Дисертації з теми "Women in poverty"
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1
Hunt, Sheila C. "Listening to women : an ethnography of childbearing women living in poverty." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36408/.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the ways in which childbearing women living in poverty made sense of their lives and experiences. Based in the West Midlands, in an area of urban decay and major inequalities in health, the research focused on the lives of 25 women during their childbirth experience. The theoretical framework is feminist poststructuralism and throughout the study, I recognise that there is no single, unified woman's voice, and no universal solution to the problem of pregnancy and poverty. The thesis examines the different ways in which individual women experience pregnancy and poverty. The research draws on a range of ethnographic methods including interviews and participant observation. The fieldwork was undertaken over a two year period mainly through meetings with women in their own homes but also at the GP surgery and other more public places. The data discussed in the thesis illustrate the private stresses and strains of poverty related to how women cope with pregnancy and the demands of small children. I was especially interested in how childbearing women living in poverty were alike and how they were different. The women who contributed to this study shared a well developed sense of responsibility, doing what was right and putting their children first. They worked hard to be seen as respectable, and balanced the needs of their children with the demands of a life dominated by poverty. I considered the networks of support and the importance of grandmothers in some women's lives. I have considered the changing and varied relationships that women had with the men in their lives and the different ways in which they resolved conflict in their relationships. Some women were determined to go it alone and to rid themselves of the men in their lives. For over half the women in the sample, domestic violence was an everyday reality of their lives and I examined the similarities and differences in their experiences. I have also found evidence of the adverse effect of some midwives' attitudes towards these women. Beliefs based on stereotypes and prejudice meant that women living in poverty sometimes experienced less than adequate care. The thesis concludes by making recommendations for further research and for improving midwifery practice for the benefit of women.
2
Huerta, Rossana. "The Impact on Poverty when Empowering Women Politically." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/250.
Анотація:
Worldwide, there is a low representation of women in elected political positions compared to men. Several studies have shown that women are more concern about women’s and children’s issues. Given that women make up a larger share of the poor, helping women could be one possible way of fighting poverty. The context in which women live can be challenged and changed by empowering women politically. Past studies conducted to analyze the impact that women politicians have on policies and investments they make will be explored in this research study. Specifically, how giving greater political power to women can be an effective strategy in fighting poverty will be analyzed. Data from 196 countries from 1997-2012 on the proportion of seats taken by women in national parliament and other various outcomes will be used in proposed study. It finds that as percentage of women increases in the national parliament, both the population below the national poverty line and children mortality rate decreases.
3
Hill, Alison. "Women of the boot, gender, poverty and place." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24154.pdf.
4
Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
Анотація:
[Truncated abstract] As a developing country, Indonesia has been struggling with complex and contentious development issues since Independence in 1945. Despite remarkable economic achievement during the New Order period (1966-1998), poverty has persisted and the benefits of development have been unequally distributed. Social welfare — the system of social security to protect the well-being of the weaker members of society has received little attention in Indonesia, both from the state and from the scholarly community. The historical neglect of social welfare in Indonesia has begun to be addressed recently, with the Social Safety Net (SSN) initiative. SSN is a social welfare program that was launched by the government of Indonesia to mitigate the deleterious impacts of the economic crisis that hit the nation in 1997. This thesis aims to assess how the SSN accommodated the needs and aspirations of poor women, particularly those who live in rural areas. The rural poor deserve attention because poverty in rural areas is widespread and often intractable, and because poverty in rural areas tends to be more invisible than in urban areas. The urban poor are more visible, because they are “in the face” of the powerful every day, and they are more likely to be able to access agencies of power than the rural poor.
5
Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
6
Msengana, Sweetlener Thobeka. "The lived experiences of HIV-positive women in poverty." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013269.
Анотація:
The focus of this study was on the experiences of a small sample of local women who are HIVpositive and are living in poverty. The researcher was interested in exploring the psychological and social experiences of these women using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. This research aimed at giving these women a voice to express their first-hand, personal accounts of living with HIV in poverty. Data was analysed for meaningful units, which were interpreted inductively and hermeneutically, and categorised into super-ordinate themes. Six themes within the participants' experiences of living with HIV were determined, namely: (I) experiences of diagnosis, (2) disclosure experiences, (3) stigma, (4) ARV experiences, (5) experiences of social support and (6) poverty. This research found that after an HIV-positive diagnosis, most women experience a variety of emotional reactions. These reactions however seem to change overtime into positive acceptance of the HIV diagnosis. Most of the women in this study preferred to use partial disclosure than to fully disclose their HJV-positive status openly to families, friends and to their community. Reasons for not using full disclosure included fear of discrimination and stigma, which included a fear of being rejected or being blamed for their status and a fear of losing relationships. It was also evident from the findings that most of the women had experienced stigma directly and therefore partial disclosure was used as a coping mechanism to protect the self from further harm. It was also revealed that stigma not only has a negative impact on disclosure but also on social support and ARV experiences. Because ofHIV-related stigma, lack of social support was a struggle that almost all the women in this study had experienced. Lack of understandings about their medication also had a negative impact of the ARV experiences. Stigmas along with poverty are the major struggles that HIV -positive women have to deal with in their day to day living. The findings of this study reveal a need for further research in this experiential area as well as campaigns and education around issues such as stigma, medication, and emotional difficulties associated with HIV.
7
Yamile, Ntomboxolo. "Rural women in poverty alleviation projects: the Masihlumisane project." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7312.
Анотація:
Masihlumisane (let’s grow together) is a community based project in a small rural community of Glenmore situated to the south of the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) and half way between Grahamstown and Peddie in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This rural community was established as a resettlement center during pre-1994 South African government forced removals (Hallett, 1994). Glenmore is economically and socially impoverished as there are few businesses, little economic activity and minimal social tradition in the settlement (Murray, 1989). This village is characterised by an out migration of people of an economically active age, high unemployment amongst residents, dysfunctional families due to parents living elsewhere in order to earn a living, and a youthful population desperate to obtain skills and experiences that will benefit them when they leave Glenmore in the future.
8
Jacob, Mary Kathleen. "An exploration of the routes to empowerment for older women?" Thesis, University of Brighton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247832.
