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Статті в журналах з теми "X-Ald amn"
1
Stradomska, T. J., J. Kubalska, R. Janas, and A. Tylki-Szymańska. "Reproductive function in men affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy." European Journal of Endocrinology 166, no. 2 (February 2012): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-11-0490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundX-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent, severely neurodegenerative, clinically heterogeneous peroxisomal disorder, the signs of which are a consequence of myelin, adrenal cortex, and testes impairment.ObjectiveWe studied testosterone, LH, and FSH levels in X-ALD/adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) patients. We evaluate the ability to procreate of these patients by analysis of pedigree and family screening by detection of very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels.Subject and methodsSeventeen patients with X-ALD/AMN (16 with AMN and one asymptomatic) aged 24–48 (mean±s.d., 34.7±5.9) years, were identified based on the clinical picture, magnetic resonance imaging, and the presence of increased serum VLCFA levels. Nine X-ALD/AMN patients' daughters, mean ages ±s.d.=7.7±3.8 years, were identified as heterozygote by elevated VLCFA levels.Serum VLCFA levels were determined as ester derivatives by a gas chromatography method. Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels in X-ALD/AMN patients were detected by IRMAs.ResultsSerum testosterone levels were at the lowest levels of normal range but serum LH and FSH concentrations were increased in 57.1 and in 42.9% of X-ALD/AMN patients respectively. Among the 11 investigated of X-ALD/AMN married adult men, nine had produced offspring, a total of 13 children. All patients' daughters showed elevated serum VLCFA at heterozygote levels.ConclusionIn this study, we report that in a group of X-ALD/AMN married adult men, we did not find a significant decrease in fertility compared with the Polish population (18.2 vs 15%).
2
Singh, Jaspreet, Shailendra Giri, Hamid Suhail та Mandar Deshpande. "Loss of AMPKα1 in neuroinflammatory phenotype of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (HUM2P.335)". Journal of Immunology 192, № 1_Supplement (1 травня 2014): 53.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.53.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common inherited neuroinflammatory demyelinating leukodystrophy. All X-ALD patients present with mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter protein (ABCD1). X-ALD is a complex disease where the same mutation in the ALD gene (ABCD1) can lead to clinically very distinct phenotypes; a fatal neuroinflammatory childhood cerebral ALD (ALD) or the relatively benign disease of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). Further, no relationship could be established between genotype and severity of the disease as same mutation is known to give different phenotypes, even within a family. We recently documented a role for decreased AMP kinaseα1 (AMPKα1) levels in initiating severe inflammatory and demyelinating phenotype in the CNS of AMPKα1-knockout mice. Abundant data is also available that implicates loss of AMPK in generating spontaneous inflammatory response in several cell types including immune cells. Our data using healthy control, AMN and ALD patient-derived skin fibroblasts and lymphocytes documents, for the first time, loss of a metabolic gene- AMPKα1 in ALD patient-derived fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Consistent with this, the basal expression of inflammatory cytokines (iNOS and IL-6) were increased in ALD patient-derived lymphocytes. Together these observations suggest that AMPKα1 may be involved in the progression of benign AMN to neuroinflammatory ALD phenotype.
3
Petrillo, Sara, Jessica D’Amico, Francesco Nicita, Caterina Torda, Gessica Vasco, Enrico S. Bertini, Marco Cappa, and Fiorella Piemonte. "Antioxidant Response in Human X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Fibroblasts." Antioxidants 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation play a major role in the pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, encoding the protein responsible for peroxisomal import and degradation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Therefore, VLCFAs accumulate in tissues and plasma, constituting a pathognomonic biomarker for diagnosis. However, the precise role of VLCFA accumulation on the diverse clinical phenotypes of X-ALD and the pathogenic link between VLCFAs and oxidative stress remain currently unclear. This study proposes ferroptosis as a crucial contributor to the disease development and progression. The expression profiles of “GPX4-glutathione” and “NQO1-CoQ10” ferroptosis pathways have been analyzed in fibroblasts of one patient with AMN, the late onset and slowly progressive form of X-ALD, and in two patients with cALD, the cerebral inflammatory demyelinating form of early childhood. Furthermore, as no effective treatments are currently available, especially for the rapidly progressing form of X-ALD (cALD), the efficacy of NAC treatment has also been evaluated to open the way toward novel combined therapies. Our findings demonstrate that lipid peroxides accumulate in X-ALD fibroblasts and ferroptosis-counteracting enzymes are dysregulated, highlighting a different antioxidant response in patients with AMN and cALD.
4
Baker, Craig V., Alyssa Cady Keller, Richard Lutz, Karen Eveans, Krystal Baumert, James C. DiPerna, and William B. Rizzo. "Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Nebraska: Initial Experiences and Challenges." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns8020029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1 resulting in defective peroxisomal oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids. Most male patients develop adrenal insufficiency and one of two neurologic phenotypes: a rapidly progressive demyelinating disease in mid-childhood (childhood cerebral X-ALD, ccALD) or an adult-onset spastic paraparesis (adrenomyeloneuropathy, AMN). The neurodegenerative course of ccALD can be halted if patients are treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the earliest onset of white matter disease. Newborn screening for X-ALD can be accomplished by measuring C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine in dried blood spots. In Nebraska, X-ALD newborn screening was instituted in July 2018. Over a period of 3.3 years, 82,920 newborns were screened with 13 positive infants detected (4 males, 9 females), giving a birth prevalence of 1:10,583 in males and 1:4510 in females. All positive newborns had DNA variants in ABCD1. Lack of genotype-phenotype correlations, absence of predictive biomarkers for ccALD or AMN, and a high proportion of ABCD1 variants of uncertain significance are unique challenges in counseling families. Surveillance testing for adrenal and neurologic disease in presymptomatic X-ALD males will improve survival and overall quality of life.
5
Baker, Craig V., Alyssa Cady Keller, Richard Lutz, Karen Eveans, Krystal Baumert, James C. DiPerna, and William B. Rizzo. "Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Nebraska: Initial Experiences and Challenges." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns8020029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1 resulting in defective peroxisomal oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids. Most male patients develop adrenal insufficiency and one of two neurologic phenotypes: a rapidly progressive demyelinating disease in mid-childhood (childhood cerebral X-ALD, ccALD) or an adult-onset spastic paraparesis (adrenomyeloneuropathy, AMN). The neurodegenerative course of ccALD can be halted if patients are treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the earliest onset of white matter disease. Newborn screening for X-ALD can be accomplished by measuring C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine in dried blood spots. In Nebraska, X-ALD newborn screening was instituted in July 2018. Over a period of 3.3 years, 82,920 newborns were screened with 13 positive infants detected (4 males, 9 females), giving a birth prevalence of 1:10,583 in males and 1:4510 in females. All positive newborns had DNA variants in ABCD1. Lack of genotype-phenotype correlations, absence of predictive biomarkers for ccALD or AMN, and a high proportion of ABCD1 variants of uncertain significance are unique challenges in counseling families. Surveillance testing for adrenal and neurologic disease in presymptomatic X-ALD males will improve survival and overall quality of life.
6
Singh, Jaspreet, Hamid Suhail, and Shailendra Giri. "Loss of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Proinflammatory Response in Unstimulated Abcd1-Knockout Mice Mixed Glial Cells." Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/176983.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations and/or deletions in the ABCD1 gene. Similar mutations/deletions can give rise to variable phenotypes ranging from mild adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) to inflammatory fatal cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) via unknown mechanisms. We recently reported the loss of the anti-inflammatory protein adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPKα1) exclusively in ALD patient-derived cells. X-ALD mouse model (Abcd1-knockout (KO) mice) mimics the human AMN phenotype and does not develop the cerebral inflammation characteristic of human ALD. In this study we document that AMPKα1 levelsin vivo(in brain cortex and spinal cord) andin vitroin Abcd1-KO mixed glial cells are similar to that of wild type mice. Deletion of AMPKα1 in the mixed glial cells of Abcd1-KO mice induced spontaneous mitochondrial dysfunction (lower oxygen consumption rate and ATP levels). Mitochondrial dysfunction in ALD patient-derived cells and in AMPKα1-deleted Abcd1-KO mice mixed glial cells was accompanied by lower levels of mitochondrial complex (1-V) subunits. More importantly, AMPKα1 deletion induced proinflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase levels in the unstimulated Abcd1-KO mice mixed glial cells. Taken together, this study provides novel direct evidence for a causal role for AMPK loss in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and proinflammatory response in X-ALD.
