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Статті в журналах з теми "Woodland mopane"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 20 червня 2021

Оновлено: 9 лютого 2022

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1

MZUMARA, TIWONGE I., ROWAN O. MARTIN, HEMANT TRIPATHI, CHAONA PHIRI, and ARJUN AMAR. "Distribution of a habitat specialist: Mopane woodland structure determines occurrence of Near Threatened Lilian’s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 03 (April 29, 2019): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000370.

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SummaryThe near-threatened Lilian’s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae is a small parrot endemic to the Zambezi basin in south-east Africa. The species has a fragmented distribution predominantly within mopane woodlands and is widely referred to as a mopane specialist. The harvesting of mopane trees for charcoal production and timber are having widespread impacts on this woodland habitat, raising concerns over its capacity to support biodiversity. This study aimed to understand the key drivers determining the occurrence of Lilian’s Lovebird in the mopane woodlands of Zambia, focusing particularly on aspects of woodland structure, including the size and density of trees. We used a MaxEnt species distribution model based on historical species occurrence data, to inform selection of 116 survey plots in the Luangwa, Luano and Zambezi valleys. Each plot was sampled for Lilian’s Lovebirds and woodland structure described. Occurrence of Lilian’s Lovebird was found to be positively associated with the size of mopane trees (both height and diameter at breast height) suggesting that large ‘cathedral’ mopane trees provide a key resource for the species and that conservation efforts should focus on the protection of sites containing large trees. No Lilian’s Lovebirds were recorded in areas where they previously occurred to the west of Lower Zambezi National Park, and there was an absence of ‘cathedral’ mopane habitat in this area.

2

Hrabar, Halszka, Dawood Hattas, and Johan T. du Toit. "Intraspecific Host Preferences of Mopane Moths (Imbrasia belina) in Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) Woodland." African Zoology 44, no. 2 (October 2009): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/004.044.0201.

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3

Hrabar, Halszka, Dawood Hattas, and Johan T. du Toit. "Intraspecific host preferences of mopane moths (Imbrasia belina) in mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodland." African Zoology 44, no. 2 (October 2009): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2009.11407447.

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4

Loveridge, John P., and Stein R. Moe. "Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 3 (April 21, 2004): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403001202.

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Thirteen termite mounds and 13 similar-sized control plots were surveyed in central Zimbabwe in order to study large mammalian browsing and vegetation characteristics. The mounds supported almost twice as many tree species as the control plots and the woody vegetation was denser on mounds compared with the woodland plots. Species of woody plants were recorded along with the percentage of branches browsed (cumulative browsing score) by black rhino, Diceros bicornis, elephant, Loxodonta africana and other browsers combined. In addition we measured how the cumulative browsing score on three woody plant species, Acacia nilotica, Colophospermum mopane and Dichrostachys cinerea, which were common both on and off mounds, was related to the distance from mound centre. Both black rhino and elephant cumulative browsing scores were significantly higher on the mound plants compared with the woodland plots. Cumulative browsing score was negatively related to distance from the mound centre for Dichrostachys cinerea, Colophospermum mopane and Acacia nilotica. We propose that termite mound construction in miombo woodland contributes to sustaining populations of megaherbivores and perhaps some woody species in these areas.

5

Kos, Martine, Arno J. Hoetmer, Yolanda Pretorius, Willem Frederik de Boer, Henjo de Knegt, C. C. Grant, Edward Kohi, et al. "Seasonal diet changes in elephant and impala in mopane woodland." European Journal of Wildlife Research 58, no. 1 (September 17, 2011): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0575-1.

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6

Sithole, Mkhokheli. "Institutional dynamics of Mopane woodland management in Bulilima district of Zimbabwe." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 15, no. 3 (2016): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2016.00010.2.

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7

Tingle, Colin C. D., Sasha Lauer, and Geoffrey Armstrong. "Dry season, epigeal invertebrate fauna of mopane woodland in northwestern Zimbabwe." Journal of Arid Environments 23, no. 4 (November 1992): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30613-x.

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8

Torr, S. J., and J. W. Hargrove. "Behaviour of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) during the hot season in Zimbabwe: the interaction of micro-climate and reproductive status." Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, no. 4 (April 1999): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000504.

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AbstractStudies were made of the behaviour of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood during the hot season (September–November) in Zimbabwe, and attributes of samples of tsetse from refuges, odour-baited traps, targets and mobile baits were compared. Various arrangements of electric nets were used to study tsetse as they entered or left artificial refuges. The peak time of entry into a refuge varied between 0800 h and 1400 h and coincided with the time when the air temperature reached 32°C; the response was stronger if 32°C occurred earlier in the day. The peak time of exit varied between 1500 h and 1700 h, being significantly later on hotter days, but did not show a clear temperature threshold. Micro-meteorological measurements showed that refuges were significantly cooler than the surrounding riverine woodland during the day but warmer at night. There was no significant difference between the air temperatures in leafless mopane woodland and semi-evergreen riverine woodland during the day but at night the riverine woodland was significantly cooler. Combining the micro-meteorological data with the estimated local movements of tsetse suggested that during the hot season, tsetse experienced temperatures 2°C cooler than the daily mean in a Stevenson screen located in mopane woodland. Compared with the catches of tsetse from traps, refuges had higher proportions of G. m. morsitans, males, young flies and females in the later stages of reproduction, and it is suggested that during the hot season, samples from refuges were less biased than traps with respect to species and sex composition, age and reproductive status. During the hot season, tsetse populations declined by c. 90% and although air temperatures exceeded lethal levels (c. 40°C), the refuge-entering responses meant that adult flies probably experienced a maximum of only c. 35°C. It is suggested that the decline in numbers is not due to direct mortality effects of temperature on adults but may be due, in part, to a doubling in the rates of reproductive abnormality during the hot season and an increase in adult mortality related to a temperature-dependent decrease in pupal period.

9

Adelabu, Samuel, Onisimo Mutanga, Elhadi Adam, and Reuben Sebego. "Spectral Discrimination of Insect Defoliation Levels in Mopane Woodland Using Hyperspectral Data." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7, no. 1 (January 2014): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2258329.

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10

Arneth, A., E. M. Veenendaal, C. Best, W. Timmermans, O. Kolle, L. Montagnani, and O. Shibistova. "Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in two highly seasonal environments." Biogeosciences 3, no. 4 (September 27, 2006): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-421-2006.