Анотація:
Older women have been perceived as among the least powerful groups m society expenencmg poverty both as older people and as women. Contemporary challenges to oppression and discrimination, associated with age and gender, together with the social policy focus on combating social exclusion, raise important questions about i) the meanings of social inclusion and exclusion to older women, and ii) the ways in which older women act to achieve a sense of social inclusion. The notions of social inclusion and exclusion are closely linked with the concept of power, and the associated processes of empowerment and disempowerment. Within a theoretical framework based on developing conceptions of power, this thesis examines the role of collective action in achieving a sense of inclusion and empowerment. In-depth interviews were carried out with thirty-seven older women selected to reflect their involvement in four contrasting types of collective action: • political action groups emphasising consciousness raising and change; • organisations emphasising social/leisure activities; • group activity based around learning/education; • voluntary activity as well as a group of women who, through choice or circumstances, were not involved in collective action. Emerging themes were shared/reviewed/refined with five small groups made up of original participants in order to achieve a participatory and iterative process of interpretation, maximising the validity and utility of the findings. The study extends knowledge and understanding of the processes and dynamics of empowering change in the lives of older women, and in particular the potential of different forms of collective action for older women to support processes of empowerment and achieve a sense of social inclusion. It suggests that older women do not simply succumb to their circumstances, they can and do take action. However, it is important to appreciate that these actions are not always viewed as political or as resistance.
9
Appel, Jenny. "Alleviating Poverty by Empowering Women the Role of Social Entrepreneurs /." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05609649002/$FILE/05609649002.pdf.
10
Chen, Mei-Hua. "Selling body/selling pleasure : women negotiating poverty, work and sexuality." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2531/.
11
Fourie, Marion. "Occupations of women living in poverty : an exploratory case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2974.
12
PINHO, GABRIELA SALOMAO ALVES. "WHY DO THESE WOMEN HAVE SO MANY CHILDREN?: AN INVESTIGATION ON WOMEN, MATERNITY AND POVERTY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35581@1.
Анотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROPROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A presente tese tem como proposta articular alguns desdobramentos da minha atuação profissional com mulheres moradoras de Pedra de Guaratiba, bairro da zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro, com a questão da maternidade num cenário marcado pela pobreza e exclusão. Considerando que os contextos social e cultural definem diferentes hábitos e costumes, a questão que se coloca é dar visibilidade às mulheres a partir das categorias pelas quais são socialmente construídas as identidades femininas e as vivências de maternidade das moradoras das favelas de Pedra de Guaratiba. Buscamos investigá-la a partir do olhar das próprias mulheres, e de suas significações a respeito dessas experiências. Para analisar a função da maternidade, fez-se necessário problematizarmos temas relacionais, como: migração, tentativas de aborto, violência doméstica, uso de álcool/drogas, vulnerabilidade social, conjugalidades, contraceptivos e planejamento familiar e as interferências sobre novas formas de relacionamentos, reconhecimentos sociais e de atuação em seu cotidiano. Objetiva-se uma reflexão sobre o lugar da maternidade no processo de subjetivação dessas mulheres, tentando uma abordagem menos homogênea da questão e procurando observar como se insere nos projetos de vida, para, como possibilidade futura, servir de embasamento para a gestão de políticas públicas mais efetivas para a categoria trabalhada.
This present thesis has the proposed intent to articulate some of the development of my professional work with women living in Pedra de Guaratiba, located in the western district of Rio de Janeiro, about the issue of motherhood in a scenario tainted by poverty and exclusion. Considering the fact that social and cultural contexts define different habits and customs, the question that arises is to give visibility to women from the categories for which they are socially constructed identities and women s experiences of maternity residents of the slums of Pedra de Guaratiba. We sought to investigate it from the women s self point of views, and their meanings about these experiences. To analyze the function of motherhood, it was necessary to discuss subjects related, such as migration, attempted abortion, domestic violence, alcohol / drugs, social vulnerability, conjugalities, contraceptives, family planning and the interference on new forms of relationships, recognition and social activities in their daily lives. It aims to reflect on the place of motherhood in these women s subjective process, trying a less homogeneous approach of the issue while seeking to observe how they place themselves in the projects of life, in order to, as a possibility in the future, serve as the basis for a more effective public policy management to the category under development.
13
Nabawe, Immaculate Josphine. ""The role of women in poverty alleviation : the case of Rwanda after 1994 genocide"." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3094.
Анотація:
Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)This study examines the role of women in poverty alleviation in post-genocide Rwanda.It further looks at their contributions in the decision-making process and their participation socio-economic development. The research assesses and evaluates the significance of the participation of women in initiatives to alleviate poverty. A key research issue is examining the constraints and opportunities for women’s participation in poverty alleviation. Of special interest is how the policy, institutional and legal environment in post-genocide Rwanda has impacted on women participation in the fight against poverty. The study also examines the contributions of selected women’s projects to poverty alleviation in Rwanda as illustrative exemplars from which lessons on gender equity and human development in Africa can be drawn. At the centre of the examination is women participation in agriculture, which is the cornerstone of their livelihood and Rwanda’s economy. This research is mainly a desktop study based on extensive search of relevant literature on the policy making process during the post-genocide era. To complement the literature this study interviewed women in national, provincial, district and local level in Rwanda to ascertain their key constraints and opportunities and their role in poverty alleviation. Interviews were also conducted with women participating in development projects. The study findings of this research reflect the achievements of Rwandan government in representation of women at National level.
14
Poku, Adjoa Afriyie. "Women, poverty and HIV/AIDS in the Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese district." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Geography, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-751.
Анотація:
This is about women, poverty and vulnerability of HIV/AIDS in Moree and Asebu in the Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese District in the Central Region of Ghana. The main objective of the study is to find out whether poverty actually makes women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS in the two communities, thus Moree and Asebu. The study employed the use of Actor Oriented theories such as agency, action, power and structures in structuration theory. It also makes use of risk theories, feminist geographies and the concepts of space, place and time.
Multiple methods within the qualitative approach were used, in the data collection. These included administration of a semi structured interview guide, which covered a purposive sample of 30 respondents of which 80 percent were female and 20 percent males who were ordinary local people in Moree and Asebu. 27 in-depth interviews using unstructured interview guide were conducted among key informants. Focus group discussion and observations were also conducted. The primary data was complemented with secondary data from the Ghana HIV Sentinel Surveillance Surveys, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy, yearly report on HIV cases in the Abura-Asebu- Kwamankese District and the district profile of Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese District.