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Rodríguez-Pascau, Laura, Anna Vilalta, Marc Cerrada, Estefania Traver, Sonja Forss-Petter, Isabelle Weinhofer, Jan Bauer та ін. "The brain penetrant PPARγ agonist leriglitazone restores multiple altered pathways in models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy". Science Translational Medicine 13, № 596 (2 червня 2021): eabc0555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc0555.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a potentially fatal neurometabolic disorder with no effective pharmacological treatment, is characterized by clinical manifestations ranging from progressive spinal cord axonopathy [adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN)] to severe demyelination and neuroinflammation (cerebral ALD-cALD), for which molecular mechanisms are not well known. Leriglitazone is a recently developed brain penetrant full PPARγ agonist that could modulate multiple biological pathways relevant for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, and particularly for X-ALD. We found that leriglitazone decreased oxidative stress, increased adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration, and exerted neuroprotective effects in primary rodent neurons and astrocytes after very long chain fatty acid–induced toxicity simulating X-ALD. In addition, leriglitazone improved motor function; restored markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and inflammation in spinal cord tissues from AMN mouse models; and decreased the neurological disability in the EAE neuroinflammatory mouse model. X-ALD monocyte–derived patient macrophages treated with leriglitazone were less skewed toward an inflammatory phenotype, and the adhesion of human X-ALD monocytes to brain endothelial cells decreased after treatment, suggesting the potential of leriglitazone to prevent the progression to pathologically disrupted blood-brain barrier. Leriglitazone increased myelin debris clearance in vitro and increased myelination and oligodendrocyte survival in demyelination-remyelination in vivo models, thus promoting remyelination. Last, leriglitazone was clinically tested in a phase 1 study showing central nervous system target engagement (adiponectin increase) and changes on inflammatory biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The results of our study support the use of leriglitazone in X-ALD and, more generally, in other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Vargas, Carmen R., Daniella de M. Coelho, Alethéa G. Barschak, Carolina F. M. de Souza, Ana C. S. Puga, Ida V. D. Schwartz, Laura Jardim, and Roberto Giugliani. "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: clinical and laboratory findings in 15 Brazilian patients." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 2 (June 2000): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000200002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an X-linked recessively inherited peroxisomal disorder, phenotypically heterogeneous, characterized by progressive white-matter demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenocortical insufficiency. We investigated 15 male X-ALD patients varying in age from 7 to 39, diagnosed among 108 suspected patients referred for investigation. Plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) were measured at our laboratory using gas chromatography (GC). Eleven cases of childhood X-ALD and four cases of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) were diagnosed. Adrenal leukodystrophy insufficiency and limb weakness were the most frequent symptoms, appearing in 12, 8 and 6 of the patients, respectively. Physician awareness of X-ALD seems inadequate to judge by age at diagnosis and lengthy interval between the start of symptoms and diagnosis. This is the first published series of Brazilian patients with X-ALD. We determined signs and symptoms relevant for diagnosis, as early identification seems important for treatment outcome. In addition, diagnosis identifies carriers, who could benefit from genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.
9
Richter Jr., John E., Charitha Vadlamudi, Sarah K. Macklin, Ayesha Samreen, Haytham Helmi, Daniel Broderick, Ahmed N. Mohammad, et al. "Characterization of a Pathogenic Variant in the ABCD1 Gene Through Protein Molecular Modeling." Case Reports in Genetics 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3256539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. The ATP-binding cassette, subfamily D, member 1 (ABCD1) protein is a peroxisomal half-transporter that allows for very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) degradation. Pathogenic variants of ABCD1 cause VLCFAs to build up in various tissues and bodily fluids, resulting in a disorder called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). This disorder is most commonly marked by adrenocortical insufficiency and high VLCFA concentration, and has varying levels of neurological involvement depending on phenotype. For example, the Addison-only form of X-ALD has no neurological impact, while the cerebral form of X-ALD often causes severe sensory loss, motor function impairment, cognitive decline, and death. Methods. A newly characterized and suspected pathogenic variant in ABCD1 was analyzed using our protein informatics platform (PIP). Personalized protein-level molecular studies were completed on genetic testing data, complementing the analysis and clinical study. Results. A case of adult onset adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and a novel ABCD1 variant are presented. The unique ABCD1 protein is discussed, and the proband’s case is compared to existing reports of AMN. Conclusions. Data fusion from multiple sources was combined in a comprehensive approach yielding an enriched assessment of the patient’s disease and prognosis. Molecular modeling was performed on the variant to better characterize its clinical significance and confirm pathogenicity.
10
Dong, Bingzi, Wenshan Lv, Lili Xu, Yuhang Zhao, Xiaofang Sun, Zhongchao Wang, Bingfei Cheng, Zhengju Fu, and Yangang Wang. "Identification of Two Novel Mutations of ABCD1 Gene in Pedigrees with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Review of the Literature." International Journal of Endocrinology 2022 (February 7, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5479781.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited peroxisomal metabolism disorder, resulting from the loss-of-function mutation of ATP-binding cassette protein subfamily D1 (ABCD1) gene. The dysfunction of ALD protein, a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter, results in the excessive saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) accumulation in organs including the brain, spine, and adrenal cortex. X-ALD is characterized as the childhood, adolescent, adult cerebral ALD, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), adrenal insufficiency, and asymptomatic phenotypes, exhibiting a high variety of clinical neurological manifestations with or without adrenocortical insufficiency. Results. In this study, we reported two cases of X-ALD, which were first diagnosed as adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) and treated with adrenocortical supplement. However, both of the cases progressed as neurological symptoms and signs after decades. Elevated VLCFAs level, brain MRI scan, and genetic analysis confirmed final diagnosis. In addition, we identified two novel mutations of ABCD1 gene, NM_000033.3 (ABCD1): c.874_876delGAG (p.Glu292del) and NM_000033.3 (ABCD1): c.96_97delCT (p.Tyr33Profs ∗ 161), in exon 1 of ABCD1 gene. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the proband’s mother of the first case was heterozygous carrying the same variant. Adrenal insufficiency-only type is very rare; however, it may be the starting performance of X-ALD. In addition, we summarized reported mutation sites and clinical manifestations to investigate the correlationship of phenotype-genotype of X-ALD. Conclusions. The early warning manifestations should be noticed, and the probability of X-ALD should be considered. This report could be beneficial for the early diagnosis and genetic counseling for patients with X-ALD.
