a Cool-Climate Vineyard: A Case Study from Quebec." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080750.
Анотація:
In Quebec (Canada), viticulture has experienced steady growth in the last 35 years in terms of surfaces cultivated and value, although it is practiced in climatic conditions at the edge of what is considered a cool-climate area. This case study documents biodiversity studies conducted at the l’Orpailleur vineyard (Dunham, QC, Canada) from 1997 to 2021. In a first phase starting in 1997, the biodiversity of insecticide-free and insecticide-treated plots was determined for the taxa Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Cicadellidae, Acari and Aranae. This step provided a baseline allowing to identify key arthropods. In a second phase starting in 2004, entomological issues were addressed on an ad hoc basis. In 2014, a third phase began with a perspective of sustainability and management of plant diversity in the vineyard to conserve natural enemies. Because of increased Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica-Scarabaeidae) populations and threats to vineyards, a biocontrol program based on the parasitoid Istocheta aldrichi (Tachinidae) was initiated. The unusually fast development of grapevines during the growing season, selection of flowering species, as well as selected arthropods associated with these flowering species, will be illustrated. Periodic update of protection programs will be required to address future challenges associated with climate change scenarios and world trade.
22
Getzner, Michael, Jürgen Meyerhoff, and Felix Schläpfer. "Willingness to Pay for Nature Conservation Policies in State-Owned Forests: An Austrian Case Study." Forests 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090537.
Анотація:
The Austrian Federal Forests (ÖBf), the Republic of Austria’s state-owned company, manages 15% of the Austrian forests; about 50% of the land is devoted to nature conservation. This paper presents the results of a representative survey of Austrian households ascertaining the acceptance of, preferences regarding, and willingness to pay for three different management scenarios. One program would increase commercial forestry, while two other programs would significantly enhance biodiversity conservation. The majority of respondents considers it an important task of state-owned forests to enhance biodiversity conservation. The study reveals that the preferences of the respondents are very heterogeneous. For instance, in addition to socio-economic characteristics, the willingness to pay for nature conservation depends on personal experiences and perceptions (e.g., whether respondents feel anxious in forests), political views (e.g., the acceptance of strict legal protection of natural resources), and opinions on forest policy issues (e.g., preferences regarding privatization of public land). The study places special emphasis on the thorough description and presentation of the scenarios to the respondents and is one of the first European studies to elicit opinions on forest policies regarding public land in an environmental valuation framework.
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Nst, Mhd Mora Kamis, Elwi Danil, and Beatrix Benni. "Legal Consequences on PPAT Deed Not Made in Accordance with the Provisions Case Study of Court Decision No.137 / PID.B / 2016 / PN.PBR." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1100.
Анотація:
The notary profession that can concurrently serve as a PPAT is one of the professions that has taken part in the process of law enforcement in Indonesia by providing certainty, order and legal protection in the community, especially in terms of the need for a binding evidence in addition to witness evidence, which is in the form of making authentic evidence. The notary profession is also required to be able to provide legal certainty to the parties, which means that anyone who holds the position of a notary must comply with statutory provisions, as well as PPAT in carrying out his position. But in reality what happens is that there is still a lot of work done by notaries or PPAT which ultimately has legal implications for the authority carried out by notaries or PPAT, so that the public, especially the parties involved in the deed, become confused in seeking legal certainty and in a manner indirectly can cause huge material losses to people who need justice. Research data were collected through field studies through interviews with resource persons to obtain primary data and literature studies to obtain primary data. The focus of this research is to find out and analyze how the legal consequences of the deed made not in accordance with the provisions of the case study court decision no.137 / pid.b / 2016 / pn.pbr. The results of the study showed that 1) PPAT which was proven to have committed a crime of counterfeiting was responsible for his sentence with a prison sentence of 1 (one) Year 8 (eight) Months. 2) The legal consequences of the deed made are not in accordance with the provisions of the legislation because it contains elements of forgery, the deed is null and void by law and for the certificate of transfer of land rights issued with the deed as the basis, then with the court's decision the judge has stated that the certificate the legal defect and cancellation can be requested to the local Office of the Land Agency.
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Kaumbata, Wilson, Helen Nakimbugwe, Wilson Nandolo, Liveness Jessica Banda, Gábor Mészáros, Timothy Gondwe, M. Jennifer Woodward-Greene, et al. "Experiences from the Implementation of Community-Based Goat Breeding Programs in Malawi and Uganda: A Potential Approach for Conservation and Improvement of Indigenous Small Ruminants in Smallholder Farms." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031494.
Анотація:
Maintaining diversity of small ruminant genetic resources is instrumental for sustainable agricultural production. Community-based livestock breeding programs (CBBPs) have emerged as a potential approach to implement breeding programs in smallholder farms. This study assesses the viability of CBBPs as a potential approach for conservation and improvement of indigenous small ruminants, using case studies of goat CBBPs in Malawi and Uganda. Data were collected using focus group discussions, personal interviews, and direct observations. The program promotes and empowers smallholders to have access to small ruminant feed resources through protection of existing communal pasturelands, capacity building in pasture production, and conservation of crop residues and crop by-products. Implementation of the CBBP enhances the contributions through improved animal growth performance, kids’ survival, and twinning rates leading to increased offtake rates and better prices. The existence of permanently established supporting organizations and other stakeholders provides sustainable institutional support instrumental for the establishment and growth of CBBPs. However, establishment of functional community-based institutions (producer cooperatives) and investments in institutional/policy reforms to safeguard fair trading, access to common resources by small ruminant keepers, and adoption of the CBBP model into national livestock development programs are some of the key milestones that can guarantee sustainability.
25
Goncalves, Ana Paula Rengel, Kamila Pope, Michelle Bonatti, Marcos Lana, and Stefan Sieber. "Payment for Environmental Services to Promote Agroecology: The Case of the Complex Context of Rural Brazilian." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n2p56.