The study further reveals that the triggering effect of poverty to HIV infection is something that cannot be done away with. Women were seen to be worst affected with poverty. These poor conditions have led to these females adapting to various coping strategies with life, which make them vulnerable to HIV/infection. This is because women are more at risk and are likely to adopt risky sexual behaviours that could put them in high-risk position for infection. The study reveals that the masculinity of the society has made females dependent on males and this constrains them from entering into any economic venture and negotiating for protective sex. It was realised also that the causes of female poverty and the coping strategies that were likely to be adopted by the people within the fishing community is slightly different from females in the farming community. Majority of the findings were analysed qualitatively, however, I quantified only a few. Based on the findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn.
15
Trivedi, Smita K. "Creating Livelihoods| Indian Women Entrepreneur Networks in the Context of Poverty." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3630056.
Анотація:
This dissertation seeks to examine poverty alleviation from the ground-up. First it conceptually introduces and develops the concept of livelihood entrepreneurship. I argue that livelihood entrepreneurship differs from other forms of entrepreneurship, due to the entrepreneur's goals in the context of poverty. I ask research questions using network theory and stakeholder theory explaining how livelihood entrepreneurs may find success and lift themselves out of poverty. Second, the dissertation delves into a qualitative study of female livelihood entrepreneurs associated with SEWA (Self-Employed Women's Association), in the context of impoverished communities in and around Ahmedabad, Gujarat in India. I look at what types of skills the entrepreneurs gain by the SEWA intervention and how the women build their networks in order to succeed and sustain their enterprises in the Indian context. Third, I propose hypotheses, set up a quantitative demonstration via social network analysis and test my model by looking at how specific social capital resources of an Indian woman entrepreneur living in poverty relate to change in her family's livelihood.
16
Sweetman, Caroline Lydia Jane. "Livelihoods, poverty and the empowerment of women : an Ethiopian case study." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2321/.
Анотація:
This thesis interrogates the livelihoods and empowerment strategies of first and second generation migrant women living in Kechene, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and considers the role of a microfinance intervention in supporting the empowerment of these women. They are from a craftsworking group, described by some as an Ethiopian 'caste'. The thesis starts by conceptualising a model of empowerment which employs both forgotten insights from gender and development scholarship, and recent theoretical work on intersectional identities. Modelling power in this way has important implications for development practice which seeks to support the empowerment of women. In particular, it calls into question the role of awareness-raising training and the existence of ‘false consciousness’ regarding gender inequality. The thesis goes on to consider how development policy and practice has engaged with gender equality concerns, focusing on livelihoods and in particular on the role that microfinance interventions can be expected to play in the ‘economic empowerment’ of individual women entrepreneurs, and the feminist goal of the collective empowerment of women. Women’s empowerment strategies in Kechene occur against a backdrop of acute and worsening economic want, which both loosens social ties with rural areas, and mitigates against women in Kechene establishing strong social networks with each other. Social capital is of key importance in women’s empowerment strategies. Yet weak social networks, together with lack of markets for women's own-account businesses, and membership of relatively stable crafts-based household economies, leads many women to opt not to advance their strategic gender interests. Instead they continue to invest in the traditional social capital of marriage and family. The thesis concludes that to construct the Kechene findings as a failure - of a donor agency to support feminist empowerment, or of women to engage with agendas of empowerment - would be to conflate the two distinct aims of collective empowerment of women as a marginalised group, and individual empowerment of women whose interests are wider than strategic gender interests. The thesis concludes by discussing some of the implications of the model of empowerment advanced within it, for development policy and practice.
17
Indraswari, Indraswari, and indrayayan@yahoo com. "Women and Warung in an Urban Kampung." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of Anthropology, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091022.173123.
Анотація:
This thesis is a study of women, warung (small shops) and Cicadas kampung community of Bandung, West Java. Data on warung, women, and the Cicadas kampung is based on 12 months fieldwork in 2002. To collect the data, a combination of in-depth interviews, observation and participant observation were adopted. In this research I explore the warung issue from the perspective of warung owners and other members of the kampung.
¶
From the owners point of view the main reason to establish warung is to extend the limited income produced by their family members to make ends meet. Other reasons are the possibility to combine income earning activities with domestic chores and social prestige. Having a warung gives more social prestige to a woman warung owner than being a domestic helper. On the other hand, having a job in the formal sector is considered better than conducting a warung business.
¶
From the kampung residents point of view, the reasons to shop at warung are mainly related to certain services offered by warung which are not available in other trading sectors. Warung offer small quantities of goods and credit. These services match the socioeconomic condition of the people, who are mostly low income. For the poor, warung indeed support them by providing these affordable services which are in accord with their purchasing power. Moreover shopping at warung enables the people to save, especially when buying cooked food. For kampung people, cooking may lead to a higher cost. Proximity is another reason people shop at warungwhich could be as close as next doorand this saves them transportation costs.
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Warung are also a social centre where people interact and discuss community affairs. Buying snacks (jajan) and credit (nganjuk) are important practices which mark the relationship between warung owners and their customers. These practices are less likely to characterize other trading sectors.
¶
More women than men run warung because having a warung enables women to combine reproductive and productive work, though this leads to the women working extremely long hoursup to 16 hours a dayto perform both tasks. Warung can also be seen as an extension of womens domestic responsibilities, by reinvesting money and providing meals for their family.
18
Zulu, Lilly Tendai. "Female education breaks the cycle of poverty : a case study of Chikomba rural district, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018691.
Анотація:
The research which forms the basis of this thesis describes rural women’s perceptions of how Camfed education and skills development programmes have improved their lives in the Chikomba rural district in Chivhu, Zimbabwe. The researcher was motivated to carry out this study mainly due to the fact that in most rural societies in Zimbabwe, women are found suffering from social, cultural and political biases in the traditional male dominated society of Zimbabwe. Compared to their male counterparts, women have limited access to educational and employment opportunities and also have less social and political power than men. Being heads of households, women have to carry out the full traditional roles with the added responsibility of household and production management. The purpose of this study was to inform those investing and interested in women’s education about whether, how and the conditions under which women’s education directly improves women’s own lives and decreases poverty in the family and society. Camfed is an organization that advocates for female education particularly in the marginalized and poor parts of the country where poverty remains a barrier to girl’s education. It provides financial resources and establishes innovative education and training programs in order to break the poverty cycle in rural communities and empower women. A quantitative approach was employed in this study using a descriptive survey design, with the emphasis on collecting primary data from the research participants as well as consulting secondary data sources such as books, academic journals, completed and unpublished post-graduate research dissertations and theses. Findings of this study revealed that financial constraints, early marriage, proximity to school, death of parents as well as domestic chores were factors identified by the women that prevented them from completing school and pursuing further studies. The women also describe their perceptions of how education has led to better opportunities and an improved standard of living as they can now afford the basic goods and services. Moreover the participants mentioned how education has provided them with the basic skills to pursue a livelihood which will enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. The research also found that education is an important determinant of women’s decision making in terms of finances and thereby improves their sense of empowerment. The women talked extensively about how education has raised their self-esteem and how it has enhanced their economic and social independence. At the end of the study and using the acquired information, several recommendations are made for the expansion and increase of programmes that offer incentives to keep girls in school, especially at secondary level where returns for girls are substantially greater in-terms of reducing poverty and improving the wellbeing of individuals.