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Abstract. We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at least part of the year. Moreover, the northern high latitudes and the semi-arid tropics will likely experience changes in key environmental parameters (e.g., air temperature and precipitation) in the future; indeed, in some regions marked climate trends have already been observed over the last decade or so. The magnitude of instantaneous or daily assimilation and respiration rates, derived from one to two years of eddy covariance measurements in each of the four ecosystems, was not related to the growth environment. For instance, respiration rates were clearly highest in the two deciduous systems included in the analysis (a Mopane woodland in northern Botswana and a Downy birch forest in Siberia; >300 mmol m−2 d−1), while assimilation rates in the Mopane woodland were relatively similar to a Siberian Scots pine canopy for a large part of the active season (ca. 420 mmol m−2 d−1). Acknowledging the limited number of ecosystems compared here, these data nevertheless demonstrate that factors like vegetation type, canopy phenology or ecosystem age can override larger-scale climate differences in terms of their effects on carbon assimilation and respiration rates. By far the highest rates of assimilation were observed in Downy birch, an early successional species. These were achieved at a rather conservative water use, as indicated by relatively low levels of λ, the marginal water cost of plant carbon gain. Surprisingly, the Mopane woodland growing in the semi-arid environment had significantly higher values of λ. However, its water use strategy included a very plastic response to intermittently dry periods, and values of λ were much more conservative overall during a rainy season with low precipitation and high air saturation deficits. Our comparison demonstrates that forest ecosystems can respond very dynamically in terms of water use strategy, both on interannual and much shorter time scales. But it remains to be evaluated whether and in which ecosystems this plasticity is mainly due to a short-term stomatal response, or alternatively goes hand in hand with changes in canopy photosynthetic capacity.

11

Arneth, A., E. M. Veenendaal, C. Best, W. Timmermans, O. Kolle, L. Montagnani, and O. Shibistova. "Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in two highly seasonal environments." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 2 (April 10, 2006): 345–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-345-2006.

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Abstract. We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, and with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at least part of the year. Moreover, the northern high latitudes and the semi-arid tropics will likely experience changes in key environmental parameters (e.g., air temperature and precipitation) in the future; indeed, in some regions marked climate trends have already been observed over the last decade or so. The magnitude of instantaneous or daily assimilation and respiration rates, derived from one to two years of eddy covariance measurements in each of the four ecosystems, was not related to the growth environment. For instance, respiration rates were clearly highest in the two deciduous systems included in the analysis (a Mopane woodland in northern Botswana and a Downy birch forest in Siberia; >300 mmol m−2 d−1), while assimilation rates in the Mopane woodland were relatively similar to a Siberian Scots pine canopy for a large part of the active season (ca. 420 mmol m−2 d−1). Acknowledging the limited number of ecosystems compared here, these data nevertheless suggest that factors like vegetation type, canopy phenology or ecosystem age can override larger-scale climate differences in terms of their effects on carbon assimilation and respiration rates. By far the highest rates of assimilation were observed in Downy birch, an early successional species. These were achieved at a rather conservative water use, as indicated by relatively low levels of λ, the marginal water cost of plant carbon gain. Surprisingly, the Mopane woodland growing in the semi-arid environment had significantly higher values of λ. However, its water use strategy included a very plastic response to intermittently dry periods, and values of λ were much more conservative overall during a rainy season with low precipitation and high air saturation deficits. Our comparison demonstrates that forest ecosystems can respond very dynamically in terms of water use strategy, both on interannual and much shorter time scales. It remains to be evaluated whether and in which ecosystems this plasticity is mainly due to a short-term stomatal response, or goes hand in hand with changes in canopy photosynthetic capacity.

12

Tsheboeng, Gaolathe. "Classification of riparian woody plant communities along the Thamalakane River in northwestern Botswana." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2020.85.

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There is still paucity of information on the species composition of woody species along the Thamalakane River, northern Botswana, which may limit efforts aimed at conserving riparian woodland species. The current study was aimed at classifying the vegetation, and determining the species composition and diversity of the riparian woodland plant communities along the Thamalakane River. It was hypothesized that there will be no different woodland communities along the Thamalakane River. The 71 sampling plots measured 1000m2 (20m × 50m). In each plot,the percentage cover for each species was estimated following the Braun-Blanquet scale. Different woodland communities were determined through Hierarchical Cluster Analysis followed by Indicator Species Analysis. Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPPs) were used to determine whether or not there was a significant separation between the groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to statistically compare the diversity between woodland communities. Five major woodland communities were identified along the Thamalakane River, namely Vachellia tortilis-Gardenia volkensii, Combretum imberbe-Gymnosporia senegalensis, Philenoptera violacea-Garcinia livingstonei, Dichrostachys cinerea-Flueggea virosa and Croton megalobotrys-Colophospermum mopane. There was significant (p <0.05) separation between the plant groups. Species diversity was highest in Dichrostachys cinerea-Flueggea virosa community and lowest in Vachellia tortilis-Gardenia volkensii community. The distribution of woodland species in along Thamalakane river could be influenced by human disturbance, which may override abiotic environmental conditions such as flooding in influencing the composition and distribution of plant species. This calls for proper management initiatives of the riparian vegetation in the study area. Such initiatives may include establishment of exclosures to promote the germination and propagation of the woodland species. Other strategies may include education and awareness creation of the local communities to promote their co-existence with the riparian vegetation.

