Книги з теми "X-Ald amn"

The third and last instalment of the Firenze University Press work devoted to the reconstruction of road accidents, this book is an important complement to the two previous volumes by Dario Vangi and Virginio Rivano. Consisting of original contributions written by experts in each individual sector, the work explores the legal aspect of road accidents, consultancy and the rules of behaviour and then x-rays all the aspects relating to the road (from risk factors to containment devices), the driver (from reaction times to forensic medicine) and, finally, the vehicle (from safety systems to causes of fire and techniques of repair and estimates).

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent peroxisomal disorder. Hallmarks are increased levels of plasma very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), mutations in the ABCD1 gene, impaired function of ALD-protein and, consequently, decreased import of VLCFA-CoA esters in peroxisomes and VLCFA beta-oxidation. Cerebral demyelination and axonal degeneration of the spinal cord are the main causes of neurological deficits. Endocrine dysfunction, particularly adrenocortical insufficiency, is very frequent. Based upon the age of onset of symptoms and the organs most severely affected, several phenotypes can be distinguished. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) are the most frequent variants. At least 80% of female carriers will eventually develop neurological symptoms similar to men with AMN. The thin and scanty scalp hair in affected men may facilitate diagnosis of X-ALD. Identification of patients is of utmost importance, as adrenocortical insufficiency can be treated, rapidly progressive cerebral demyelination can be halted, and prenatal diagnostic testing is available. Furthermore, symptomatic therapies and multidisciplinary support may help patients coping with this disease.

This chapter presents some results about groups generated by reflections and the standard metric on a Bruhat-Tits building. It begins with definitions relating to an affine subspace, an affine hyperplane, an affine span, an affine map, and an affine transformation. It then considers a notation stating that the convex closure of a subset a of X is the intersection of all convex sets containing a and another notation that denotes by AGL(X) the group of all affine transformations of X and by Trans(X) the set of all translations of X. It also describes Euclidean spaces and assumes that the real vector space X is of finite dimension n and that d is a Euclidean metric on X. Finally, it discusses Euclidean representations and the standard metric.

This chapter proves Grothendieck's algebraic de Rham theorem. It first proves Grothendieck's algebraic de Rham theorem more or less from scratch for a smooth complex projective variety X, namely, that there is an isomorphism H*(Xₐₙ,ℂ) ≃ H*X,Ω‎subscript alg superscript bullet) between the complex singular cohomology of Xan and the hypercohomology of the complex Ω‎subscript alg superscript bullet of sheaves of algebraic differential forms on X. The proof necessitates a discussion of sheaf cohomology, coherent sheaves, and hypercohomology. The chapter then develops more machinery, mainly the Čech cohomology of a sheaf and the Čech cohomology of a complex of sheaves, as tools for computing hypercohomology. The chapter thus proves that the general case of Grothendieck's theorem is equivalent to the affine case.

Watsuji Tetsurō’s models of ningen sonzai (人‎間‎存‎在‎), fūdo (風‎土‎), and seken (世‎間‎) help us to make sense of why climate change is not merely an existential threat but also an existentialist one: it threatens our mode of being-in-the-world. The semiotic squares developed by Algirdas Julien Greimas, draw the distinction between two types of opposites: antithesis (where X and anti-X annihilate each other) and countermeasure (where X and counter-X push and pull against each other in the act of self-becoming). The human drives toward individualism (nin) and collectivism (gen) are each other’s countermeasure, just as humanity’s existence in and expansion through the lived world (fūdo風‎土‎) plays the role of countermeasure to the lived world itself. Climate change is an existentialist threat because even by the most conservative estimates, it threatens to topple all of those carefully counterbalanced relationships.

This chapter considers the conditions which force a group of order 2 acting on a building to stabilize various kinds of substructures. It shows that a group of order 2 acting on a spherical building must fix an apartment. The discussion begins with the assumption that (Δ‎, δ‎) is a building of type (W, S) and that τ‎ is an automorphism of Δ‎ of order 2. This is followed by the proposition that there exists a spherical residue R stabilized by Γ‎ such that dist(x, xτ‎) = diam(R) for all x ∈ R. The chapter also analyzes the case where either τ‎ stabilizes two opposite residues of Σ‎ or τ‎ maps every chamber of Σ‎ to its opposite in Σ‎.

