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Статті в журналах з теми "Word grammar"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Langacker, Ronald W., and Richard Hudson. "Word Grammar." Language 62, no. 1 (1986): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415604.

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2

Borsley, Robert D. "Word grammar." Lingua 69, no. 3 (1986): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(86)90071-9.

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3

P, Megala, and Jayasree G. "Thokaapiyam and Nambiaga Porul in a Comparative Theoretical Approach." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1819.

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Анотація:

Ancient Tamil language is rich in grammar. Grammar is obtained from literature as oil is obtained from sesame seeds. There are about fifty grammar books in Tamil. These are the five types of grammars such as letter, word, object, word, and group. The five types of grammars are related to each other, such as the word formed by letters, the pattern used to express the meaning of the word, and the pattern used for the method of speaking. Among these, the things that come to represent the meaning of writing, and the things that come to represent the meaning of words, are the one that excels. This

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4

Van Langendonck, Willy. "Word Grammar and Child Grammar." Perspectives on Child Language 2 (January 1, 1987): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.2.07van.

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5

Koupil, Ondřej. "Jungmann a čeští gramatici." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 69, no. 1-2 (2024): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/amnpsc.2024.002.

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The study deals with Josef Jungmannʼs relation to grammar. Part I shows that Jungmann switched from the term mluvník, the purist equivalent of the Latin word grammatica (‘grammarʼ), to the term mluvnice, which had been mainly promoted by Václav Hanka. Part II examines the inspirational sources of Jungmannʼs views on the Czech language (Kopitar, Jahn) and shows that Jungmann changed from a reformer of Czech orthography into an authority opposing changes in Czech orthography. He focused on lexicography and fully recognised the authority of Josef Dobrovský in the field of Czech grammar. Part III

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6

Isermann, Michael. "John Wallis on adjectives the discovery of phrase structure in the Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653)." Historiographia Linguistica 23, no. 1-2 (1996): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.1-2.03ise.

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Summary One of the typical features of the early grammars of European vernaculars is their sketchy treatment of syntactic phenomena. The reason for this neglect is obvious: The steady orientation of grammarians towards the traditional word-class approach virtually necessitated the persistence of the view of a sentence as a linear arrangement of words. Though historians of grammar have acknowledged John Wallis’(1616–1703) attempt at freeing the grammar of English from the strait jacket of Latin grammar, they have seen his Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) in the word-based grammar tradition.

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7

Garman, Michael, and Richard Hudson. "English Word Grammar." Modern Language Review 88, no. 1 (1993): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3730805.

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8

Covington, Michael A., and Richard Hudson. "English Word Grammar." Language 71, no. 3 (1995): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416228.

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9

Truswell, Robert. "Grammar Competition and Word Order in a Northern Early Middle English Text." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020059.

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The Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians manuscript of Cursor Mundi and the Northern Homilies, a northern Middle English text from the early 14th century, contains unprecedentedly high frequencies of matrix verb-third and embedded verb-second word orders with subject–verb inversion. I give a theoretical account of these word orders in terms of a grammar, the ‘CM grammar’, which differs minimally in its formal description from regular verb-second grammars, but captures these unusual word orders through addition of a second preverbal A′-projection. Despite its flexibility, the CM grammar did no

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10

Sun, Mengtao, Qiang Yang, Hao Wang, Mark Pasquine, and Ibrahim A. Hameed. "Learning the Morphological and Syntactic Grammars for Named Entity Recognition." Information 13, no. 2 (2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020049.

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In some languages, Named Entity Recognition (NER) is severely hindered by complex linguistic structures, such as inflection, that will confuse the data-driven models when perceiving the word’s actual meaning. This work tries to alleviate these problems by introducing a novel neural network based on morphological and syntactic grammars. The experiments were performed in four Nordic languages, which have many grammar rules. The model was named the NorG network (Nor: Nordic Languages, G: Grammar). In addition to learning from the text content, the NorG network also learns from the word writing fo

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11

Ousseynou, T. "WORD COMBINATION IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 52 (July 13, 2022): 42–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825869.

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Words combination is tightly part of Russian grammar for they play the most important role in sentence building. In this paper, the meaning, definition and syntaxical role of word combination is broadly given. After having analyzed the formation and characteristics of word combination, we sorted out their meaning and the important role they play in Russian grammar.

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12

Lee, Ji-Yeoun. "A Study on Grammar Categorization and Grammar Terms in TOEIC Textbooks." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 9 (2023): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.09.45.09.869.

