Статті в журналах: "Zones of transition"

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Abers, Geoffrey A., Peter E. van Keken, and Cian R. Wilson. "Deep decoupling in subduction zones: Observations and temperature limits." Geosphere 16, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 1408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02278.1.

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Abstract The plate interface undergoes two transitions between seismogenic depths and subarc depths. A brittle-ductile transition at 20–50 km depth is followed by a transition to full viscous coupling to the overlying mantle wedge at ∼80 km depth. We review evidence for both transitions, focusing on heat-flow and seismic-attenuation constraints on the deeper transition. The intervening ductile shear zone likely weakens considerably as temperature increases, such that its rheology exerts a stronger control on subduction-zone thermal structure than does frictional shear heating. We evaluate its role through analytic approximations and two-dimensional finite-element models for both idealized subduction geometries and those resembling real subduction zones. We show that a temperature-buffering process exists in the shear zone that results in temperatures being tightly controlled by the rheological strength of that shear zone’s material for a wide range of shear-heating behaviors of the shallower brittle region. Higher temperatures result in weaker shear zones and hence less heat generation, so temperatures stop increasing and shear zones stop weakening. The net result for many rheologies are temperatures limited to ≤350–420 °C along the plate interface below the cold forearc of most subduction zones until the hot coupled mantle is approached. Very young incoming plates are the exception. This rheological buffering desensitizes subduction-zone thermal structure to many parameters and may help explain the global constancy of the 80 km coupling limit. We recalculate water fluxes to the forearc wedge and deep mantle and find that shear heating has little effect on global water circulation.

2

Annabi-Elkadri, Neﬁssa. "Automatic Detection of Transition Zones in Tunisian Dialect." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 60 (November 30, 2013): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijast.2013.60.07.

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3

Wang, Haoyu, Valeri Markine, and Xiangming Liu. "Experimental analysis of railway track settlement in transition zones." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 1774–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717748789.

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Transition zones in railway tracks are the locations with considerable changes in the vertical support structures. Due to the differential stiffness and settlement in the open track and the engineering structure resulting in the dynamic amplification of the wheel forces, track settlement is usually observed in the approaching zones. The settlement in transition zones is detrimental to the track components and passenger comfort. This paper presents the results of the experimental analysis performed in three transition zones which were in various conditions. The dynamic displacements of rails due to passing trains were measured at multiple points (dynamic profile) in the approaching zones. The device employed is a contactless mobile device for measuring displacements, which is based on the digital image correlation technique. Because the operational parameters of the digital image correlation-based devices are important for measurement accuracy, prior to the in situ measurements, this device was tested in a laboratory to study the influence of the operational parameters, including the elevation/heading angles, the focal length of the cameras, and the measuring distance. After determining the optimal operational parameters for the railway field, multiple-point measurements were performed in the transition zones. The length of the approaching zone was studied first. Also, the dynamic profiles of the embankment–bridge and bridge–embankment transitions were analysed. Finally, by comparing the multiple-point displacements in the approaching zones in different conditions, it was found that the dynamic profile of the rail displacements has a good correlation with the track condition in the transition zone. The results are presented and discussed.

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Ewel, Katherine C., Claudia Cressa, Ronald T. Kneib, P. S. Lake, Lisa A. Levin, Margaret A. Palmer, Paul Snelgrove, and Diana H. Wall. "Managing Critical Transition Zones." Ecosystems 4, no. 5 (August 1, 2001): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0106-0.

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Noguera-Urbano, Elkin Alexi, and Ignacio Ferro. "Environmental factors related to biogeographical transition zones of areas of endemism of Neotropical mammals." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 6 (2017): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16055.

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Biogeographical transition zones are areas of a complex biotic mixture located at the borders between biogeographical units. Climatic, physical and ecological factors should play an important role in allowing coexistence of different biotic elements in the transition zone. Here, we explore the relationship between environmental factors and biogeographical transition zones, defined by Neotropical mammal distributions, by a model selection approach based on the Akaike information criterion and accounting for the spatial structure in the data. We detected three areas of high overlap between mammalian areas of endemism. Two of them corresponded to the well-established regional-level transition zones, namely Mexican (MTZ) and South American (SATZ) transition zones; the third was one located in south-eastern Brazil, approximately between the Paraná and Chacoan dominion that we call The Atlantic Forest integration zone (AF). Only one explicative variable was shared by the three transitions zones (precipitation of the warmest quarter). However, shared variables with great explanatory power indicated two environmental aspects as facilitators for the coexistence of different biotic components in a given geographical area. The first one was the heterogeneity component, either topographic for the SATZ and MTZ or climatic for the AF. The second one was related non-extreme thermal conditions: precipitation of the warmest quarter, interpreted as a thermal buffer, shared by AF and SATZ, and isothermality shared by MTZ and SATZ.

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Zuada Coelho, Bruno, Jeffrey Priest, and Paul Hölscher. "Dynamic behaviour of transition zones in soft soils during regular train traffic." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 3 (January 6, 2017): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716683078.

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Transition zones in railway tracks are of importance for infrastructure managers, due to the high maintenance required to maintain appropriate track geometry. To improve our understanding of the performance of transition zones, a research program was conducted in The Netherlands, in which a transition zone was extensively monitored during regular train traffic. This paper presents some of the results from the monitoring of this transition zone. The results highlight the poor performance of this transition zone compared to its expected design performance. The track was found to be hanging over the transition zone, exhibiting a rocking motion about a culvert. Track stiffness was found to reduce linearly with increasing train speed. The implications on the design of transition zones are discussed, with recommendations made.

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Hermogenes De Mendonça, Lize, and Malte C. Ebach. "A review of transition zones in biogeographical classification." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 717–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa120.