Recursion as a concept can apply to four different theoretical constructs, all of them to some extent independent but with potential points of contact: a) as part of a definition by induction, and thus of possible use to various sciences; b) as a central property of mechanical procedures, as in production systems and merge; c) as a feature of computational processes, when an operation calls itself, yielding chains of deferred operations; and d) as a characteristic of data structures, as in an ‘X within an X’ template. It is of the utmost importance to separate the four meanings and to not conflate them into a single phenomenon; moreover, it is equally important to recognize that these theoretical constructs may well refer to different mental realities that require different levels of explanation/description, in some cases reflecting properties of mental faculties (knowledge base), in others of processing modules (real-time phenomena).

Outline of Crystallography for Biologists is intended for researchers and students in the biological sciences who require an insight into the methods of X-ray crystallography without needing to learn all the relevant theory. The main text is purely descriptive and is readable by those with minimal mathematical knowledge. Some mathematical detail is given throughout in boxes, but these can be ignored. Theory is limited to the essentials required to comprehend issues of quality. There is an extensive reference section and suggestions for further reading for those who wish to delve deeper. The first part 'Fundamentals' presents the underlying ideas which allow x-ray structure analysis to be carried out and provides an appropriate background to courses in structural determination. The second part 'Practice' gives more information about the procedures employed in the course of crystal structure determination. The emphasis is on the quality measures of X-ray diffraction analysis to give the reader a critical insight into the quality and accuracy of a structure determination and to enable the reader to appreciate which parts of a structure determination may have caused special difficulty. There is no pretence of completeness and many matters discussed in standard crystallography texts are deliberately omitted. However, issues not brought out in the standard texts are discussed, making it a useful resource for non-practising crystallographers as well.

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

‘The fly in the cathedral’ charts the discovery of the nuclear atom and the start of modern atomic and nuclear physics. It began in 1895 with the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen and radioactivity by Henri Becquerel. In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and realised they were common to all atoms, which implied that atoms have an internal structure. Negatively-charged electrons are bound to positively-charged entities within the atom, but what carries this positive charge and how is it distributed? It was Ernest Rutherford, in 1911, who announced his solution: all of an atom’s positive charge and most of its mass are contained in a compact nucleus at the centre.

Over 2,300 entriesThis fascinating and expansive dictionary covers all aspects of space exploration, from A-Train to Zvezda. This jargon-free new edition has been fully revised and updated to take into account the new developments in space exploration on an international scale over the last 13 years, with new entries such as Hitomi, Space X Dragon, and Ariane 5 Rocket.All entries are fully cross-referenced for ease of use. In addition, the dictionary also contains links to over 250 space-related websites, and a comprehensive chronology of space exploration. The entries are supported by over 75 photographs, illustrations, and diagrams.

The anti-Trump Resistance involves activists from an unusually wide range of political and chronological generations: movement veterans from the 1960s and 1970s, Generation X activists politicized in the 1980s and 1990s, Millennials who entered activism in the 2000s, and newcomers of all ages. Political generations differ in worldview based on both age and time of entry into activism. Generational spillover—the mutual influence, difference, and conflict among political generations—includes explicit attempts to teach organizing, and indirect influences on frames, organizational structures, tactics, ideologies, and goals. This chapter discusses generational spillover in the Resistance, including transmission and conflict.