Дисертації з теми "X-Ald amn"
1
Özgür, Günes Yasemin. "Preclinical gene therapy using recombinant AAV vectors in mouse models of two human diseases." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nous avons obtenu une preuve de concept pour la thérapie génique de 2 maladies génétiques perte-de-fonction.L'acrodysostose est une maladie osseuse et rénale causée par des mutations de la sous-unité régulatrice de la protéine kinase A (PRKAR1A). Nous avons testé les effets d'un rAAV9-CAG-humanPRKR1A dans un modèle murin KI. hPRKAR1A a été exprimée dans les chondrocytes de la plaque de croissance et les cellules tubulaires rénales. L'architecture des chondrocytes et la longueur du squelette ont été améliorées.L'AMN est une axonopathie tardive de la moelle épinière causée par des mutations du gène ABCD1.Nous avons construit et développé un vecteur, rAAV9- MAG-humanABCD1-HA (hABCD1), et testé ses effets dans un modèle murin KO de la maladie.L'expression de hABCD1-HA a été observée dans les oligodendrocytes (OL) et les astrocytes (A). Nous avons développé un vecteur ciblant les oligodendrocytes (OL), rAAV9-MAG-humanABCD1-HA. Les déficits neurologiques ont été prévenus avec un suivi de 2 ans.C26:0-lysoPC (VLCFA) était diminué dans la moelle épinière des souris traitées.Chez le primate, l'injection intrathécale du vecteur rAAV9-MAG a induit un niveau élevé d'expression de hABCD1-HA dans les OL et les A de la moelle épinière et du cervelet. Le ciblage OL n'avait pas été obtenu auparavant chez les primates avec d'autres vecteurs ou promoteurs, ce qui ouvre la porte à l'application humaine de notre vecteur dans diverses maladies du système nerveux central (SNC)We have obtained proof-of concept for the gene therapy of two diseases.Acrodysostosis is a bone and kidney disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A). We tested the effects of a rAAV9-CAG-humanPRKR1A in a knock-in mouse model. hPRKAR1A expression was found in growth plate chondrocytes, and kidney tubular cells. Chondrocyte architecture and skeleton length were improved.X-ALD AMN is a late-onset axonopathy of spinal cord caused by ABCD1 mutations. We made an original rAAV9-MAG-humanABCD1-HA (hABCD1) vector and tested its effects in a KO mouse model.hABCD1-HA expression was observed in numerous OL and astrocytes. Neurological deficits were prevented 24 months after injection. C26:0-lysoPC (VLCFA), was lower in spinal cord.In non-human primate, intrathecal injection of the rAAV9-MAG vector induced high hABCD1-HA expression in OL and astrocytes of spinal cord and cerebellum. OL targeting has not been obtained before in primates with other vectors or promoters. This opens the door to the human application of OL targeting in a number of CNS diseases
2
Parameswaran, Janani 1990. "Cross-talk between inflammation amd mitochondria in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) : an integrative approach towards diferent therapies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lack of function of ALDP in mouse leads to a late onset disease, characterized by spastic paraparesis and degeneration of corticospinal tracts, without signs of inflammatory demyelization resembling AMN patients.
Taking advantage of this mice model and using primary glia cultures, we investigated the role of inflammation (mainly the pro and anti-inflammatory pattern) in X-ALD mice spinal cord and studied the contribution of microglia and astrocytes in disease pathogenesis. We found X-ALD mice spinal cord shows an inflammatory imbalance at 12 months of age. Similar observations were found in case of X-ALD mice primary microglia. In addition, we found mitochondria as the source of ROS in X-ALD mice microglia when insulted with C26:0.
Activation of CB2 receptor prevents microgliosis and recovers all the altered parameters in X-ALD mice and thus halts axonal degeneration. Similar neuroprotective effects were observed with Methylene blue by targeting mitochondria.La ausencia de función de ALDP en ratón conduce a una enfermedad tardía caracterizada por paraparesia espástica y degeneración del tracto corticoespinal sin signos de desmielinización inflamatoria, semejante a pacientes con AMN. Aprovechando este modelo y utilizando cultivos primarios de glía, hemos investigado el rol de la inflamación en la médula espinal del ratón X-ALD y la contribución de microglía y astrocitos en la patogénesis de la enfermedad. Hemos observado que la médula espinal muestra un desequilibrio inflamatorio a los 12 meses de edad. El mismo patrón se ha encontrado en cultivos primarios de microglía provenientes del mismo modelo, identificando además a la mitocondria como su fuente de ROS, tras tratarla con C26:0. Se han observado efectos neuroprotectores tales como la prevención de microgliosis y la recuperación de todos los parámetros alterados en los ratones los X-ALD, tanto activando los receptores CB2 como atacando dianas mitocondriales con azul de metileno.
3
Mohammad, Rezek Mahmoud Salim. "The Electronic Band Structure Of Iii (in, Al, Ga)-v (n, As, Sb) Compounds And Ternary Alloys." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606292/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, the electronic band structure of III (In, Al, Ga) - V (N, As, Sb)
compounds and their ternary alloys have been investigated by density functional
theory (DFT) within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and empirical
tight binding (ETB) calculations, respectively.
The present DFT-GGA calculations have shown direct band gap structures
in zinc-blende phase for InN, InAs, InSb, GaN, and GaAs. However, indirect
band gap structures have been obtained for cubic AlN, AlSb and AlAs com-
poundshere, the conduction band minima of both AlN and AlAs are located at X symmetry point, while that of AlSb is at a position lying along Gamma- X direction. An important part of this work consists of ETB calculations which have been parameterized for sp3d2 basis and nearest neighbor interactions to study the band gap bowing of III(In
Al)- V(N
As
Sb) ternary alloys. This ETB model provides a satisfactory electronic properties of alloys within reasonable calculation time compared to the calculations of DFT. Since the present ETB energy parameters reproduce successfully the band structures of the compounds at ¡
and X symme- try points, they are considered reliable for the band gap bowing calculations of the ternary alloys. In the present work, the band gap engineering of InNxAs1¡
x, InNxSb1¡
x, InAsxSb1¡
x, Al1¡
xInxN, Al1¡
xInxSb and Al1¡
xInxAs alloys has been studied for total range of constituents (0 <
x <
1). The downward band gap bowing seems the largest in InNxAs1¡
x alloys among the alloys considered in this work. A metallic character of InNxAs1¡
x, InNxSb1¡
x and InAsxSb1¡
x has been ob- tained in the present calculations for certain concentration range of constituents (N
As) as predicted in the literature. Even for a small amount of contents (x), a decrease of the electronic e®
ective mass around ¡
symmetry point appears for InNxAs1-x, InNxSb1-x and InAsxSb1-x alloys manifesting itself by an increase of the band curvature. The calculated cross over from indirect to direct band gap of ternary Al alloys has been found to be consistent with the measurements. As a last summary, the determinations of the band gaps of alloys as a function of contents, the concentration range of con- stituents leading to metallic character of the alloys, the change of the electronic effective mass around the Brillioun zone center (Gamma) as a function of alloy contents, the cross over from indirect to direct band gap of the alloys which are direct on one end, indirect on the other end, are main achievements in this work, indispensable for the development of mate- rials leading to new modern circuit components.
4
Coraux, Johann. "Etude par spectroscopie X en condition de diffraction de la croissance et de l'encapsulation de boites quantiques GaN/AlN." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00105778.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont consacrés à l'étude structurale (taille, déformation, composition) de boîtes quantiques GaN/AlN, par spectroscopie X en condition de diffraction et par diffraction et diffusion anomale des rayons X. Ces travaux sont appuyés par des analyses par diffraction des électrons rapides en réflexion (RHEED), par microscopies électronique en transmission (TEM) et à force atomique (AFM), et par diffusion des ions de moyenne énergie (MEIS).La mesure des structures fines en conditions de diffraction (spectroscopie X en condition de diffraction) et de la diffraction anomale, dans une géométrie en incidence rasante indispensable pour l'étude de nanoobjets, à nécessité des développements expérimentaux spécifiques. Conjointement, un effort particulier a été porté sur la prise en compte des effets dynamiques associés à l'utilisation d'une incidence rasante, dans l'analyse quantitative des résultats. En outre, les résultats ont été confrontés à des simulations des diagrammes de diffraction, des structures fines en condition de diffraction et de la diffraction anomale, sur la base de simulations des champs de déformations dans les boîtes quantiques.
L'encapsulation de boîtes quantiques GaN (0001) par AlN, susceptible de modifier les propriétés structurales et donc optoélectroniques des boîtes, a été étudié, in situ pendant la croissance et ex situ, par diffraction anomale et spectroscopie X en condition de diffraction ou d'absorption, par TEM et AFM. Ces mesures ont permis de proposer un mécanisme d'encapsulation original, et de mettre en évidence l'évolution des propriétés structurales des boîtes pendant l'encapsulation. L'empilement de plans de boîtes quantiques, et les effets de corrélations verticale de la position des boîtes associés, ont par ailleurs été étudié in situ, par diffraction anomale et diffusion aux petits angles en incidence rasante. Par RHEED, une étude préliminaire structurale du mûrissement des boîtes quantiques GaN (0001) a été entreprise. Enfin, AFM, TEM et MEIS ont permis d'analyser les propriétés structurales et optoélectroniques de boîtes quantiques GaN (11-20) auto-organisées.