Анотація:
Modern agriculture has generated complex environmental damages. Sustainable food production models must be encouraged. Agroecology is presented as a more sustainable option, since it brings a holistic view of these complex and interdependent elements: food production and environmental protection. However, this model is challenging to apply, which is intensified by the limitations imposed by environmental command and control instruments. This paper aims to analyze how the economic instrument of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) can be enhanced in order to promote the reproduction of agroecology in Brazil. PES and the main environmental economic theories behind this instrument were briefly analyzed. From the analyses of selected case studies, the core structural and essential issues revolving failures of the current Brazilian PES programs have been identified. The hypothesis states that PES should migrate from the Environmental Neoclassical Economics’ logic and be grounded on the principles of Ecological Economics. Based in our analysis, PES should be able to promote agroecology in Brazil reading 3 key drivers: being mainly non-monetary, public and applying a systemic approach. Following this strategy would mean overcoming the market logic, whilst allowing public participation.
26
Müller-Wille, Ludger. "Toponymies of lesser-used languages in the North: Issues of socio-linguistic conditions among Inuit and Sámi." Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 2 (July 7, 2006): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013197ar.
Анотація:
Abstract Both Inuit and Sámi have experienced the expansion of colonial state systems and immigrant populations from the south into their territories in Arctic Canada and northernmost Europe respectively. These historical processes have resulted, among other socio-economic conditions, in the superposition and often displacement of their aboriginal toponymy by external interests introducing other languages and place names. In the introduction this paper discusses the socio-linguistic conditions of aboriginal languages in Canada and in Europe. Both situations differ with regard to the legal protection of lesser-used, minority or aboriginal languages. In Europe the linguistic rights of minorities or aboriginal peoples are protected under conventions and by laws on the international and national level. In fact, the framework of the European Union has enhanced the position of languages in general. In the Canadian confederation, with English and French as official languages, specific legal provisions for aboriginal languages exist at the provincial and territorial levels. Still, the levels of protection are considerably weaker for these languages. As case studies the socio-linguistic conditions among the Inuit and Sámi are analyzed by focusing on the maintenance and development of their aboriginal toponymy as cultural and linguistic heritage and expression of human environmental relations. The paper explains recent practical efforts by both Inuit and Sámi to counteract the process of linguistic displacement by developing programs to enhance the development of their integral place name systems. Both Inuit and Sámi institutions have established programs to record and document their oral and historical toponymy, using modern technologies to produce maps and gazetteers. These programs are presented and discussed in the light of cultural self-determination and human and linguistic rights. In conclusion, the question is discussed if communities of lesser-used languages are able to maintain the functional space needed for the security of their languages within a multicultural and multilingual context.
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Nolen, Sharon L., and W. Fred Dimmick. "Epa's Control Technology Approach to Assisting States and Regions with Air Toxics Problems: Five Case Studies." Toxicology and Industrial Health 6, no. 5 (October 1990): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379000600520.
Анотація:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced in June 1985 a new strategy to reduce public exposure to toxic air pollutants in the ambient air. Over the next 5–8 years, the strategy called for State and Local authorities to take on more of the lead regulatory role, with the Agency providing technical and financial assistance to their efforts. The shift in emphasis and responsibility from the Federal level to State and Local air toxics programs and the need to transfer expertise from the Federal level to the appropriate State or Local level prompted EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) and EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) to develop and implement an innovative technical assistance program. This program is called the Control Technology Center (CTC). It has since been expanded to include technical assistance in the area of control of air toxics, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs); emission measurements; and other areas where expertise is available to ORD and OAQPS. During the CTC's first year of operation, operating guidelines were developed and three categories of technical assistance were established. These categories are telephone HOTLINE calls, direct engineering assistance, and technical guidance projects. The CTC HOTLINE is a special telephone number which State and Local Agencies can call for easy access to EPA personnel who can provide prompt assistance in a variety of ways including discussions, references to pertinent literature, and referrals to other EPA personnel. In some cases, a HOTLINE call will require more in-depth engineering analysis indicating a need for direct engineering assistance. These projects tend to be short-term (2 to 3 months) and specific in nature. In some cases, several agencies may indicate a need for information on the same source, or a group of Agencies may make a joint request. In these cases, the CTC Steering Committee, a group who advises the CTC managers, may decide that a technical guidance project is indicated. Technical guidance projects are longer-term and are intended to be of broad interest, useful to many agencies. This paper discusses the development of the CTC, experience to date with its operation, and future plans. In addition, five CTC projects are discussed to illustrate the assistance provided.
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Rahmawati, Azharistya, Agnes Widanti S, and Suwandi Sawandi. "The Fulfillment of Protection Rights of The Children Suffering From HIV /AIDS Disease at Semarang City." SOEPRA 5, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/shk.v5i1.1650.
Анотація:
HIV/AIDS is one of health issues that was sensitive to talk about. It related to the unique nature of the disease. HIV/AIDS case factually appeared as an iceberg phenomenon but, in addition, it brought stigma and discrimination that were experienced by the sufferers as well as their families. The number of HIV/AIDS cases, as a matter of fact, increased every year. Although the reported number of HIV/AIDS cases of children were lower than of adults the children, anyhow, were very vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.The objectives of this research was to recognize and describe: 1. the regulations that guarantee rights protection of the children suffering from HIV/AIDS disease at Semarang City, 2. rights fulfillment of the children suffering from HIV/AIDS at Semarang City, 3. Supporting and obstructing factors influencing rights fulfillment of the children suffering from HIV/AIDS disease at Semarang City.This research applied socio-legal aproach and used analytical-descriptive specification. While The data were gathered by having interviews and observation beside library studies. The informants or data resources of this researach consisted of four children suffering HIV/AIDS and/or their guardians.The results of this research showed that there had been some legislations which mandated the guarantee of the children's rights protection. The articles of the legislations, ranging from the Constitution of 1945 to the Acts dealing with children's rights protection, had supported and strengthened each other. However, there were indeed no regulations or specific guarantee program provided to the children suffering from HIV/AIDS. Actually the rights fulfillment of the children suffering from HIV/AIDS was factually accomplsihed but it had not been optimal. The supporting factors in efforts of fulfilling the children’s rights were the the fact that there were programs of counseling and socialization of HIV/AIDS and anti-discrimination. The obstructing factor, on the other side, dealt with the budget for HIV/AIDS prevention programs that remained minimal and could not reach the whole area of Semarang City.
29
Ciunel, Stefaniţă, and Dragoş Laurenţiu Popa. "Analysis and Dynamic of Human Cranio-Cervical Complex Movements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.1187.