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Abstract Transition zones are problematic in biogeographical classification as they represent artificial biotic areas. A review of transition zones into existing biogeographical classifications shows conflicting area taxonomies. While many authors consider transition zones as overlap zones or areas of biotic mixing, only a few have considered excluding them from biogeographical classification all together. One way of incorporating transition zones into a natural classification is by treating them as artefacts of geographically overlapping temporally disjunct biotic areas. In doing so, geographically overlapping biotic areas may occupy the same space but have different boundaries and histories. Temporally disjunct areas do form natural hierarchical classifications, as seen in the paleobiogeographical literature. A revision of each transition zone will determine whether they are artificial areas, areas within their own right or potentially geographically overlapping temporally disjunct regions.

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Oen, I. S., and C. Kieft. "A metacolloidal dendrite-rich Bi-Ni-Co quartz vein, Pozoblanco, Spain." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 387 (June 1993): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.387.06.

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AbstractA Bi-Ni-Co vein in the contact zone of a granite near Pozoblanco, Córdoba, Spain, shows a zoned structure with mm-thin quartz wall zones, up to 20 cm thick Bi-rich quartz zones, and a few cm thick quartz-bismuth transition zones grading into a central quartz vug zone. The Bi-rich zones show textures indicating a metacolloidal origin from a silica gel enriched in adsorbed Bi: (1) globular and chain aggregates of fine-granular allotriomorphic quartz represent morphological relics of a globulated silica gel; (2) quartz rosettes, chain rosettes and stringer-combs radiating from the quartz globules and chains represent crystallised silica gel matrix; (3) crack fillings of quartz, gersdorffite and platy bismuth dendrites represent precipitates of metal-saturated dilute hydrosols filling shrinkage cracks in the desiccating and crystallising gel; (4) quartz spherocrystals in rosettes and combs are clouded with colloidal particles inherited from the silica gel; (5) unsupported wall rock inclusions represent inclusions in a viscous silica gel precursor covering fissure walls. The thin wall zones are quartz fillings of cracks between shrinking gel and walls. The transition and vug zones are recrystallised colloidal silica crusts precipitated by fissure-filling rest-solutions. Tree-like bismuth-gersdorffite dendrites in the transition zones are precipitates of metal-rich solutions infiltrating from the Bi-rich zones into the recrystallising silica crusts. The pre-concentration of metals in silica gels explains the dendrite formation without assuming abnormally high metal concentrations in transporting solutions or long range diffusion processes.

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Gavrilov, A. A., and B. I. Vasil'ev. "GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ACTIVE TRANSITION ZONES." Geomorphology RAS, no. 2 (July 24, 2015): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0435-4281-2004-2-82-89.

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10

Noyes, A. M., M. R. Balks, V. G. Moon, and D. J. Lowe. "Soil recovery following landslides at Whatawhata Research Station, Waikato, New Zealand: preliminary results." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3227.

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This research investigates soil recovery following landslides at the Whatawhata Research Station 20 km west of Hamilton. Six landslides were studied, ranging in age from pre-1953 to 2014. The landslides were divided into four zones: shear zones (mean of 25% of landslide area), intact accumulation zones (20%), transition zones (40%), and re-deposition zones (15%), along with a control. Soils were well-developed in the control and intact accumulation zones and least recovered in the shear and re-deposition zones. Mean A horizon depths ranged from 2 cm in the shear and re-deposition zones to 7 cm in the transition zone, 17 cm in the intact accumulation zone, and 20 cm in the control. Mean soil carbon contents were lower (P

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Justice, James H., and Chris Zuba. "Transition zone reflections and permafrost analysis." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 5 (May 1986): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442163.

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The usual study of seismic reflections is limited to those from sharply defined contrasts in acoustic impedance. For reflections resulting from transition zones in which acoustic impedance is continuously variable (such as the zones encountered in permafrost), the frequency‐selective nature of attenuation and phase distortion leads to a number of characteristics which may be used in the sense of pattern recognition to identify such reflections. An rms velocity‐analysis procedure can be used to estimate depths and velocity gradients associated with transition zones. Some simple approximations allow us to avoid solving a system of nonlinear equations in many cases of interest, and the result is a practical technique which can be applied to many transition zone reflections at reasonable computational cost.

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Erdős, László, Márta Zalatnai, Zoltán Bátori, and László Körmöczi. "Transitions between community complexes: a case study analysing gradients through mountain ridges in south Hungary." Acta Botanica Croatica 73, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2013-0009.

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Abstract The study of boundaries is a recurring theme in ecology. However, boundaries have been examined mainly on fine scales (between communities) and on coarse scales (between biomes), while boundaries of intermediate scales (e.g. between community complexes) are quite neglected. In this study, we analysed boundaries between mesic and xeric community complexes in a sub-Mediterranean karst area of South Hungary. We applied the moving split window (MSW) technique for boundary analysis. First, since the behaviour ofMSWconcerning complex vegetation patterns is not fully understood, we prepared artificial datasets (simulated communities) to test its capacities. Second, we established north-south oriented belt transects across mountain ridges of the Villány Mts, and investigated the transition between the community complexes of differently exposed slopes. UsingMSW, we were able clearly to distinguish between transitional zones and zones that do not represent real transitions: peaks in the Z-score profile of MSW merge only in the case of transitional zones. Moreover, we found that peaks merge depending on the independence (distinctness) of the transitional zone: when it is distinct, peaks merge only at the largest window widths. In the Villány Mts, transitions seem to occur mostly in the grasslands north of the ridges. We demonstrated that these grasslands can be regarded as boundaries between mesic and xeric complexes or as zones in their own right, with their own two boundaries. Interpretation depends upon the scale of observation.