13

Mlambo, Donald, Eddie Mwenje, and Petros Nyathi. "Effects of tree cover and season on soil nitrogen dynamics and microbial biomass in an African savanna woodland dominated by Colophospermum mopane." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 4 (July 2007): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004233.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tree cover and season on soil N dynamics and microbial biomass in a semi-arid southern African savanna in Zimbabwe. We used a randomized complete block design with five blocks of 100 × 100 m, demarcated in a 10-ha pocket of Colophospermum mopane-dominated woodland protected from grazing and fire. In each block, we randomly selected three mopane trees with large canopies (8.3 m crown diameter) and another three with small canopies (2.7 m crown diameter). We determined soil organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, litterfall N and C inputs, microbial biomass and N transformations beneath large and small mopane trees as well as in the intercanopy areas. Soil organic carbon, microbial biomass, N, P and K were more than twice those beneath large trees than in the intercanopy areas. Rainy-season net mineral N accumulation rate in the surface soil (0–10 cm) ranged from 3.71 μg g−1 mo−1 in the intercanopy areas to 8.80 μg g−1 mo−1 beneath large trees; correspondingly, net nitrate accumulation rate ranged from 1.33 to 3.60 μg g−1 mo−1. Dry-season net mineral N and net nitrate accumulation rates were similar across sampling sites and did not exceed 2 and 0.4 μg g−1 mo−1, respectively. Litterfall N inputs were positively and significantly correlated with soil N availability, microbial biomass N and N transformations. At all sampling sites, microbial biomass and mineral N pools in the dry season were maximum when soil moisture (∼5%) and N transformations were minimum. In contrast, when soil moisture (9–13%) and N transformations were maximum in the rainy season, microbial biomass and mineral N pools were minimum. It is concluded that the improved soil conditions beneath isolated trees in semi-arid savannas may enhance herbaceous biomass yield especially of canopy shade-tolerant species.

14

B. Mfundisi, Kelebogile, and Michael K. Commeh. "Clean Cookstove Technology Use for Energy Efficiency in the School System." Journal of Natural Resources and Development 9 (July 26, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v9i0.04.

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Globally, clean cookstoves represent the best substitute for open fire biomass stoves in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood. Prospects to transfer this technology to Botswana are being explored. Our research objectives were to transfer the clean Institutional Cookstove (IC) technology to Okavango Research Institute (ORI), quantify the amount of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) fuelwood it consumes in comparison to the traditional biomass energy system, and analyze its potential to be used as a substitute for the open fire cooking method. The clean IC technology transfer to ORI was successfully completed before testing its energy efficiency and financial viability. It consumed approximately two-thirds less fuelwood than the traditional three stone stove. This presents an opportunity for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood consumption in Botswana. This is a critical consideration in an environment where there is limited readily available fuelwood. The use of clean cookstoves allows enhanced carbon sequestration by live mopane woodland resources. A financial viability analysis of implementing the clean IC in primary schools showed that it has the potential to save money spent on fuelwood. Our case study provides essential pertinent results on the energy efficiency of the developed prototype, which forms a basis for further research on the use of clean cookstoves for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from fuelwood consumption in Botswana and the entire Cubango-Okavango River Basin. A comprehensive analysis of cultural barriers to adoption of the technology will be carried out through piloting the construction of the clean cookstove.

15

Tripathi, Hemant G., Tiwonge I. Mzumara, Rowan O. Martin, Catherine L. Parr, Chaona Phiri, and Casey M. Ryan. "Dissimilar effects of human and elephant disturbance on woodland structure and functional bird diversity in the mopane woodlands of Zambia." Landscape Ecology 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00774-2.

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16

Greenberg, J. P., A. Guenther, P. Harley, L. Otter, E. M. Veenendaal, C. N. Hewitt, A. E. James, and S. M. Owen. "Eddy flux and leaf-level measurements of biogenic VOC emissions from mopane woodland of Botswana." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108, no. D13 (January 30, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002317.

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17

Yamashina, Chisato, and Masaya Hara. "Seed Dispersal by Animals Influences the Diverse Woody Plant Community on Mopane Woodland Termite Mounds." Ecosystems 22, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0283-8.

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18

LEWIS, DALEM. "Observations of tree growth, woodland structure and elephant damage on Colophospermum mopane in Luangwa Valley, Zambia." African Journal of Ecology 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb01003.x.

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19

Mlambo, Donald, and Petros Nyathi. "Litterfall and nutrient return in a semi-arid southern African savanna woodland dominated by Colophospermum mopane." Plant Ecology 196, no. 1 (July 19, 2007): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9337-2.

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20

Davis, Adrian L. V., Anthony M. Swemmer, Clarke H. Scholtz, Christian M. Deschodt, and B. Power Tshikae. "Roles of environmental variables and land usage as drivers of dung beetle assemblage structure in mopane woodland." Austral Ecology 39, no. 3 (August 19, 2013): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12081.

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21

Tingle, C. C. D. "Bait location by ground foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mopane woodland selectively sprayed to control tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 2 (June 1993): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034751.

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AbstractFood-baited dishes were used to monitor the impact of ground-sprayed DDT (4% WP @ approx. 200 g/ha) and deltamethrin (0.05% SC @ 2.6 g/ha) for tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) control, on epigeal ants in mopane woodland in north-western Zimbabwe. Twenty species of ants were recorded at dishes baited with various types of food. Pheidole spp. and Monomorium opacum Forel (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) were predominant, both in the number of baits attended and in the number of workers present at individual baits. Season apparently had a greater effect on the composition and activity of the ground foraging ant assemblage than did either pesticide. There was a decline in the rate at which baits were found and in species richness of the ant assemblage as the dry season progressed and several species also showed changes in their ability to locate baits. There was no major pesticide induced disruption of the species richness or food finding ability of the diurnal ground foraging ant assemblage sampled. However, foraging success by Platythyrea cribrinodis (Gerstaecker) (Formicidae: Ponerinae) was reduced immediately after spraying with deltamethrin. Subtle effects of either insecticide on rarer species cannot be discounted from the results of this study.

22

Veenendaal, Elmar M., Olaf Kolle, and Jon Lloyd. "Seasonal variation in energy fluxes and carbon dioxide exchange for a broad-leaved semi-arid savanna (Mopane woodland) in Southern Africa." Global Change Biology 10, no. 3 (December 10, 2003): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00699.x.

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23

Fenton, M. Brock, and I. L. Rautenbach. "A comparison of the roosting and foraging behaviour of three species of African insectivorous bats (Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 2860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-412.