The technique of small angle solution scattering has been revolutionized in the last two decades. Exponential increases in computing power, parallel algorithm development, and the development of synchrotron, free-electron X-ray sources, and neutron sources, have combined to allow new classes of studies for biological specimens. These include time-resolved experiments in which functional motions of proteins are monitored on a picosecond timescale, and the first steps towards determining actual electron density fluctuations within particles. In addition, more traditional experiments involving the determination of size and shape, and contrast matching that isolate substructures such as nucleic acid, have become much more straightforward to carry out, and simultaneously require much less material. These new capabilities have sparked an upsurge of interest in solution scattering on the part of investigators in related disciplines. Thus, this book seeks to guide structural biologists to understand the basics of small angle solution scattering in both the X-ray and neutron case, to appreciate its strengths, and to be cognizant of its limitations. It is also directed at those who have a general interest in its potential. The book focuses on three areas: theory, practical aspects and applications, and the potential of developing areas. It is an introduction and guide to the field but not a comprehensive treatment of all the potential applications.

Core Logic has unusual philosophical, proof-theoretic, metalogical, computational, and revision-theoretic virtues. It is an elegant kernel lying deep within Classical Logic, a canon for constructive and relevant deduction furnishing faithful formalizations of informal constructive mathematical proofs. Its classicized extension provides likewise for non-constructive mathematical reasoning. Confining one’s search to core proofs affords automated reasoners great gains in efficiency. All logico-semantical paradoxes involve only core reasoning. Core proofs are in normal form, and relevant in a highly exigent ‘vocabulary-sharing’ sense never attained before. Essential advances on the traditional Gentzenian treatment are that core natural deductions are isomorphic to their corresponding sequent proofs, and make do without the structural rules of Cut and Thinning. This ensures relevance of premises to conclusions of proofs, without loss of logical completeness. Every core proof converts any verifications of its premises into a verification of its conclusion. Core Logic makes one reassess the dogma of ‘unrestricted’ transitivity of deduction, because any core ‘restriction’ of transitivity ensures a more than compensatory payoff of epistemic gain: A core proof of A from X and one of B from {A}∪Y effectively determine a proof of B or of absurdity from some subset of X∪Y. The primitive introduction and elimination rules governing the logical operators in Core Logic are subtly different from Gentzen’s. They are obtained by smoothly extrapolating protean rules for determining truth values of sentences under interpretations. Core rules are inviolable: One needs all of them in order to revise beliefs rationally in light of new evidence.

This chapter describes Charlie Butler's recording of “Diamond Joe.” Butler, convict number 10636, recorded “Diamond Joe” at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, Mississippi, in the spring of 1937. Two years later, he sang it again into John Lomax's disc machine. At the time, he left only the barest account of how he learned “Diamond Joe,” and none at all concerning how he came to sing. Vanished, too, are most details about his life. Though he appears in the 1920 state census that positively identifies him and his wife, later searches have proven less conclusive. For one thing, he took aliases. For another, he could not write, leaving only an “X” on the signature line of his commitment papers.

Paediatrics for The FRCS (Tr + Orth) Examination is a comprehensive revision resource providing candidates with over 200 high-quality questions to prepare for this challenging subject. Written and edited by consultant paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and senior fellows, this book provides comprehensive coverage of both paediatric trauma and orthopaedic topics. Split into 3 parts, this resource contains over 100 single best answer questions, 50 extended matching questions, and 50 viva topics to prepare you for all paediatric orthopaedic and trauma related questions that might be included. All answers have full explanations and further reading to ensure high-quality self-assessment and quick recognition of areas that require further study. All Viva topics contain visual aids such as radiographs and x-rays to replicate exam conditions. Providing a thorough assessment of your understanding of paediatric orthopaedics and trauma, Paediatrics for The FRCS (Tr + Orth) Examination is an essential resource for candidates hoping to maximise exam success.