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Анотація:

This paper examines the grammar classification of the TOEIC textbooks, which classify grammar based on five types of sentence patterns and eight word classes according to traditional grammar, and proposes to analyze sentences by introducing 'complement' for essential elements and 'adjunct' for optional elements in the grammatical function category, and to classify determinative as an independent word class. This has the advantage of improving learners' understanding of sentences by making it easier to analyze sentences for obligatory and optional elements, and reducing the confusion of describ

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13

Hucke, Danny, and Carl Philipp Reh. "Approximation Ratios of RePair, LongestMatch and Greedy on Unary Strings." Algorithms 14, no. 2 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14020065.

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A grammar-based compressor is an algorithm that receives a word and outputs a context-free grammar that only produces this word. The approximation ratio for a single input word is the size of the grammar produced for this word divided by the size of a smallest grammar for this word. The worst-case approximation ratio of a grammar-based compressor for a given word length is the largest approximation ratio over all input words of that length. In this work, we study the worst-case approximation ratio of the algorithms Greedy, RePair and LongestMatch on unary strings, i.e., strings that only make

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14

Kuhlmann, Marco. "Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Grammar." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 2 (2013): 355–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00125.

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Syntactic representations based on word-to-word dependencies have a long-standing tradition in descriptive linguistics, and receive considerable interest in many applications. Nevertheless, dependency syntax has remained something of an island from a formal point of view. Moreover, most formalisms available for dependency grammar are restricted to projective analyses, and thus not able to support natural accounts of phenomena such as wh-movement and cross–serial dependencies. In this article we present a formalism for non-projective dependency grammar in the framework of linear context-free re

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15

González-Rey, Ma Isabel. "La phraséologie dans l’étude du français langue maternelle : des faits de langue d’Hippolyte-Auguste Dupont aux faits d’expression de Charles Bally." Yearbook of Phraseology 11, no. 1 (2020): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2020-0009.

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AbstractThe Phraséologie française élémentaire ou Nouveaux exercices de grammaire by Hippolyte-Auguste Dupont (1833) is, to our knowledge, the only work to use the word phraseology as a synonym for “Grammar of the French language”. It represents an exception not only to the school grammars of the nineteenth century, the century of schooling in France and school grammars, but also to the phraseological precepts of Charles Bally (1909). The analysis of this work, intended for the teaching of French as a mother tongue, will allow us to highlight two innovative aspects for the time: on the one han

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16

Wang, Ziqi, Haotian Zhang, and Anoop Sarkar. "A Python-based Interface for Wide Coverage Lexicalized Tree-adjoining Grammars." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 103, no. 1 (2015): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2015-0008.

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Abstract This paper describes the design and implementation of a Python-based interface for wide coverage Lexicalized Tree-adjoining Grammars. The grammars are part of the XTAG Grammar project at the University of Pennsylvania, which were hand-written and semi-automatically curated to parse real-world corpora. We provide an interface to the wide coverage English and Korean XTAG grammars. Each XTAG grammar is lexicalized, which means at least one word selects a tree fragment (called an elementary tree or etree). Derivations for sentences are built by combining etrees using substitution (replace

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17

Aghisna Daroina, Widy Esa Febriani, Amalia Aulianisa, and Wihdah Amali Fadlia. "Systematic Literature Review: Grammarly as a Medium in Analyzing Grammar for University Students." Conference on English Language Teaching 2 (June 8, 2022): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/celti.v2.56.

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Анотація:

Nowadays, the rapid growth of technologies brings out the educational learning application or web. One example of educational technology is the automatic online grammar checker, Grammarly. Grammarly is an online application that is used to scan documents for grammar checkers and plagiarism checkers. It provides suggestions on all forms of corrective vocabulary and sentence or rephrasing suggestions. Besides, Grammarly also includes the correct word and provide several alternatives and identify possible misspellings of the word. Researchers used the systematic literature review as the method of

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18

Blensenius, Kristian. "Aligning grammatical information in linguistic resources published by the same authority. The case of participles in Swedish Academy dictionaries and grammar." Lexicographica 40, no. 1 (2024): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2024-0005.