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We used radio tracking to study the roosting and foraging behaviour of Rhinolophus hildebrandti, Scotophilus borbonicus (=S. viridis and S. leucogaster), and Tadarida midas in the Pafuri Region of Kruger National Park, South Africa in November 1985. Although the species roosted in different locations (S. borbonicus in hollow mopane trees, R. hildebrandti in a hollow baobab tree, and T. midas in buildings), roost temperatures and the bats' body temperatures were generally similar. The S. borbonicus and T. midas flew continuously while foraging in pursuit of flying prey; the R. hildebrandti switched between continuous flight, and hunting from a perch also in pursuit of flying prey. All three species foraged for about 60 min nightly, but the T. midas ventured at least 10 km from their roosts, while for S. borbonicus and R. hildebrandti, comparable figures were 4 and 2 km, respectively. The three species showed a spectrum of wing morphology and echolocation call design features from clutter resistant (R. hildebrandti) to relatively clutter resistant (S. borbonicus) and clutter intolerant (T. midas) and the foraging areas used by the bats corresponded to these features. Rhinolophus hildebrandti foraged below the canopy in riverine forest and deciduous woodland, while S. borbonicus foraged around the canopy but not closer than 0.5 m to it, while T. midas foraged in the open well above the canopy. These differences are discussed along with variations in foraging behaviour in insectivorous bats.

24

Ben-Shahar, Raphael. "Do elephants over-utilize mopane woodlands in northern Botswana?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 4 (July 1996): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009731.

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ABSTRACTEvidence from southern African semi-arid savannas suggests that high elephant densities in nature reserves cause the over-utilization of woodlands. Northern Botswana, with its prolific elephant population, is expected to follow such a pattern unless the densities of elephants which could be sustained by indigenous woodlands are determined and maintained at carrying capacity. Above ground biomass production was estimated for mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodlands, a principal food source for elephants, which grows over much of northern Botswana. Densities of trees and shrubs, dimensions of plants and elephant densities were recorded within stratified plots situated according to a regional rainfall gradient. Mean estimates of above ground biomass (foliage and twigs) were 9.41 and 7.83 t ha−1 for shrubs and trees respectively. A logistic model described the maximum levels of biomass removal from plants before over-utilization of mopane occurred. Variables incorporated in the model included above ground biomass of mopane shrubs and trees, growth rates of plants and expected off-take by elephants. The model predicted a complete biomass regain within 10 y if no elephant browsing occurs. Intensive elephant browsing in woodlands containing 15 elephants km−2, however, can suppress biomass production if growth rates of plants fall below 70% of the maximum annual rate. Nonetheless, there was no substantial evidence to suggest that elephants will reduce the biomass of mopane woodlands in northern Botswana below a sustainable level if their numbers are allowed to increase considerably beyond the current estimate.

25

Maquia, Ivete, Silvia Catarino, Ana R. Pena, Denise R. A. Brito, Natasha S. Ribeiro, Maria M. Romeiras, and Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros. "Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands." Plants 8, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182.

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The southern African Miombo and Mopane ecoregions constitute a unique repository of plant diversity whose diversification and evolutionary history is still understudied. In this work, we assessed the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes within the Zambezian phytoregion. Data were retrieved from several plant and gene databases and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on genetic barcodes. Seventy-eight species (74 from Miombo and 23 from Mopane, 19 common to both ecoregions) have been scored. Species diversity was high within both ecoregions, but information about the actual conservation status is scarce and available only for ca. 15% of the species. Results of phylogenetic analyses were consistent with current legume classification but did not allow us to draw any conclusion regarding the evolutionary history of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes. Future studies are proposed to dissect the diversity and structure of key species in order to consolidate the network of conservation areas.

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Fuller, Douglas O. "Canopy phenology of some mopane and miombo woodlands in eastern Zambia." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, no. 3-4 (May 1999): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00130.x.

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Ryan, Casey M., Rose Pritchard, Iain McNicol, Matthew Owen, Janet A. Fisher, and Caroline Lehmann. "Ecosystem services from southern African woodlands and their future under global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (September 19, 2016): 20150312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0312.

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Miombo and mopane woodlands are the dominant land cover in southern Africa. Ecosystem services from these woodlands support the livelihoods of 100 M rural people and 50 M urban dwellers, and others beyond the region. Provisioning services contribute $9 ± 2 billion yr −1 to rural livelihoods; 76% of energy used in the region is derived from woodlands; and traded woodfuels have an annual value of $780 M. Woodlands support much of the region's agriculture through transfers of nutrients to fields and shifting cultivation. Woodlands store 18–24 PgC carbon, and harbour a unique and diverse flora and fauna that provides spiritual succour and attracts tourists. Longstanding processes that will impact service provision are the expansion of croplands (0.1 M km 2 ; 2000–2014), harvesting of woodfuels (93 M tonnes yr −1 ) and changing access arrangements. Novel, exogenous changes include large-scale land acquisitions (0.07 M km 2 ; 2000–2015), climate change and rising CO 2 . The net ecological response to these changes is poorly constrained, as they act in different directions, and differentially on trees and grasses, leading to uncertainty in future service provision. Land-use change and socio-political dynamics are likely to be dominant forces of change in the short term, but important land-use dynamics remain unquantified. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.

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Sebego, Reuben J. G., and Wolter Arnberg. "Interpretation of mopane woodlands using air photos with implications on satellite image classification." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 4, no. 2 (November 2002): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2434(02)00009-0.

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Dalerum, Fredrik, Tarryn Anne Retief, Carl Peter Havemann, Christian T. Chimimba, and Berndt Janse van Rensburg. "The influence of distance to perennial surface water on ant communities in Mopane woodlands, northern Botswana." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4692.

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30

Woollen, Emily, Casey M. Ryan, Sophia Baumert, Frank Vollmer, Isla Grundy, Janet Fisher, Jone Fernando, Ana Luz, Natasha Ribeiro, and Sá N. Lisboa. "Charcoal production in the Mopane woodlands of Mozambique: what are the trade-offs with other ecosystem services?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (September 19, 2016): 20150315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0315.

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African woodlands form a major part of the tropical grassy biome and support the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban people. Charcoal production in particular is a major economic activity, but its impact on other ecosystem services is little studied. To address this, our study collected biophysical and social datasets, which were combined in ecological production functions, to assess ecosystem service provision and its change under different charcoal production scenarios in Gaza Province, southern Mozambique. We found that villages with longer histories of charcoal production had experienced declines in wood suitable for charcoal, firewood and construction, and tended to have lower perceived availabilities of these services. Scenarios of future charcoal impacts indicated that firewood and woody construction services were likely to trade-off with charcoal production. However, even under the most extreme charcoal scenario, these services were not completely lost. Other provisioning services, such as wild food, medicinal plants and grass, were largely unaffected by charcoal production. To reduce the future impacts of charcoal production, producers must avoid increased intensification of charcoal extraction by avoiding the expansion of species and sizes of trees used for charcoal production. This is a major challenge to land managers and policymakers in the area. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.