Die Dritev 2018, ein internationaler VDI Kongress, der es in sich hat: 3 Veranstaltungen an 2 Tagen! Neben der „Drivetrain for Vehicles“ fanden auch noch die „EDrive“ sowie die „Transmission in mobile machines“ statt. … und hier in diesem Band erhalten Sie alle Vorträge und Präsentationen. Inhalt (Auszüge): AT/DCT The all-new 8-speed AT for the Opel Grandland X 1 G. Bednarek, K. Geratz, Opel Automobile GmbH, Rüsselsheim, H. Chariou, Groupe PSA, La Garenne Colombes, France The new BMW automatic transmission – Challenges in development 11 M. Roßhuber, G. Schromm, K. Kranz, BMW AG, München Third Generation of ZF’s 8-speed automatic transmission – Reducing CO2 emissions in the 8HP transmission 23 C. Sibla, A. Donges, F. Jauch, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Friedrichshafen Enhancement of a dual clutch transmission kit – AUDI S tronic – Version for All-Wheel Drive, Increase of Torque and HV Electrification 33 A. Schmidt, H.-P. Fleischm...

The opening chapter introduces the use of radiation in medicine. It lists the main events in the application of radiation following the discovery of X-rays in 1895, the beginning of the use of radioactive sources in therapy in the early 1900s, the development of nuclear medicine in the 1960s, and the first computed tomography scanner in 1972. Radiation protection began to develop as a specialty at an early stage, but it was following analysis of effects on the survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan that the need for stricter control became apparent. The chapter also reviews the development of standards for non-ionizing radiations. Summaries of medical applications for all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are included, and the main biological effects of different types of radiation are included.

Dieser VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Content half of it… Analysis of Drive Trains Model-Based Chiptuning Detection of Diesel Engines 1 M. Hinrichs, P. Pickel, John Deere GmbH, Kaiserslautern R. Isermann, Institute of Automatic Control, Darmstadt An Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the High-Pressure System of an Agricultural Tractor through Modeling and Experiment 9 X. Tian, A. Vacca, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; S. Fiorati, F. Pintore, CNH Industrial S.p.A, Modena, Italy Multi-Domain Simulation for the Assessment of the NVH Behaviour of a Tractor with Hydrostatic-Mechanical Power Split Transmission 19 G. Pasch, G. Jacobs, G. Höpfner, J. Berroth, Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen Methods to evaluate steering performance of agricultural tractors 29 S. Liljenberg, M. Frederiksen, T. H. Langer, Danfoss Power Solutions, Nordborg, Denmark Tyres and Soil Soil pressure and pulling be...

Part of the “What Do I Do Now?” series, Movement Disorders uses a case-based approach to cover common and important topics in the examination, investigation, and management of Parkinson’s disease, gait disorders, dystonia, and other movement disorders. Each chapter provides a discussion of the diagnosis, key points to remember, and selected references for further reading. For this edition, all cases and references have been updated and 15 new cases have been added, including the following: genetic testing in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome, use of botulinum toxin in dystonia, catatonia, and serotonin syndrome. Movement Disorders is an engaging collection of thought-provoking cases that clinicians can utilize when they encounter difficult patients. The volume is also a self-assessment tool that tests the reader’s ability to answer the question, “What do I do now?”

Designed for the non-specialist, the explanations and illustrations used here describe the work, personalities, collaborations, and idiosyncrasies of four of the most distinguished Nobel Laureates of the twentieth century. They exploited a discovery made over a century ago about the nature of X-rays, and thereby created a new branch of science. This enabled them to elucidate, in atomic detail, the structure and mode of action of molecules of the living world: enzymes, vitamins, and viruses, as well as antibiotics. Perutz and Kendrew, from their pioneering work using X-ray diffraction on haemoglobin and myoglobin, the proteins that transport and store oxygen in all animals, led them to establish in 1962 one of the most successful research centres ever—the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge. Medicines discovered there are used worldwide to treat leukaemia, arthritis, and other diseases. Their work also led to the creation in the United States of the Protein Data Bank that guides scientists in understanding the misfolding of proteins, which cause Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. This book is first a memoir of these scientists and their contemporaries, many of them friends of the author. Second, it is an insight into the great excitement associated with structural molecular biology, which directly informs our understanding of ourselves. Third, it describes how two renowned research centres in the United Kingdom—the LMB and the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory—achieved iconic status. It also highlights the importance of the popularization of science, of which Bragg, Perutz, and Kendrew, as well as Dorothy Hodgkin (who solved the structures of penicillin and vitamin B₁₂) were experts.