Анотація:
Concerned challenge of road safety in research and development, most automotive companies develops more than 50 years, technologies that improve the safety of their vehicles presented. Most research is based on studies carried out in the laboratories accidentology and analysis of human behavior to improve biofidelity test these models in order to develop the most effective equipment to investigate real-life situations that can arise on the road. There are programs on road safety designed around four key areas: prevention, correction, protection and awareness. If, in the best case to protect in case of an incident is crucial to avoid the accident is an absolute priority. Studies show that human error is the basis of 80% of all cases occurring in road events [1]. Today, automotive companies never cease to develop new safety devices which prevent an accident or to protect the passengers. Elections conducted safety relies on a greater degree of prevention, more anticipation, the driver is still the factor responsible for the act of driving Extremely complex, however, and the body structure and reactivity to shock [2]. Shock response is broad and consists of biomechanical response and neuro major spending in the immediate care and rehabilitation.
30
Safon, Cara, Gabriela Buccini, Isabel Ferré, Teresita González de Cosío, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla. "Can “Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly” Impact Breastfeeding Protection, Promotion, and Support in Mexico? A Qualitative Study." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118789772.
Анотація:
Background: The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) initiative includes a guide that helps countries worldwide assess their readiness to scale up national breastfeeding programs. Country committees of breastfeeding experts across government, academia, and civil society engage with BBF by applying the BBF toolbox that includes (1) the BBF Index (BBFI) to measure and score a country’s breastfeeding environment, (2) case studies that illustrate how countries have created enabling environments for breastfeeding, and (3) a 5-meeting process, during which country committees develop policy recommendations intended to improve breastfeeding outcomes based on the BBFI scores. Objective: This study seeks to understand how the application of the BBF toolbox impacted plans to improve the enabling environment for breastfeeding in Mexico. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Mexico’s 11 BBF country committee members about the 5-meeting process between May and June 2017. Audio recordings were transcribed and were coded and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) the unique enabling environment for breastfeeding consisted of obstacles and opportunities for improvement, (2) favorable country committee member dynamics positively affected the utility of the BBF toolbox, and (3) BBF revealed and shaped country committee members’ shared vision of change that laid the foundation for a shared public policy agenda. Conclusions: Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly can generate multisectoral breastfeeding champions who can advance the public policy agenda to improve breastfeeding outcomes at the national level both in Mexico and elsewhere.
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Santa Maria, Diane, Marguerita Lightfoot, Adey Nyamathi, Michael Businelle, Mary Paul, Yasmeen Quadri, Nikhil Padhye, Jennifer Jones, and Margarita Calvo Armijo. "A Nurse Case Management HIV Prevention Intervention (Come As You Are) for Youth Experiencing Homelessness: Protocol for a Randomized Wait-list Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e26716. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26716.
Анотація:
Background Youth experiencing homelessness are more likely than housed youth to experience premature death, suicide, drug overdose, pregnancy, substance use, and mental illness. Yet while youth experiencing homelessness are 6 to 12 times more likely to become infected with HIV than housed youth, with HIV prevalence as high as 16%, many do not access the prevention services they need. Despite adversities, youth experiencing homelessness are interested in health promotion programs, can be recruited and retained in interventions and research studies, and demonstrate improved outcomes when programs are tailored and relevant to them. Objective The study aims to compare the efficacy of a nurse case management HIV prevention and care intervention, titled Come As You Are, with that of usual care among youth experiencing homelessness aged 16 to 25 years. Methods The study is designed as a 2-armed randomized wait-list controlled trial. Participants (n=450) will be recruited and followed up for 9 months after the intervention for a total study period of 12 months. Come As You Are combines nurse case management with a smartphone-based daily ecological momentary assessment to develop participant-driven HIV prevention behavioral goals that can be monitored in real-time. Youth in the city of Houston, Texas will be recruited from drop-in centers, shelters, street outreach programs, youth-serving organizations, and clinics. Results Institutional review board approval (Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston) was obtained in November 2018. The first participant was enrolled in November 2019. Data collection is ongoing. To date, 123 participants have consented to participate in the study, 89 have been enrolled, and 15 have completed their final follow-up. Conclusions There is a paucity of HIV prevention research regarding youth experiencing homelessness. Novel and scalable interventions that address the full continuum of behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention are needed. This study will determine whether a personalized and mobile HIV prevention approach can reduce HIV risk among a hard-to-reach, transient population of youth at high risk. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/26716
32
Paster, Thomas. "Business and Welfare State Development: Why Did Employers Accept Social Reforms?" World Politics 65, no. 3 (July 2013): 416–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887113000117.
Анотація:
In recent years, employer-centered explanations of welfare state development have begun to challenge conventional labor-centered and state-centered explanations. These new explanations suggest that sector-specific business interests and cross-class alliances propelled the adoption and expansion of social programs (the business interests thesis). This article presents a novel explanation of differences in business support for welfare state expansion based on a diachronic analysis of the German case and shadow case studies of Sweden and the United States. The article suggests that when looking at changes in employers’ positions across time rather than across sectors, political constraints turn out to be the central factor explaining variation in employers’ support for social reforms (the political accommodation thesis). The article identifies two goals of business intervention in welfare state development: pacification and containment. In the case of pacification, business interests propel social policy expansion; in the case of containment, they constrain it. Business chooses pacification when revolutionary forces challenge capitalism and political stabilization thus becomes a priority. Business chooses containment when reformist forces appear likely to succeed in expanding social protection and no revolutionary challenge exists. The article shows that changes over time in the type of political challenges that business interests confront best explain the variation in business support for labor-friendly social reforms.
33
Wang, Wenhui, Yin Zhang, Jing Han, and Ping Liang. "Developing teenagers’ role consciousness as “world heritage guardians”." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-06-2015-0023.