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Urso, Valeria, Maria Adele Signorini, Matteo Tonini, and Piero Bruschi. "Wild medicinal and food plants used by communities living in Mopane woodlands of southern Angola: Results of an ethnobotanical field investigation." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 177 (January 2016): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.041.

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Magalhães, Tarquinio Mateus, Victoria Norberto Cossa, and Rosta Simão Mate. "Data on dendrometric parameters, basic wood density, below- and aboveground biomass of tree species from Mangrove, Miombo, Mopane, and Mecrusse woodlands." Data in Brief 29 (April 2020): 105154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105154.

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33

Maquia, Ivete Sandra, Paula Fareleira, Isabel Videira e Castro, Denise R. A. Brito, Ricardo Soares, Aniceto Chaúque, M. Manuela Ferreira-Pinto, et al. "Mining the Microbiome of Key Species from African Savanna Woodlands: Potential for Soil Health Improvement and Plant Growth Promotion." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091291.

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(1) Aims: Assessing bacterial diversity and plant-growth-promoting functions in the rhizosphere of the native African trees Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum in three landscapes of the Limpopo National Park (Mozambique), subjected to two fire regimes. (2) Methods: Bacterial communities were identified through Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons, followed by culture dependent methods to isolate plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Plant growth-promoting traits of the cultivable bacterial fraction were further analyzed. To screen for the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the promiscuous tropical legume Vigna unguiculata was used as a trap host. The taxonomy of all purified isolates was genetically verified by 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing. (3) Results: Bacterial community results indicated that fire did not drive major changes in bacterial abundance. However, culture-dependent methods allowed the differentiation of bacterial communities between the sampled sites, which were particularly enriched in Proteobacteria with a wide range of plant-beneficial traits, such as plant protection, plant nutrition, and plant growth. Bradyrhizobium was the most frequent symbiotic bacteria trapped in cowpea nodules coexisting with other endophytic bacteria. (4) Conclusion: Although the global analysis did not show significant differences between landscapes or sites with different fire regimes, probably due to the fast recovery of bacterial communities, the isolation of PGPB suggests that the rhizosphere bacteria are driven by the plant species, soil type, and fire regime, and are potentially associated with a wide range of agricultural, environmental, and industrial applications. Thus, the rhizosphere of African savannah ecosystems seems to be an untapped source of bacterial species and strains that should be further exploited for bio-based solutions.

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Gandiwa, Edson, and Shakkie Kativu. "Influence of fire frequency on Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum woodland structure and composition in northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." Koedoe 51, no. 1 (January 23, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v51i1.685.

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We investigated the long-term effects of fire frequency on Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum woodland structure and composition in northern Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), Zimbabwe. Fire frequency was categorised as high (every 1–2 years), medium (every 3–4 years) and low (every 5–6 years). The following variables were measured or recorded: plant height, species name, canopy depth and diameter, basal circumference, number of stems per plant, plant status (dead or alive) and number of woody plants in a plot. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.55, P = 0.0007) between annual area burnt (total from January to December) and annual rainfall (average over two rain stations per rain year, July to June) between 1972 and 2005. A total of 64 woody species were recorded from C. mopane and C. apiculatum woodlands. Mean plant height increased from 4.5 to 8.2 meters in C. mopane woodland and from 4.5 to 5.1 meters in C. apiculatum woodland in areas subjected to high and low fire frequencies. In C. mopane woodland, low fire frequency was characterised by a significantly low density of woody plants (P < 0.001), however, with a significantly high mean basal area (P < 0.001). Fire frequency had no significant effect on species diversity (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that C. mopane and C. apiculatum woodlands are in a state of structural transformation. Fire frequency effects, however, appear to be woodland specific. Fire management strategies in GNP should take into consideration annual rainfall and the different vegetation types.Conservation implication: This study provides valuable information on fire frequency effects on woody vegetation in northern GNP, which can be used in fire management programmes for the park. The positive relationship between annual rainfall and annual area burnt emphasises the need for wildlife managers to consider annual rainfall in fire management.

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Tedder, Michelle J., Kevin P. Kirkman, Craig D. Morris, Winston S. W. Trollope, and Mpaphi C. Bonyongo. "Classification and mapping of the composition and structure of dry woodland and savanna in the eastern Okavango Delta." Koedoe 55, no. 1 (February 20, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1100.

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The dry woodland and savanna regions of the Okavango Delta form a transition zone between the Okavango Swamps and the Kalahari Desert and have been largely overlooked in terms of vegetation classification and mapping. This study focused on the species composition and height structure of this vegetation, with the aim of identifying vegetation classes and providing a vegetation map accompanied by quantitative data. Two hundred and fifty-six plots (50 m × 50 m) were sampled and species cover abundance, total cover and structural composition were recorded. The plots were classified using agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis using group means and Bray-Curtis similarity and groups described using indicator species analysis. In total, 23 woody species and 28 grass species were recorded. Acacia erioloba and Colophospermum mopane were the most common woody species, whilst Urochloa mossambicensis, Panicum maximum, Dactyloctenium gigantiumand Eragrostis lehmanniana were the most widespread grasses. Eleven vegetation types were identified, with the most widespread being Short mixed mopane woodland, Tall mopane woodland and Tall mixed mopane woodland, covering 288.73 km2 (28%), 209.14 km2 (20%) and 173.30 km2 (17%) of the area, respectively. Despite their extensive area, these three vegetation types were the least species-rich, whilst Palm thornveld, Short mixed broadleaf woodland and Open mixed Acacia woodland were the most taxonomically variable. By contrast, Closed mixed Acacia woodland and Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland had the most limited distribution, accounting for less than 1% of the mapped area each.Conservation implications: The dry woodland and savanna vegetation of the Okavango Delta comprises a much wider suite of plant communities than the Acacia-dominated and Mopane-dominated classifications often used. This classification provided a more detailed understanding of this vegetation and essential background information for monitoring, management and research.