5
Fardeheb-Mammeri, Amina-Zahia. "Dépôt par pulvérisation magnétron de couches minces de nitrure d'aluminium à axe C incliné en vue de la réalisation de dispositifs à ondes acoustiques vibrant en mode de cisaillement." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10115/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'excitation et la propagation des ondes de cisaillement dans les dispositifs à ondes acoustiques de surface SAW à base de nitrure d'aluminium, en milieux liquides, nécessitent l'inclinaison de l'axe c dans la structure hexagonale. Le but de cette étude était de déposer des couches minces d'AlN à axe c incliné par la technique de pulvérisation magnétron sans aucune modification du dispositif de pulvérisation, le substrat et la cible n'ayant subi ni inclinaison ni décalage. Il a été possible, par une approche basée seulement sur la variation des paramètres de croissance, de déposer des couches minces piézoélectriques avec un angle d'inclinaison de 13°±2° dans des conditions de haute pression (0.8 Pa) et basse température (300°C). Une couche de SiO2 a été également déposée afin de favoriser la croissance inclinée des grains et par conséquent de celle des colonnes. Les couches déposées présentent une grande homogénéité de l'épaisseur sur 75% d'un substrat de silicium de 3 pouces. Après la détermination des paramètres optimaux de « croissance inclinée », nous avons réalisé un dispositif à onde acoustique de surface fonctionnant en mode de cisaillement avec lequel nous avons démontré la possibilité d'exciter les ondes de cisaillement dans un dispositif de type AlN/Si02/Si à 486.2 MHz avec une vitesse de propagation d'environ 5835m/s et un facteur de couplage électromécanique de 0.014%. La réponse électrique est fort intéressante si on tient compte du faible couplage électromécanique dû au substrat utiliséThe excitation and propagation, in liquid media, of shear waves in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based aluminum nitride (AlN) require the inclination of the c axis in the hexagonal structure. The purpose of this study was to deposit tilted c-axis AlN thin films by magnetron sputtering technique without any modification of the deposition system. The search approach was based only on the optimisation of deposition parameters. Substrate and the target were not inclined or shifted. It has been possible through an approach based solely on changes in growth parameters, to deposit thin piezoelectric layers with an inclination angle of 13 ° ± 2 ° under conditions of high pressure (0.8 Pa) and low temperature ( 300 ° C). A thin layer of SiO2 was also introduced to enhance the growth of tilted grains and therefore the columns. The deposited layers have a homogeneous thickness of 75% of a silicon substrate of 3 inches. After determining the optimal parameters leading to growth AlN film with tilted c-axis, we achieved a SAW device and hence demonstrate the ability to excite shear waves in AlN/Si02 /Si SAW structure. The performed device operate at 486.2 MHz corresponding to an acoustic velocity of about 5835m/s and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.014%. The obtained electrical response is very interesting if we take into account the low electromechanical coupling of the structure due to the used substrate
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Hassaan, Engi [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Klebe. "Do All Roads Really Lead to Rome? Learnings from Comparative Analysis using SPR, NMR, & X-Ray Crystallography to Optimize Fragment Screening in Drug Discovery. / Engi Hassaan ; Betreuer: Gerhard Klebe." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224702964/34.
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Jovana, Plavša. "Идентификација и анализа потенцијалних супстрата и инхибитора хуманих протеина подфамилије 1С алдо-кето редуктаза (AKR1C) добијених рекомбинантном експресијом". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110027&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Истраживање има фокус на хуманим ензимима из суперфамилије алдо-кето редуктаза, које имају велики метаболички значај за хомеостатско функционисање организма. Неки од чланова подфамилије 1С алдо-кето редуктаза (AKR1C) имају улогу у развоју одређених патолошких стања, као што су леукемија, тумори простате,дојке и ендометријума, као и у смањивању ефекта хемотерапија. До сада није регистрован лек који директно утиче на протеине ове групе и самим тим је акценат на изналажењу специфичних лиганада (супстрата, инхибитора), који би могли да имају фармаколошку примену, али и на утврђивању везе између структуре и функције испитиваних лиганада према ензиму. Теза је имала фокус на протеинуAKR1C3. У овој дисертацији је представљена оптимизација ензимског есеја и испитивање потенцијалних лиганада и њиховог ефекта на ензимску активност одређених хуманих изоформи протеина из подфамилије AKR1C. Тестирана су синтетисанa стероиднa jeдињења, комерцијална једињења и биљни екстракти. Стероидни лиганди (AKR-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -19 и -22) који су показали добре инхибиторне карактеристике су детаљније описани одређеним добијенимкинетичким параметрима и затим су кокристализовани са протеином икофакторм. Од 7 различитих комплекса протеина са најбољиминхибитором, за два комплекса су добијене дифракције са инхибитором и решене кристалне структуре са лигандом у везном месту и врло добром резолуцијом, AKR-7: 1.7 Å, AKR -19: 1.6 Å. Ови резултати представљају прве протеинске кристале чију су структуру решили истраживачи из Србије, а у научном смислу и одличну основу за даљи дизајн и тестирање једињења и кокристализације.Istraživanje ima fokus na humanim enzimima iz superfamilije aldo-keto reduktaza, koje imaju veliki metabolički značaj za homeostatsko funkcionisanje organizma. Neki od članova podfamilije 1S aldo-keto reduktaza (AKR1C) imaju ulogu u razvoju određenih patoloških stanja, kao što su leukemija, tumori prostate,dojke i endometrijuma, kao i u smanjivanju efekta hemoterapija. Do sada nije registrovan lek koji direktno utiče na proteine ove grupe i samim tim je akcenat na iznalaženju specifičnih liganada (supstrata, inhibitora), koji bi mogli da imaju farmakološku primenu, ali i na utvrđivanju veze između strukture i funkcije ispitivanih liganada prema enzimu. Teza je imala fokus na proteinuAKR1C3. U ovoj disertaciji je predstavljena optimizacija enzimskog eseja i ispitivanje potencijalnih liganada i njihovog efekta na enzimsku aktivnost određenih humanih izoformi proteina iz podfamilije AKR1C. Testirana su sintetisana steroidna jedinjenja, komercijalna jedinjenja i biljni ekstrakti. Steroidni ligandi (AKR-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -19 i -22) koji su pokazali dobre inhibitorne karakteristike su detaljnije opisani određenim dobijenimkinetičkim parametrima i zatim su kokristalizovani sa proteinom ikofaktorm. Od 7 različitih kompleksa proteina sa najboljiminhibitorom, za dva kompleksa su dobijene difrakcije sa inhibitorom i rešene kristalne strukture sa ligandom u veznom mestu i vrlo dobrom rezolucijom, AKR-7: 1.7 Å, AKR -19: 1.6 Å. Ovi rezultati predstavljaju prve proteinske kristale čiju su strukturu rešili istraživači iz Srbije, a u naučnom smislu i odličnu osnovu za dalji dizajn i testiranje jedinjenja i kokristalizacije.
This research focuses on human enzymes of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, whose functions have a significant metabolic impact on organism homeostasis. Some members of the 1C aldo-keto reductase (AKR1C) subfamily play role in the development of specific pathological conditions, such as leukaemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer and endometrial cancer, as well as reducing the effectivness of chemotherapy. However, currently there are no approved and registered drugs that directly affect proteins from this subfamily. Therefore our main aim was to screen for specific ligands (substrates, inhibitors) with potential pharmacological applications, and to establish structure-activity relationships for these ligands and enzymes. This thesis mainly focuses on isoform AKR1C3. In this dissertation, optimization of an enzymatic assay and testing of potential ligands and their effects on the enzymaticactivity of specific human isoforms of proteins from subfamily AKR1C are presented. Tested ligands include synthetic steroidal compounds, commercial compounds and plant extracts. Steroid compounds, AKR-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -19 and -22, were found to be good inhibitors of AKR1C3, and further kinetic studies were conducted. Finally, cocrystalization of protein AKR1C3 with cofactor and these inhibitors was accomplished. From 7 different complexes of protein with inhibitors, two structures were solved to very high resolution, AKR-7: 1.7 Å, AKR -19: 1.6 Å. These results represent the first protein crystal structures solved by researchers from Serbia, and results provide an excellent basis for further design and testing of new inhibitors.
