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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "World trade web"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "World trade web"

Li, Xiang, Yu Ying Jin, and Guanrong Chen. "Complexity and synchronization of the World trade Web." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 328, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(03)00567-3.

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Maratea, Antonio, Alfredo Petrosino, and Mario Manzo. "Triadic Motifs in the Partitioned World Trade Web." Procedia Computer Science 98 (2016): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.079.

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Ding, Cangfeng, and Kan Li. "Estimating multilateral trade behaviors on the world trade web with limited information." Neurocomputing 210 (October 2016): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.11.127.

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Skowron, P., M. Karpiarz, A. Fronczak, and P. Fronczak. "Spanning Trees of the World Trade Web: Real-World Data and the Gravity Model of Trade." Acta Physica Polonica A 127, no. 3a (March 2015): A—123—A—128. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.127.a-123.

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Erola, Pau, Albert Díaz-Guilera, Sergio Gómez, and Alex Arenas. "Modeling international crisis synchronization in the world trade web." Networks and Heterogeneous Media 7, no. 3 (October 2012): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/nhm.2012.7.385.

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Tzekina, I., K. Danthi, and D. N. Rockmore. "Evolution of community structure in the world trade web." European Physical Journal B 63, no. 4 (May 8, 2008): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2008-00181-2.

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Serrano, M. Ángeles, Marián Boguñá, and Alessandro Vespignani. "Patterns of dominant flows in the world trade web." Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 2, no. 2 (October 5, 2007): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-007-0026-y.

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Arnott, David H. "THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: GATT, NAFTA, AND THE WEB." Competitiveness Review 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046346.

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Garlaschelli, D., T. Di Matteo, T. Aste, G. Caldarelli, and M. I. Loffredo. "Interplay between topology and dynamics in the World Trade Web." European Physical Journal B 57, no. 2 (May 2007): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2007-00131-6.

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Foti, Nicholas J., Scott Pauls, and Daniel N. Rockmore. "Stability of the World Trade Web over time – An extinction analysis." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.04.009.

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Дисертації з теми "World trade web"

Sgrignoli, Paolo. "The World Trade Web: a multiple-network perspective." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2014. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/137/1/Sgrignoli_phdthesis.pdf.

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Анотація:

International Trade (IT) plays a fundamental role in today’s economy: by connecting world countries production and consumption processes, it radically contributes in shaping their economy and development path. Although its evolving structure and determinants have been widely analyzed in the literature, much less has been done to understand its interplay with other complex phenomena. The aim of this work is, precisely in this direction, to study the relations of IT with International Migration (IM) and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). In both cases the procedure used is to first approach the problem in a multiple-networks perspective and than deepen the analysis by using ad hoc econometrics techniques. With respect to IM, a general positive correlation with IT is highlighted and product categories for which this effect is stronger are identified and cross-checked with previous classifications. Next, employing spatial econometric techniques and proposing a new way to define country neighbors based on the most intense IM flows, direct/indirect network effects are studied and a stronger competitive effect of third country migrants is identified for a specific product class. In the case of FDI, first correlations between the two networks are identified, highlighting how they can be mostly explained by countries economic/demographic size and geographical distance. Then, using the Heckman selection model with a gravity equation, (non-linear) components arising from distance, position in the Global Supply Chain and presence of Regional Trade Agreements are studied. Finally, it is shown how IT and FDI correlation changes with sectors: they are complements in manufacturing, but substitutes in services.

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Hübner, Georg. "Musikindustrie und Web 2.0 : die Veränderung der Rezeption und Distribution von Musik durch das Aufkommen des "Web 2.0" /." Frankfurt, M. ; Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien : Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/991605047/04.

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CHIARUCCI, RICCARDO. "Complex Systems Approaches in Investigating Series of Data: Multidisciplinary Applications in Economics and Physiology." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1004570.

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Scaling properties are among the most important quantifiers of complexity in many real systems, including chaotic dynamical systems, biological systems and financial markets. The presence of scaling usually points out a non-trivial self-organizing behavior and temporal correlations. This thesis reports on a nontrivial use of the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and its generalizations, like the Generalized Hurst Exponent and its weighted version. We discussed about their practical applicability to datasets originating from completely different fields of research, from economics to physiology. The innovative features of this thesis are twofold: on one side it has been possible to verify that the DFA turned out to be a successful technique even when the dataset is not equally temporally spaced; on the other side, it has been possible to obtain - after the combination of the DFA with a complementary tool of investigation - a discriminating procedure and a classification instrument, well suited for diagnostic and clinical purposes. Moreover the same procedures, once extended to GHE analysis, allowed to characterize the multifractal features and cross-correlation properties in commodities markets in order to identify different scales and temporal horizons in trading procedures. This is of crucial importance for the improvement of reliability of risk management and option pricing models.