19
Kyeyune, Grace Muwanguzi. "Poverty and survival strategies among rural women in Uganda : a study of women in the Ssese islands." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299735.
20
Sawyer, Asha. "The application of Sen's Capability approach to selected women in Khayelitsha." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1407_1255008445.
Анотація:
Measuring poverty adequately is critical for any type of development project, and yet there are still no clear guidelines as to which approach is best to be used for different circumstances. There is a variety of different ways of measuring and understanding poverty, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the intended goal. This research explored the theory regarding poverty and poverty measurements, and research various perspectives ranging from income to basic needs, socail exclusion, sustainable livelihoods, and finally to the Human Development Approach.
21
Jaswal, Surinder Kaur Parmar. "Gynaecological and mental health of low-income urban women in India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1995. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646090/.
Анотація:
This thesis reports on the gynaecological and mental health of low-income urban women in Thane, India. The research objectives were to study the women's perception and experience of gynaecological symptoms, their association with mental ill-health and the role of social support and social networks in these two morbidities. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in the form of a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Gynaecological morbidity was measured by women's perception of morbidity and prevalence was calculated on women's reporting of symptoms. The Self Response Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to calculate mental ill-health 'cases'. Social support and social networks were separately explored for the first time in an Indian community setting using an adapted version of the Close Persons Questionnaire (CPQ). There was a high reporting (50.6%) of gynaecological symptoms in the community with reproductive tract infections, menstrual problems, urinary infections and prolapse being most commonly reported. 17.9% of the women were 'cases' of mental ill-health. Gynaecological morbidity was associated with poor mental health and affected women's social life. Women's age and reporting of a major illness were associated with gynaecological and mental health, whereas unemployment was associated with mental ill-health. Levels of social support were not associated with either morbidity. Higher levels of negative support were received from spouses, by the women. An extensively used social network appeared to protect against mental ill-health. The study's conclusions point to the need to plan more appropriate (participatory) and culturally sensitive programmes for the identification and treatment of gynaecological and mental health at the community level. The research findings emphasize the need for integration of mental health services at the primary health level especially in low income urban communities and the recognition of social networks in maintaining positive health.
22
Ursino, Joanne Marie. "Piercing memory – marking history : the National Women's March Against Poverty and the quilt Women United Against Poverty 1996 and 2015." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56297.
Анотація:
The signature quilt Women United Against Poverty marks the National Women’s March Against Poverty that took place in 1996. The quilt top was created by Alice Olsen Williams from Curve Lake First Nation and Joanne Ursino. The content on the quilt (text, photographs, and images) is of great significance in seeking to better understand a particular moment in the social justice movement in Canada. A unique moment when women across the country - from divergent political, social and economic identities, backgrounds and relationships—worked together demanding an end to poverty under the political banner: “For Bread And Roses – For Jobs And Justice.” In the world of textiles, signature quilts, story quilts, political quilts and, more recently, the art quilt share a history that contributes to research in the field of narrative inquiry, feminist and queer discourse, and public art. This research study investigates how a practice of reflexive inquiry through the act of art making constitute a contribution to the public archive? It is both personal and political. The research is personal insofar as it is situated in a commitment to gender, sexual equality and studio art practice as a way of inquiring into and representing the world. It is political because it is anchored in the discourses of historical thinking, collective memory and contesting archives, mapping, materiality, material culture, making and coming to know through writing. It is an offering of meaning-making through arts-based research. I seek the unruly entanglements as I examine the liminal spaces in the materialities of writing and making and the intentional reading of post-modern feminist and queer theory, arts-based research and the challenge of data. The focus of this research study is on the location of the materiality of political action/praxis within the aesthetic realm. The quilt top was tucked away for almost twenty years. In returning to and un/finishing the artefact – making and quilting its layers is an integral act accompanying the writing of this thesis. Writing and stitching is an act of inquiry in and through the layers of meaning, matter and language.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
23
Pitamber, Sunita C. S. "Women in the informal sector in Khartoum between poverty, entrepreneurship and empowerment /." Hamburg : Lit, 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/43425152.html.
24
Smith, Kelly Eitzen. "Turning points and adaptations: A case study of four women in poverty." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289003.
Анотація:
This research is an in-depth exploration of turning points and adaptations in the lives of four women living below the poverty line in Tucson, Arizona. From the most extremely impoverished woman living on the streets to the housed, poor working woman, a life history approach is used to explore the mechanisms by which these four women fell into, stayed in, and may eventually climb out of poverty. While the life history reveals great complexity among the women, it also reveals common turning points among their troubled lives. All four women have had a least one parent who was an alcoholic and/or drug addict, all four women quit pursuing their education after high school and have a history of low-wage, low-mobility jobs. All four women have had prolonged relationships with men who were alcoholic and/or drug addicts and were physically abusive. Finally, all four women have had major health problems which have hindered their ability to work. It is concluded that the life history method and the emphasis on turning points and adaptations is an improvement over quantitative studies which gloss over the true mechanisms behind poverty and fail to capture real lives.
25
Tshabangu, Siphiwe Noster. "Impact of poverty alleviation projects on rural women in Bohlabela : Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/658.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2005The purpose of this study was to explore women’s involvement in poverty alleviation projects and to examine the benefits that are derived from such projects. The Phutuma Development Project and Gottenburg Women’s Group are the projects which were studied. The methods used to conduct this study involved collecting data through questionnaires and interviews. The various stakeholders, project members as well as government officials from the departments of Health and Social Development were interviewed. This study is significant in that it can help the government in its efforts to assist the poor live a decent life, and to provide better services to communities. This study uncovers the kind of challenges that government departments and communities face when setting up poverty alleviation projects. The study recommends how this should be done to achieve optimum results.