From the late 1960s to the early 1980s, American punk developed as a distinct musical style that reflected the tremendous upheaval in American society during this period. Raw and direct, punk presented an unvarnished view of changing ideas of race, the growth of American suburbia, and the heightened stakes of musical expressions of whiteness and Blackness. Damaged: Musicality and Race in Early American Punk traces the main factors at play in the punk style, including transformations to blues resources, experimental visions of the American musical past, and bold reworkings of the rock and roll and R&B sounds of the late 1950s and early 1960s—all in all, a historically oriented approach to rock that is strikingly different from the common myths and conceptions about punk. Eventually punk became a forum for new versions of older exchanges between the US and the UK, and the style reflected even more changes to American metropolitan areas and a shift from the expressions of older baby boomers to that of younger musicians belonging to Generation X. The book also explores the discourses and contradictory narratives of punk history, which are often in direct conflict with the world that is captured in historical documents and revealed through musical analysis.

[Abstract] The 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics (6IWRP) was held A Coruña, Spain, between 13th and 17th of June, 2022. This meeting follows the track of the five successful encounters held in Golden (USA, 2011), Southampton (UK, 2013), Perth (Australia, 2015), Trondheim (Norway, 2017) and Hong Kong (China, 2019). The aim of the workshop was to bring together experiences allowing to illustrate, discuss and exchange recent advances in the wide realm of rock physics, including theoretical developments, in situ and laboratory scale experiments as well as digital analysis. While rock physics is at the core of the oil & gas industry applications, it is also essential to enable the energy transition challenge (e.g. CO2 and H2 storage, geothermal), ensure a safe and adequate use of natural resources and develop efficient waste management strategies. The topics of 6IWRP covered a broad spectrum of rock physics-related research activities, including: • Experimental rock physics. New techniques, approaches and applications; Characterization of the static and dynamic properties of rocks and fluids; Multiphysics measurements (NMR, electrical resistivity…); Deep/crustal scale rock physics. • Modelling and multiscale applications: from the lab to the field. Numerical analysis and model development; Data science applications; Upscaling; Microseismicity and earthquakes; Subsurface stresses and tectonic deformations. • Coupled phenomena and rock properties: exploring interactions. Anisotropy; Flow and fractures; Temperature effects; Rock-fluid interaction; Fluid and pressure effects on geophysical signatures. • The energy transition challenge. Applications to energy storage (hydrogen storage in porous media), geothermal resources, energy production (gas hydrates), geological utilization and storage of CO2, nuclear waste disposal. • Rock physics templates: advances and applications. Quantitative assessment; Applications to reser voir characterization (role of seismic wave anisotropy and fracture networks). • Advanced rock physics tools. Machine learning; application of imaging (X-ray CT, X-ray μCT, FIB-SEM…) to obtain rock proper ties. This book compiles more than 50 abstracts, summarizing the works presented in the 6IWRP by rock physicists from all over the world, belonging to both academia and industry. This book means an updated overview of the rock physics research worldwide.

The Catholic Church faced a number of issues during the development of modern society from the French Revolution to the beginning of the First World War. After examining the Catholic response to secularization of society, the chapter analyses three currents which played an active role in the first half of the century: supporters of the ancien régime, intransigents, and liberal Catholics. As a consequence of the European revolutions the papacy condemned the modern world and promoted hierocratic medievalism. Pope Leo XIII encouraged a distinction between thesis and hypothesis as entryway to modernity: Catholics could enter the modern world, almost in order to use all it possessed to combat its results. But his successor, Pius X, thought that the modernization of the Church had degenerated into the illegitimate inclusion in it of the pernicious principle of modernity. Modernism became for more than half a century the main enemy of Roman Catholicism.