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Kepekci, Ali Caglar. "A content analysis of value-based advertising strategies on the Internet." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1730.

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Yang, Ching-Ling. "Java/XML-based Trading Information Processing System for produce wholesale market." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2711.

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Kopczynski, Mary Helen Nuxoll. "Triumphant underdogs? the haves not ahead in the first decade of the WTO dispute settlement system /." 2009. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/39699.

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Wang, Hao-Cheng, and 王皓正. "Adoption of computer-mediated communication in trade union─Case study of the use of World Wide Web in Chungwa Telecom Workers'' Union." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16787210760126627380.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立中正大學
勞工研究所
89
The purpose of this study is to explore the adoption of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in trade union. The case of Chungwa Telecom Workers’ Union (CTWU) provides union members’ motives, behavior patterns and degree of satisfaction in using union’s website, which can be a reference for other workers’ organizations. This research firstly summarizes the direction and content of the CTWU’s website. With the help of literature review and some interviews, a mailed questionnaire is conducted to collect 385 effective samples. The statistical tools used to analyze questionnaire include: descriptive statistics, χ2 test, T test, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. The major findings are the following: The CTWU doesn’t communicate a lot by CMC. Generally speaking, the wedsite plays the role of message supplier and the members are receivers. Moreover, the major components of using union website are：media characteristics, instrumental usage and social purposes. In terms of using motives and degree of satisfaction, the union website can still be improved. Furthermore, user’s characteristics are partially correlated with behavior patterns, motives and degree of satisfaction. Behavior patterns are also partially correlated with motives and degree of satisfaction. Finally, the author provides some suggestions to ameliorate the adoption of CMC in union organization: (1) Improving the use of union network for communication. (2) Enhancing the functions and contents of World Wide Web. (3) Promoting the role of “ push ” played by union website. And (4) to cooperate more with other workers’ organizations.

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Книги з теми "World trade web"

Yeşil, Magdalena. Creating the virtual store: Taking your web site from browsing to buying. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

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The electronic African bookworm: A web navigator. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: African Books Collective, 2000.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection. Are all online travel sites good for the consumer: An examination of supplier-owned online travel sites : hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, July 18, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Mao yi yu gong gong wei sheng zhi fa lu wen ti. Taibei Shi: Yuan zhao chu ban gong si, 2009.

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WTO gui ze guo nei shi shi de xing zheng fa wen ti. Beijing Shi: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2004.

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Yuqin, Zhang, ed. WTO xin hui he fa lü wen ti yan jiu: Legal studies of WTO Doha agenda. Beijing: Zhongguo shang wu chu ban she, 2004.

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WTO yu liang shi an quan: Fa lü yu zheng ce wen ti. Wuhan Shi: Hubei ren min chu ban she, 2014.

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Zhongguo jia ru WTO fa lü wen ti zhuan lun: Legal problems on China's accession to WTO. Beijing: Fa lü chu ban she, 2002.

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Shi mao zu zhi yu wei lai Zhongguo. Beijing: Zhongguo wu jia chu ban she, 1999.

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WTO xie ding wen ben yu shi jie shang dao tong ze. 2nd ed. Guangzhou Shi: Guangdong lü you chu ban she, 2000.

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Частини книг з теми "World trade web"

DeFord, Daryl R. "Multiplex Dynamics on the World Trade Web." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 1111–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72150-7_90.

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Kennedy, Sean, Michael Wish, Philip Smith, James Sherrell, William Shields, and Ralucca Gera. "Building a Reliable, Dynamic and Temporal Synthetic Model of the World Trade Web." In Complex Networks XIII, 69–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17658-6_6.

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van Baalen, Sophie, Krishna Ravi Srinivas, and Guangxi He. "Challenges of Global Technology Assessment in Biotechnology—Bringing Clarity and Better Understanding in Fragmented Global Governance." In Technology Assessment in a Globalized World, 149–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10617-0_8.