13

Mishra, Santosh, Srichand Prajapati, and S. S. Teotia. "Mantle Transition Zones (MTZ) discontinuities beneath the Andaman Subduction Zone." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 191 (April 2020): 104102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104102.

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Blair, M. F. "Boundary-Layer Transition in Accelerating Flows With Intense Freestream Turbulence: Part 2—The Zone of Intermittent Turbulence." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910033.

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Hot-wire anemometry was employed to examine the laminar-to-turbulent transition of low-speed, two-dimensional boundary layers for two (moderate) levels of flow acceleration and various levels of grid-generated freestream turbulence. Flows with an adiabatic wall and with uniform-flux heat transfer were explored. Conditional discrimination techniques were employed to examine the zones of flow within the transitional region. This analysis demonstrated that as much as one-half of the streamwise-component unsteadiness, and much of the apparent anisotropy, observed near the wall was produced, not by turbulence, but by the steps in velocity between the turbulent and inter-turbulent zones of flow. Within the turbulent zones u′/v′ ratios were about equal to those expected for equilibrium boundary-layer turbulence. Near transition onset, however, the turbulence kinetic energy within the turbulent zones exceeded fully turbulent boundary-layer levels. Turbulent-zone power-spectral-density measurements indicate that the ratio of dissipation to production increased through transition. This suggests that the generation of the full equilibrium turbulent boundary-layer energy cascade required some time (distance) and may explain the very high TKE levels near onset.

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Ghedan, Shawket G., Bertrand M. Thiebot, and Douglas A. Boyd. "Modeling Original Water Saturation in the Transition Zone of a Carbonate Oil Reservoir." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, no. 06 (December 1, 2006): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/88756-pa.

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Summary Accurately modeling water-saturation variation in transition zones is important to reservoir simulation for predicting recoverable oil and guiding field-development plans. The large transition zone of a heterogeneous Middle East reservoir was challenging to model. Core-calibrated, log-derived water saturations were used to generate saturation-height-function groups for nine reservoir-rock types. To match the large span of log water saturation (Sw) in the transition zone from the free-water level (FWL) to minimum Sw high in the oil column, three saturation-height functions per rock type (RT) were developed, one each for the low-, medium-, and high-porosity range. Though developed on a different scale from the simulation-model cells, the saturation profiles generated are a good statistical match to the wireline-log-interpreted Sw, and bulk volume of water (BVW) and fluid volumetrics agree with the geological model. RT-guided saturation-height functions proved a good method for modeling water saturation in the simulation model. The technique emphasizes the importance of oil/brine capillary pressures measured under reservoir conditions and of collecting an adequate number of Archie saturation and cementation exponents to reduce uncertainties in well-log interpretation. Introduction The heterogeneous carbonate reservoir in this study is composed of both limestone and dolomite layers frequently separated by non-reservoir anhydrite layers (Ghedan et al. 2002). Because of its heterogeneity, this reservoir, like other carbonate reservoirs, contains long saturation-transition zones of significant sizes. Transition zones are conventionally defined as that part of the reservoir between the FWL and the level at which water saturation reaches a minimum near-constant (irreducible water saturation, Swirr) high in the reservoir (Masalmeh 2000). For the purpose of this paper, however, we define transition zones as those parts of the reservoir between the FWL and the dry-oil limit (DOL), where both water and oil are mobile irrespective of the saturation level. Both water and oil are mobile in the transition zone, while only oil is mobile above the transition zone. By either definition, the oil/water transition zone contains a sizable part of this field's oil in place. Predicting the amount of recoverable oil in a transition zone through simulation depends on (among other things) the distribution of initial oil saturation as a function of depth as well as the mobility of the oil in these zones (Masalmeh 2000). Therefore, the characterization of transition zones in terms of original water and oil distribution has a potentially large effect on reservoir recoverable reserves and, in turn, reservoir economics.

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Price, Robert, and Paul Kelly. "Microdermatoglyphics: Basal Patterns and Transition Zones." Journal of Herpetology 23, no. 3 (September 1989): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564446.

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Sun, Ting, Christopher D. White, and Yuanyuan Shuai. "Scaling analysis of capillary transition zones." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 19, no. 1 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2018.10014795.

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Sun, Ting, Christopher D. White, and Yuanyuan Shuai. "Scaling analysis of capillary transition zones." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 19, no. 1 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2018.093958.

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Valentine, D. H. "Evolution at zones of vegetational transition." Feddes Repertorium 81, no. 1-5 (April 18, 2008): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19700810104.

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Huo, Mingshuai, Jingwei Zhao, Haibo Xie, and Zhengyi Jiang. "Effect of annealing on microstructure and hardness of thin aluminium strips fabricated by micro flexible rolling." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819011001.

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Thin strips with varying thicknesses (TSVTs) produced by micro flexible rolling have wide applications in diverse micro manufacturing areas such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro system technologies (MST). TSVTs consist of three regions based on different thicknesses, i.e. the thicker, the transition and the thinner zones. Among them, the transition zone plays a key role in evaluating the quality of TSVTs. In the current work, thin 1060 aluminium alloy strips were flexibly rolled under various thickness ratios followed by annealing treatment. The influences of annealing temperature on the microstructural evolution and hardness variation of the transition zone of TSVTs were investigated. The results reveal that the recrystallisation has happened after annealing at 400 °C for 30 min, which induces fine and homogeneously-distributed grains in both of the thinner and transition zones. Only moderate increase in hardness is found from the thicker to the thinner zones after annealing treatment.

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Алексахина, В. Г., and О. В. Игнатова. "Peculiarities of free economic zones formatiob in countries with transition economies." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki, no. 1(42) (March 12, 2020): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2020-42-1-159-166.