26
Mohamed, Fauzia Mtei. "Money matters? : micro-credit and poverty reduction among poor women in Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2971/.
Анотація:
This thesis concerns the meaning and role of money as perceived both by poor women in Tanzania and the micro-credit agencies seeking to reduce their poverty. It argues that the economic understandings of money promoted by micro-credit do not reflect everyday monetary practices and beliefs, rendering the agencies less effective than they could be. Studying micro-credit is important given that it has been adopted as a major alternative poverty reduction strategy. This study contextualises women's understanding of money in terms of their participation in informal economy, their transition from rural to urban life, and their negotiation of gender roles and expectations. Empirical research focused on in-depth interviews with clients and staff at two micro-credit agencies in Dar es Salaam: PRIDE and SELFINA. Despite different policies and organisational structures, in both cases, the study found that women and micro-credit agencies have divergent understandings of money and its investment as well as of poverty and its reduction. Moreover both agencies treated money as a discrete element, largely ignoring the gender, social, cultural and patriarchal relations that influence these women's monetary practices and beliefs. This study concludes that micro-credit's attempt to alter resource allocation in the household by offering women an opportunity to earn money for economic investment without addressing issues of resource allocation and distribution within the household will not eventually benefit poor women.
27
Artan, Cemre. "A Sociological Analysis Of Microcredit: A Poverty Alleviation Tool For Women Or Not?" Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615772/index.pdf.
Анотація:
Poverty is one of the most important internationally recognized problems. The first Millennium Development Goal declared by the United Nations (UN) is to &ldquoEradicate extreme poverty and hunger&rdquo
. Women rank first among groups most affected by poverty. Based on the argument that women compose two-thirds of the poor, the term &ldquo
feminization of poverty&rdquo
took its place in the development discourse in the 1970s. There is an inverse relationship between development and women&rsquo
s poverty, making women&rsquo
s poverty a crucial agenda item of poverty alleviation strategies. Microcredit systems have spread all over the world beginning in Bangladesh and have now become an important poverty alleviation tool both in developed and developing countries. From the beginning of this millennium, microfinance institutions started to spread in Turkey and Turkish Grameen Microfinance Program (TGMP), a commercial affiliate of Turkish Foundation for Waste Reduction, is the leading organization. It is one of the crucial microfinance institutions in Turkey. Women are the primary target group of microcredit and this makes microcredit today&rsquo
s most popular poverty alleviation tool. The impact of microcredit on women is examined through interviews with women who registered with the Ankara TGMP v office. In this context, this study investigates microcredit&rsquo
s effectiveness as a poverty alleviation tool for women in the light of the correlation between development and women&rsquo
s poverty. Based on the fact that poverty is a multidimensional concept, positive and negative aspects of microcredit are revealed in this research, however, no conclusion is made as to microcredit&rsquo
s success or failure as an independent poverty alleviation tool. Rather, it is concluded that microcredit should be integrated with other actors and poverty alleviation tools and should be supported with other relevant institutions and policies.
28
Roussy, Joanne Marie. "How poverty shapes women's experiences of health during pregnancy, a grounded theory study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0028/NQ38967.pdf.
29
Ngan, Ching-ching Dora. "Alleviating poverty of rural landless women : paths taken by Bangladesh and the Philippines /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2124084X.
30
Artontammakun, Nuntaporn. "Poverty in Thailand: Causes and solutions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1886.
Анотація:
Poverty has been reduced substantially, but most poverty reducing programs have raised other problems out of poverty. This paper outlines the principal causes of poverty in an emerging nation-Thailand. It presents strategies for reducing the level of poverty.
31
Ngan, Ching-ching Dora, and 顔菁菁. "Alleviating poverty of rural landless women: paths taken by Bangladesh and the Philippines." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195229X.
32
Naser, Muhammad Abu. "Microfinance, poverty alleviation & women entrepreneurs in the Bangladeshi community : rhetoric and realities." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/16549.
Анотація:
The subject of this study developed from a personal interest in the financial crisis of developing countries. The study develops, extends and contributes to the existing knowledge about microfinance in general and Bangladesh in particular, and raises ethical considerations for the industry. The objective of this thesis is to critically investigate and evaluate the realities of micro lending in Bangladesh. In particular it appraises the costs and benefits from the perspective of a) the user b) the lender and c) the government. The thesis also sheds some light on UK based Bangladeshi small-scale entrepreneurs and their microfinance-based ventures. This investigation utilises quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, including focus groups, semistructured interviews and questionnaires. Since the 1970s microfinance has developed into a mainstream approach to poverty alleviation in the developing world. It has developed its credentials in the academic field, has been utilised as strategy by banks and has been given the backing of world institutions like the IMF and the World Bank. The approach has become widespread as an acceptable approach and set of tools to address the issue of poverty amongst the poor. However, this thesis argues that despite the rhetoric and hype surrounding microfinance as a novel system of lending to alleviate poverty and enhance opportunity for the poor, it fails to meet its objectives. The research finds that the reality of micro credit, contrary to its stated purposes, was to lock small-scale entrepreneurs into greater debt. Furthermore, the field research found that women were the primary recipients and users of microfinance. The thesis does not take issue with the theoretical models and normative objectives of micro finance which are, arguably, necessary, desirable and possible. This research concludes, however, that the reality and practice is not only at odds with theory but is contrary to the normative objectives of the rhetoric of microfinance. For instance, while people in extreme poverty in Bangladesh can gain access to microfinance to deal with emergency situations, it does not necessarily advance entrepreneurial activity.
33
Dotson, Hilary. "Homeless Women in the Orlando Shelter System: A Comparison of Single Women, Families, and Women Separated from the Children." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3227.
Анотація:
Homeless women and families are among the most disenfranchised groups in society. Further, because of their homelessness and associated problems, many homeless women become separated from their children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on predictors of entering a shelter with or without children (shelter status) and whether or not one is separated from one or more children (child separation status) on various special need predictors. A second objective was to determine the relationship between shelter status and child separation and to understand the unique experiences of homeless women who are separated from their children. These objectives were achieved via thematic analysis, quantitative methods and qualitative methods. Results suggest that shelter status significantly related to mental illness, drug abuse and domestic violence, but child separation status only significantly relates to drug abuse. The qualitative findings examined the origins of homelessness, child separation and the women's desires to be reunited with their children. Suggestions for further research and program changes are included.M.A.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology MA
34
Campbell, Meghan. "Gender-based poverty and CEDAW : a study on the relationship between gender-based poverty and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb32f593-70ed-4691-96f2-aaba05911a80.