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Chi, Ying. "Calculating posterior probabilities for EM induction landmine detection using MCMC with thermodynamic integration /." Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2005. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?RQT=305&querySyntax=PQ&searchInterface=1&moreOptState=CLOSED&TS=1184862704&h_pubtitle=&h_pmid=&clientId=22256&JSEnabled=1&SQ=chi%2C+ying&DBId=21651&date=ALL&onDate=&beforeDate=&afterDate=&fromDate=&toDate=&TITLE=&author=&SCH=&subject=&LA=any&MTYPE=all&sortby=REVERSE_CHRON&x=0&y=0.
Повний текст джерела
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Stöckel, Chris. "Piezoelektrische Aluminiumnitrid-Dünnschichten für mikroelektromechanische Systeme." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-215293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden der Entwurf, die Technologie und die Parameteridentifikation von Silizium basierten mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMS) mit piezoelektrischen Dünnschicht-Aluminiumnitrid (AlN) vorgestellt. Auf Basis des AlNs als elektromechanischer Wandler erfolgt die Fertigung eines MEMS Technologiedemonstrators für energiearme Inertialsensoren. Das AlN wird über einen reaktiven Sputterprozess auf einer Wachstumsschicht abgeschieden. Durch Parametervariation des reaktiven Sputterprozesses und der Wachstumsschicht werden die piezoelektrischen Eigenschaften des AlNs optimiert. Die Entwicklung einer Gesamttechnologie führt zu einer Integration des Dünnschicht-AlNs in Silizium-Mikromechaniken. Die Röntgenbeugung (XRD) ermöglicht die Kristallstruktur des AlNs zu qualifizieren. Darüber hinaus werden weitere Analysemethoden vorgestellt, die eine hoch genaue und reproduzierbare messtechnische Bestimmung der piezoelektrischen Koeffizienten aus mikromechanischen Messstrukturen ermöglichen. Die Determination der piezoelektrischen Koeffizienten des Dünnschicht-AlNs aus den Messstrukturen erfolgt mittels analytischen und FE Modellen sowie der Laser-Doppler-Vibrometrie (LDV). Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt hierbei auf der Identifikation der longitudinalen und transversalen piezoelektrischen Ladungskoeffizienten des AlNs. Als Technologiedemonstrator wird ein einachsiger Inertialsensor mit integriertem piezoelektrischen Dünnschicht-AlN vorgestellt. Das MEMS generiert aufgrund des piezoelektrischen Wandlers intrinsisch elektrische Ladungen bei Einwirkung einer mechanischen Energie. Dadurch ist keine elektrische Energiezufuhr für die Messung eines inertialen Ereignisses notwendig. Der vorgestellte Demonstrator wird hinsichtlich seiner Ladungs- und Spannungssensitivität optimiert. Zur theoretischen Beschreibung der Funktionsweise werden analytische, sowie FE und SPICE Modelle genutzt. Eine Charakterisierung des MEMS Bauelements erfolgt hinsichtlich der mechanischen und elektrischen EigenschaftenThe thesis includes the design, the technology and the parameter identification of silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with piezoelectric thin film of aluminum nitride (AlN). A low-energy inertial sensor as technology demonstrator based on AlN as an electromechanical transducer a MEMS manufacturing process is shown. The AlN is deposited via a reactive sputtering on a growth layer. By varying parameters of the reactive sputtering and the growth layer of AlN, the piezoelectric properties can be optimized. The development of an overall technology results to an integration of the thin film AlNs in silicon micromechanics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) allows to qualify the crystal structure of AlN. Further methods are developed that enable a highly accurate and repeatable metrological determination of piezoelectric coefficients measurement structures. The determination of piezoelectric coefficients of the thin film AlN from the measurement structures is resulting from analytical methods and FE models and the laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). The identification of the longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric charge coefficient of AlN is one main focus of this work. A uniaxial inertial sensor with an integrated piezoelectric thin film of AlN is presented as technology demonstrator. The piezoelectric transducer of the MEMS is generating electric charges intrinsically as reaction of mechanical stress. Thus, no electric power supply for the measurement of an inertial event is necessary. The presented demonstrator has been optimized with respect to its charge and voltage sensitivity. For a theoretical description analytical and FE and SPICE models are used. A characterization of the MEMS device is carried out with regard to the mechanical and electrical properties
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Wu), Hsin Hsien Wu (Sean, and 吳信賢. "Sputtering AlN Films on ST-X Quartz and Y-128° LiNbO3." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83767066558777022197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
博士國立成功大學
電機工程學系
89
Highly c-axis-oriented and fine structural AlN films were successfully prepared on ST-X quartz and Y-128° LiNbO3 by rf magnetron sputtering. The crystalline structure of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the surface microstructure of films was quantitatively investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM). The dependence between sputtering conditions and the physical structures of the films was researched. The results exhibited the AlN films had the stronger diffraction intensity of (002) plane, the smaller, denser and more uniform grain structures and the smoother top surface. For ST-X quartz substrates, the high substrate temperature (400℃) could promote to deposit the highly c-axis-oriented AlN films. When the low substrate temperature (200℃) existed, the low rf power (250W) operation was helpful to the highly c-axis-oriented AlN films deposition. For Y-128° LiNbO3 substrates, the results showed that the higher c-axis-oriented AlN films preferred to appeared at lower sputtering pressures. On the other hand, the uneven grain structures and multi-oriented XRD patterns existed in the high sputtering pressure region (5-9 mTorr). The best orientation and microstructure of the films were prepared at 3 mTorr. Highly c-axis-oriented AlN films were deposited on ST-X quartz and Y-128° LiNbO3 respectively as the new two-layer substrates for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Various thicknesses of AlN films were deposited and the SAW delay line devices were fabricated on the surface of two-layer substrates. For ST-X quartz substrates, both of the SAW velocity and the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k2) increased as the film-thickness/acoustic-wavelength ratio increased. The SAW modes of the two-layer substrate (AlN/ST-X quartz) also were researched. As the film-thickness/acoustic-wavelength ratio increased, the velocities of the generalized SAW (GSAW) and the high velocity pseudo-SAW (HVPSAW) were increased, but that of the pseudo-SAW (PSAW) maintained the same. For Y-128° LiNbO3 substrates, the SAW velocity increased and the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k2) decreased as the film-thickness/acoustic-wavelength ratio increased. The two-layer substrate (AlN/Y-128° LiNbO3) on the application of SAW oscillator was researched. The results exhibited the two-layer substrates, being AlN/Y-128° LiNbO3, significantly enhanced the SAW oscillator frequency and effectively improved the poor temperature stability.
Книги з теми "X-Ald amn"
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Vangi, Dario, and Virginio Rivano, eds. Ricostruzione della dinamica degli incidenti stradali. L'ambito giuridico, la strada, il conducente e il veicolo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-398-2.
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The third and last instalment of the Firenze University Press work devoted to the reconstruction of road accidents, this book is an important complement to the two previous volumes by Dario Vangi and Virginio Rivano. Consisting of original contributions written by experts in each individual sector, the work explores the legal aspect of road accidents, consultancy and the rules of behaviour and then x-rays all the aspects relating to the road (from risk factors to containment devices), the driver (from reaction times to forensic medicine) and, finally, the vehicle (from safety systems to causes of fire and techniques of repair and estimates).
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Inc, Game Counselor. Game Counselor's Answer Book for Nintendo Players. Redmond, USA: Microsoft Pr, 1991.
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3
van Geel, Björn M., Marc Engelen, and Stephan Kemp. X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent peroxisomal disorder. Hallmarks are increased levels of plasma very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), mutations in the ABCD1 gene, impaired function of ALD-protein and, consequently, decreased import of VLCFA-CoA esters in peroxisomes and VLCFA beta-oxidation. Cerebral demyelination and axonal degeneration of the spinal cord are the main causes of neurological deficits. Endocrine dysfunction, particularly adrenocortical insufficiency, is very frequent. Based upon the age of onset of symptoms and the organs most severely affected, several phenotypes can be distinguished. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) are the most frequent variants. At least 80% of female carriers will eventually develop neurological symptoms similar to men with AMN. The thin and scanty scalp hair in affected men may facilitate diagnosis of X-ALD. Identification of patients is of utmost importance, as adrenocortical insufficiency can be treated, rapidly progressive cerebral demyelination can be halted, and prenatal diagnostic testing is available. Furthermore, symptomatic therapies and multidisciplinary support may help patients coping with this disease.