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AbstractBiotechnology involves the use and manipulation of living organisms such as plants, animals, humans, and biological systems, or parts of this, to modify their characteristics in order to create desired organisms or products. Biotechnology as a field touches on many aspects that are central to technology assessment (TA), and have been the focus of TA activities since the 1980s. By presenting three key topics in biotechnology—genetically modified food and crops, synthetic biology, and human genome germline editing—we show that a central feature of biotechnology is that the science is evolving globally and the products that it brings forth are traded across the globe. Yet, there are major differences in the regulation and governance of the academic and industrial sectors between countries. These stem from different needs and interests per country, as well as differences in traditions, cultural differences and public perceptions. As global governance is fragmented, with little scope for harmonization, global TA of biotechnology can bring clarity and better understanding, and enable better governance. In order to do so, an integrated global TA framework should consider international trade and differences in risk assessment; cultural variation and different value-systems between countries; and differences in countries’ capacities in R&D and coordination of public engagement efforts.

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Bayram, Alper, and Antonino Marvuglia. "A Web-Based Dashboard for Estimating the Economic and Ecological Impacts of Land Use Class Changes for Key Land Patches." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2022 Workshops, 281–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10545-6_20.

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AbstractThe increasing pressure on land coming from the raising needs of a fast-growing population puts public and private landowners and decision makers in front of difficult choices concerning the best use of limited land resources. On one hand, agricultural land and grassland need to be used to support human food requirements. On the other hand, these land uses create trade-offs with other ecosystem functions, assets and services, such as ecological connectivity, biodiversity and natural habitat maintenance. In this paper a prototype web-based dashboard is presented, that aims at allowing a fully-fledged calculation of the economic and environmental trade-offs between different land uses of any land patch (excluding urban areas and infrastructures) and in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. An agent-based model (ABM) coupled with life-cycle assessment (LCA) runs on the background of the dashboard. The coupled model allows the simulation of the farm business and the calculation of the revenues made by farmers in every land patch under different farm management scenarios. Crossing the information coming from the model with other tools would also allow to integrate local environmental trade-offs, such as degradation of local habitats or ecological connectivity, and not only global ones defined in a non-spatialized way. The dashboard has a potentially high value to inform policy, strategies, or specific actions (e.g., environmental stewardship programs that integrate economic convenience as a condition) and has the necessary flexibility to integrate new aspects related to territorial analyses as they become available.

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Ladikas, Miltos, and Andreas Stamm. "Technology Assessment in a Multilateral Science, Technology and Innovation System." In Technology Assessment in a Globalized World, 31–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10617-0_3.

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AbstractOne of the key functions of global Technology Assessment is to promote multilateral Science Technology and Innovation cooperation, in order to resolve current global challenges. In this chapter, we identify TA’s role in the existing STI multilateral system and localize it within the existing global decision-making structures. We describe a wide spectrum of TA methodologies that United Nations and multilateral agencies employ, to analyse new and emerging technologies and provide policy input. We further concentrate on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, where TA is specifically commissioned as an aspiration for the achievement of its development goals and we further provide examples of TA projects within the organisation’s remit. Moreover, we explore the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and TA, while offering realistic options to overcoming the numerous challenges that TA is faced with when applied in developing countries. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the four models of global TA and the significance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a role model for an independent and effective global TA.

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Weinhardt, Clara, Karsten Mau, and Jens Hillebrand Pohl. "The EU as a Geoeconomic Actor? A Review of Recent European Trade and Investment Policies." In The Political Economy of Geoeconomics: Europe in a Changing World, 107–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01968-5_5.

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AbstractThe so-called geoeconomic turn stands for the increased tendency of countries to use economic policy instruments to promote or defend national interests vis-à-vis trading partners or rival powers. Scholars note a similar shift in trade and investment policies of the European Union (“EU”). However, there are few studies that examine whether this proclaimed shift at the policy level is reflected in outcomes. Against this background, this chapter examines the EU’s ability to position itself as a defensive geoeconomic actor. Based on three exploratory case studies—investment screening, Most-Favoured Nations clauses in Free Trade Agreements (“FTAs”), and the EU’s (non-)response to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI”)—we find that the EU’s ability to act in line with its own geoeconomic ambitions varies across the policy initiatives studied. In particular, lack of alignment of individual EU Member States with a common EU policy stance serves as a possible challenge for implementing defensive geoeconomic policies. At the same time, we also find that that the EU’s own framing of what makes a policy initiative “geoeconomic” varies widely, and does not always correspond to the legal design or economic implications of a given initiative. These findings contribute to debates on the EU’s evolving relevance as a global actor and shed new light on recent conceptualizations of the geoeconomic turn.