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Анотація:

Abstract This article discusses strategies involved in aligning word classes (parts of speech), particularly participles, in two dictionaries and one grammar for Swedish, all issued by the same publishing house, which at the same time is a language authority in Sweden. The dictionaries are Svenska Akademiens ordlista (‘The Swedish Academy glossary’), abbreviated as SAOL, and Svensk ordbok utgiven av Svenska Akademien (‘The Contemporary Dictionary of the Swedish Academy’), abbreviated as SO. The grammar in question is Svenska Akademiens grammatik (‘The Swedish Academy grammar’), abbreviated as

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19

Čamdžić, Amela, and Richard Hudson. "Serbo-Croat Clitics and Word Grammar." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 5–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0001-7.

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Serbo-Croat has a complex system of clitics which raise interesting problems for any theory of the interface between syntax and morphology. After summarising the data we review previous analyses (mostly within the generative tradition), all of which are unsatisfactory in various ways. We then explain how Word Grammar handles clitics: as words whose form is an affix rather than the usual ‘word-form’. Like other affixes, clitics need a word to accommodate them, but in the case of clitics this is a special kind of word called a ‘hostword’. We present a detailed analysis of Serbo-Croat clitics wit

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20

Koktova, Eva. "Word-Order Based Grammar." Computational Linguistics 26, no. 2 (2000): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2000.26.2.295b.

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21

Portero Muñoz, Carmen. "Derivational morphology and the lexicon-grammar competition in Functional Discourse Grammar: An overview." Word Structure 11, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0113.

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22

Fitria, Tira Nur. "QuillBot Grammar Checker: The Ability to Evaluate Students' Writing Errors of English Essay." International Journal of Computer and Information System (IJCIS) 6, no. 1 (2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijcis.v6i1.201.

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Анотація:

This research simulates the use of QuillBot Grammar Checker in assessing students' writing errors in English essays. This research is descriptive qualitative. QuillBot announces the availability and accessibility of a new grammar checker. QuillBot's grammar checker can help users (teachers/lecturers) check writing errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. The analysis shows that two examples of students’ essays are evaluated by QuillBot Premium. The 1st student’s essay shows 209 words with 21 errors. It consists of grammatical errors (word class) such as nouns, pronouns, prepositions, conj

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23

Bozsahin, Cem. "The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon." Computational Linguistics 28, no. 2 (2002): 145–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120102760173634.

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Анотація:

Grammars that expect words from the lexicon may be at odds with the transparent projection of syntactic and semantic scope relations of smaller units. We propose a morphosyntactic framework based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar that provides flexible constituency, flexible category consistency, and lexical projection of morphosyntactic properties and attachment to grammar in order to establish a morphemic grammar-lexicon. These mechanisms provide enough expressive power in the lexicon to formulate semantically transparent specifications without the necessity to confine structure forming to w

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24

Auger, Julie. "Phonological variation and Optimality Theory: Evidence from word-initial vowel epenthesis in Vimeu Picard." Language Variation and Change 13, no. 3 (2001): 253–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501133016.

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Анотація:

One striking feature of Vimeu Picard concerns the regular insertion of epenthetic vowels in order to break up consonant clusters and to syllabify word-initial and word-final consonants. This corpus-based study focuses on word-initial epenthesis. It provides quantitative evidence that vowel epenthesis applies categorically in some environments and variably in others. Probabilistic analysis demonstrates that the variable pattern is constrained by a complex interplay of linguistic factors. Following Labov (1972a, 1972b) and Antilla and Cho (1998), I interpret such intricate grammatical conditioni

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25

Bednarskaya, Larisa D. "On theoretical grammar issues." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, no. 2 (2022): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-2-199-204.

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Анотація:

Grammar includes morphology and syntax, these are united by a word as a word form. The central unit of morphology is a part of speech, which acts as a part of a sentence in syntax. The question of the relationship of a word, a phrase and a sentence, a part of sentence and a part of speech has not been discussed deeply in both traditional and modern linguistics. In Russian academic grammars, sentence parts are considered to be word propagators in the composition of word combination rather than the structural and semantic components of the sentence that stand out on the basis of syntactic relati

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26

Simbolon, Novalina, and Ari Satria. "MAKING LUDO WORD GAME (LWG) TO LEARN GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." INOVISH JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/inovish.v1i2.85.

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Анотація:

Abstract: English Grammar is the rules how to make a sentence in learning English. English Grammar is the important part in English, but learning Grammar is not easy especially for student Senior High School. It is because grammar has many formulas to be memorized. There are various ways in learning English that can help the students in learning English Grammar. One of the most popular and effective ways is by using games. There are many types of games that can be used as learning method and media, either electronic or conventional. One of the games is Ludo Word Game. In this study, the resear

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27

V, Ambika, and Sam Gideon S. "Lexical Theoretical Development in Applied Tamil Grammar Texts." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s182.