Анотація:
Purpose As one of the nearest and most important groups of resource guardians, local teenagers are an important force for current and especially future world heritage protection. Nurturing their awareness of world heritage protection is an important way to achieve the sustainable development of world heritage sites (WHS). The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of local teenagers of Tai’an city in China with the aim of examining how they have developed consciousness of their role as “world heritage guardians.” Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews are used to examine the awareness of 15 local teenagers on world heritage protection. The interview results are then qualitatively analyzed by using a systematic coding process. Findings The analysis shows that the formation of the guardianship role is realized through three dimensions: recognition, emotion, and action, which are subjected to role awakening, role identifying, and role strengthening stage by stage. The personal experiences of the interviewees, as well as the impact from surrounding groups both serve to influence the formation of their role as “world heritage guardians.” Research limitations/implications The framework constructed in this study on the development of teenagers’ role consciousness cannot only apply to world heritage and environmental contexts in terms of awareness of the need for conservation, but be used toward behavioral studies of other age groups. Practical implications The findings can be used as a practical guide for school teachers, government officials, and heritage managers to better carry out educational programs in terms of heritage tourism and sustainable development of WHS for teenagers. Originality/value The teenagers’ population is underrepresented in the literature in terms of community involvement with world heritage. This study is meaningful because the focus is on improving local teenagers’ awareness of the value and importance of world heritage and their preservation.
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Affolter, James M. "Horticultural Science and Rare Plant Conservation." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 594d—594. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.594d.
Анотація:
Horticultural science has an essential role to play in the conservation of rare plants, but to date, most horticultural research in this field has taken place on an informal rather than experimental basis. Plant conservation as a scientific and practical discipline would benefit greatly from applying the more rigorous approach characteristic of commodity-oriented horticultural research. In turn, the profession of horticultural science has a great deal to gain by participating more actively in plant conservation programs. Benefits include an influx of new ideas, new people, and new resources. Some of the traditional research fields within horticulture that are directly relevant to rare plant conservation include: seed technology, propagation and tissue culture, nutrition, growth regulation, soil management, and protection from pests and diseases. Three case studies illustrate various ways in which the theory, technology, and knowledge base of horticulture can be applied to plant conservation. They include the rare plant propagation program at Bok Tower Gardens, Lake Wales, Fla.; mountain meadow revegetation projects in Mount Rainier and Olympic National Parks in Washington; and research activities of the recently established Georgia Plant Conservation Alliance.
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Meegoda, Jay N., Daniel Watts, Hsin-Neng Hsieh, and Bruno Bezerra de Souza. "Community Based Pollution Prevention for Two Urban Cities—A Case Study." Clean Technologies 3, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3010004.
Анотація:
Pollution prevention is an approach for generating less waste using fewer toxic chemicals while conserving water and energy. Even though pollution prevention practices have been encouraged for over thirty years, many smaller businesses have not considered or adopted such techniques. This study examines the effect of a community-based approach designed to emphasize the benefits to the health and economic well-being of urban communities when source reduction practices are implemented by businesses in the community. Partnering with existing community groups in Newark and Jersey City, NJ, technical assistance was provided to small and medium-sized businesses under grant funding from Region 2 of the US Environmental Protection Agency. In this research, 32 small and medium-sized businesses were evaluated for source reduction opportunities and implementation plans were drawn up. After these businesses implemented operational changes, emission and cost savings were determined and reported back to respective small business owners as well as to the communities during community meetings designed to encourage additional participation. Based on 32 case studies, several measurable benefits were achieved, including the yearly saving of 932 pounds of hazardous waste, 3917 pounds of non-hazardous waste, 13.62 metric tons of carbon equivalent (MTCE) of greenhouse gases and $5335 USD. The initial findings suggest that community-based programs such as this can be beneficial but must be sustained over a period of time. One issue that was repeatedly observed, and is likely widely believed, is the concern of small business operators that cooperation with any group funded by a government program may lead to the assessment of fines or penalties for environmental violations. This concern limits the willingness of many smaller businesses to participate. The findings of this study suggest that a sustained community-based program may overcome that concern through demonstration of the benefit to the business and the community, and through credibility building achieved by regular community reporting and the absence of official intervention.
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Aheeyar, Silva, Senaratna-Sellamuttu, and Arulingam. "Unpacking Barriers to Socially Inclusive Weather Index Insurance: Towards a Framework for Inclusion." Water 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112235.
Анотація:
Floods account for a majority of disasters, especially in South Asia, where they affect 27 million people annually, causing economic losses of over US$1 billion. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these risks. Risk transfer mechanisms, such as weather index insurance (WII) may help buffer farmers against these hazards. However, WII programs struggle to attract the clients most in need of protection, including marginalized women and men. This risks re-enforcing existing inequalities and missing opportunities to promote pro-poor and gender-sensitive development. Key questions, therefore, include what factors constrain access to WIIs amongst heterogeneous communities, and how these can be addressed. This paper contributes to that end through primary data from two WII case studies (one in India, the other in Bangladesh) that identify contextual socio-economic and structural barriers to accessing WII, and strategies to overcome these. More significantly, this paper synthesizes the case study findings and those from a review of the literature on other WII initiatives into a framework to promote a systematic approach to address these challenges: an important step forward in moving from problem analysis to remedial action. The framework highlights actions across WII product design, implementation and post-implementation, to minimize risks of social exclusion in future WII schemes.
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Al-Shbail, Tariq. "The impact of risk management on revenue protection: an empirical evidence from Jordan customs." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 14, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-02-2020-0025.
Анотація:
Purpose Customs risk management has been widely recognized as a powerful tool to balance between trade facilitation and revenue maximization. However, most customs administrations worldwide, particularly in developing countries, are suffering from a lack of experience and knowledge to assess their risk management systems for revenue protection (RP). Customs risk management has a very limited legacy in the literature. Academic research is quite scarce and very limited, although its relevance to customs administrations. This paper aims to identify the key risk profiles and indicators that contribute to the protection of customs revenue and investigate the role of these risk profiles and indicators on customs RP using the case of Jordan Customs. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a panel data approach by using the case of Jordan Customs. Data were collected from the risk targeting and selectivity system at Jordan Customs for the year 2019, a total of 600 observations. Findings The findings show that all risk targeting criteria except random selectivity (RS) and HS code have a significant positive association with RP. The findings also revealed that RS is an effective tool to prevent traders with fraud and offenses history from a prediction of targeting patterns and to assess the traders’ compliance and make sure their declarations are free from fraud or offenses. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that customs administrations should adopt alternative programs such as authorized economic operator and post clearance audit as an effective means to measure and improve compliance. Research limitations/implications The main contribution of this study lies in proposing a model to assist customs administrations in assessing the performance of risk management systems to protect revenue. This model provides a comprehensive conceptualization and explanations necessary for numerous aspects of risk management projects and it assists to predict the outcomes based on formulated indicators. Practical implications This study provides guidelines for risk analysts on how to identify and assess the key risk profiles and indicators that effect on maximizing the detection of revenue leakage and to obtain interpretable and predictable results. In addition, the findings of this study will assist customs administrations in supporting revenue collection, minimizing uncertainty, allocating resources more effectively to target high-risk consignments, while simplifying the procedures for the safe consignments. Originality/value This paper is of significant value because it is one of the preliminary studies that empirically identify the risk indicators/profiles that contribute to the protection of revenue and investigate the predictive power of these risk indicators/profiles as a key predictor to protect customs revenue.