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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. The Standard Metric. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0026.
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This chapter presents some results about groups generated by reflections and the standard metric on a Bruhat-Tits building. It begins with definitions relating to an affine subspace, an affine hyperplane, an affine span, an affine map, and an affine transformation. It then considers a notation stating that the convex closure of a subset a of X is the intersection of all convex sets containing a and another notation that denotes by AGL(X) the group of all affine transformations of X and by Trans(X) the set of all translations of X. It also describes Euclidean spaces and assumes that the real vector space X is of finite dimension n and that d is a Euclidean metric on X. Finally, it discusses Euclidean representations and the standard metric.
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Zein, Fouad El, and Loring W. Tu. From Sheaf Cohomology to the Algebraic de Rham Theorem. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0002.
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This chapter proves Grothendieck's algebraic de Rham theorem. It first proves Grothendieck's algebraic de Rham theorem more or less from scratch for a smooth complex projective variety X, namely, that there is an isomorphism H*(Xₐₙ,ℂ) ≃ H*X,Ωsubscript alg superscript bullet) between the complex singular cohomology of Xan and the hypercohomology of the complex Ωsubscript alg superscript bullet of sheaves of algebraic differential forms on X. The proof necessitates a discussion of sheaf cohomology, coherent sheaves, and hypercohomology. The chapter then develops more machinery, mainly the Čech cohomology of a sheaf and the Čech cohomology of a complex of sheaves, as tools for computing hypercohomology. The chapter thus proves that the general case of Grothendieck's theorem is equivalent to the affine case.
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Bein, Steve. Climate Change as Existentialist Threat. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456320.003.0007.
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Watsuji Tetsurō’s models of ningen sonzai (人間存在), fūdo (風土), and seken (世間) help us to make sense of why climate change is not merely an existential threat but also an existentialist one: it threatens our mode of being-in-the-world. The semiotic squares developed by Algirdas Julien Greimas, draw the distinction between two types of opposites: antithesis (where X and anti-X annihilate each other) and countermeasure (where X and counter-X push and pull against each other in the act of self-becoming). The human drives toward individualism (nin) and collectivism (gen) are each other’s countermeasure, just as humanity’s existence in and expansion through the lived world (fūdo風土) plays the role of countermeasure to the lived world itself. Climate change is an existentialist threat because even by the most conservative estimates, it threatens to topple all of those carefully counterbalanced relationships.
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M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Fixed Apartments. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0025.
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This chapter considers the conditions which force a group of order 2 acting on a building to stabilize various kinds of substructures. It shows that a group of order 2 acting on a spherical building must fix an apartment. The discussion begins with the assumption that (Δ, δ) is a building of type (W, S) and that τ is an automorphism of Δ of order 2. This is followed by the proposition that there exists a spherical residue R stabilized by Γ such that dist(x, xτ) = diam(R) for all x ∈ R. The chapter also analyzes the case where either τ stabilizes two opposite residues of Σ or τ maps every chamber of Σ to its opposite in Σ.
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Lobina, David J. Putting it all together. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0008.
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Recursion as a concept can apply to four different theoretical constructs, all of them to some extent independent but with potential points of contact: a) as part of a definition by induction, and thus of possible use to various sciences; b) as a central property of mechanical procedures, as in production systems and merge; c) as a feature of computational processes, when an operation calls itself, yielding chains of deferred operations; and d) as a characteristic of data structures, as in an ‘X within an X’ template. It is of the utmost importance to separate the four meanings and to not conflate them into a single phenomenon; moreover, it is equally important to recognize that these theoretical constructs may well refer to different mental realities that require different levels of explanation/description, in some cases reflecting properties of mental faculties (knowledge base), in others of processing modules (real-time phenomena).
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Blow, David. Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.001.0001.
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Outline of Crystallography for Biologists is intended for researchers and students in the biological sciences who require an insight into the methods of X-ray crystallography without needing to learn all the relevant theory. The main text is purely descriptive and is readable by those with minimal mathematical knowledge. Some mathematical detail is given throughout in boxes, but these can be ignored. Theory is limited to the essentials required to comprehend issues of quality. There is an extensive reference section and suggestions for further reading for those who wish to delve deeper. The first part 'Fundamentals' presents the underlying ideas which allow x-ray structure analysis to be carried out and provides an appropriate background to courses in structural determination. The second part 'Practice' gives more information about the procedures employed in the course of crystal structure determination. The emphasis is on the quality measures of X-ray diffraction analysis to give the reader a critical insight into the quality and accuracy of a structure determination and to enable the reader to appreciate which parts of a structure determination may have caused special difficulty. There is no pretence of completeness and many matters discussed in standard crystallography texts are deliberately omitted. However, issues not brought out in the standard texts are discussed, making it a useful resource for non-practising crystallographers as well.
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Hendriksz, Christian J., and Francois Karstens. Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0054.
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There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.
Частини книг з теми "X-Ald amn"
1
Harumoto, Takashi, Ji Shi, and Yoshio Nakamura. "X-Ray Reflectivity Studies of Pt/AlN Multilayered Films." In Materials Science Forum, 2095–98. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-462-6.2095.
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Spivey, Natalie, Samson Truong, and Roger Truax. "All-Electric X-Plane, X-57 Mod II Ground Vibration Test." In Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting & Dynamic Environments Testing, Volume 7, 19–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75988-9_2.
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Butcher, D., J. C. T. Cullen, N. Barron, S. Mehraban, M. Calvo-Dahlborg, S. G. R. Brown, and N. P. Lavery. "Development of a High Entropy Alloy AlX(CoCrCuFeNi)1-X for Diverse Security Applications." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 543–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92381-5_50.
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Sharma, Sunny, and Karl-Dieter Entian. "Chemical Modifications of Ribosomal RNA." In Ribosome Biogenesis, 149–66. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractCellular RNAs in all three kingdoms of life are modified with diverse chemical modifications. These chemical modifications expand the topological repertoire of RNAs, and fine-tune their functions. Ribosomal RNA in yeast contains more than 100 chemically modified residues in the functionally crucial and evolutionary conserved regions. The chemical modifications in the rRNA are of three types—methylation of the ribose sugars at the C2-positionAbstract (Nm), isomerization of uridines to pseudouridines (Ψ), and base modifications such as (methylation (mN), acetylation (acN), and aminocarboxypropylation (acpN)). The modifications profile of the yeast rRNA has been recently completed, providing an excellent platform to analyze the function of these modifications in RNA metabolism and in cellular physiology. Remarkably, majority of the rRNA modifications and the enzymatic machineries discovered in yeast are highly conserved in eukaryotes including humans. Mutations in factors involved in rRNA modification are linked to several rare severe human diseases (e.g., X-linked Dyskeratosis congenita, the Bowen–Conradi syndrome and the William–Beuren disease). In this chapter, we summarize all rRNA modifications and the corresponding enzymatic machineries of the budding yeast.
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Sakaino, Akira. "International Collaboration Between Data Spaces and Carrier Networks." In Designing Data Spaces, 471–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93975-5_28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractNTT, headquartered in Japan, is a global ICT company with data centers, network facilities, R&D centers, and business locations all over the world. It is developing new data infrastructures that utilize next-generation information communications technology and digital twin computing. This section introduces NTT’s R&D activities, services and solutions, and future initiatives to ensure security, compliance, fairness, transparency, and interoperability in the global data space. The details are as follows: Concerns and issues regarding the cross-border sharing and use of industrial IoT data between multiple companies Use cases considered by RRI (Robot Revolution and Industrial IoT Initiative) and requirements for global data spaces Next-generation optical and wireless network “IOWN” and highly reliable data infrastructure “SDPF with Trust” proposed by NTT to realize data spaces that meet requirements for global data spaces Demonstration system and international interconnection experiments using IDS Connectors to connect data spaces between Japan and Europe Ideal international data platform architecture that connects GAIA-X compliant data spaces to networks of telecommunications carriers in various countries Concept of a digital immune system “Global autonomic nerve” that combines data spaces with IoT and AI to achieve sustainable governance of economic activities and the global ecosystem
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Marks II, Robert J. "Fundamentals of Fourier Analysis." In Handbook of Fourier Analysis & Its Applications. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335927.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter contains foundational material for modelling of signals and systems. Section 2.2 introduces classes of functions useful in signal processing and analysis. The Fourier transform, in Section 2.3, begins with the Fourier integral and develops the Fourier series, the discrete time Fourier transform and the discrete Fourier transform as special cases. The following material in this chapter can be skipped on a first reading. † denotes material relevant to multidimensional signals in Chapters 8 and 11. ‡ denotes material relevant to probability and stochastic processes in Chapter 4. ¶ denotes material used in continuous sampling in Chapter 10. There are a number of signal classes to which we will make common reference. Continuous time signals are denoted with their arguments in parentheses, e.g., x(t). Discrete time signals will be bracketed, e.g., x[n]. A continuous time signal, x(t), is periodic if there exists a T such that x(t) = x(t − T) for all t. The function x(t) = constant is periodic. A discrete time signal, x[n], is periodic if there exists a positive integer N such that x[n] = x[n − N] for all n. The function x[n] = constant is periodic.