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В статье рассматриваются аспекты эволюции свободных экономических зон, и выделяются критерии отнесения территории к СЭЗ. Анализируются причины популярности использования СЭЗ в качестве инструмента инвестиционной политики, а также особенности формирования СЭЗ в странах с переходной экономикой, включая Россию. The article deals with aspects of free economic zones evolution, and highlights the criteria for classifying a territory as a free economic zone. The reasons for the popularity of free economic zones use as an instrument of investment policy are analyzed, as well as the features of free economic zones formation in countries with transition economies, including Russia.

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Masalmeh, Shehadeh K., Issa M. Abu-Shiekah, and Xudong Jing. "Improved Characterization and Modeling of Capillary Transition Zones in Carbonate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 02 (April 1, 2007): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/109094-pa.

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Summary An oil/water capillary transition zone often contains a sizable portion of a field's initial oil in place, especially for those carbonate reservoirs with low matrix permeability. The field-development plan and ultimate recovery may be influenced heavily by how much oil can be recovered from the transition zone. This in turn depends on a number of geological and petrophysical properties that influence the distribution of initial oil saturation (Sor) against depth, and on the rock and fluid interactions that control the residual oil saturation (Sor), capillary pressure, and relative permeability characteristics as a function of initial oil saturation. Because of the general lack of relevant experimental data and the insufficient physical understanding of the characteristics of the transition zone, modeling both the static and dynamic properties of carbonate fields with large transition zones remains an ongoing challenge. In this paper, we first review the transition-zone definition and the current limitations in modeling transition zones. We describe the methodology recently developed, based on extensive experimental measurements and numerical simulation, for modeling both static and dynamic properties in capillary transition zones. We then address how to calculate initial-oil-saturation distribution in the carbonate fields by reconciling log and core data and taking into account the effect of reservoir wettability and its impact on petrophysical interpretations. The effects of relative permeability and imbibition capillary pressure curves on oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs with large transition zones are assessed. It is shown that a proper description of relative permeability and capillary pressure curves including hysteresis, based on experimental special-core-analysis (SCAL) data, has a significant impact on the field-performance predictions, especially for heterogeneous reservoirs with transition zones. Introduction The reservoir interval from the oil/water contact (OWC) to a level at which water saturation reaches irreducible is referred to as the capillary transition zone. Fig. 1 illustrates a typical capillary transition zone in a homogeneous reservoir interval within which both the oil and water phases are mobile. The balance of capillary and buoyancy forces controls this so-called capillary transition zone during the primary-drainage process of oil migrating into an initially water-filled reservoir trap. Because the water-filled rock is originally water-wet, a certain threshold pressure must be reached before the capillary pressure in the largest pore can be overcome and the oil can start to enter the pore. Hence, the largest pore throat determines the minimum capillary rise above the free-water level (FWL). As shown schematically in Fig. 2, close to the OWC, the oil/water pressure differential (i.e., capillary pressure) is small; therefore, only the large pores can be filled with oil. As the distance above the OWC increases, an increasing proportion of smaller pores are entered by oil owing to the increasing capillary pressure with height above the FWL. The height of the transition zone and its saturation distribution is determined by the range and distribution of pore sizes within the rock, as well as the interfacial-force and density difference between the two immiscible fluids.

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Yoh, Natalie, Isham Azhar, Katheryn V. Fitzgerald, Rieka Yu, Tenaja Smith-Butler, Azniza Mahyudin, and Tigga Kingston. "Bat Ensembles Differ in Response to Use Zones in a Tropical Biosphere Reserve." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020060.

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Biosphere reserves, designated under The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Man and Biosphere Programme, aim to sustainably integrate protected areas into the biological and economic landscape around them by buffering strictly protected habitats with zones of limited use. However, the effectiveness of biosphere reserves and the contribution of the different zones of use to protection is poorly known. We assessed the diversity and activity of bats in the Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR) in Sabah, Malaysia, using harp traps, mist nets and acoustic surveys in each zone—core, buffer, transition and in agricultural plots outside of the reserve. We captured 30 species, bringing the known bat fauna of CRBR to 50 species, half of Borneo’s bat species. Species composition and acoustic activity varied among zones and by foraging ensemble, with the core and buffer showing particular importance for conserving forest-dependent insectivorous bats. Frugivorous bats were found in all zones but were the most abundant and most species-rich ensemble within agricultural sites. Although sampling was limited, bat diversity and activity was low in the transition zone compared to other zones, indicating potential for management practices that increase food availability and enhance biodiversity value. We conclude that, collectively, the zones of the CRBR effectively protect diversity, but the value of the transition zone can be improved.

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Oliveras, Immaculada, and Yadvinder Malhi. "Many shades of green: the dynamic tropical forest–savannah transition zones." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (September 19, 2016): 20150308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0308.

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The forest–savannah transition is the most widespread ecotone in tropical areas, separating two of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review current understanding of the factors that shape this transition, and how it may change under various drivers of local or global change. At broadest scales, the location of the transition is shaped by water availability, mediated strongly at local scales by fire regimes, herbivory pressure and spatial variation in soil properties. The frequently dynamic nature of this transition suggests that forest and savannah can exist as alternative stable states, maintained and separated by fire–grass feedbacks and tree shade–fire suppression feedback. However, this theory is still contested and the relative contributions of the main biotic and abiotic drivers and their interactions are yet not fully understood. These drivers interplay with a wide range of ecological processes and attributes at the global, continental, regional and local scales. The evolutionary history of the biotic and abiotic drivers and processes plays an important role in the current distributions of these transitions as well as in their species composition and ecosystem functioning. This ecotone can be sensitive to shifts in climate and other driving factors, but is also potentially stabilized by negative feedback processes. There is abundant evidence that these transitions are shifting under contemporary global and local changes, but the direction of shift varies according to region. However, it still remains uncertain how these transitions will respond to rapid and multi-faceted ongoing current changes, and how increasing human influence will interact with these shifts. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.