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Mangesti, Yovita Arie. "THE MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT OF CRIMINAL VACCINES AND THEIR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES." UNTAG Law Review 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v1i1.521.
Анотація:
<p>Healthy human resources will make it easier for the country to achieve development goals in the field of health The development of health sector in Indonesia currently has double burden, namely the burden of infectious diseases and degenerative diseases. For the prevention of infectious diseases, an immunization program is held in Hospitals, clinics, and physician practices. Programs that are good enough to improve public health status are tainted with the circulation of fake vaccines that are not only a medical problem, but also bring implications to the social and legal fields. The existing regulation has not explicitly set forth the forgery of the vaccine, so in law enforcement it is still based on the interpretation of law enforcers both in determining the material law and the formal law of this medicolegal case. It is worth reviewing the role of the law as a means of social control and social engineering. Through a conceptual approach, legislation and hermeneutics, and based on the humanitarian paradigm, this paper seeks to explore the medicolegal aspect of a fake vaccine holistically, so that law as a public guide in health can provide protection for all stakeholders involved mainly in the production, distribution and Use of the vaccine in medical care. Case studies of fake medicolegal vaccine found that during this time, the handling of fake vaccines has not been specifically regulated and still equated with counterfeit medicines, whereas in terms of substance, the vaccine is different from the drugs. Expectations for the creation of responsive legal protection in the field of medical services in the future, strived by reconstruction of the Health Act, a one-door management system, effectiveness and efficiency of government performance, revitalization of professional association functions and law in terms of socialization, health promotion, education, and advocacy.</p>
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Fernandes, Paulo M., and Hermínio S. Botelho. "A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 2 (2003): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02042.
Анотація:
Wildfire hazard abatement is one of the major reasons to use prescribed burning. Computer simulation, case studies, and analysis of the fire regime in the presence of active prescribed burning programs in forest and shrubland generally indicate that this fuel management tool facilitates fire suppression efforts by reducing the intensity, size and damage of wildfires. However, the conclusions that can be drawn from the above approaches are limited, highlighting the need for more properly designed experiments addressing this question. Fuel accumulation rate frequently limits prescribed fire effectiveness to a short post-treatment period (2–4 years). Optimisation of the spatial pattern of fire application is critical but has been poorly addressed by research, and practical management guidelines are lacking to initiate this. Furthermore, adequate treatment efforts in terms of fire protection are constrained by operational, social and ecological issues. The best results of prescribed fire application are likely to be attained in heterogeneous landscapes and in climates where the likelihood of extreme weather conditions is low. Conclusive statements concerning the hazard-reduction potential of prescribed fire are not easily generalised, and will ultimately depend on the overall efficiency of the entire fire management process.
40
Stamnas, A., O. Georgoula, and P. Patias. "DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOCOL FOR A GIS RELATED TO THE RESTORATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS AND SITES THROUGH DOCUMENTATION STAGE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-705-2021.
Анотація:
Abstract. The Conservation and the Restoration of Cultural Heritage is a particularly specialized and interdisciplinary process. It requires scientific monitoring and planning and incorporation of skills and knowledge in the academic milieu. Relevant studies programs and courses are primarily designed to explore the possibility of cooperation between scientists (archaeologists, architects, surveyors, engineers etc.). Participating in such an educational institution (Interdepartmental Program of Postgraduate Studies “Protection, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Monuments”, AUTh, Greece), the development of a protocol for a GIS related to the restoration of cultural heritage buildings and sites through documentation stage was born out of necessity.Α GIS application including the documentation (geometric, architectural, structural etc.) of the historical complex of Saint John, the Baptist (19th century, Kavala, Greece), while using modern 3D representational techniques (laser scanner, topography, photogrammetry, GPS), and the related thematic information (analysis, archive data) has been organized for that purpose and has been used as a case study.The main objectives of the project are to give guidelines regarding the collection, the processing and the management of heritage data, to articulate the cross-disciplinary collaboration/synergy and to provide an educational toolkit. The methodology is proposed to be applied to other objects of study such as archaeological sites, individual structures, monuments and sites of different dating and use (e.g., industrial, religious, fortification etc.).
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Anishchenko, Mykhailo A., Olexandr G. Aleksieiev, and Inna A. Hamburh. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR CONDUCTING BIOMEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS: STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 8 (2019): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201908129.
Анотація:
Introduction: The article highlights the basic principles of the use of animals in biomedical research raised the main problems of vivisection. It also suggests specific steps to enhance the humanization of this process. The conclusions are the following: it is very important to prevent cruelty to animals in the context of resolving bioethical and legal problems associated with the implementation of the principle of humanism and the protection of animal rights. Modern science and the practice of preclinical and clinical tests should be involved into serious challenge in order to improve and universalize the process of medical and biological research technology in vitro. The aim:: The purpose of the article is to study the main international legal principles of using animals in biomedical experiments, as well as to determine the main problems on this issue and to outline the ways to resolve them. Materials and methods: The research material is a modern international regulatory framework that establishes the basic principles for the animals treatment. The methods of information retrieval, analysis, systematization, and generalization were used in this article. Review: As it is well-known, human treatment of people begins with a human attitude towards animals. Nowadays the international community has adopted enough legal acts regulating the proper behavior with animals, including those specially cultivated for such studies (laboratory) when conducting biomedical experiments. Recently, both, in the national legislation of European countries and international legislation, there have been trends in the protection of both the general rights of animals as well as intensification of their protection in the field of biomedical research. Conclusions: it is imperative, both at the international and national levels, to adopt programs for development and support of scientific study of the in vitro biosystems introduction into the practice of toxicological studies. At the national level, it is necessary to criminalize the violation of international standards for conducting biomedical research using animals, strengthen other types of responsibility, and create a special system of state bodies responsible for the policy of using animals for biomedical purposes and exercising control in this area. Both, international and national legislation should impose a direct ban on the use of in vivo technologies in case of the possibility of using in vitro technologies.