Анотація:
This thesis makes a unique contribution in exploring the relationship between international legal commitments and women's poverty. Three normative arguments underpin this thesis. First, that poverty is a gender-based phenomenon. Second, that gender-based poverty is a obstacle to human rights. Third, if the promise of human rights is to be realised for all people it is necessary to move gender-based poverty into the realm of international human rights law. The ideal place to theorise on the relationship between human rights and gender-based poverty is CEDAW. Notwithstanding that CEDAW addresses civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and negative cultural attitudes on women, there is no substantive provision in CEDAW requiring State to ameliorate gender-based poverty. The first part of my thesis argues that this gap can be overcome by an evolutionary interpretation of CEDAW. I make the argument, that equality and non-discrimination, two norms that permeate all of CEDAW, can be interpreted to incorporate the harms of gender-based poverty comprehensively into the treaty framework. I use public international law interpretative framework and the Committee's own work to demonstrate that the commitment to eliminating discrimination against women and achieving gender equality in CEDAW necessarily requires State to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of women in poverty. The second part of thesis shifts to examine how this interpretation can be integrated into the work of the Committee. To ensure a coherent and comprehensive approach to gender-based poverty that is consistent with my proposed interpretation of CEDAW in I propose: (i) modifications to the State reporting guidelines and (ii) a comprehensive General Recommendation on women and poverty. This thesis lays the necessary theoretical and practical groundwork so that the Committee and other relevant national and international actors can hold States accountable for women in poverty's human rights.
35
Aladuwaka, Seela. "Credit programs, poverty alleviation and women's empowerment a case study from Sri Lanka /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3129.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 176 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-158).
36
King, Sylvana Rudith. "The role of urban market trade in local development processes and its implication for policy : a case study of Kumasi Central Market, Ghana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300599.
37
Crinall, Karen Maree, University of Western Sydney, and Critical Social Sciences Research Group. "Imag(in)ing women as homeless : re/tracing socially concerned photography." THESIS_XXX_CSSRG_Crinall_K.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/453.
Анотація:
This thesis is primarily concerned with the meanings that are produced when women become visible amongst the homeless through photographic representations. While there have always been homeless women, unlike their male counterparts, they have remained largely invisible to the public and government policy makers.Social documentary photography has acted as one of the main avenues through which homeless women have, literally, been rendered visible. Driven by, and implicated in complex sociocultural and political circumstances, socially concerned photographs draw on the real and the fictional to generate truth/power effects.Thus, the thesis re/traces the representation of homeless women in a range of visual texts and ask how this construct has been discursively produced and deployed. In order to explore how socially concerned photography has contributed to, and made use of the idea of homeless, or destitute woman, examples are drawn from a range of photographic genres. These include traditional social documentary, public collections of photographs, photojournalism and publicity materials.The selected images, the circumstances out of which they emerge, and those in which they are read, are interrogated along, and with the consideration of the interconnections between axes of gender, genre, race, class and power. The inquiry does not aim to establish a unitary source, or coherent trajectory of the visual representation of the homeless woman, because origins, particularly of ideas, are always contestable. Rather, a primary aim is to expand the field of possibilities for the visual portrayal of women's experiences of homelessness.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
38
Gwanvalla, Delphine Ngehndab. "A study of women's representation in relation to poverty: a case study of The Post March 2009." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007144.
Анотація:
The media, specifically tabloids, have the potential to portray poverty-related issues in a manner that informs the public and government about the experiences of people living in poverty so that it can be tackled with urgency. Poverty has blighted the lives of many, especially women, children and widows in Cameroon. The role of the media in reporting the plight and suffering of the ‘masses’ potentially shapes the way in which these issues are handled by those in authority. The study notes that the tabloid press has the potential to expose certain experiences of ordinary people thereby constituting that alternative sphere for the disadvantaged. The study investigates the manner women are represented in The Post which is an English tabloid published in Cameroon. The representation of women in this study looks at the institutional policies which drive the representation of women in news constructs, analyses the news values which shape news production, and uses Thompson’s modes of ideology to unravel the underlying meanings in the reported stories. The study is inspired by the claims that since women make up the majority of the world's poor, so too would media representations depict them as such. It utilises thematic analysis to understand the manner in which women are represented in The Post. It also uses interviews with the regional bureau editor of the North West region to probe what news values and institutional policies drive the stories on women’s poverty. Document analysis is used to better comprehend the institutional guidelines which govern the representation of women during the month of March 2009.
39
Muli, Chrisanta Kanini UNSW. "Poverty, gender & community development: The lived experiences of slum-dwelling women in Nairobi." Publisher:UNSW, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43356.
Анотація:
This study explores poverty and community development in the slums of Nairobi. It theorises on the nature of slum-dwelling women's lived experiences of poverty within a patriarchal society, and highlights not only their lack of financial capacity to address household needs, but also their lack of capabilities in terms of social and economic rights. The study provides identification and analysis of the significant role that slum-dwelling women play in community development initiatives. It proposes that these women??s individual and collective experiences of poverty, within Kenyan patriarchal society, are the fundamental motivation for them to engage in community development within their communities. Critical concepts and theories driving the study are poverty, gender and community development, contextualised within the Kenyan state and society. A qualitative methodology was used, employing a participatory action research framework. A number of qualitative methods were applied: focus groups, semi-structured in-depth individual interviews, and documentary analysis. Women from three women??s groups based in Nairobi slums participated and were co-researchers. Guided by the ??voices?? of slum-dwelling women, this thesis changed its original orientation concerning the use of information technology to an exploration of slum-dwelling women??s lived experiences of poverty. It is argued that these experiences catapulted the women into ??home-grown?? community development initiatives. Their lack of 'access' to fundamental resources and services is attributed, in large part, to the neo-colonial and patriarchal nature of Kenyan society that has perpetuated and compounded gender biases and inequality. This study identifies a disconnection between formal definitions of poverty and any resulting ??imposed?? community development initiatives, and the women??s analyses of their own priorities and needs. The women??s multi-level and intersectorial understanding of poverty, and their ??home-grown?? community development initiatives offer a finely contextualised, responsive and capacity-building alternative approach to addressing the reality of their poverty. This thesis proposes that for slum-dwelling women in Nairobi to benefit from community development, such development must be based upon their contextualised, class- and gender-framed definitions of poverty. This can be understood as the next generation of community development that is neither imposed nor externally managed, but emerges from the people, in this case the women in the slums of Nairobi who are experiencing the poverty. This emerging community development is generated from and by the women??s analyses of the disconnection, corruption and failure of current development approaches.
