Дисертації з теми "Zones de cultures – Engrais et amendements"
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Berquer, Adrien. "Les mécanismes d’assemblage des plantes adventices et leur contribution à la transition agroécologique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS008.
Conventional farming has major negative environmental externalities. An increasing number of studies highlighted that nature-based solutions could replace agrochemicals. Plant-plant competition has been suggested as an agroecological lever to control weeds and therefore reduce yield loss. Although crop-weed competition has been widely studied to investigate the effect of weeds on crop yield, the effect of crop competitive ability on weeds remains sparsely studied. This PhD thesis focuses on the contribution of competition on weed assemblages in arable fields of the LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre accounting for the effect of agricultural practices and landscape. I showed that competition is the main mechanism shaping weed diversity and abundance in field cores, a process that outperforms the effect of management practices. If the latter often have negative effects on weed diversity, their positive effects on crop production are not systematic. These effects vary with landscape composition, crop type, management practices and the location within field. In addition, some landscape features, hosting a rich diversity, can sustain crop production and enhance biodiversity conservation. To conclude, reducing agrochemicals seems possible and this work opens new insights to foster the agroecological transition to move toward a more sustainable agriculture
Awoh, Akué Sylvette. "Influence d'un plan d'eau de surface sur la vulnérabilité de l'eau pompée d'un puits en milieu rural /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en science[s] de la terre. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 120-125. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Guérin, Julie. "Diagnostic agroenvironnemental de la fertilisation phosphatée des cultures maraîchères en sols organiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26520/26520.pdf.
Lachapelle, Jean-Mathieu. "Réévaluation des besoins en azote, phosphore et potassium des cultures de brocoli, de chou et de chou-fleur en sols minéraux au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21865.
Dion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Devant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Verville, Frédéric. "Effet des engrais verts et de leur période d'enfouissement sur la nutrition azotée et les rendements du blé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27289.
Poirier, Vincent. "Séquestration du carbone dans un sol agricole du Québec : influence du travail du sol et de la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24793/24793.pdf.
N'Dienor, Moussa. "Fertilité et gestion de la fertilisation dans les sytèmes maraîchers périurbains des pays en dévelopeement : intérêts et limites de la valorisation agfricole des déchets urbains dans ces systèmes, cas de l'agglomération d'Antananarivo (Madagascar)." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0034.
Kanso, Ali. "Optimisation des cultures d’agromine du Cd et du Zn sur des Technosols construits." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0065/document.
In the context of the increasing scarcity of non-renewable natural resources, the soil engineering has already allowed to build fertile Technosols exclusively from the recycling of abandoned industrial byproducts. However, it has also been shown that plant growth can be limited by various constraints related to the presence of inorganic contaminants in the used materials. Therefore agromining, which aims to recycle strategic metals from the environment, represents a promising strategy for ecological and sustainable management of these agricultural systems. To better understand the processes controlling pedogenesis and evolution of Technosols and the potential of agromining on these soils, a series of experiments in controlled conditions and field were performed with (i) Noccaea caerulescens, a hyperaccumulator species of Cd and Zn, (ii) on Technosols constructed from abandoned materials (iii) amended or not with organic compounds (compost or biochar). At the field scale, the results attest that Technosols properties are strongly influenced by the used parent materials. Industrial by-products used in soil construction can have an adverse effect for the initial plant biomass production due to the increase in soil salinity. A detailed characterization of metal speciation highlighted a very rapid evolution of Technosols in particular the dissolution and leaching of soluble mineral phases and the formation of new sorbent phases (Fe oxides and Mn) reducing the chemical availability metals. Under controlled conditions, biochar or compost amendments tend to improve nutrient availability. This can be attributed to the increase in enzyme activities and microbial diversity, at both structural and functional level, particularly in case of compost addition. This results an increase of essential elements content in the aerial parts of the plant. Regarding trace elements, adding to the soil biochar leads to a decrease of their availability, while an opposite effect was observed during compost addition. However, the two amendments increase the concentration of metals in shoots with a superior effect of compost with respect to biochar. Thus, hyperaccumulator species Noccaea caerulescens has shown its ability to establish on low fertility Technosols and concentrate high levels of Cd and Zn above the threshold of hyperaccumulation demonstrating then the feasibility of agromining of these metals. Moreover, both amendments appeared relevant to improve phytoextraction from abandoned industrial materials
Dequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
In this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Valdès, Gomez Hector. "Relations entre états de croissance de la vigne et maladies cryptogamiques sous différentes modalités d’entretien du sol en région méditerranéenne." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0012.
Kintche, Kokou. "Analyse et modélisation de l'évolution des indicateurs de la fertilité des sols cultivés en zone cotonnière du Togo." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728812.