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Makhado, Rudzani A., Isaac Mapaure, Martin J. Potgieter, Wilmien J. Luus-Powell, and Amani T. Saidi. "Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa’s mopane savannas – A review." Bothalia 44, no. 1 (November 12, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v44i1.152.

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Colophospermum mopane is the dominant tree or shrub within mopane woodland in the subtropical areas of southern Africa’s savanna ecosystems. This article provided a review on the adaptation capabilities of mopane against fire, browsing activity and environmental stresses. It further reviewed and tested the extent to which rainfall, temperature, altitude and soil types had an effect on the distribution of mopane in southern Africa. Mopane is adapted to survive moisture stresses, low nutrient environments and even disturbances caused by fire and browsing by large herbivores through its physical, physiological and chemical responses. Adaptation of mopane to various stresses enables it to dominate the low-lying areas of southern Africa’s savannas. The distribution of mopane is best associated with low to moderate rainfall (R2 = 0.38), high temperature (R2 = 0.42), low altitudes (R2 = 0.44) and a variety of soil types. An increase in the annual rainfall ( 800 mm) and altitude ( 800 m.a.s.l.), coupled with a reduction in the minimum temperature and acidic soil, limits the distribution of mopane. Mopane in South Africa occurs under similar environmental conditions to those in Zimbabwe and Zambia, but quite different from those in Angola, Namibia, Mozambique, Malawi and Botswana where mopane occurs.

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Sianga, Keoikantse, and Richard Fynn. "The vegetation and wildlife habitats of the Savuti-Mababe-Linyanti ecosystem, northern Botswana." Koedoe 59, no. 2 (May 23, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i2.1406.

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This study classified the vegetation of the Savuti-Mababe-Linyanti ecosystem (SMLE), northern Botswana and developed a detailed map that provides a reliable habitat template of the SMLE for future wildlife habitat use studies. The major vegetation units of the SMLE were determined from satellite imagery and field visits and then mapped using Landsat 8 and RapidEye imagery and maximum likelihood classifier. These units were sampled using 40 m x 20 m (800 m²) plots in which the coverage of all plant species was estimated. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) demonstrated that plant communities were determined by gradients in soil texture or fertility and wetness. NMS 1 represented a gradient of soil texture with seven woodland communities on sandy soils (sandveld communities and Baikiaea forest) dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga in Baikiaea forest and Terminalia sericea and Philenoptera nelsii in sandveld, with various indicator species differentiating the various sandveld community types. Mopane woodland further from and riparian woodland adjacent to permanent water was common on less sandy alluvial soils. Mineral-rich, heavy clay soils in the sump of a large paleolake system support open grassland and mixed Senegalia/Vachellia (Acacia) savanna, with the mineral-rich soils supporting grasses high in minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, sodium and potassium, and thus this region is a critical wet season range for migratory zebra. Taller, high-quality grasses in the mosaic of sandveld and mopane woodland communities provide critical grazing for taller grass grazers such as buffalo, roan and sable antelope, whereas wetland communities provide reliable green forage during the dry season for a variety of herbivores, including elephant. This study has demonstrated how large-scale environmental gradients determine functional habitat heterogeneity for wildlife.Conservation implications: Our study demonstrated that the functionality of protected areas is determined by large-scale environmental gradients. Thus conservation science must aim to ensure that protected areas cover the full range of key environmental gradients in a region (soil texture and wetness in our study). Our habitat map provides a data base for wildlife habitat use studies in the region.

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Gondo, TA, C. Musvoto, and T. Mujawo. "Socia preferences to Mopane woodland management options: A case study from Southern Zimbabwe." Discovery and Innovation 19, no. 1-2 (July 12, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dai.v19i1-2.15766.

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Sianga, Keoikantse, Richard W. S. Fynn, and Mpaphi C. Bonyongo. "Seasonal habitat selection by African buffalo Syncerus caffer in the Savuti–Mababe–Linyanti ecosystem of northern Botswana." Koedoe 59, no. 2 (May 23, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i2.1382.

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This study aimed to establish seasonal movement and habitat selection patterns of African buffalo Syncerus caffer in relation to a detailed habitat map and according to seasonal changes in forage quality and quantity in the Savuti–Mababe–Linyanti ecosystem (Botswana). Two buffalo were collared in November 2011 and another in October 2012. All three buffalo had greater activities in the mopane–sandveld woodland mosaic during the wet season, which provided high-quality leafy grasses and ephemeral water for drinking, but moved to permanent water and reliable forage of various wetlands (swamps and floodplains) and riverine woodlands during the dry season. Wetlands had higher grass greenness, height and biomass than woodlands during the dry season. Buffalo had similar wet season concentration areas in the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 wet seasons and similar dry season concentration areas over the 2012 and 2013 dry seasons. However, their dry season location of collaring in 2011 differed dramatically from their 2012 and 2013 dry season concentration areas, possibly because of the exceptionally high flood levels in 2011, which reduced accessibility to their usual dry season concentration areas. The study demonstrates that extremely large and heterogeneous landscapes are needed to conserve buffalo in sandy, dystrophic ecosystems with variable rainfall.Conservation implications: This study emphasises the importance of large spatial scale available for movement, which enables adaptation to changing conditions between years and seasons.

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"Observations of tree growth, woodland structure and elephant damage on Colophospermum mopane in Luangwa Valley, Zambia." Biological Conservation 63, no. 3 (1993): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90791-x.

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41

Chirima, George J., Norman Owen-Smith, and Barend F. N. Erasmus. "Changing distributions of larger ungulates in the Kruger National Park from ecological aerial survey data." Koedoe 54, no. 1 (January 18, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v54i1.1009.