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Spenrath, Yorick, Marwan Hassani, and Boudewijn F. van Dongen. "Online Prediction of Aggregated Retailer Consumer Behaviour." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 211–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98581-3_16.

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AbstractPredicting the behaviour of consumers provides valuable information for retailers, such as the expected spend of a consumer or the total turnover of the retailer. The ability to make predictions on an individual level is useful, as it allows retailers to accurately perform targeted marketing. However, with the expected large number of consumers and their diverse behaviour, making accurate predictions on an individual consumer level is difficult. In this paper we present a framework that focuses on this trade-off in an online setting. By making predictions on a larger number of consumers at a time, we improve the predictive accuracy but at the cost of usefulness, as we can say less about the individual consumers. The framework is developed in an online setting, where we update the prediction model and make new predictions over time. We show the existence of the trade-off in an experimental evaluation on a real-world dataset consisting of 39 weeks of transaction data.

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Werthner, Hannes. "Geopolitics, Digital Sovereignty…What’s in a Word?" In Perspectives on Digital Humanism, 241–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_32.

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AbstractAn overlay of digital networks and services often operated by global players encircles and “shrinks” the planet. At the same time, the geopolitical dynamics have entered a cycle of feud for leadership between trade blocs who compete for economic and industrial leadership but also on ethics, values, and political outlook. In this context, governments and lawmakers are struggling to combine the need for global cooperation in digital matters with the imperative to protect their jurisdiction from undue influence and provide economic agents with the means to compete on a global scale. The concept of “digital sovereignty” was carved to address this. Words matter a lot especially when they are meant to translate political goals. We argue that “digital sovereignty” lacks meaning and teeth, while the concept of “strategic autonomy” is more operative, contains in itself the elements of strategic planning, and should lead EU to aim at genuine “digital non-alignment.”

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Caldarelli, Guido, and Alessandro Chessa. "International Trade Networks and World Trade Web." In Data Science and Complex Networks, 26–44. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639601.003.0003.

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Games, Alison. "English Overseas Merchants in an Expanding World of Trade, 1590–1660." In The Web of Empire, 81–116. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335545.003.0004.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "World trade web"

Picciolo, Francesco, Tiziano Squartini, Franco Ruzzenenti, Riccardo Basosi, and Diego Garlaschelli. "The Role of Distances in the World Trade Web." In 2012 Eighth International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sitis.2012.118.

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Chakraborty, Abhijnan, Saptarshi Ghosh, Niloy Ganguly, and Krishna P. Gummadi. "Optimizing the Recency-Relevancy Trade-off in Online News Recommendations." In WWW '17: 26th International World Wide Web Conference. Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3038912.3052656.

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Lin, Fang Shin. "Study for the Key Success Factors of Female Direct Selling Business." In Japan International Business and Management Research Conference. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jibm.v1i1.214.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to understand the key factors which result in the success of female direct selling businesses. Investigate the reasons why women support most of their performance in the direct selling industry. According to the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission's 2018 direct selling industry survey report, the total direct selling of Taiwan in 2018 was 83.027 billion NTD, with a total of 3.0838 million distributors. There were 2.158 million female distributors, accounting for 3.083 million total distributors. It is a proportion of 69.99 percentage points, an increase of 1.67 percentage points compared with 2017. This proportion is also comparable to 74% of global distributors is female, calculated by the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations(WDSFA)! The number of female distributors is more than twice that of men. The proportion is getting higher and higher! In the literature review, issues such as “female enterpriser” related literature and “gender roles” and “personality traits," “erotic capital” in the “direct selling industry” have been used as the main resource axis for collecting relevant domestic and foreign literature. Based on the literature summary and the expression of the expert's intention, the expert questionnaire will be based on the professors and the female distributors who have been in the top direct selling companies in Taiwan for more than two years in 2018 to find indicators of success factors, and then use the Analytic Hierarchy Process Method (AHP) Design a general questionnaire. The general questionnaire is for the distributors in Taiwan. Expected to recover 100 copies in the web questionnaire, After obtaining the resources, it will be processed and analyzed. The research results show that the influence facets and factors may have: Female Entrepreneur, Gender roles, Personality Traits, and direct selling business. In particular, the female gender role play and erotic capital may have a greater impact on the results of operating the direct selling business. The study includes the following topics are understanding the background of the female direct selling entrepreneurs, explain the challenges and difficulties of female direct selling entrepreneurs, relevant resources related to female direct selling entrepreneurs and research on the key success factors of female direct selling business.Today, female entrepreneurs are very hard and required to play multiple roles. Between family and business, how do female entrepreneurs make a good performance? I hoped that through this study, key factors could be identified in order to minimize entrepreneurial risks and allocate resources effectively.