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Shan, Yao, Shunhua Zhou, Hechao Zhou, Binglong Wang, Zhongcheng Zhao, Yao Shu, and Zheng Yu. "Iterative Method for Predicting Uneven Settlement Caused by High-Speed Train Loads in Transition-Zone Subgrade." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2607, no. 1 (January 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2607-02.

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Uneven subgrade settlement associated with rail deflection occurs mainly in the bridge–embankment transition zones of high-speed railways. An iterative method of computation is proposed for studying such uneven settlement in these zones. A vehicle–track–subgrade model is used to investigate the vehicle–track interactions and the deviator stress field of the transition zone, and a soil cumulative plastic strain model is used to obtain the deterioration process of uneven settlement in the transition zone. Results indicate that uneven settlement caused by train loads in the transition zone tends to plateau at 40,000 repeated load applications. Sub-grade settlement changes abruptly in the first measured 5 m, as well as from 25 to 30 m from the abutment; these two regions should be adequately strengthened and should receive more attention for track maintenance.

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Ezray, Briana D., Drew C. Wham, Carrie E. Hill, and Heather M. Hines. "Unsupervised machine learning reveals mimicry complexes in bumblebees occur along a perceptual continuum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1910 (September 11, 2019): 20191501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1501.

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Müllerian mimicry theory states that frequency-dependent selection should favour geographical convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes, each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving mimicry zones has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Müllerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographical distribution of colour patterns of social bumblebees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative, unsupervised machine-learning approach based on computer vision. Our data suggest that bumblebees exhibit geographically clustered, but sometimes imperfect colour patterns, and that mimicry patterns gradually transition spatially rather than exhibit discrete boundaries. Additionally, examination of colour pattern transition zones of three comimicking, polymorphic species, where active selection is driving phenotype frequencies, revealed that their transition zones differ in location within a broad region of poor mimicry. Potential factors influencing mimicry transition zone dynamics are discussed.

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Nesbitt, Bruce E., Robert M. St. Louis, and Karlis Muehlenbachs. "Distribution of gold in altered basalts of DSDP hole 504B." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-022.

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Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) hole 504B is the only hole drilled in the DSDP program that intersected both pillow and dike basaltic units and greenschist-facies alteration zones. Pillowed basaltic units constitute the upper portion of the basaltic pile. Lower in the section, a pillow–dike unit is transitional to a sheeted dike unit that constitutes the lowest unit of the hole. Hydrothermal alteration of the basaltic units consists of, from top to bottom, a low-temperature oxidized alteration zone; a low-temperature reduced alteration zone; a transition–stockwork zone; and a greenschist-facies alteration zone.Samples of the altered basaltic units were analyzed for gold content and δ18O. The initial, primary gold content of basalts of the core is believed to have been relatively uniform and between 0.5 and 1.0 ppb. Average results for the various alteration zones are 0.44 ± 0.07 for the low-temperature oxidized zone; 0.40 ± 0.08 for the low-temperature reduced zone; 0.66 ± 0.21 for the transition–stockwork zone; and 0.19 ± 0.03 for the greenschist-facies zone. The results indicate that gold has been locally mobilized in the low-temperature alteration zones, but no significant net loss or addition of gold has occurred. In the transition–stockwork zone, some local enrichment of gold has occurred, but overall the zone does not appear to have been substantially enriched in gold. In the greenschist-facies alteration zone, gold has been pervasively and uniformly depleted, resulting in the low average values for this zone and a small range of values.Gold leached during the greenschist-grade hydrothermal alteration event may contribute to the high gold contents recorded from some massive sulfide deposits associated with active sea-floor hydrothermal vents or may be incorporated into deep-sea Fe-rich cherts.

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Amin, Fathul, M. Mukhlis Kamal, and Am Azbas Taurusman. "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISH JUVENILE IN MANGROVE AND SEAGRASS HABITATS IN PRAMUKA ISLAND." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.12715.

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This study was aimed to investigate the community structure of fish juvenile, spatial distribution and similarity from both adjacent habitats of mangrove and seagrass. This study was conducted in the eastern part of Pramuka island from April to June 2015. The samples were collected by using line transect method in three observation areas that were spatially connected i.e., mangrove, transition and seagrass zones. The result of the study from three observation zones revealed that there were found 24 species of fishes from 15 families i.e., Siganidae (4 species), Apogonidae (3 species), Ger-reidae (2 species), Terapontidae (2 species), Gobiidae (2 species), Labridae (2 species), Mugilidae, Nemipteridae, Hemiramphidae, Sphyraenidae, Monacanthidae, Atherinidae, Pomacentridae, Lut-janidae, and Lethrinidae (each of them 1 species). According to community structure, the adjacent ob-servation zones did not show a significant difference in the number of species, abundance, and bio-mass. According to fish distribution, fish species in transition zone and seagrass zone were relatively similar and dominated by Gerres oblongus, Fibramia lateralis, and Siganus canaliculatus. Mean-while, in mangrove zone revealed a significant different of fish species than in transition and seagrass zones. In mangrove zone, fish species was dominated by Gerres oblongus and Siganus guttatus. Keywords: spatial distribution, juvenile, mangrove, seagrass, pramuka Island, Siganidae

29

Farzaneh, S., and A. Tcharkhtchi. "Viscoelastic Properties of Polypropylene Reinforced with Mica in and Transition Zones." International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/427095.