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Documenting current species distribution patterns and their association with habitat types is important as a basis for assessing future range shifts in response to climate change or other influences. We used the adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH) method to map distribution ranges of 12 ungulate species within the Kruger National Park (KNP) based on locations recorded during aerial surveys (1980–1993). We used log-linear models to identify changes in regional distribution patterns and chi-square tests to determine shifts in habitat occupation over this period. We compared observed patterns with earlier, more subjectively derived distribution maps for these species. Zebra, wildebeest and giraffe distributions shifted towards the far northern section of the KNP, whilst buffalo and kudu showed proportional declines in the north. Sable antelope distribution contracted most in the north, whilst tsessebe, eland and roan antelope distributions showed no shifts. Warthog and waterbuck contracted in the central and northern regions, respectively. The distribution of impala did not change. Compared with earlier distributions, impala, zebra, buffalo, warthog and waterbuck had become less strongly concentrated along rivers. Wildebeest, zebra, sable antelope and tsessebe had become less prevalent in localities west of the central region. Concerning habitat occupation, the majority of grazers showed a concentration on basaltic substrates, whilst sable antelope favoured mopane-dominated woodland and sour bushveld on granite. Buffalo showed no strong preference for any habitats and waterbuck were concentrated along rivers. Although widespread, impala were absent from sections of mopane shrubveld and sandveld. Kudu and giraffe were widespread through most habitats, but with a lesser prevalence in northern mopane-dominated habitats. Documented distribution shifts appeared to be related to the completion of the western boundary fence and widened provision of surface water within the park. Conservation implications: The objectively recorded distribution patterns provide a foundation for assessing future changes in distribution that may take place in response to climatic shifts or other influences.

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Chirima, George J., Norman Owen-Smith, and Barend F. N. Erasmus. "Online appendix 1:Changing distributions of larger ungulates in the Kruger National Park from ecological aerial survey data." Koedoe 54, no. 1 (July 24, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v54i1.1009-1.

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Documenting current species distribution patterns and their association with habitat types is important as a basis for assessing future range shifts in response to climate change or other influences. We used the adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH) method to map distribution ranges of 12 ungulate species within the Kruger National Park (KNP) based on locations recorded during aerial surveys (1980–1993). We used log-linear models to identify changes in regional distribution patterns and chi-square tests to determine shifts in habitat occupation over this period. We compared observed patterns with earlier, more subjectively derived distribution maps for these species. Zebra, wildebeest and giraffe distributions shifted towards the far northern section of the KNP, whilst buffalo and kudu showed proportional declines in the north. Sable antelope distribution contracted most in the north, whilst tsessebe, eland and roan antelope distributions showed no shifts. Warthog and waterbuck contracted in the central and northern regions, respectively. The distribution of impala did not change. Compared with earlier distributions, impala, zebra, buffalo, warthog and waterbuck had become less strongly concentrated along rivers. Wildebeest, zebra, sable antelope and tsessebe had become less prevalent in localities west of the central region. Concerning habitat occupation, the majority of grazers showed a concentration on basaltic substrates, whilst sable antelope favoured mopane-dominated woodland and sour bushveld on granite. Buffalo showed no strong preference for any habitats and waterbuck were concentrated along rivers. Although widespread, impala were absent from sections of mopane shrubveld and sandveld. Kudu and giraffe were widespread through most habitats, but with a lesser prevalence in northern mopane-dominated habitats. Documented distribution shifts appeared to be related to the completion of the western boundary fence and widened provision of surface water within the park. Conservation implications: The objectively recorded distribution patterns provide a foundation for assessing future changes in distribution that may take place in response to climatic shifts or other influences.

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Teketay, Demel, Keotshephile Kashe, Joseph Madome, Monica Kabelo, John Neelo, Mmusi Mmusi, and Wellington Masamba. "Enhancement of diversity, stand structure and regeneration of woody species through area exclosure: the case of a mopane woodland in northern Botswana." Ecological Processes 7, no. 1 (February 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0116-x.

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Sianga, Keoikantse, Mario Van Telgen, Jip Vrooman, Richard W. S. Fynn, and Frank Van Langevelde. "Spatial refuges buffer landscapes against homogenisation and degradation by large herbivore populations and facilitate vegetation heterogeneity." Koedoe 59, no. 2 (May 23, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i2.1434.

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Environmental heterogeneity across savanna landscapes, including different seasonal resources at different distances to water, may play a critical role in maintaining the size and diversity of wildlife populations and the sustainability of their resource base. We investigated whether extensive landscapes with functionally diverse seasonal resources and large waterless regions can mediate the effect of herbivory on plant composition, structure and diversity. Vegetation composition, structure and richness in two different vegetation types (mopane and sandveld woodland) at three distance zones (0 km – 5 km, 10 km – 15 km and > 20 km) from the permanent water of the Okavango Delta and Linyanti Swamps were surveyed. We modelled vegetation response of the most abundant species to herbivory in relation to distance from permanent water, and included fire frequency as a covariate. Trees favoured by elephants during the dry season occurred typically as immature, pollarded populations within 5 km of permanent water sources while mature tall populations of these species were found far from water (> 10 km – 15 km). Similarly, short high-quality grazing grasses were higher in abundance within 5 km of permanent water, whereas taller high-quality perennial grasses peaked in abundance beyond 20 km from permanent water. Trends in herbaceous richness with distance from water were contingent upon vegetation type, while tree richness did not change with distance from water. Spatial refuges in waterless regions of landscapes facilitate the creation of heterogeneity of vegetation structure, composition and richness by large herds of mammalian herbivores. Therefore, the extension of herbivore dry season foraging range, for example, by the creation of artificial water points (AWP) in backcountry woodlands, could seriously undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the availability of spatial refuges. Consequently, it reduces the resilience of herbivore and predator populations that depend on these spatial refuges. We strongly advise that future scientific work, and management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustaining of these spatial refuges in wildlife areas.Conservation implications: Management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustainability of spatial refuges in wildlife areas. Too many AWP in backcountry woodlands could undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the proportion of landscapes beyond 15 km from permanent water.

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Sianga, Keoikantse, Mario Van Telgen, Jip Vrooman, Richard W. S. Fynn, and Frank Van Langevelde. "Online appendix 1:Spatial refuges buffer landscapes against homogenisation and degradation by large herbivore populations and facilitate vegetation heterogeneity." Koedoe 59, no. 2 (May 23, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i2.1434-1.