40
Bianchera, Emanuela. "Caregiving and sleep poverty : a study of women aged 40-80 in northern Italy." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543913.
41
Moniruzzaman, Md. "Rural women, energy poverty and energy justice in the East Central region of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7355/.
Анотація:
This research explored the gender dimension of energy poverty in rural Bangladesh. Women’s energy poverty in their everyday lives was investigated and its effects compared with men’s experience. The research also scrutinised whether energy poverty was derived from or reinforced by energy injustice, and explored whether energy poverty has any relationship with the economic situation of women. A qualitative research approach was used, consisting of in depth interviews and observation methods. The research revealed that women’s ‘energy profile’ is not the same as men living in the same household and that they are more affected than men by energy poverty. It also discovered that women’s energy poverty is reinforced due to a lack of ‘energy justice’. All three components of energy justice (distributional justice, justice as recognition and procedural justice) are deficient regarding women in this area. It also found that women’s ability to contribute to the household’s ability to purchase energy can improve their participation in energy decisions at the household level; however, the absence of modern fuel and a reliable power supply, together with patriarchal societal arrangements, restricts women’s opportunity to earn an income. Recommendations for improving the energy situation of women in rural Bangladesh are made.
42
Rahman, Sayma. "The impact of microcredit on poverty and women's empowerment a case study of Bangladesh /." View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/36990.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, School of Economics and Finance, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
43
Stadel, Cynthia Jakes. "Exploring the Impact of an LD Diagnosis on the Self-Determination of Women in Poverty." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2698.
Анотація:
This collective case study explored the impact of a later-in-life learning disability (LD) diagnosis on women in poverty. The study focused on the perspectives of four women who were not identified with LD as children but accessed assessment services as adults receiving Oregon's Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). All four reported painful awareness of learning differences as youths; as adults they voluntarily engaged in a "labeling event," furthering a process toward personal transformation and enhanced well-being initiated by their own awareness and curiosity. The women described critical social and emotional support systems and relationships that helped them integrate understanding of the LD construct, education and employment opportunities that came in the wake of the diagnosis, and decisions made regarding disclosure. Self- determination theory and interpersonal neurobiology undergird reflections on narratives and themes. Recommendations for practice include providing low-income women assessed with LD (1) access to an LD specialist; (2) case planning and case management with a strength-based focus; and (3) assistance working with the public schools for those who are parents. The study underscores the significant services provided by Oregon DHS to low-income women with learning disabilities who have not been identified by K-12 school systems and recommends that DHS undertake further quantitative and qualitative research in collaboration with a research institution.
44
Carlisle, Jane. "Lone motherhood and failed transitions : pathways to criminal careers?" Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10873/.
45
Cash, Sherri Goldstein. ""A poor woman wants permit to go to Almshouse": Women, gender and poverty in New York's Burned-Over District, 1821-1861." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279797.
Анотація:
This dissertation studies poor women and the poverty relief system in New York's "Burned-Over District," the region comprising the Erie Canal corridor, during the period 1821-1861. The study offers a response to the historiography of middle-class formation in the region, which has largely omitted discussion of the working class and particularly the poor. While charitable work was critical in middle-class women's activities, poor women themselves are shadowy figures in the historiography. The following dissertation attempts to elucidate who poor women in the region were and why and how they used the poverty relief system. The study also uses gender as a framework of analysis in examining the middle-class discourse about poverty, the poor and especially poor women. In this discourse, able-bodied married and widowed women appeared as relatively deserving of assistance or as "worthy" poor for much of the period while single mothers and childless single women appeared as "unworthy." By the end of the antebellum era, only downwardly mobile, formerly middle-class, white, Protestant women appeared in the discourse as poor women who were entitled to public dependence.
46
Mphigalale, Phophi. "Exploring experiences of homeless young women at a shelter in Cape Town." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8361.
Анотація:
Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)Homelessness in South Africa is an ever growing problem and it is difficult to determine the exact number of homeless people due to the fact that they live in different areas, such as under bridges, parks, abandoned buildings and vehicles and at shelters. The problem is growing every year nonetheless, there is still no solution. The number of women who are becoming homeless has also been increasing dramatically. There are many contributory factors that have been identified resulting in homelessness among young women, including domestic violence, drug and alcohol abuse, poverty amongst others. Homeless women are more vulnerable than other groups, young women especially.
47
Mangena, E. D. "Problems and challenges faced by umemployed women in Shoromong Village of Mopani Disrict." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2364.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.Ed. (Community and Continuing Education)) --University of LimpopoUnemployment is a crucial problem in the whole world. There are still a high number of unemployed rural women in the world in general and in South Africa in particular. Rural women are still marginalized and stay in poor conditions because they are unemployed, poor and lack skills required by the market. Black rural women form the majority of illiterates and unemployed in the country and this have a negative impact on the development of the country. This means that rural women stay in conditions of squalor because they are unemployed, poor and lack skills required by the labour market. This study focuses on the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women. It was conducted in Shoromong village of Greater Tzaneen Municipality in Mopani District. Unemployed rural women need to be empowered through ABET (Adult Basic Education and Training) programmes to stand up and fight poverty, ill health and other social ills they face. Chapter one outlined the background of the problem of unemployment based on the education in the past (before 1994). I also discussed different types of unemployment, causes and their effects. I formulated the following aim of the study: To investigate the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village. In order to achieve the aim outlined above, I formulated the following main research question: What are the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village? It is the objective of this study to develop a detailed picture of the problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women in Shoromong village, explore the unemployed rural women’s feelings and attitude about their present situation, to contribute towards the development of a programme that will address problems and challenges faced by unemployed rural women, to contribute towards empowerment of rural women in order to enable them to take their rightful place in society and to bring awareness to the local government about poor living conditions in Shoromong village. Chapter two outlines the theoretical framework of the study. It is based on the readings of the relevant literature and preliminary discussions with the unemployed women of Shoromong village. I have also defined the following concepts: social exclusion, poverty, unemployment and adult education. The following critical factors are discussed: loss of respect and dignity, financial constraints, lack of education and skills and poor living conditions. In chapter three, I described the design of the study. One path of data collection, being fieldwork is the main focus. The fieldwork is divided into phases, namely: Introductory phase, extensive fieldwork phase, and observation. Extensive fieldwork comprises of four stages of interviews. An exploratory design was chosen for this study. An explanation and discussion of the instruments that were utilized to collect data from different role players in various phases of data collection is also given. I further explained how the data that has been collected from various phases was analysed using qualitative data analysis method. Chapter four presents the empirical findings and analysis of the study. I have also outlined the detailed views of interviewees in relation to the critical factors of the study. Results of observations of the study are also given. The results of the study indicate that unemployed women are faced with multiple problems and challenges. Those problems and challenges not only affect them as individuals but also affect their children, spouses/husband, relatives, the community and the whole society. The reality is the burden is on the individual who experience unemployment from day to day. Chapter five is the final chapter of my study. It presents the final conclusion and recommendations of the study. It also provides suggestions of what can bring solutions to problems and challenges of unemployed rural women in Shoromong village. This chapter mentioned areas that need to be further researched as ABET field seems to be under- researched. The chapter concludes by discussing “reflections”. It is a section that is about my learning experiences and difficulties that I encountered during the process of this research.