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Wang, Yun-Ciao, and Shang-Chia Chiou. "An Analysis of the Sustainable Development of Environmental Education Provided by Museums." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114054.
Анотація:
Under the international initiative of environmental education and ecological conservation, promoting the public’s environmental awareness is the mission and goal of the museum’s environmental education. The main function of the museum is to integrate the values of local, regional, and national culture toward multifaceted management, as the museum is an important cultural carrier and a key force for informal education. Past studies have focused on environmental protection in formal educational settings, while museums in nonformal educational settings have undertaken relatively few missions to the environment, which is the motivation of this study. In the past three hundred years, nine countries, including world powers like Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Japan, have left their footprints in Tamsui, Taiwan, creating an important field for cross-cultural environmental education. Therefore, this study takes environmental education in the protection of Taiwan’s Tamsui cultural assets as its case study, and uses gradual regression analysis as a method to explore the potential factors of audience cognition resulting from the channels of museum environmental education, and to grasp the possibility of implementation. The results show that the reliability coefficient of this study is 0.908, and the internal consistency of the representative scale is high. The overall satisfaction with environmental education of audiences is above 4.24 in the five-level subscale. Further gradual regression analysis shows that positive and negative explanatory power can be used to examine the environmental education programs of museums. Therefore, according to data analysis, the findings can serve as a basis for promoting social environmental education goals, as well as a field for cross-cultural learning, to achieve a people-oriented sustainable development strategy.
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Lachein, B., Valerii P. Chashchin, D. Yu Zhukova, and I. A. Korzinina. "SELF-ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND WORKABILITY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION’S GLOBAL STRATEGY “HEALTH FOR ALL” AT THE WORKPLACE LEVEL IN MODERN MACHINERY COMPANIES." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 6 (October 28, 2019): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-677-681.
Анотація:
Introduction. The WHO “Health for All” strategy is implementing a transition from the paradigm of pathogenesis to salutogenesis, aimed at maintaining and promoting the health of the population provided in the field of work by modern forms and methods of the health and safety of personnel. Material and methods. The studies were carried out at the enterprise of a high-tech machine-building complex for the production of gas turbines and included the evaluation of occupational stress, stress tolerance and health index in 4 occupational groups by using questionnaire survey methods. 144 employees including 94 men and 50 women aged from 26 to 45 years, who have worked at the enterprise for at least one year, are invited to take part in the study. Results. A multi-level regression model for assessing occupational stress showed psycho-physiological, motivational, informational and behavioral factors to determine the level of stress by an average of 72.3 ± 2.6%, and a decrease in the workability index by 59.6 ± 4.6%. One of the results of the program implemented is a higher motivation of employees to participate consciously in the health protection and promotion activities at the workplace level (92%). Discussion. The conceptualization of occupational stress and workability is a prerequisite for the development of health protection and promotion at the workplace level, especially in the case of intellectual work. These indices can be used as predictors for determining the risk of early dismissal, premature aging, and professional longevity, as well as in assessing the quality of life of workers. Conclusion. Evaluation and management of occupational stress, maintaining high workability and creating sustainable motivation of employees to participate in health programs is one of the tools of the health promotion policy at the workplace level and the extension of the occupational longevity of the working population, which corresponds to the main goals of the Russian National Demography Project.
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Chakraborty, Shreyashi, and Leena Chatterjee. "Rationales of gender diversity management policies and practices in India: an exploratory empirical study in the Indian IT/ITeS industry." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 39, no. 6 (April 8, 2020): 667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-04-2019-0124.
Анотація:
PurposeThe Indian context is marked with weak anti-discrimination laws and patchy implementation of protection of civil rights of women at workplaces. The purpose of this paper is to unearth the rationales of the adoption of gender diversity management policies and practices in India, in the absence of laws and regulations.Design/methodology/approachInspiration is drawn from previous studies on diversity management in other national contexts, and a survey methodology was adopted. The lead researcher administered the questionnaires personally to all respondents to ensure that the understanding of the questions is uniform across respondents as gender diversity management is a relatively new concept in India.FindingsSize of the organisation (number of full-time employees), the influence of external organisations and perceived enhanced organisational flexibility were found to explain the adoption of gender diversity management policies and practices in the Indian IT/ITeS industry. Findings also indicate that Indian subsidiaries of foreign multinationals tend to adopt more gender diversity management policies and practices as compared to Indian-owned organisations.Research implicationsThis study provides evidence that organisations do not always enact structures or behaviours in the pursuit of normative rationality and also consider the economic value of them, establishing an organisational agency in adopting legitimated norms or practices. The study also shows that gender diversity management policies and practices are not only dependent on the enactment of laws but also are adopted because of the economic benefit perceived.Originality/valueDiversity management policies and practices have been mostly studied in national contexts with anti-discrimination laws or affirmative action programs and have been claimed to be a successor of equal employment opportunity (EEO) policies. In the absence of stringent laws to reduce or eliminate discrimination against women employees in Indian workplaces, this study contributes to the literature by determining whether the business case for gender diversity drives the adoption of gender diversity management in the Indian context.
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Golden, Isaac. "Observational Research in Homeopathy: Improving Homoeoprophylaxis Research Outcomes." Homœopathic Links 31, no. 01 (March 2018): 071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629887.