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Анотація:

After 19th century Tamil literature has gone through many dimensions. Advent of print media, focus on language education and the establishment of new educational institutions are the reason for the development of many language based grammatical texts. The newly added grammatical elements are recorded in the grammar texts. Applied Tamil grammar texts explains the syllable, series and words based on grammar books. However, the new modern language theory records the changes that have appeared in the language system and highlights the language and grammar in the theory of linguistics. Tamil gramma

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28

Miyake, Marc. "A first look at Pyu grammar." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 42, no. 2 (2019): 150–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.

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Abstract Pyu, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language once spoken in what is now Upper Burma, remains barely explored beyond the level of transliterating texts and the identification of individual words. Knowledge of Pyu grammar has advanced little over the past century. This article (1) presents a methodology for discovering the syntax of Pyu, (2) identifies five word classes and their combinatorial properties, (3) lists all known grammatical morphemes with notes on usage, (4) formulates rules of word order, and (5) demonstrates how all of the above can elucidate the meaning of a previously undeciph

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29

Post, Mark W. "The phonology and grammar of Galo “words”." Studies in Language 33, no. 4 (2009): 934–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.4.05pos.

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Анотація:

“Words” may be independently defined and identified in Galo (Tibeto-Burman > Western Tani) in terms of relatively consistent and functionally well-motivated sets of phonological and grammatical criteria. However, these criteria very often fail to converge upon identification of the same formal unit; instead, we frequently find phonological “words” which consist of two grammatical “words”, and grammatical “words” which consist of two phonological “words”, etc. The resulting “mismatch” between “phonological words” and “grammatical words” in Galo is argued to be theoretically non-trivial, in t

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30

Langacker, Ronald W. "Word grammar By Richard Hudson." Language 62, no. 1 (1986): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1986.0069.

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31

Creider, Chet, and Richard Hudson. "Inflectional morphology in Word Grammar." Lingua 107, no. 3-4 (1999): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(98)00027-8.

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32

Gianto, Agustinus. "Word-Order Based Grammar (review)." Language 77, no. 2 (2001): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0083.

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33

Decyk-Zięba, Wanda. "W poczuciu obywatelskiego obowiązku. Rzecz o gramatyce Antoniego Morzyckiego." Poradnik Językowy, no. 3/2023(802) (March 31, 2023): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2023.3.7.

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Анотація:

A study titled Rys grammatyki języka polskiego (Outline of the Polish grammar) was published in 1857. Antoni Morzycki, the author of the grammar book, was not a philologist by education, he wrote his study out of a sense of civic duty. He founded his concept on the dogma of the speech originating from the Word, as John the Evangelist wrote: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” The man received the Word as a gft from God. The author divides grammar into three sections: phonetics and phonology, the science of the word and clause, and spelling. He adop

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34

Wieczorek, Wojciech. "Inductive Synthesis of Cover-Grammars with the Help of Ant Colony Optimization." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 41, no. 4 (2016): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2016-0016.

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Анотація:

Abstract A cover-grammar of a finite language is a context-free grammar that accepts all words in the language and possibly other words that are longer than any word in the language. In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm aided by Ant Colony System that, for a given finite language, synthesizes (constructs) a small cover-grammar of the language. We also check its ability to solve a grammatical inference task through the series of experiments.

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35

Kusmaul, Svetlana M. "Book Correction in the 40s of the 17th Century." Slovene 3, no. 1 (2014): 72–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2014.3.1.3.

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Анотація:

This article deals with some of the spelling changes that occurred in the 1640s. Many changes began before Meletius Smotrytsky’s Grammar was published in 1648, and the spelling rules of the Grammar 1648 were formed as a result of corrections in texts produced in the 1640s. At this time, demonstration of word border in writing manifested in clitics separation from autosemantic words, in the appearance of broad grapheme Є and Ѻ, and in changes in the spelling of the conjunction i. The stable orthographic opposition “beginning / not beginning of the word” begins to appear at this time as follows:

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36

Bat-El, Outi. "Selecting the best of the worst: the grammar of Hebrew blends." Phonology 13, no. 3 (1996): 283–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700002657.