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The viscoelastic properties of mica-reinforced polypropylene (PP) was studied in temperature range between −30°C and 120°C. WLF equation permits determining the free volume fraction in and transitions regions. It was shown that the value of this parameter is lower for transition, indicating that the free volume and thermal expansion of region is more than that of region. At a 40% loading level, it was shown that the storage and loss modulus of mica-filled PP increases dramatically (in comparison with the pure polypropylene). The relative modulus does not change significantly at glassy state but it increases for the temperature higher than . It was also shown that mica does not affect the glass transition temperature but results in an increase in transition.

30

Liu, Wenbo, Xiao Jin, Bo Zhang, Di Yun, and Piheng Chen. "A Coupled EBSD/TEM Analysis of the Microstructure Evolution of a Gradient Nanostructured Ferritic/Martensitic Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment." Materials 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010140.

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Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was performed on a reduced ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel to form a nanostructured (NS) layer on the surface of the sample. Both electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and TEM were used to investigate the microstructure evolution during SMAT. The experimental results showed that there were three different zones after SMAT: (i) The “ultrafine grain” (UFG) zone, observed at the top-most surface region, (ii) the “transition zone” in which the original grains were fragmented under the severe plastic deformation and (iii) the “deformed zone” in which the original grains were simply deformed. The average grain sizes increased rapidly with the increase of depth, while the Vickers hardness decreased with the increase of depth, and this phenomenon could be explained in terms of boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The number fractions of medium-angle grain boundaries (MAGBs) and medium-high-angle grain boundaries (MHAGBs) in UFG zones were larger than those in the transition zone and the deformed zone. However, the number fraction of the low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was extremely small in all the zones after SMAT, especially in the transition zone.

31

Radionova, E. P., I. E. Khokhlova, V. N. Beniamovskii, E. A. Shcherbinina, A. I. Iakovleva, and T. A. Sadchikova. "Paleocene/Eocene transition in the northeastern Peri-Tethys area; Sokolovskii key section of the Turgay Passage (Kazakhstan)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.2.245.

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Abstract Lithology, microfossils, and stratigraphy of the uppermost Paleocene - lowermost Eocene predominantly terrigenous and siliceous sediments from the Sokolovskii section located in the Turgay Passage, northern Kazakhstan, were studied. Among the microfossils, calcareous nannofossils, radiolarians, and especially dinocysts proved to be useful for age determinations, correlation with standard zonal schemes, and for paleoecological reconstructions. The NP8 (Heliolithus riedelii) nannoplankton Zone, the Acarinina subsphaerica and A. acarinata (lowermost part) planktonic foraminifera Zones, the Petalospyris foveolata regional radiolarian Zone, the Moiseivia uralensis diatom Zone were recognised, as well as four dinocysts zones: the Alisocysta margarita, Apectodinium hyperacanthum, A. augustum, and Wetzeliella meckelfeldensis Zones. Also, two transgressive-regressive cycles are distinguished. They are interrupted by short hiatuses; the upper one corresponds to the boundary between the Apectodinium augustum and Wetzeliella meckelfeldensis dinocyst Zones.

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BAIER, TOBIAS, FRIEDHELM SCHÖNFELD, and STEFFEN HARDT. "Analytical approximations to the flow field induced by electroosmosis during isotachophoretic transport through a channel." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 682 (July 19, 2011): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.250.

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An analytical approximation is derived for the flow field in the vicinity of a transition zone between electrolytes of different mobility in isotachophoretic transport through a channel. Due to the difference in electroosmotic mobility and electric field on both sides of the transition zone, the flow field consists of a superposition of electroosmotic and pressure-driven flow. The corresponding convective ion transport inherently reduces the resolution of isotachophoretic separation processes. The derived analytical result is adequate for both wide and narrow transition zones and valid in the limit of thin electric double layers, relevant for most situations where isotachophoresis is employed. In this way, it complements and generalizes the results obtained for wide transition zones in the lubrication approximation. The analysis is extended to multiple sample zones with ions of different electrophoretic mobility, a scenario characteristic for applications in the field of analytical chemistry. The results are validated by comparison to finite-element calculations accounting for the transport of different ionic species governed by the coupled Nernst–Planck and Stokes equations, both for situations with only a single transition zone as well as for several transition zones. Excellent agreement is obtained between the analytical and the numerical results for realistic parameter values encountered in ITP experiments. This suggests using the analytical expression for the flow field in the framework of numerical studies of species transport in ITP experiments, since the time-consuming computation of the velocity field is essentially eliminated. The latter is successfully demonstrated using an iterative procedure, numerically solving the Nernst–Planck equation for a given flow field, and using the resulting concentration fields as an input for the derived analytical expression.

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TSAPANOS, T. M. "The Markov model as a pattern for earthquakes recurrence in South America." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17270.

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The well known stochastic model of the Markov chains is applied in south America, in order to search for pattern of great earthquakes recurrence. The model defines a process in which successive state occupancies are governed by the transition probabilities pij, of the Markov process and are presented as a transition matrix say P, which has NxN dimensions. We considered as states in the present study the predefined seismic zones of south America. Thus the visits from zone to zone, which is from state to state, carry with them the number of the zone in which they occurred. If these visits are considered to be earthquake occurrences we can inspect their migration between the zones (states) and estimate their genesis in a statistical way, through the transition probabilities. Attention is given in zones where very large earthquakes with Ms>7.8 have occurred. A pattern is revealed which is suggested migration of these large shocks from south towards north. The use of Monte Carlo simulation verify the defined pattern.

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Dubus, G. "Thin discs, thick discs and transition zones." EAS Publications Series 7 (2003): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2003044.

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35

Gaston, K. J., A. S. L. Rodrigues, B. J. van Rensburg, P. Koleff, and S. L. Chown. "Complementary representation and zones of ecological transition." Ecology Letters 4, no. 1 (January 22, 2001): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00196.x.