Анотація:
Introduction We now have a substantial evidence base supporting the effectiveness of homoeoprophylaxis (HP), but the quality of the evidence is variable. Most interventions are not controlled clinical studies but are undertaken in emergency situations to prevent loss of life and suffering using observational methodology. Methods are developed to improve the quality of future observational research into H2, with consequences for general homeopathic research. Methods Different methods used to improve the quality of research were considered, and their ability to improve the quality of HP research was considered. Results Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are often not the most appropriate method to use in HP research. Observational methods are mostly suitable to study HP interventions. There are a range of techniques which can be used to improve the quality of observational research. A Homoeoprophylaxis Research Checklist is prepared for consideration. Discussion Prospective observational studies will often provide a more relevant research framework. Research techniques to improve research quality need to be incorporated in future HP interventions to allow meaningful results to be produced. Conclusion The use of appropriate homoeoprophylaxis programs to prevent targeted infectious diseases has an established place in homeopathy. Its ability to produce a significant and consistent level of protection has been shown time and again in large HP interventions conducted by practitioners, usually with orthodox medical training. More and better-quality research will continue to strengthen the evidence-based case for the use of HP both in short- and long-term infectious disease prevention. Using a standardised research checklist should help improve the quality of research into HP in the future.
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Guerrera, Francesco, Manuel Martín-Martín, Mario Tramontana, Bertin Nimon, and Kossi Essotina Kpémoua. "Shoreline Changes and Coastal Erosion: The Case Study of the Coast of Togo (Bight of Benin, West Africa Margin)." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020040.
Анотація:
The coastal strip between the Volta River delta and the westernmost portion of Benin (West Africa Margin of Atlantic Basin) is highly populated (e.g., Lomé) due to migrations from inland areas. The coastal zone has proved to be very vulnerable because of the potential development of sometimes catastrophic events related to different and interacting causes, resulting in negative effects on natural ecosystems and socio-economic conditions. The main problem is the marked erosion of large coastal sectors with maximum retreat rates of the order of 5 m/year. The continuous loss of territory leads to a progressive impoverishment of activities and human resources and to the increase of geological risk factors. The coastal erosion is induced both by natural and anthropic causes and can be controlled only by means of prevention programs, detailed scientific studies and targeted technical interventions. The main erosional processes observed in the study area are triggered by the presence of the Lomé port and other human activities on the coastal strip, including the water extraction from the subsoil, which induces subsidence and the use of sediments as inert material. These elements, together with the reduction of the solid supply from Volta River (caused by the realization of the Akosombo dam) are among the main factors that control the medium and long-term evolution of the area. Also relative sea level changes, which take into account also tectonic and/or isostatic components, can contribute to the process. In order to have a real understanding of the coastal dynamics and evolution, it would be necessary to develop a scientific structure through the collaboration of all countries of the Bight of Benin affected by coastal erosion. The aim should be primarily to collect the interdisciplinary quantitative data necessary to develop a scientific knowledge background of the Bight of Benin coastal/ocean system. In conclusion, some proposals are presented to reduce the vulnerability of the coastal area as for example to plan surveys for the realization of appropriate coastal protection works, such as walls, revetments, groins, etc. A possible expansion of the port of Lomè is also considered. Proposals comprise the constitution of a Supranational Scientific Committee as a coordinating structure on erosion for both the study of phenomena and planning interventions.
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Viana Custódio, André, and Rafael Bueno Da Rosa Moreira. "REVITIMIZAÇÃO DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES EM INQUIRIÇÕES JUDICIAIS E VIOLÊNCIA INSTITUCIONAL." Revista Eletrônica Direito e Política 16, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/rdp.v16n1.p86-110.
Анотація:
RESUMO Analisou-se a revitimização de crianças e adolescentes violentadas sexualmente a partir da obrigatoriedade da inquirição em audiências judiciais, demonstrando-se o marco teórico da proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes, especificando-se o enfrentamento da violência sexual e contextualizando-se a revitimização e violação de direitos em processos judiciais. Utilizou-se da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir da análise de livros, artigos científicos, teses, dissertações e legislações, assim como de estudo de caso factual, por meio da análise de indicadores sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. O método de abordagem é dedutivo, partindo da análise das premissas gerais sobre o tema e indo especificando, e o método de procedimento é monográfico e o estatístico. Constatou-se que crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual são submetidas, muitas das vezes, a violência institucional e psicológica que levam a rememorar os fatos traumáticos quando de ações arbitrárias, agressivas, insensíveis e descapacitadas por parte de entes públicos durante a realização de inquirições judiciais, o que gera a revitimização e a violação de direitos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: adolescente; criança; infância; revitimização; violência sexual.ABSTRACTBased on the compulsory examination as a witness in judicial hearings, the present paper analyses the revitalization of sexually abused children and adolescents, demonstrating the theoretical framework of comprehensive protection of children and adolescents and, at the same time, specifying the confrontation of sexual violence and contextualizing the revictimization and violation of rights in legal proceedings. The present research is based on the technique of bibliographic research from the analysis of books, scientific articles, theses, dissertations and legislations, as well as factual case studies, are used to analyze indicators on sexual violence against children and adolescents. The method of approach is deductive, from the analysis of the general premises on the subject to more specific papers about the topic. The used research methods are the monographic and the statistical procedure. It was found that arbitrary, aggressive, insensitive and disqualified actions by public entities during the conduct of inquiries put children and adolescents victims of sexual violence subjected to institutional and psychological violence that lead to the recall of traumatic events which leads to revictimization and violation of rights.Keywords: adolescent; Child; Childhood; Revictimization; Sexual violence.
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Štulhofer, Aleksandar, and Valerio Baćak. "Is anal sex a marker for sexual risk-taking? Results from a population-based study of young Croatian adults." Sexual Health 8, no. 3 (2011): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10078.
Анотація:
Background There is evidence that anal sex is becoming increasingly popular among heterosexual women and men. Several studies carried out in especially vulnerable populations (e.g. sex workers and low-income youth) suggested that anal sex may indicate a more general propensity to sexual risk-taking. Methods: To assess whether this epidemiologically important finding holds in the case of young adults from the general population, we analysed data from a cross-sectional probability survey carried out in 2010 on 1005 Croatian women and men aged 18–25. Results: Anal intercourse was reported by 36.5% of 861 sexually experienced participants (42.7% of men and 29.8% of women). About one-third of them (34%) used a condom at most recent anal intercourse. The experience of anal sex was significantly associated (P < 0.001) with all four indicators of sexual risk-taking (condom use at most recent vaginal intercourse, number of sexual partners in the past year, concurrent sexual relationships and anonymous sex in the past year), as well as with negative attitudes and beliefs about condom use (P < 0.01). Sexual sensation-seeking mediated the relationship between anal sex and some of the sexual risk-taking behaviours. Conclusion: According to the findings, heterosexual anal sex is directly and indirectly associated with increased behavioural risks of acquiring HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STI). Sex education and STI prevention programs should focus on the importance of using protection when practicing anal sex.