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Анотація:

Blends, also called portmanteau words, are formed by fusing two words into one new word, where internal portions of the base words are often subtracted (one segmental string from the right part of the first word and another from the left part of the second word). For example, the English blend nixonomics has been formed by combining nixon and economics and subtracting the string neco. (For clarity of exposition, blends will be usually represented as nixo <n⋅eco> nomics, where the subtracted material is enclosed in angled brackets and the boundary between the base elements is indicated by

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37

Medeiros, David P. "Stack-Sorting Grammar." Nordlyd 48, no. 1 (2024): 59–91. https://doi.org/10.7557/12.7978.

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Анотація:

I propose that, within local domains corresponding to extended projections, typologically possible information-neutral word orders are limited to the stack-sortable (231-avoiding) permutations of a universal head-complement-specifier linear order. This proposal explains and unifies some well-known but previously unrelated word order universals, while successfully generating phenomena that challenge traditional approaches. Applications include Cinque’s revision of Greenberg’s Universal 20, the Final-Over-Final Condition, a modified Head Movement Constraint allowing attested Long Head Movement,

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38

LEE, KONG JOO, GIL CHANG KIM, JAE-HOON KIM, and YOUNG S. HAN. "Restricted representation of phrase structure grammar for building a tree annotated corpus of Korean." Natural Language Engineering 3, no. 2 (1997): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324997001782.

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Анотація:

In this paper, we introduce a method to represent phrase structure grammars for building a large annotated corpus of Korean syntactic trees. Korean is different from English in word order and word compositions. As a result of our study, it turned out that the differences are significant enough to induce meaningful changes in the tree annotation scheme for Korean with respect to the schemes for English. A tree annotation scheme defines the grammar formalism to be assumed, categories to be used, and rules to determine correct parses for unsettled issues in parse construction. Korean is partially

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39

A, Ramesh. "A Meta-Grammatical View of the "Linguistic Nature" of Bharthi's Poetry." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-11 (2022): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1117.

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Анотація:

Tolkappiyam refers to the nature of language assimilation in two ways. One: The letter that stands at the end of the word and the first letter of the word that follows it indicate the assimilation nature of language in the grammar of writing. It is the assimilation of letters. Two: Sollathikaram’s etchaviyal defines the nature of language assimilation as four types. It explains the object structure in verse. This article explains the structure of linguistic activity based on this grammar point of view; the way the nature of the language assimilation in bharathiyar's poems is fitted; a separate

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40

Horodensʹka, Kateryna. "Achievements of the academic grammar school." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2021): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.03.003.

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This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical,

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41

Medvedev, Nikolay V. "Ludwig Wittgenstein on the Unsurveyability of Grammar and the Way of Its Comprehension." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 470 (2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/470/10.

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The aim of the article is to comprehend Wittgenstein's thesis on the unsurveyability of grammar and cognitive capabilities of the method of surveyable representation (ubersichtliche Darstellung) about word use. The cognitive position of the late Wittgenstein regarding the understanding of the essence of language and the pragmatic orientation of his philosophy is clarified. The article includes three main sections. The first section gives an interpretation of Wittgenstein's point of view on grammar as an unsurveyable totality; his arguments in defense of this point of view are reconstructed. It

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42

Livingston, Sue, Andi Toce, Cyndi Casey, Fernando Montoya, Bonny R. Hart, and Carmela O’Flaherty. "Effect of X-Word Grammar and Traditional Grammar Instruction on Grammatical Accuracy." English Language Teaching 11, no. 3 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n3p119.

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This study first briefly describes an instructional approach to teaching grammar known as X-Word Grammar and then compares its effectiveness in assisting students in achieving grammatical accuracy with traditionally taught grammar. Two groups of L2 pre-college students were taught using curricula and practice procedures in two different grammar texts over a three-month period of time for 20% of their class time. Essays written at three different times were analyzed for the correct and incorrect use of sentence patterns and verb constructs. Results demonstrated that improvement (writing with le

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43

Hashimoto, Shogo. "The Role of Geometrical Representations – Wittgenstein’s Colour Octahedron and Kuki’s Rectangular Prism of Taste." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY 1, no. 1 (2022): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajphil.1-1-1.

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In his writings Philosophical Remarks, the Austrian-British Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1989-1951) draws an octahedron with the words of pure colours such as “white”, “red” and “blue” at the corners and argues: “The colour octahedron is grammar, since it says that you can speak of a reddish blue but not of a reddish green, etc” (Wittgenstein 1980, §39). He uses the word “grammar” in such a specific way that the grammar or grammatical rules describe the meanings of words/expressions, in other words, how we use them in our language. Accordingly, the colour octahedron can also be taken to re

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44

HUDSON, RICHARD. "Pied-piping in cognition." Journal of Linguistics 54, no. 1 (2017): 85–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226717000056.