A knowledge of the doses that patients receive is important to optimize radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. This chapter covers the methodology involved in assessment and management of patient dose for radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose quantities are described and ones to use for different applications are discussed. The instruments and measurement techniques used are described, including passive techniques such as TLD and radiochromic film. The need to consider scattering of X-rays from surfaces is explained. Factors to be taken into account include whether the assessment is for practical evaluation of technique or to provide an indication of risk. The appropriate dose to assess could be that to the whole body, the skin surface, or a particular organ such as the breast in mammography. These factors all feed into the patient dose audit process, which is explained together with the setting of diagnostic references levels to aid optimization.

The known functional ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are composed of three major subtypes: AMPA, NMDA, and kainate. In 1998, in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter, Armstrong et al. provided the first crystal structure of an iGluR-subunit ligand-binding core, the S1S2 region of the rat GluA2 ‘flop’ isoform. They solved its structure with X-ray crystallography from selenomethonine crystals. They also identified residues involved in kainate binding, analysed allosteric sites that regulate affinity and specificity of the agonist, and mapped potential subunit–subunit interaction sites. They also proposed that binding of different agonists may result in variable degrees of domain closure. This work has profound impact on the field and it has been importantly cited. Subsequently, numerous high-resolution crystal structures of ligand-binding domains of iGluRs in complex with ligands, both agonists and antagonists, have been solved.

Non-traumatic spinal cord disease may be caused by compression due to tumour, infection or haematoma, inflammation, infection or post-infection, metabolic disturbances, infarction, and degeneration. The diagnosis is often made easier by the clinical assessment: the patient’s age, the speed of onset of the disease, severity of the deficits, the pattern of motor and sensory involvement, and presence of pain and sphincter symptoms are all important in making an assessment of the site and likely nature of the spinal disease.Investigations are obligatory to confirm a diagnosis and to direct therapy. MRI is the most useful investigation. It has largely replaced myelography which should now only be considered in patients with indwelling cardiac pacing wires. Additional investigations including examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potentials, and specific blood tests may be required and the value of plain X-rays, CT scan, and, in some instances, angiography should not be overlooked.The remainder of this chapter will consider specific disorders, identifying pathology, clinical presentation, investigation, and management. Acute and chronic conditions are considered separately and those affecting the cauda equina, spinal root, and sphincters are considered in Chapter 29.

This is the first of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics. It covers the key developments in the period 1900–1923 that provided the scaffold on which the arch of modern quantum mechanics was built in the period 1923–1927 (covered in the second volume). After tracing the early contributions by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr to the theories of black‐body radiation, specific heats, and spectroscopy, all showing the need for drastic changes to the physics of their day, the book tackles the efforts by Sommerfeld and others to provide a new theory, now known as the old quantum theory. After some striking initial successes (explaining the fine structure of hydrogen, X‐ray spectra, and the Stark effect), the old quantum theory ran into serious difficulties (failing to provide consistent models for helium and the Zeeman effect) and eventually gave way to matrix and wave mechanics. Constructing Quantum Mechanics is based on the best and latest scholarship in the field, to which the authors have made significant contributions themselves. It breaks new ground, especially in its treatment of the work of Sommerfeld and his associates, but also offers new perspectives on classic papers by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr. Throughout the book, the authors provide detailed reconstructions (at the level of an upper‐level undergraduate physics course) of the cental arguments and derivations of the physicists involved. All in all, Constructing Quantum Mechanics promises to take the place of older books as the standard source on the genesis of quantum mechanics.

The Gaussian (‘Normal’) distributionDrug therapeutic ranges in plasmaGentamicinSome important drug interactionsHaematology reference intervalsBiochemistry reference intervalsOnce upon a time, in a famous hospital named R— in the middle of England, there lived a crusty old surgeon and a brilliant young house officer. The surgeon issued infallible and peremptory edicts such as “All my patients with a haemoglobin less than 100 must be transfused.” Everyone did as the surgeon said (this was a long time ago) except for the wily house officer who understood statistics, sampling error, and the play of chance. One day she was rung up by the haematologist who asked her “Why have you requested 3 blood counts on Mrs Wells today? One is enough. You are wasting our resources!” “Not so,” said the house officer. “The first Hb was 98, the second was 97 and the third was 101g/L. I knew if I was persistent, I stood a good chance of preventing an unnecessary transfusion. She is a patient of Mr X.” The two conspirators smiled at each other down the telephone, and no more was said. Of course the right way of dealing with this problem is through clinical governance and dialogue with the surgeon. But the point remains: numbers are elastic, despite, on occasion, being given to 3 decimal places. Don’t believe in them as absolute entities, and don’t believe that the normal range is anything other than arbitrary; think before you act: think statistically. ...