48
Cakmak, Dicle. "Microcredit To Women As A Poverty Alleviation Tool: The Case Of Turkish Grameen Microcredit Programme In Diyarbakir." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614249/index.pdf.
Анотація:
Alleviation of poverty has become a major issue in the agenda of many countries and there is a search for a cure for this issue in social policy environment. For the last few decades, i.e., since the establishment of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, microcredit programmes have been used an important tool that is used to combat increasing poverty in both developing and developed world. The importance of this tool also comes from the fact that the target group of microfinance institutions is mainly women. The popularity of this poverty alleviation tool has reached to Turkey at the very beginning of 2000s. In this context, whether and/or to what extent microcredit is effective in taking women and their families out of poverty becomes a major question. Based on the assumption that poverty is a multidimensional issue, the main aim of this thesis is to explore the relationship between micro credit and poverty. This relationship will be understood by looking deeply at women&rsquos lives through semi-structured interviews with beneficiaries of Diyarbakir office of Turkish Grameen Microcredit Programme. As a result of this study, it is found that a few women become entrepreneurs and engage in economic activities. Rather, they generally apply for microcredit for consumption concerns, for payments of other debts and to expand their current business. Therefore, microcredit remains insufficient to end people&rsquo
s poverty since it do not provide a transformative and structural power to the poor.
49
Prihatinah, Tri Lisiani. "Women and income generating projects : the gender impacts of Indonesian government policies /." Prihatinah, Tri Lisiani (2005) Women and income generating projects: the gender impacts of Indonesian government policies. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/268/.
Анотація:
Gender inequality and poverty are two serious problems for developing countries where the majority of women have been victims of the cultural, socio-economic, political, and environmental impacts of development. The gender dimension of poverty focuses on the dilemma of women, their multiple roles as women and their roles in alleviating poverty. The literature on women and poverty abounds with numerous cases and other evidence of women's vulnerability and heavier economic and socio-cultural burden of poverty. Women are also known to be discriminated against in terms of economic safety, lack of basic needs support, work access, opportunities, and payment. Despite these factors, women have a greater sense of responsibility and are more accountable towards sustaining programs designed to alleviate poverty among the poor. In Indonesia, as elsewhere in the world, micro-credit is being used as a major vehicle which serves women for improving their wellbeing, reduce vulnerability, and also as a starter point to empower women. Using findings drawn from a study on the
Indonesian Government policies and the implementation of two particular micro-credit schemes, namely Tabungan Kesejahteraan Rakyat (Takesra) and Kredit Keluarga Sejahtera (Kukesra). This thesis explores the two basic and especially important issues of poverty and women empowerment. Firstly, it views poverty within gender and sustainability perspectives, and secondly, evaluates the impacts of the micro-credit schemes under Takesra and Kukesra. The thesis argues that poverty reduction among women is consistent with the concept of gender and development which is particularly reinforced within the sustainability agenda. The conditions to do so, however, have internal and external constraints strongly manifested in the operation of the micro-credit schemes. The evidence from the empirical research conducted in three districts of Central Java, Indonesia - namely Brebes, Purbalingga and Cilacap - shows the first type of constraints to refer to weaknesses of the schemes themselves, such as incomplete and misdirected indicators for success, small size of available loans and long duration of repayment terms. The second refers to the socio-economic aspects of sustainability, including the economic conditions which do not allow market access to poor women and cultural manipulations which result in overburdens to women. Both diminish the role of the schemes as a poverty solution.
From the analysis and lessons learned from best practices in other countries, it is suggested that the Indonesian Government policies need to be refocuses in order to deal with the internal and external constraints and allow for an advance to be achieved in poverty alleviation and women empowering. The Takesra and Kukesra schemes in a revised form based on the developed new model for micro-credit delivery, should continue to play a role in providing credit to poor women to encourage skill development and capacity building, support the process of women empowerment and potentially contribute towards a more sustainable society.
50
Spicer, Rebecca Keeler. "Barriers to Mental Health Treatment Among Chronically Homeless Women: A Phenomenological Inquiry." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4333.
Анотація:
Homeless women demonstrate higher rates of mental illness than homeless men. The combination of complex life circumstances, stigmas related to mental illness, and homelessness may cause homeless women with mental illnesses to face unique barriers that prevent them from accessing necessary mental health services. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to expand the body of literature on homeless women's experiences with the mental health system and to understand the barriers to treatment services. Guided by Young's critical social theory of gender, this study was designed to develop a better understanding of the support that may be in place to help women overcome service access barriers related to social issues of race, class, sexuality, and gender. Study participants included 10 chronically homeless adult women in the Southeastern United States who were diagnosed with a mental illness. In-person semistructured, open-ended, phenomenological interview questions were used to explore the research questions. Thematic analysis revealed 5 main themes: (a) reasons for homelessness, (b) reasons women stay homeless, (c) mental health experiences and issues, (d) experiences with being homeless, and (e) services and supports. There were 3 subthemes associated with services and supports: (a) the shelter experience, (b) services that are needed, and (c) professionals should know. Understanding women's unique backgrounds and histories may help service providers and policy makers develop ways to make mental health services more accessible to the homeless women who need them.