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Environmental heterogeneity across savanna landscapes, including different seasonal resources at different distances to water, may play a critical role in maintaining the size and diversity of wildlife populations and the sustainability of their resource base. We investigated whether extensive landscapes with functionally diverse seasonal resources and large waterless regions can mediate the effect of herbivory on plant composition, structure and diversity. Vegetation composition, structure and richness in two different vegetation types (mopane and sandveld woodland) at three distance zones (0 km – 5 km, 10 km – 15 km and > 20 km) from the permanent water of the Okavango Delta and Linyanti Swamps were surveyed. We modelled vegetation response of the most abundant species to herbivory in relation to distance from permanent water, and included fire frequency as a covariate. Trees favoured by elephants during the dry season occurred typically as immature, pollarded populations within 5 km of permanent water sources while mature tall populations of these species were found far from water (> 10 km – 15 km). Similarly, short high-quality grazing grasses were higher in abundance within 5 km of permanent water, whereas taller high-quality perennial grasses peaked in abundance beyond 20 km from permanent water. Trends in herbaceous richness with distance from water were contingent upon vegetation type, while tree richness did not change with distance from water. Spatial refuges in waterless regions of landscapes facilitate the creation of heterogeneity of vegetation structure, composition and richness by large herds of mammalian herbivores. Therefore, the extension of herbivore dry season foraging range, for example, by the creation of artificial water points (AWP) in backcountry woodlands, could seriously undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the availability of spatial refuges. Consequently, it reduces the resilience of herbivore and predator populations that depend on these spatial refuges. We strongly advise that future scientific work, and management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustaining of these spatial refuges in wildlife areas.Conservation implications: Management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustainability of spatial refuges in wildlife areas. Too many AWP in backcountry woodlands could undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the proportion of landscapes beyond 15 km from permanent water.

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Fraser, S. W., T. H. Van Rooyen, and E. Verster. "Soil-plant Relationships in the Central Kruger National Park." Koedoe 30, no. 1 (October 24, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v30i1.499.

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There is a significant relationship between the tree communities and the soils in the Mooiplaas- Mahlangeni region of the central Kruger National Park. Shrub savanna dominated by Colophospermum mopane (mopane) as a multiplestemmed shrub occurs on all the fine-textured soils derived from basic rocks i.e. basalts, diabase and olivine gabbro. Mixed savanna woodlands dominated by either mopane or Combretum apiculatum (red bushwillow) occur on the coarse-textured soils derived from granitic gneiss. The red bushwillow is dominant on the more shallow soils. Mopane occurs in very dense stands as either stunted trees or as single-stemmed shrubs on most duplex soils. Relatively low-lying areas with saline soils are treeless. Terminalia sericea (silver cluster- leaf) is characteristic of deeper coarse-textured and somewhat poorly drained soils.

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Stalmans, Marc, and Mike Peel. "Plant communities and landscapes of the Parque Nacional de Zinave, Mozambique." Koedoe 52, no. 1 (March 11, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.703.

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The Parque Nacional de Zinave covers 400 000 ha in Mozambique to the south of the Save River. Until recently, this park had been characterised by neglect and illegal hunting that caused the demise of most of its large wildlife. A recent initiative has been launched that aims at rehabilitating the park within the scope of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP). A vegetation map was required as input to its management plan. The three primary objectives of the study were, firstly, to understand the environmental and biotic determinants of the vegetation, secondly, to identify and describe individual plant communities in terms of species composition and structure along the roads in the study area and, thirdly, to delineate landscapes in terms of their plant community make-up, environmental as well as biotic determinants and distribution. This is the third survey and description of the landscapes of the national parks located in the Mozambique part of the GLTP. A combination of feldwork and analysis of LANDSAT satellite imagery was used. A total of 75 sample plots were surveyed. A brief subjective visual assessment was undertaken for another 114 sample points. The accuracy of the landscape map was evaluated by means of 582 points assessed during an aerial game count. The ordination results clearly indicate the overriding importance of moisture availability in determining vegetation composition. Ten distinct plant communities were recognised. Different combinations of these plant communities can be grouped in six major landscapes, namely the Save River channel and river banks, Save riverine forest, Acacia nigrescens woodland landscape, mopane landscape, miombo landscape and sandveld landscape. The landscapes with their individual plant communities represent habitats that are highly suitable for the reintroduction of many game species that were lost during the latter part of the last century. Conservation implication: No formal description and mapping of the vegetation existed for Zinave. The landscape map is a vital input for the management plan. The reintroduction of wildlife species that were exterminated during the civil war requires a selection of suitable habitats for the placement of the ‘sanctuary’ that will be used to ensure the initial security of the introduced animals. The landscape map of Zinave fits into the broader mapping of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park and Conservation Area (GLTFCA) for conservation planning purposes.

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Duvane, Jossias A., Tiago F. Jorge, Ivete Maquia, Natasha Ribeiro, Ana I. F. Ribeiro-Barros, and Carla António. "Characterization of the Primary Metabolome of Brachystegia boehmii and Colophospermum mopane under Different Fire Regimes in Miombo and Mopane African Woodlands." Frontiers in Plant Science 8 (December 14, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02130.

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Nunu, Wilfred Njabulo, Buhlebenkosi Ncube, Oliver Dube, Clever Mpofu, Brighton Ndlovu, Tariro Dzinomwa, and Nkosana Khumalo. "Nutritional factors associated with distribution of Mopani Worms in Mopani woodlands in Tsholotsho and Gwanda Districts, Zimbabwe: A comparative survey." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53923-7.

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AbstractMopani worms are abundant in Gwanda and sporadic in Tsholotsho though the two areas have similar climatic conditions. The study sought to determine nutritional factors that could be associated with distribution of Mopani worms in these two districts. Ten sampling points in undisturbed Mopani woodlands were established in each district. Samples were collected and analysed in the lab to determine the levels of crude protein, tannin and natural detergent fibres levels in leaves and pH, Nitrates, Phosphates and Potassium levels in soil and Welch’s test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Analysis of Variance and the Bonferroni Confidence Intervals were employed to test for significance in the observed differences. Findings showed differences in tree size and leaf length whilst the differences of all other variables (non-extractible tannis, extractible tannis crude protein levels and natural detergent fibres) relating to leaf sample analysis were not statistically significant. Findings on soil sample analysis pointed out that Gwanda had higher pH, Phosphorus and Potassium levels whilst Nitrates were significantly higher in Tsholotsho. Differences in the tree sizes and leaf sizes of the samples from the two sites show that there could be host selection based on these variables.

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Mills, Anthony J., Tercia Strydom, Jessica L. Allen, and Julia Baum. "The chemistry of the pedoderm – part 3: Colophospermum mopane shrublands and woodlands in the central Kruger National Park, South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science, July 19, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2021.1938224.

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