Inhalt Niv Allon: Finding a Voice in a Hymn to Ramesses IX (MMA 59.51a, b) Islam Amer: Three Blocks of the King Ramesses III from Tell Atrib (Benha) Daniel Arpagaus: «In Summe 27 Millionen Aruren». Die Größe Ägyptens gemäß dem Tempel von Edfu und dem Tebtunis-Onomastikon Romane Betbeze: Survival of the grandest (tomb)? Addressing the passer-by in Seshemnefer’s (IV) complex at Giza Salvador Costa-Llerda: A new iconographic interpretation of a scene of Osorkon II at Bubastis Eva-Maria Engel: The Early Dynastic Neith Adam Fagbore: Defining Selective Archaism in Royal Funerary Architecture: The Cenotaph of Ahmose I at South Abydos Martin Fitzenreiter: Ehrenwerte Töpfe und ihre Potenzen. Zu QrH.t Sps in den Choiak-Inschriften und anderswo Judith Jurjens: Corrections on Ostraca: A Look into an Ancient Egyptian Scribal Practice Jochem Kahl / Mahmoud El-Hamrawi / Ursula Verhoeven / Anja Buhlke / Judit Garzón Rodríguez / Eva Gervers / Andrea Kilian / Monika Zöller-Engelhardt: The Asyut Project: Fourteenth and Fifteenth Season of Fieldwork (2018–2019) Anne Landborg: Holy C**p: On the Origin of Faeces in the Egyptian Afterlife Ludwig Morenz: „Meißeliger“ als spezifisches Epitheton eines staatsmännischen Handwerkers/ Künstlers? Spezifische Königsideologie im Namen des Horus(-Königs) Nar-meher Sameh Shafik: Baqet I and the earliest Middle Kingdom offering list at Beni Hassan Julie Stauder-Porchet: Werre: a Royal Inscription of the Early Fifth Dynasty Filip Taterka: The Flight of King Ptolemy X Alexander I to the Land of Punt

The book is devoted to the International Baikal Drilling Project, a part of the program «Global changes of the environment and climate», accomplished by the Russian, American and Japanese scientists. Much attention is given to the fact that the Baikal Drilling team acted as a single, solid team. The major results obtained from those studies were described in numerous publications published in various Russian and International journals. We hope that the book will be interesting for young scientists, so that they can feel an interest in studying the secrets of nature. The project was accomplished owing to the efforts of M.I. Kuzmin, V.S. Antipin, A.V. Goreglyad, V.F. Geletyi, G.V. Kalmychkov (Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS), M.A Grachev, O.M. Khlystov (Limnological Institute, SB RAS). Many problems that arouse in the project management were solved with the assistance of V.A. Fialkov, Director of the Baikal Museum, SB RAS, A.A. Bukharov, Vive-Director of the Baikal Museum, and the translators T. V. Bunaeva and M. Yu. Khomutova. The book not only describes a difficult work in the ice of Lake Baikal, but also presents the valuable data on the mineral composition of the bottom sediments, the discovery of Baikal gas hydrates, and the evolution of the landscapes and climate of the Baikal region in the Late Cenozoic. Modern methods of electron-probe x-ray spectral microanalysis and isotope geochemistry are described in detail. All this, as well as the methods of modeling real mineral associations, make this book valuable for researchers in different fields of science.

This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career. Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor. When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines. This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.