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The paper offers an analysis of pied-piping within the theoretical framework of Word Grammar. This framework combines cognitive linguistics with dependency grammar, so it assumes that the full power of domain-general cognition is available for syntax, and that syntactic structure can be conceived as a network of relations between individual words. In this network, words are related by at least two kinds of link: dependencies and ‘landmark’ links that determine word order. To handle the special characteristics of pied-piping, the analysis also includes a single special relation, ‘pipee’, which

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45

Mastronarde, Donald J. "A New Greek Grammar for Students and Teachers." Mnemosyne 73, no. 3 (2020): 510–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342854.

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Abstract This article reviews The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek, a major resource for learners and teachers that incorporates many insights from modern linguistics. While not a full replacement for older reference grammars of ancient Greek, it is particularly valuable for its up-to-date approach to topics such as verbal aspect and the tenses, particles, and word order.

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46

Cardoso, Walcir. "Variation patterns in across-word regressive assimilation in Picard: An Optimality Theoretic account." Language Variation and Change 13, no. 3 (2001): 305–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501133028.

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Before the advent of Optimality Theory (OT), quantitative variation patterns were usually regarded as the outcome of a selection between categorical grammars (see Bailey, 1973; Bickerton, 1973, among others). In a constraint-based approach, like OT, one is able to account for variation without resorting to a separate grammar for each variant, since the framework allows for variation to be encoded in (and therefore predicted by) a single grammar, through variable ranking (or crucial nonranking) of constraints. Along the lines of Reynolds (1994) and Anttila (1997), this study supports the view t

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Völkening, Lena. "Ist Gendern mit Glottisverschlusslaut ungrammatisch? Ein Analysevorschlag für das Suffix [ n] als phonologisches Wort." Zeitschrift für Wortbildung / Journal of Word Formation 6, no. 1 (2022): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/zwjw.2022.01.02.

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Abstract: So-called gender-neutral nouns like Freund*innen, Redakteur_in or AutorInnen are suspected to not fit into the linguistic system. This paper argues that if these forms are pronounced with a glottal stop (e.g. Freund[]innen), only small changes in the grammar are needed to integrate them. It is shown that the suffix [ n] in these derivatives can be analysed as a phonological word and therefore could be a new suffix that is added to the grammar. The phonological structure of its derivatives is shown to be just like the phonological structure of many native German derived nouns as many

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Woch, Joanna. "Методика обучения русскому ударению в польской аудитории – история и перспективы". Linguodidactica 27 (2023): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/lingdid.2023.27.18.

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The article focuses on two main methods of teaching word stress to Polish students: imitation and the grammar method. Imitation, based on repeating words, phrases and sentences with correct word stress, is the dominant method of teaching Polish students. However, this method does not seem to be effective in acquiring orthoepic habits since it is not based on characteristic features of the Russian accentual system. The research indicated that it is necessary to compare and analyse Russian and Polish accentual systems to eliminate mother tongue interference to master correct Russian pronunciatio

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Hanks, Patrick, and Sara Može. "The way to analyse ‘way’: A case study in word-specific local grammar." International Journal of Lexicography 32, no. 3 (2019): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz005.

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Abstract Traditionally, dictionaries are meaning-driven—that is, they list different senses (or supposed senses) of each word, but do not say much about the phraseology that distinguishes one sense from another. Grammars, on the other hand, are structure-driven: they attempt to describe all possible structures of a language, but say little about meaning, phraseology, or collocation. In both disciplines during the 20th century, the practice of inventing evidence rather than discovering it led to intermittent and unpredictable distortions of fact. Since 1987, attempts have been made in both lexi

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Ndahimana, Daniel, and Francois Xavier Sibomana. "Awareness of an autonomous "Ikinyanshinga" in Kinyarwanda." Journal of Indigenous Languages (JIL) 3, no. 1 (2025): 39–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15373825.

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An autonomous “ikinyanshinga” has been revealed before by some researchers, and it is among the word categories in the Kinyarwanda language grammar. Scholars have described language patterns in Kinyarwanda, however, they still have not explored much more about the confusion that mostly arises between autonomous and some other parts of speech. this marks the objective of this study. To tie this break, this study applies Saussure's structuralism theory to identify the criteria based on when classifying words in Kinyarwanda. A purposive sampling technique was adopted, and convenience

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