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Muthu, Madhan, and Tony Mays. "Structured Access to Curated Open Educational Resources Aligned to National School Curricula: An Experiment in the Commonwealth Member States in the Pacific Region." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.7674.

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We have been witnessing a global experiment in delivering emergency remote teaching using distance learning, internet, web and related technologies, since the World Health Organization announced its assessment that ‘Covid-19 can be characterized as a pandemic’ on 11 March 2020. // The shift to digital has made more teachers and institutions realise the importance of structured access to open educational resources (OER) – learning materials having open licenses. However, availability of OER in a structured way alone, though important, may not increase the use and re-use by teachers and learners. Research evidence suggests that OER use is maximized when they are contextualised for local needs. A survey conducted by COL and the OER Foundation in 2020 highlighted the need for curated OER aligned to national and institutional curricula. // Since much before this unprecedented situation, the Commonwealth of Learning (COL) has been promoting the use of open and distance learning (ODL) to help build more resilient education systems. With a view to helping teachers and learners in the Commonwealth member states in the Pacific region have access to curated OER collections aligned to their national curriculum, COL and PACFOLD with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand created a platform using EPrints – open-source software developed by the University of Southampton. The platform hosts nationally-defined OER collections with the flexibility of having choices of access points based on the local curriculum taxonomy. At the same time, by defining individual OERs in the collections using structured metadata schema, the national level collections ensure metadata level interoperability. // This paper presents the preliminary findings from a pragmatic attempt to support engagement with OER in the Commonwealth member states in the Pacific region. It also provides insight into the underpinning principles and architecture of the platform, the choices of access points associated with the OER collections, and the metadata schema used to define the collections. The authors of this paper discuss how teachers in the region can use or adapt the OER in the collections in their teaching, and share OER developed by them with all possible users as they respond to the Covid-19 pandemic by moving to remote, blended and/or online teaching. The authors also present the case of the Ministry of Education in Fiji which has started using the platform to organise a collection based on its national curriculum framework.

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J. Podber, Jacob. "Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2708.

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This project looks at Internet usage within the Melungeon community of Appalachia. Although much has been written on the coal mining communities of Appalachia and on ethnicity within the region, there has been little written on electronic media usage by Appalachian communities, most notably the Melun-geons. The Melungeons are a group who settled in the Appalachian Mountains as early as 1492, of apparent Mediterranean descent. Considered by some to be tri-racial isolates, to a certain extent, Melungeons have been culturally constructed, and largely self-identified. According to the founder of a popular Melungeon Web site, the Internet has proven an effective tool in uncovering some of the mysteries and folklore surrounding the Melungeon community. This Web site receives more than 21,000 hits a month from Melungeons or others interested in the group. The Melungeon community, triggered by recent books, films, and video documentaries, has begun to use the Internet to trace their genealogy. Through the use of oral history interviews, this study examines how Melungeons in Appalachia use the Internet to connect to others within their community and to the world at large.

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Uslu, Kamil. "The Effects of COVID-19 Global Crisis on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Revenues in the Macro Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02516.

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The world, very different from the 1929 Economic Crisis, the global economy faced a new epidemic health crisis with Covid-19 in China's Wuhan Province in December 2019.This crisis, unlike any other, still continues. The epidemic was originally detected in those found in the seafood and animal market in this region. Later, it threatens the whole world by transmitting from person to person. Countries were quick to stop the economic life with the great global lockdown in order to overcome the Health Emergency. Great uncertainty has overshadowed the future of the global economy as international financial institutions (such as the WB and IMF) are moving fast to help people and countries. Governments have been able to hold back some of the free fall of global growth with exceptional monetary and financial support to individuals and firms. This financial support reached a global level of $ 11.5 trillion as of September 2020. The purpose of our study; Covid-19 Global Crisis; Its Effects on Macroeconomics on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Incomes will be investigated. In addition, WHO and countries have been accelerated in search of a solution to the epidemic.

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Lages, José, Justin Loye, Célestin Coquidé, and Guillaume Rollin. "Google matrix analysis of worldwide football mercato." In CARMA 2018 - 2nd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2018.2018.8358.