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36

Ward, Ronald W. "Response of Transition Zones to Nearby Sources." Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 35, no. 1-3 (September 15, 2009): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1973.tb02430.x.

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37

MacRae, Scott. "Excimer ablation design and elliptical transition zones." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 25, no. 9 (September 1999): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(99)00144-3.

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38

Stark, Timothy D., Stephen T. Wilk, and Theodore R. Sussmann. "Evaluation of Tie Support at Transition Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2476, no. 1 (January 2015): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2476-08.

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39

Yang, Fang, Baojun Bai, Shari Dunn-Norman, Fen Yang, and Ruisong Zhou. "Feasibility of CO2sequestration in shallow transition zones." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (June 6, 2017): 1035–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1696.

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40

Markee, Numa. "Zones of Interactional Transition in ESL Classes." Modern Language Journal 88, no. 4 (November 15, 2004): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-20-.x.

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41

Araujo, Miguel B. "Biodiversity Hotspots and Zones of Ecological Transition." Conservation Biology 16, no. 6 (December 2002): 1662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.02068.x.

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42

Yulin, S., T. Feigl, T. Kuhlmann, N. Kaiser, A. I. Fedorenko, V. V. Kondratenko, O. V. Poltseva, V. A. Sevryukova, A. Yu Zolotaryov, and E. N. Zubarev. "Interlayer transition zones in Mo/Si superlattices." Journal of Applied Physics 92, no. 3 (August 2002): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1487919.

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43

Langer, Max, Thomas Speck, and Olga Speck. "Petiole-Lamina Transition Zone: A Functionally Crucial but Often Overlooked Leaf Trait." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040774.

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Although both the petiole and lamina of foliage leaves have been thoroughly studied, the transition zone between them has often been overlooked. We aimed to identify objectively measurable morphological and anatomical criteria for a generally valid definition of the petiole–lamina transition zone by comparing foliage leaves with various body plans (monocotyledons vs. dicotyledons) and spatial arrangements of petiole and lamina (two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional configurations). Cross-sectional geometry and tissue arrangement of petioles and transition zones were investigated via serial thin-sections and µCT. The changes in the cross-sectional geometries from the petiole to the transition zone and the course of the vascular bundles in the transition zone apparently depend on the spatial arrangement, while the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the petioles depends on the body plan. We found an exponential acropetal increase in the cross-sectional area and axial and polar second moments of area to be the defining characteristic of all transition zones studied, regardless of body plan or spatial arrangement. In conclusion, a variety of terms is used in the literature for describing the region between petiole and lamina. We prefer the term “petiole–lamina transition zone” to underline its three-dimensional nature and the integration of multiple gradients of geometry, shape, and size.

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Heydari-Noghabi, H., JA Zakeri, M. Esmaeili, and JN Varandas. "Field study using additional rails and an approach slab as a transition zone from slab track to the ballasted track." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 4 (May 23, 2017): 970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717708527.

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An abrupt change in the stiffness of railway tracks at the junction between slab track and ballasted track causes increased dynamic loads, asymmetric settlements, damage of track components, and, consequently, increased maintenance costs. Due to this, a transition zone is usually built at the junction between the ballasted and the ballastless tracks to reduce the aforementioned problems. One of the methods suggested as a transition zone in these areas is to use a combination of an approach slab and additional rails. This study evaluates the dynamic behavior of this type of transition zone using field tests and also compares its performance with a transition zone built only with an approach slab. Hence, in the Tehran–Karaj railway line, two types of transition zones were constructed: one including only the approach slab and the other one including additional rails and an approach slab. Then, by conducting some field tests, the dynamic behavior of the track in these two types of transition zones was examined. The results of the field measurements show that for the analyzed case study, at the combined transition zone with additional rails and an approach slab, instead of a sudden increase in rail displacements from the slab track to the ballasted track (i.e. by 53%), initially, in the first part of the transition zone (with additional rails and an approach slab), the deflections increase by an average of 31%, and then in the second part of the transition zone (with additional rails only) the deflections increase additionally by 11%.

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Moradi, Amin. "TRANSITION ZONE IN SELJUQ DOME CHAMBERS." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i1.7488.

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Architecturally, the Seljuqs' dominion makes a significant shift from the Pre-Islamic Sassanid squinches into a sophisticated transition mechanism employed to change the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base to set a dome. It initiated a new construction methodology to hybridize the previous experiences of Sassanid domes with new architectural tendencies since the prior understanding of the transition zone was a makeshift in quality. It is not consistent enough for future architectural adventures in creating larger structures. Although a cursory investigation of transition zones of Seljuq dome chambers in some respects reveals a relatively homogeneous framework, it has never meant the stagnation of architectural creativity in different parts of the Seljuk territory. On the other hand, the typology and local schools of Seljuq transition zones of dome chambers have not been thoroughly considered by geographical centralism in Iran. For a better understanding of the standardization of various techniques considered in Seljuq architecture between the 11th and 12th centuries to span the cubic structure to a circular plan, this project is aimed to clarify three different schools of architectural articulation concerning transition zone in the Seljuq dome chambers. A structural analysis was conducted assuming several scenarios over Seljuq domes to clarify its geographical characteristics as well as static behaviors in different parts of Iran. This study shows that no dome has a regular mechanism of a transition zone, no two regions share the same approach, and three different empirical attitudes towards the transition zone would be enough to consider three architectural schools encompassing Northwest Iran, Alborz, and Central Iran, in which the difference lies in the basic elements of the construction of the transition zone rather than proportions.