Bakker, Eleanor. "The impact of plant growth and potassium uptake on clay minerals in soil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU012/document.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Clay minerals in soils represent an important reservoir of plant-available K. Extraction of fixed K from the interlayer space of micaceous 2:1 minerals can lead to an increase in the layer-to-layer distance which can be measured by X-ray diffraction. Samples from the Morrow Plots continuous corn (C) and corn-oats-hay (R) experiment, from fertilised (F) and non-fertilised (U) subplots for the years 1904, 1957, 1980, 1997 and 2013-2014 were subjected to sequential size-fractionation to obtain the silt fraction (50-2 um) and clay-sized subfractions (2-0.2, 0.2-0,05 and <0.05 um). Granulometric results show siginificant heterogeneity despite the small size of the MP, and a gain in <0.05 um subfraction with time. Full-profile fitting of X-ray diffraction patterns was performed to obtain conclusive identification of the clay mineral assemblage and assess the impact of 110-years of continuous agriculture and different agronomic practices. A complex clay mineral assemblage was identified with up to eleven different contributions necessary to reproduce the experimental data of <2 um subfractions, including up to six illite-smectite-chlorite mixed-layers. Quantitative phase analysis for all subplots and years showed that the mineral assemblage of the MP is similar between different subplots, regardless of agronomic treatment. No significant evidence of alteration or transformation of clay mineral phases was observed over time. The dioctahedral nature of the clay minerals of the MP disfavours K-extraction and thus dissolution is the favoured mechanism for K-uptake and the loss of 2-0.2 and 0.2-0.05 um subfractions is attributed to this process
Précigout, Pierre-Antoine. "Epidemiology and evolution of fungal foliar pathogens in the face of changes in crop fertilization : application of evolutionary-ecological theory to crop epidemiology." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC108/document.
The quest for a sustainable agriculture requires a reduction in the use of synthetic inputs. In this perspective, agroecology seeks to use interactions between organisms in the agroecosystem to replace inputs by ecosystem services, such as the natural regulation of pests and diseases. In this context, this thesis studies the effect of crop fertilization on epidemics of crop fungal foliar pathogens. We also take into account the evolution of these pathogens in response to fertilization scenarios. This allows us to study the sustainability of agricultural practices that contribute to the regulation of epidemics. To answer these questions, we adopted a modelling approach that simulates the effect of different fertilization scenarios. The starting point and originality of our approach was to consider the pathosystem as a consumer-resource system and to use concepts of evolutionary ecology to answer the abovementioned agronomic questions. In the two models developed in this thesis, fertilization directly determines the quantity of resources available for the pathogen. We focus on one of the pathogen's life history traits, the latent period (time period between infection and the onset of sporulating lesions), which corresponds to the minimum duration of an infectious cycle and constrains the pathogen's resource allocation strategy. The latent period determines the amount of resource that will be allocated to either growth of mycelium (and therefore to pathogen size at maturity) or to sporulation (proportional to the pathogen’s size). The models we developed make it possible to study the epidemiological and evolutionary responses of fungal foliar pathogens to crop fertilization. We parameterized our models according to our biological knowledge of the wheat-rust pathosystem. Our modelling work encompasses different spatial and temporal scales: from the lesion where the pathogen feeds directly on its host, to the field and the landscape where the spores that flow between fields are the source of epidemics in the agroecosystem. The first model, at the intersection of the "SEIR" epidemiological models and structured population models, covers the scales of a lesion, the crop canopy and the field. The second model, at the intersection of SEIR and spatial landscape epidemiology models, covers the scales of the field and the agricultural landscape. We study epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogen populations by comparing empirical and invasion fitness concepts. We show that crop fertilization, by determining the dynamics of available resources for pathogens, has a strong impact on foliar fungal epidemics. Our models predict that pathogen latent period evolves in response to various ecological trade-offs; on the one hand to optimize resources allocation at the leaf scale, on the other hand to win the race against canopy growth. By changing the leaf metabolite content and the rate of canopy growth, fertilization therefore impacts both epidemics and evolutionary responses of pathogen latent period. At the landscape scale, the introduction of various fertilization practices in a previously homogeneous landscape could help to partially regulate epidemics. However, our model predicts that the beneficial effects of heterogeneity will vanish due to the evolution and diversification of pathogens in heterogeneous landscapes. This work sets the stage for further work on the effect and sustainability of agricultural practices on the regulation of crop epidemics in agroecosystems. Finally, by performing a meta-analysis, we bring out a strong relation between pathogen trophic type and latent period, suggesting that different trophic types of pathogens will respond differently to decreasing fertilization scenarios
Poirier, Vincent. "Séquestration du carbone dans un sol agricole du Québec : influence du travail du sol et de la fertilisation des cultures /." 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24793/24793.pdf.
Bipfubusa, Marie. "Influence des apports de boues mixtes de papetières fraîches et compostées sur la dynamique de l'agrégation du sol, la diversité bactérienne et les rendements des cultures /." 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1273094741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.