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Krishnamurti, T. N., H. S. Bedi, and V. M. Hardiker. "An Introduction to Finite Differencing." In An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094732.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter on finite differencing appears oddly placed in the early part of a text on spectral modeling. Finite differences are still traditionally used for vertical differencing and for time differencing. Therefore, we feel that an introduction to finite-differencing methods is quite useful. Furthermore, the student reading this chapter has the opportunity to compare these methods with the spectral method which will be developed in later chapters. One may use Taylor’s expansion of a given function about a single point to approximate the derivative(s) at that point. Derivatives in the equation involving a function are replaced by finite difference approximations. The values of the function are known at discrete points in both space and time. The resulting equation is then solved algebraically with appropriate restrictions. Suppose u is a function of x possessing derivatives of all orders in the interval (x — n∆x, x + n∆x). Then we can obtain the values of u at points x ± n∆ x, where n is any integer, in terms of the value of the function and its derivatives at point x, that is, u(x) and its higher derivatives.
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Lindenstrauss, Joram, David Preiss, and Tiˇser Jaroslav. "Introduction." In Fréchet Differentiability of Lipschitz Functions and Porous Sets in Banach Spaces (AM-179). Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691153551.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book deals with the existence of Fréchet derivatives of Lipschitz functions from X to Y, where X is an Asplund space and Y has the Radon-Nikodým property (RNP). It considers whether every countable collection of real-valued Lipschitz functions on an Asplund space has a common point of Fréchet differentiability. It also examines the conditions under which all Lipschitz mapping of X to finite dimensional spaces not only possess points of Fréchet differentiability, but possess so many of them that even the multidimensional mean value estimate holds. Other topics include the notion of the Radon-Nikodým property and main results on Gâteaux differentiability of Lipschitz functions and related notions of null sets; separable determination and variational principles; and differentiability of Lipschitz maps on Hilbert spaces.
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Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. "Coupled Oscillators." In An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have thus far learned a great deal about chemical oscillators, but, except in Chapter 9, where we looked at the effects of external fields, our oscillatory systems have been treated as isolated. In fact, mathematicians, physicists, and biologists are much more likely than are chemists to have encountered and thought about oscillators that interact with one another and with their environment. Forced and coupled oscillators, both linear and nonlinear, are classic problems in mathematics and physics. The key notions of resonance and damping that arise from studies of these systems have found their way into several areas of chemistry as well. Although biologists rarely consider oscillators in a formal sense, the vast variety of interdependent oscillatory processes in living systems makes the representation of an organism by a system of coupled oscillators a less absurd caricature than one might at first think. In this chapter, we will examine some of the rich variety of behaviors that coupled chemical oscillators can display. We will consider two approaches to coupling oscillatory chemical reactions, and then we will look at the phenomenology of coupled systems. We begin with some general considerations about forced oscillators, which constitute a limiting case of asymmetric coupling, in which the linkage between two oscillators is infinitely stronger in one direction than in the other. As an aid to intuition, picture a child on a swing or a pendulum moving periodically. The forcing consists of an impulse that is applied, either once or periodically, generally with a frequency different from that of the unforced oscillator. In a chemical oscillator, the forcing might occur through pulsed addition of a reactive species or variation of the flow rate in a CSTR. Mathematically, we can write the equations describing such a system as . . . dX/dt = f(x) + ε g(X, t) (12.1) . . . where the vector x contains the concentrations, the vector function f(x) contains all the rate and flow terms in the absence of forcing, g(x) represents the appropriately scaled temporal dependence of the forcing, and the scalar parameter e specifies the strength of the forcing.
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Lindenstrauss, Joram, David Preiss, and Tiˇser Jaroslav. "Unavoidable Porous Sets and Nondifferentiable Maps." In Fréchet Differentiability of Lipschitz Functions and Porous Sets in Banach Spaces (AM-179). Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691153551.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses Γₙ-nullness of sets porous “¹at infinity” and/or existence of many points of Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz maps into n-dimensional spaces. The results reveal a σ-porous set whose complement is null on all n-dimensional surfaces and the multidimensional mean value estimates fail even for ε-Fréchet derivatives. Previous chapters have established conditions on a Banach space X under which porous sets in X are Γₙ-null and/or the the multidimensional mean value estimates for Fréchet derivatives of Lipschitz maps into n-dimensional spaces hold. This chapter investigates in what sense the assumptions of these main results are close to being optimal.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "X-Ald amn"
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Romashin, D. V. "Development of an intelligent system "Independent Smart Assistant"." In X All-Russian Scientific Conference "System Synthesis and Applied Synergetics". Southern Federal University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/syssyn-2021-25.
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Safaraliev, G., B. Bilalov, D. Dallaeva, Sh Ramasanov, K. Geraev, and Pavel Tománek. "Investigation of optical properties of SiC/(SiC)1-x(AlN)x heterostructures." In Photonics Prague 2011, edited by Pavel Tománek, Dagmar Senderáková, and Petr Páta. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.912463.
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Lyz, N. A., and A. E. Lyz. "Modeling and management of students' activities in the Internet space." In X All-Russian Scientific Conference "System Synthesis and Applied Synergetics". Southern Federal University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/syssyn-2021-50.
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Singh, N. B., B. Wagner, A. Berghmans, D. J. Knuteson, S. McLaughlin, D. Kahler, M. King, J. Hedrick, and G. M. Bates. "(SiC) x (AlN) 1-x solid-solution grown by physical vapor transport (PVT) method." In SPIE Photonic Devices + Applications, edited by Shizhuo Yin and Ruyan Guo. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.827260.
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Kudo, M., H. A. Shih, and T. Suzuki. "Interface analysis of AlN/InAs(001) and AlN/Ge/InAs(001) by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." In 2012 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2012.ps-6-18.
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Iborra, E., M. Clement, J. Capilla, J. Olivares, and V. Felmetsger. "Optimization of thin AlN sputtered films for X-band BAW resonators." In 2010 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2010.5935515.
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Bradt, Hale. "X-ray transients monitored by the all-sky monitor on RXTE: A tabulation." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434617.
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Capilla, J., J. Olivares, M. Clement, J. Sangrador, E. Iborra, V. Felmetsger, and A. Devos. "Ta2O5/SiO2 insulating acoustic mirrors for AlN-based X-band BAW resonators." In 2011 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2011.0425.
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Tomita, H., T. Inoue, T. Mizoguchi, and T. Sato. "Sputter-deposited FeCoBC/AlN/sub x/ multilayered films for wet-etching process." In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837929.
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Hara, M., T. Yokoyama, M. Ueda, and Y. Satoh. "12E-2 X-Band Filters Utilizing AlN Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators." In 2007 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2007.291.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "X-Ald amn"
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Tomanek, David. Stability and Elastic Properties of Hydrogen Loaded Ti(1-x)Al(x) Alloys: An ab Initio Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada288903.
Повний текст джерела
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Kycia, S. Dynamical x-ray diffraction from an icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/249084.