Cystinuria, an autosomal recessive disease (estimated at 1:7000 births worldwide), results from the defective reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids (also ornithine, arginine, lysine, COAL) by epithelial cells of renal proximal tubules, leading to an abnormally high urinary excretion of these amino acids. Due to the poor solubility of cystine at the usual urine pH, formation of cystine crystals and stones ensues. Incidence of homozygotes is estimated at 1 in 7000 births worldwide, but is lower in European countries and much higher in populations with frequent consanguinity. Cystine stones represent 1–2% of all stones in adults and 5–8% in paediatric patients, with an equal distribution between males and females.Cystinuria is caused by inactivating mutations in the gene SLC3A1 or SLC7A9, both encoding proteins contributing to the function of the heterodimeric transport system of cystine.Cystine nephrolithiasis may present in infants, most frequently in adolescents or young adults, sometimes later. Cystine calculi are weakly radio-opaque. Stone analysis using infrared spectroscopy (or X-ray diffraction) allows immediate and accurate diagnosis. Urinary amino acid chromatography quantifies urinary cystine excretion, needed to define the therapeutic strategy.Urological treatment of cystine stones currently uses extracorporeal stone wave lithotripsy or flexible ureterorenoscopy with Holmium laser, that is, minimally invasive techniques. However, as cystine stones are highly recurrent, preventive therapy is essential.Medical treatment combines reduced methionine and sodium intake, to lower cystine excretion; hyperdiuresis (> 3 L/day) to reduce cystine concentration; and active alkalinization preferably using potassium citrate (40–80 mEq/day) to increase cystine solubility by rising urine pH up to 7.5–8. If these measures are insufficient to prevent recurrent stone formation, a thiol derivative (D-penicillamine or tiopronin), which converts cystine into a more soluble disulphide, should be added. Close monitoring and adherence of the patient to the therapeutic programme are needed to ensure life-long compliance, the key for successful prevention in the long term.

In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.

Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.

The Roman Martyrs contains translations of forty Latin passiones of saints who were martyred in Rome or its near environs, during the period before the ‘peace of the Church’ (c. 312). Some of these Roman martyrs are universally known — SS. Agnes, Sebastian or Laurence, for example — but others are scarcely known outside the ecclesiastical landscape of Rome itself. Each of the translated passiones, which vary in length from a few paragraphs to over ninety, is accompanied by an individual introduction and commentary; the translations are preceded by an Introduction which describes the principal features of this little-known genre of Christian literature. The Roman passiones martyrum have never previously been collected together, and have never been translated into a modern language. They were mostly composed during the period 425 x 675, by anonymous authors who who were presumably clerics of the Roman churches or cemeteries which housed the martyrs’ remains. It is clear that they were composed in response to the huge explosion of pilgrim traffic to martyrial shrines from the late fourth century onwards, at a time when authentic records (protocols) of their trials and executions had long since vanished, and the authors of the passiones were obliged to imagine the circumstances in which martyrs were tried and executed. The passiones are works of pure fiction; and because they abound in ludicrous errors of chronology, they have been largely ignored by historians of the early Church. But although they cannot be used as evidence for the original martyrdoms, they nevertheless allow a fascinating glimpse of the concerns which animated Christians during the period in question: for example, the preservation of virginity, or the ever-present threat posed by pagan practices. And because certain aspects of Roman life will have changed little between (say) the second century and the fifth, the passiones throw valuable light on many aspects of Roman society, not least the nature of a trial before an urban prefect, and the horrendous tortures which were a central feature of such trials. Above all, perhaps, the passiones are an indispensable resource for understanding the topography of late antique Rome and its environs, since they characteristically contain detailed reference to the places where the martyrs were tried, executed, and buried. The book contains five Appendices containing translations of texts relevant to the study of Roman martyrs: the Depositio martyrum of A.D. 354 (Appendix I); the epigrammata of Pope Damasus d. 384) which pertain to Roman martyrs treated in the passiones (II); entries pertaining to Roman martyrs in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (III); entries in seventh-century pilgrim itineraries pertaining to shrines of Roman martyrs in suburban cemeteries (IV); and entries commemorating these martyrs in early Roman liturgical books (V).

It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.