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The worldwide football transfer market is analyzed as a directed complex network: the football clubs are the network nodes and the directed edges are weighted by the total amount of money transferred from a club to another. The Google matrix description allows to treat every club independently of their richness and allows to measure for a given club the efficiency of player sales and player acquisitions. The PageRank algorithm, developed initially for the World Wide Web, naturally characterizes the ability of a club to import players. The CheiRank algorithm, also developed to analyze large scale directed complex networks, characterizes the ability of a club to export players. The analysis in the two-dimensional PageRank-CheiRank plan permits to determine the transfer balance of the clubs in a more subtle manner than the traditional import-export scheme. We investigate the 2017-2018 mercato concerning 2296 clubs, 6698 player transfers, and 147 player nationalities. The transfer balance is determined globally for different types of player trades (defender, midfielder, forward, …) and for different national football leagues. Although, on average, the network transfer flows from and to clubs are balanced, the discrimination by player type draws a specific portrait of each football club.

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Lu, Dong, Alastair Trigg, Zhenxiang Xing, Rakesh Kumar, and Chang Kuo Chang. "Application of ToF-SIMS to Airborne Organic Contamination Analysis." In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0215.

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Abstract Airborne molecular contamination poses a serious problem for advanced wafer fabrication as the devices are continually scaled down. The amount of this contamination may be only a few monolayers, which are extremely difficult to detect by the commonly used analytical techniques, such as FTIR. ToF-SIMS has extremely high surface sensitivity for the analysis of trace contaminants on wafer surfaces. The high mass resolution of ToF-SIMS is also a powerful tool for the identification of the contaminants. In the current study, ToF-SIMS is used to monitor the build-up of airborne amine contamination on Black Diamond1 surfaces. It has been found that cleaning of the Black Diamond surfaces using wet chemicals can lead to photoresist poisoning. Thermal desorption-GC-MS analysis revealed that wet cleaning would result in the accumulation of hydrocarbons on the Black Diamond surfaces. ToF-SIMS shows that amines can build up gradually on the Black Diamond surfaces after wet cleaning, probably via airborne molecular contamination. For the Black Diamond wafers which did not go through the wet cleaning process, there was no significant increase of amines on the wafer surfaces. The amount of amines on the Black Diamond surfaces depends on the chemicals used in the cleaning processes and the wafer storage conditions. The level of amine contamination can be significantly reduced after the samples are heated up to 300°C for a few minutes in inert atmosphere.

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Boylston, John W., Bret S. Smart, and John P. Wise. "Zero Emissions Vessels." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2010-t04.

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This paper proposes a LNG-fueled coastal RO/RO for the East Coast of the US trade to meet upcoming Emission Control Area (ECA) requirements. The exhaust system for this vessel is proposed to be a wet system so there is no airborne emission. The CO2 remaining in the exhaust system is removed in the exhaust stream, and remaining exhaust components are combined with cooling water to provide a cooling effluent that meets Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. The concept design is carried to the point of determining operating economics, and the environmental effect of operating such ships is assessed as compared to conventional truck traffic. It was found that each ship will reduce East Coast highway truck traffic by over 1900 trucks per week. Since there are no emissions from the ship, each ship will also bring environmental advantages. It appears the ship would be economically competitive with conventional truck transport: the cost for transporting a single 53’ trailer via ship is roughly $996, compared to $1245 via truck. Furthermore, the proposed three vessel shipping service could potential-ly remove nearly 300,000 vehicles from the road annually.

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Zhang, H., Y. Yang, G. C. Foliente, and F. Ma. "Parameter Identification of Inelastic Structures." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/cie-9065.

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Abstract Structures often exhibit nonlinear and inelastic behavior in the form of hysteresis loop under severe loads associated with earthquake, austere winds and waves. Hysteresis is particularly important in depicting the nonlinear response of wood buildings, braced steel frames, reinforced concrete, and structures with a high proportion of composite materials. A practical model of hysteresis that would match experimental observations on real structures is needed for the successful design of structures against earthquakes and strong winds. Two different time-domain system identification algorithms will be presented in this report to estimate the parameters of an extended Bouc-Wen hysteretic model. This version of the differential model of hysteresis can curve-fit practically any hysteresis trace with a suitable choice of the model parameters. Thirteen control parameters are included in the model. The parameter identification algorithms presented in this report include the constrained simplex and generalized reduced gradient methods. Noise filtering techniques and constraints will also be used in this study to assist in parameter identification. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms will be demonstrated through simulations of nonlinear systems with pinching and degradation characteristics. Due to very modest computing requirements, the proposed identification algorithms can be acceptable as a basic tool for estimating hysteretic parameters in engineering design.