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Yushchenko, Yurii, Mykola Pasichnyk, Mykola Bilokon, Andrii Nykolaiev, and Oksana Mykytchyn. "Studies of the current state of anthropogenic transformation of the young river landscape of the Prut river (within Chernivtsi region)." Scientific Herald of Chernivtsi University. Geography, no. 824 (January 30, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2020.824.55-63.
Анотація:
For a long time, the problem of deterioration of the bed and floodplain (young river landscape) of the Prut River has attracted attention in practical, environmental and scientific terms. This applies to all components of the landscape, ecosystems. But the central, main problem is hydromorphological transformation, associated primarily with the extraction of river alluvium. In recent decades the relevant research has been conducted.At the same time, negative processes continue to develop and require appropriate development of monitoring, database formation, understanding of the causes and patterns. In particular, the database should necessarily include data on the territorial structure of the river valley, the young river landscape. Thus, there is an urgent task to identify and assess the current state of the young river landscape of the Prut and systematize data on the patterns of processes of its hydromorphological transformation. The purpose of the study is to systematize information on the main processes of anthropogenic impact and the corresponding processes of transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young river landscape of the Prut within Chernivtsi region to identify their patterns, consequences and assess and, on this basis, their current state. The object of research is the young river landscape of the Prut (within the Chernivtsi region), which develops on the basis of the riverbed and floodplain. The subject of research - manifestations, patterns of consequences of anthropogenic transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young landscape of the Prut River. Methods, research procedure - hydromorphological analysis of the territorial structure of the river valley with the formation of a database of territorial landscape features in the form of homogeneous areas; systematic analysis of factors of anthropogenic transformation of the young river landscape; analysis of changes in the morphology of the riverbed and floodplain using GIS and GPS technologies. The state of research in the context of the research. A number of scientific works had been devoted to the study of anthropogenic changes in the bed and floodplain of the Prut River. In particular, regarding changes in morphology, these are the works of Yu. Yushchenko, A. Kyrylyuk, M. Pasichnyk, M. Nastyuk [3,4,7,9,11]. An important issue of the study is to identify the territorial structure of the river hydromorphological landscape.This is one of the important tasks of riverbed science [10] and landscape studies. Relevant studies are conducted in relation to rivers and river valleys of the Uppon Prut system [5, 9, 11,12]. Conclusions.Threats from catastrophic floods are an important factor in shaping the relations between society and the Carpathian rivers. Flood protection programs have long been developed. An important element are the embankment dams. Currently, most dams perform their function quite well. Last but not least, this is due to the entrenchment of riverbed. But this positive has a "bitter taste". In addition, an objective assessment of the effectiveness of flood protection and shore protection requires a thorough study of their entire history, which is the subject of a significant separate study. The risk factor for floods has influenced not only the objective formation of the system of protection by society, but also the "not very correct" use of the concepts of "harmful effects of water" and the regulation of riverbeds. It is known that due to the entrenchment of riverbeds, engineering structures in their channels are destroyed. But the entrenchment of riverbeds, as we found out, is anthropogenically caused. What is the "harmful effect of water"? Processes in society are probably harmful… The main factor in the anthropogenic transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young landscape of the Prut River was the selection of alluvium from the riverbed. This led to a significant entrenchment of the river, especially in places of picking of river sediments (over 4 meters), and an increase in the relative height of floodplains with a corresponding transformation of their hydrological regime and other consequences. When the river entrenchment happened, the riverbed and the flow move to a lower hypsometric level and the objective laws of the flow-channel system begin to appear on it. These are the laws of formation and development of certain forms, the laws of hydromorphology. This includes the development of so-called intra-riverbed forms, and the development of riverbed forms (branches, meanders). It can also lead to conflicts with human interests: erosion of shores, coastal areas, buildings, etc. In such conditions, protective control work is really needed. But they can and should be carried out without the selection of river alluvium, which is not always in the case. By selecting alluvium again, we are only exacerbating the problem. Thus, it would seem that fair ideas of protection against dangerous phenomena and regulation of the flow-channel system are actually used incorrectly and lead to a worsening of the situation. A dangerous anthropogenic geomorphological process is developing. According to all methods of assessing the state of the hydromorphological basis of the landscape for the Prut River, estimates of "very bad" or "pre-crisis state" were obtained.
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Jain, Garima, and Amir Bashir Bazaz. "A Multi-Scalar Approach for Assessing Costs and Benefits of Risk Reduction Alternatives for the People and the City: Cases of Three Resettlements in Visakhapatnam, India." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155958.
Анотація:
Resettlement undertaken with the objective of reducing disaster risk often narrowly focuses only on reducing hazard exposure. However, when resettlements are analyzed from the perspective of holistic development outcomes, including livelihood conditions, health implications, social cohesion and employment opportunities, they are often found to be lacking. Apart from this contrast between considerations of disaster risk and everyday socio-economic risks at the household or settlement level, resettlement programs also lack a clear focus on achieving wider regional development goals including poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental protection. This relates to the sectorization of attitudes to disaster risk and the lack of integration with development concerns across multiple actors involved. This paper offers an approach: (1) to systematize costs and benefits; and using these (2) to assess policy alternatives that could maximize the beneficial outcomes for the resettlement intervention as well as improve overall sustainability for the urban areas they are set in. This paper first situates “risks” within a larger context of structural risks, and then uses the framework of asset accumulation to recognize the changes experienced by the people as costs or benefits. For this, it goes beyond the resettlement site to a broader regional perspective of the city and reflects on the long-term historical trends as well as future risks created by the intervention in the context of urbanization processes and increasing climate variability. To illustrate the use of this approach in assessing intervention alternatives, the paper analyzes three empirical case studies representing in-situ, voluntary and involuntary resettlements from urban Andhra Pradesh in India.