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Macleod, Norman, and Gerta Keller. "Biogeography of the Cretaceous / Tertiary planktic foraminiferal faunal transition." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000753x.

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Quantitative analysis of a high resolution latest Maastrichtian through Danian planktic foraminiferal database reveals that degrees of endemism characterizing tropical Tethyan and both northern and southern high latitude faunas throughout this interval are much lower than previously supposed. In terms of temporal patterns in the relative abundance of cosmopolitan species, the transition from the diverse globotruncanid-dominated late Maastrichtian assemblage (I), characterizing the lower portion of the A. mayaroensis / P. deformis zones prior to the base of Chron 29, to the diverse globigerinid-dominated Danian assemblage (V) found in Zone P1c and above, takes place through the successive rise and fall of at least three intermediate faunal associations. These include: a mixed assemblage (II) that delineates an interval from the base of Chron 29 to lowermost Danian Zone PO and is dominated by heterohelicids, hedbergellids, and globigerinelloids; a guembelitrid-dominated assemblage (III) that ranges through lower Danian zones P0 - P1a; and a chiloguembelinid-dominated assemblage (IV) that characterizes lower Danian zones P1a through P1b.Species whose differential relative abundances identify them as more or less endemic to a northern high latitude biogeographic province include Guembelitria danica (assemblage III), Chiloguembelitria waiparensis (assemblage IV), and Eoglobigerina danica (assemblage V), while southern high latitude forms with endemic abundance acmes include C. waiparensis (assemblage III) and several globigerine species (e.g., Globigerina extensa, Igorina spiralis, Globigerina aequiensis, Globigerina chasconoma). Tropical tethyan abundance endemics include Heterohelix navarroensis and Pseudoguembelina costulata (fauna II), along with both Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina and Woodringina hornerstownensis (assemblage IV). Overall, levels of planktic foraminiferal endemism were quite low throughout the upper Maastrichtian A. mayaroensis / P. deformis zones, across the K/T boundary, and into the Danian Zone P0. Endemism increased gradually throughout zones P1a and P1b with the addition of species to both northern high latitude and tropical tethyan biogeographic provinces, and then increased much more substantially in Zone P1c with the addition of the southern high latitude globigerine species.Our analysis has also uncovered several instances of dramatic abundance increases for individual taxa occurring significantly earlier in the southern high latitudes (e.g., Chiloguembelina waiparensis). Associated with these diachronous relative abundance patterns, stable isotopic studies indicate that environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, organic productivity) over this K/T transition interval were more stable in the southern ocean than in tropics. Finally, our data reveals a distinct difference and mirror-image ordering in both the disappearance and successive reappearance of the planktic foraminiferal test morphotypes (e.g., keeled trochospires, globigerine trochospires, forms with serially arranged chambers) that prevailed in each faunal assemblage. We believe that these data can best be accounted for by accepting a causal model of geographically heterogeneous deterioration and subsequent restructuring of marine planktic habitats that took place over an extended interval of time and was ultimately driven by a synergistic combination of climatic (global cooling), oceanographic (sea level change) and tectonic factors.

47

Bambauer, Hans Ulrich, and Christian Krause. "TEM-investigation of the sanidine/microcline transition across metamorphic zones : the K-feldspar varieties." European Journal of Mineralogy 1, no. 1 (March 21, 1989): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/01/1/0047.

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48

Bambauer, Hans Ulrich, Christian Krause, and Herbert Kroll. "TEM-investigation of the sanidine/microcline transition across metamorphic zones : the K-feldspar varieties." European Journal of Mineralogy 1, no. 4 (August 31, 1989): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/1/4/0001.

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49

Kwapisiński, P., A. A. Ivanova, B. Kania, and W. Wołczyński. "Some Similarities / Differences between Steel Static and Virtual Brass Static Casting." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0020.

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Abstract An innovative method for determining the structural zones in the large static steel ingots has been described. It is based on the mathematical interpretation of some functions obtained due to simulation of temperature field and thermal gradient field for solidifying massive ingot. The method is associated with the extrema of an analyzed function and with its points of inflection. Particularly, the CET transformation is predicted as a time-consuming transition from the columnar- into equiaxed structure. The equations dealing with heat transfer balance for the continuous casting are presented and used for the simulation of temperature field in the solidifying virtual static brass ingot. The developed method for the prediction of structural zones formation is applied to determine these zones in the solidifying brass static ingot. Some differences / similarities between structure formation during solidification of the steel static ingot and virtual brass static ingot are studied. The developed method allows to predict the following structural zones: fine columnar grains zone, (FC), columnar grains zone, (C), equiaxed grains zone, (E). The FCCT-transformation and CET-transformation are forecast as sharp transitions of the analyzed structures. Similarities between steel static ingot morphology and that predicted for the virtual brass static ingot are described.

50

Wang, Xu, Yuwei Bie, Tony Z. Qiu, and Lei Niu. "Effect of speed limits at speed transition zones." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 1 (January 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0125.

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Speed limits are a common traffic regulation for balancing traffic mobility and safety on roadways. Speed transition zones bear complicated driver behaviours. However, driver behaviours are even more complex when speed transition zones are dynamically created and shifted by variable speed limits (VSLs). Much existing research has estimated long-term driver compliance, evaluated effectiveness of speed enforcement, and attempted to involve compliance into VSL control algorithms. Whereas, limited research provides convincing solutions for representing speed limit effect and estimating real-time driver compliance at speed transition zones. To fill this research gap, this paper analyses field data from two speed transition zones along southbound of 97th Street, Edmonton, Canada. Temporal and spatial variations of speed and driver compliance are investigated in detail using statistical tests. A linear regression is then established to rank the contributions of the selected factors. Finally, some suggestions and guidelines for VSL algorithm design and implementation are proposed.

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