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Звіти організацій з теми "World trade web"

Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.

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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.

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Carballo, Jerónimo, Alejandro Graziano, Georg Schaur, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Import Processing and Trade Costs. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004752.

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We estimate import processing costs based on the time it takes to import. Our theory extends existing time-cost measures to account for uncertainty in import processing. We use detailed, highly disaggregated data on import processing dates and import values to provide evidence for our theory and estimate processing costs consistent with the theory. The evidence shows that our extensions to time-cost estimates are economically relevant to determine processing costs. We estimate that the tariff equivalent import processing costs is as high as 18 percent. WTO estimates suggest that the full implementation of the 2013 Trade Facilitation Agreement would reduce the time to trade by 1.5 days. In that case, processing costs would decrease to 13 percent.

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Dolabella, Marcelo, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Fighting Global Warming: Is Trade Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean a Help or a Hindrance? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004426.

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The dire prospects of global warming have been increasing the pressure on policymakers to use trade policy as a mitigation tool, challenging trade economists canonical “targeting principle.” Even though the justifications for this stance remain as valid as ever, it no longer seems feasible in a world that is already engaging actively in using trade policy for climate purposes. However, the search for second-best solutions remains warranted. In this paper, we focus on the climate benefits of tariff reform for a broad sample of Latin American and Caribbean countries, drawing on Shapiros (2021) insights about the environmental bias of trade policy. Using a partial equilibrium approach and GTAP 10-MRIO data for 2014, we show that even though there is evidence of a negative bias toward “dirty goods” in half of the countries studied, translating this into actionable tariff reforms is plagued by interpretation and implementation difficulties, as well as by jurisdictional and efficiency trade-offs. There are also questions about their efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Yu, Haichao, Haoxiang Li, Honghui Shi, Thomas S. Huang, and Gang Hua. Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ejai.v1i1.82.

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We present Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks (Any- Precision DNNs), which are trained with a new method that empowers learned DNNs to be flexible in any numerical precision during inference. The same model in runtime can be flexibly and directly set to different bit-width, by trun- cating the least significant bits, to support dynamic speed and accuracy trade-off. When all layers are set to low- bits, we show that the model achieved accuracy compara- ble to dedicated models trained at the same precision. This nice property facilitates flexible deployment of deep learn- ing models in real-world applications, where in practice trade-offs between model accuracy and runtime efficiency are often sought. Previous literature presents solutions to train models at each individual fixed efficiency/accuracy trade-off point. But how to produce a model flexible in runtime precision is largely unexplored. When the demand of efficiency/accuracy trade-off varies from time to time or even dynamically changes in runtime, it is infeasible to re-train models accordingly, and the storage budget may forbid keeping multiple models. Our proposed framework achieves this flexibility without performance degradation. More importantly, we demonstrate that this achievement is agnostic to model architectures. We experimentally validated our method with different deep network backbones (AlexNet-small, Resnet-20, Resnet-50) on different datasets (SVHN, Cifar-10, ImageNet) and observed consistent results.

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Monasterolo, Irene, María J. Nieto, and Edo Schets. The good, the bad and the hot house world: conceptual underpinnings of the NGFS scenarios and suggestions for improvement. Madrid: Banco de España, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29533.

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Climate mitigation scenarios are an essential tool for analyzing the macroeconomic and financial implications of climate change (physical risk), and how the transition to a low-carbon economy could unfold (transition risk). The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) has co-developed a set of climate mitigation scenarios for climate financial risk assessment. Despite the important role that these scenarios play in climate stress tests, the understanding of their main characteristics and limitations is still poor. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap by focusing on the following issues: comparison of the process-based Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) used by the NGFS with alternative models; the role of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in shaping the scenario narratives, and their shortcomings; the interpretation and sensitivities of carbon price pathways; and, comparison with other climate mitigation scenarios. We then draw lessons on how to increase the relevance of the NGFS scenarios. These include updating the SSP narratives; considering the potential trade-offs between different types of climate policies; assessing acute physical risks and their compounding; integrating physical risks within transition scenarios; and, taking into account the role of the financial sector and investors’ expectations.

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Mendoza, Waldo, Marco Vega, Carlos Rojas, and Yuliño Anastacio. Fiscal Rules and Public Investment: The Case of Peru, 2000-2019. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003018.