Повний текст джерела
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Gall, Graham A. E., Gideon Hulata, Eric M. Hallerman, Bernard May, and Umiel Nakdimon. Creating and Characterizing Genetic Variation in Tilapia through the Creation of an Artificial Center of Origin. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7574344.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Five stocks of tilapia [oreochromis niloticus (on), red O. niloticus (ROn), O. aureus (Oa), O. mossambicus (Om), and Sarotherodon galilaeus (Sg)] were used to produce two-way (F1), three-way (3WC) and four-way crosses (4WC). Three 4WC groups, containing equal representation of all four species, formed the base population for a new synthetic stock, called an "artificial center of origin" (ACO). Four genomic maps were created using microsatellite and AFLP markers, two from a 3WC family [Om female and (Oa x ROn) male] and two from a 4WC family [(Om x Oas) females and (Sg x On) male]. Sixty-two loci segregating from the female parent of the 3WC mapped to 14 linkage groups while 214 loci from the male parent mapped to 24 linkage groups. Similarly, 131 loci segregating from the female parent of the 4WC mapped to 26 linkage groups and 118 loci from the male parent mapped to 25 linkage groups. Preliminary screening of an F2 and a 4WC family identified a number of loci associated with cold tolerance and body weight. These loci were clustered in a few linkage groups, suggesting they may be indicative of quantitative trait loci.
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Ramaker, David E., and Hideo Sambe. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study on the Double Layer at an Al203-Al Interface. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada246454.
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Stender, Christopher, and Kirstin Alberi. AlxIn1-xP LEDs with II-VI Cladding Layers for Efficient Red and Amber Emission. Final Scientific & Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1411045.
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Plourde, A. P., and J. F. Cassidy. Mapping tectonic stress at subduction zones with earthquake focal mechanisms: application to Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330943.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquake focal mechanisms have contributed substantially to our understanding of modern tectonic stress regimes, perhaps more than any other data source. Studies generally group focal mechanisms by epicentral location to examine variations in stress across a region. However, stress variations with depth have rarely been considered, either due to data limitations or because they were believed to be negligible. This study presents 3D grids of tectonic stress tensors using existing focal mechanism catalogs from several subduction zones, including Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. We bin data into 50 x 50 x 10 km cells (north, east, vertical), with 50% overlap in all three directions. This resulted in 181380 stress inversions, with 90% of these in Japan (including Nankai). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first examination of stress changes with depth in several of these regions. The resulting maps and cross-sections of stress can help distinguish locked and creeping segments of the plate interface. Similarly, by dividing the focal mechanism catalog in northern Japan into those before and those &gt;6 months after the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, we are able to produce detailed 3D maps of stress rotation, which is close to 90° near the areas of highest slip. These results could inform geodynamic rupture models of future megathrust earthquakes in order to more accurately estimate slip, shaking, and seismic hazard. Southern Cascadia and Nankai appear to have sharp stress discontinuities at ~20 km depth, and northern Cascadia may have a similar discontinuity at ~30 km depth. These stress boundaries may relate to rheological discontinuities in the forearc, and may help us unravel how forearc composition influences subduction zone behaviour and seismic hazard.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Zhang, Hongbin, Shahal Abbo, Weidong Chen, Amir Sherman, Dani Shtienberg, and Frederick Muehlbauer. Integrative Physical and Genetic Mapping of the Chickpea Genome for Fine Mapping and Analysis of Agronomic Traits. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592122.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks first in the Middle East; however, it has been subjected to only limited research in modern genomics. In the first period of this project (US-3034-98R) we constructed two large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, developed 325 SSR markers and mapped QTLs controlling ascochyta blight resistance (ABR) and days to first flower (DTF). Nevertheless, the utilities of these tools and results in gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding are limited due to the absence of an essential platform. The goals of this period of the project were to use the resources and tools developed in the first period of the project to develop a BAC/BIBAC physical map for chickpea and using it to identify BAC/BIBACcontigs containing agronomic genes of interest, with an emphasis on ABR and DTF, and develop DNA markers suitable for marker-assisted breeding. Toward these goals, we proposed: 1) Fingerprint ~50,000 (10x) BACs from the BAC and BIBAC libraries, assemble the clones into a genome-wide BAC/BIBAC physical map, and integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Zhang, USA); 2) fine-map ABR and DTFQTLs and enhance molecular tools for chickpea genetics and breeding (Shahal, Sherman and DaniShtienberg, Israel; Chen and Muehlbauer; USA); and 3) integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Sherman, Israel; Zhang and Chen, USA). For these objectives, a total of $460,000 was requested originally, but a total of $300,000 was awarded to the project. We first developed two new BAC and BIBAC libraries, Chickpea-CME and Chickpea- CHV. The chickpea-CMEBAC library contains 22,272 clones, with an average insert size of 130 kb and equivalent to 4.0 fold of the chickpea genome. The chickpea-CHVBIBAC library contains 38,400 clones, with an average insert size of 140 kb and equivalent to 7.5 fold of the chickpea genome. The two new libraries (11.5 x), along with the two BAC (Chickpea-CHI) and BIBAC (Chickpea-CBV) libraries (7.1 x) constructed in the first period of the project, provide libraries essential for chickpea genome physical mapping and many other genomics researches. Using these four libraries we then developed the proposed BAC/BIBAC physical map of chickpea. A total of 67,584 clones were fingerprinted, and 64,211 (~11.6 x) of the fingerprints validated and used in the physical map assembly. The physical map consists of 1,945 BAC/BIBACcontigs, with each containing an average of 39.2 clones and having an average physical length of 559 kb. The contigs collectively span ~1,088 Mb, being 1.49 fold of the 740- Mb chickpea genome. Third, we integrated the physical map with the two existing chickpea genetic maps using a total of 172 (124 + 48) SSR markers. Fourth, we identified tightly linked markers for ABR-QTL1, increased marker density at ABR-QTL2 and studied the genetic basis of resistance to pod abortion, a major problem in the east Mediterranean, caused by heat stress. Finally, we, using the integrated map, isolated the BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to QTL4.1, QTL4.2 and QTL8 for ABR and QTL8 for DTF. The integrated BAC/BIBAC map resulted from the project will provide a powerful platform and tools essential for many aspects of advanced genomics and genetics research of this crop and related species. These includes, but are not limited to, targeted development of SNP, InDel and SSR markers, high-resolution mapping of the chickpea genome and its agronomic genes and QTLs, sequencing and decoding of all genes of the genome using the next-generation sequencing technology, and comparative genome analysis of chickpea versus other legumes. The DNA markers and BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to ABR and DTF provide essential tools to develop SSR and SNP markers well-suited for marker-assisted breeding of the traits and clone their corresponding genes. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote enhanced and substantial genetic improvement of the crop and related legumes.
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Leach, Roland M., Mark Pines, Carol V. Gay, and Shmuel Hurwitz. In vivo and in vitro Chondrocyte Metabolism in Relationship to the Developemnt of Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568090.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Skeletal deformities are a significant financial and welfare problem for the world poultry industry. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is the most prevalent skeletal abnormality found in young broilers, turkeys and ducks. Tibial dyschondroplasia results from a perturbation of the sequence of events in the epiphyseal growth plate, the tissue responsible for longitudinal bone growth. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that TD was the result of a failure of growth plate chondrocytes to differentiate and express the chemotactic molecules required for cartilage vascularization. In this investigation in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques were used to study chondrocyte gene products associated with cartilage maturation and vascularization such as osteopontin, osteonectin, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase. All markers were present in the growth plate tissue anter or to the TD lesion but were greatly diminished in the TD lesion. Thus, rather than not acquiring the markers for hypertrophy, it appears that the growth plate chondrocytes reach a certain stage of hypertrophy and then de-differentiate into cells which resemble chondrocytes in the prehypertrophic zone. Similar patterns were observed in all TD tissues examined whether the lesions were spontaneous or induced by dietary treatments or genetic selection. The decrease in gene expression can at least be partially explained by the fact that many of the dysplastic chondrocytes show classic signs of apoptosis. These results provide an explanation for the observation that a variety of genes show reduced expression in the TD lesion when examined by in situ hybridization. This would suggest that future research should focus on the earliest detectable stages in the development of TD and examine endocrine and autocrine factors which cause chondrocytes to de-differentiate and undergo premature apoptosis.