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This article has three goals. First, it describes the genesis of fiscal rules in Peru and its degree of compliance. Second, it estimates the effect of fiscal rules adoption on public investment. Last, it analyzes the impact of alternative fiscal rules on public investment and public debt sustainability. Our main results are as follows. First, the implementation of fiscal rules in the year 2000 caused a 60 to 80 percent fall in public investment relative to several counterfactuals. Second, our DSGE model suggests a Structural Fiscal Rule would have increased the consumers welfare in the period 2000-2019 more than other fiscal designs. This rule reduces the procyclicality of public investment under commodity price shocks and macroeconomic volatility under world interest rate shocks. Third, a Structural Fiscal Rule has the lowest probability of exceeding the current public debt limit (30 percent of GDP), although there is a trade-off between investment-friendly rules and fiscal sustainability issues. Nevertheless, our quantitative results are limited to short spans of analysis. With a long-run perspective, we may say that fiscal rulesdespite constant modifications and recurring non-compliancehave fulfilled their original and most important goal of achieving the consolidation of public finances.

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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Marcia Macedo, Žiga Malek, Peter H. Verburg, Sean Goodwin, Renato Vargas, et al. An Amazon Tipping Point: The Economic and Environmental Fallout. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003385.

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The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This papers main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation.

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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF WORD-FORMS DURING THEIR SPONTANEOUS CREATION IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTIN: ADJECTIVES ADVERBS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11409.

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The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. All studies of the problems of transformation of grammatical forms in different ways relate to translation studies, mostly investigate the grammatical transformations, that the translator resorted to, when reproducing the original by means of another language. At first glance, it would be logical, if the live speech of television journalists was dominated by transformations? Associated with the translation from internal to foreign broadcasting in cases where natural for this TV journalists is Russian-speaking internal broadcasting and he reproducing the text from internal Russian-speaking. The transformation of grammatical forms however this cannot be seen in the live use of adverbiatives. An interesting trend can also be seen in the transformation of different types of grammatical forms. In particular, negative interference is mostly characteristic of the forms of corporate adverbs. Forms of the same word with the same grammatical meaning is such overlapping of two forms of the same grammatical meaning is practically impossible outside of adjectives adverbial and adjectives themselves. Only a small number of transformations are associated with the forms of superlatives.

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Galindo, Arturo, Leopoldo Avellán, Tomás Gómez, and Giulia Lotti. The Cyclicality of Official Bilateral Lending: Which Cycle do Flows Follow? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004637.

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Using a large panel of official bilateral loan data for 111 borrowing countries and 78 lending countries between 1980 and 2020, this paper shows that international government borrowing from bilateral sources is acyclical with respect to the economic cycle of the borrower, but procyclical with respect to the cycle of the lending country. This holds in the case of loans both from advanced economies and from China, currently the largest supplier of official bilateral lending to the average developing country. We find this form of procyclicality most often among middle-income recipient countries across most regions of the world. We also find that bilateral loans follow economic links captured through bilateral trade, and political ties measured by the alignment of votes in the United Nations. The results are consistent across a battery of robustness tests.

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Kukreja, Prateek, Havishaye Puri, and Dil Rahut. Creative India: Tapping the Full Potential. Asian Development Bank Institute, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/kcbi3886.

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We provide the first reliable measure on the size of India’s creative economy, explore the many challenges faced by the creative industries, and provide recommendations to make India one of the most creative societies in the world. India’s creative economy—measured by the number of people working in various creative occupations—is estimated to contribute nearly 8% of the country’s employment, much higher than the corresponding share in Turkey (1%), Mexico (1.5%), the Republic of Korea (1.9%), and even Australia (2.1%). Creative occupations also pay reasonably well—88% higher than the non-creative ones and contribute about 20% to nation’s overall GVA. Out of the top 10 creative districts in India, 6 are non-metros—Badgam, Panipat (Haryana), Imphal (Manipur), Sant Ravi Das Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), Thane (Maharashtra), and Tirupur (Tamil Nadu)—indicating the diversity and depth of creativity across India. Yet, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, India’s creative exports are only one-tenth of those of the People’s Republic of China. To develop the creative economy to realize its full potential, Indian policy makers would like to (i) increase the recognition of Indian culture globally; (ii) facilitate human capital development among its youth; (iii) address the bottlenecks in the intellectual property framework; (iv) improve access to finance; and (v) streamline the process of policy making by establishing one intermediary organization. India must also leverage its G20 Presidency to put creative economy concretely on the global agenda.

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