Journal articles: '[ʃ]'

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Pouplier, Marianne, Philip Hoole, and James M. Scobbie. "Investigating the asymmetry of English sibilant assimilation: Acoustic and EPG data." Laboratory Phonology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labphon.2011.001.

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AbstractWe present tongue-palate contact (EPG) and acoustic data on English sibilant assimilation, with a particular focus on the asymmetry arising from the order of the sibilants. It is generally known that /s#ʃ/ sequences may display varying degrees of regressive assimilation in fluent speech, yet for /ʃ#s/ it is widely assumed that no assimilation takes place, although the empirical content of this assumption has rarely been investigated nor a clear theoretical explanation proposed. We systematically compare the two sibilant orders in word-boundary clusters. Our data show that /s#ʃ/ sequences assimilate frequently and this assimilation is strictly regressive. The assimilated sequence may be indistinguishable from a homorganic control sequence by our measures, or it can be characterized by measurement values intermediate to those typical for /ʃ/ or /s/. /ʃ#s/ sequences may also show regressive assimilation, albeit less frequently and to a lesser degree. Assimilated /ʃ#s/ sequences are always distinguishable from /s#s/ sequences. In a few cases, we identify progressive assimilation for /ʃ#s/. We discuss how to account for the differences in degree of assimilation, and we propose that the order asymmetry may arise from the different articulatory control structures employed for the two sibilants in conjunction with phonotactic probability effects.

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Eckman, Fred, and Gregory K. Iverson. "THE ROLE OF NATIVE LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY IN THE PRODUCTION OF L2 CONTRASTS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35, no. 1 (December 18, 2012): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226311200068x.

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We present findings of an investigation into the acquisition of the English /s/–/ʃ/ contrast by native speakers of Korean and Japanese. Both of these languages have the phones [s] and [ʃ], and both languages exhibit a pattern—or motivate a rule—whereby /s/ is realized as [ʃ] before the vowel [i] and the glide [j]—that is, high front vocoids. The crucial difference, and the focus of this study, is that in Korean [s] and [ʃ] are allophones of /s/, whereas in Japanese the two sounds arguably instantiate different phonemes. We present production data showing that the differences in the functioning of [s] and [ʃ] in the second language learner’s native language have different consequences for the acquisition patterns and the error types produced in the learning of this contrast.

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Rutter, Ben. "Acoustic analysis of a sound change in progress: The consonant cluster /stɹ/ in English." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 1 (March 28, 2011): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000307.

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For some speakers of English, realization of the fricative in the consonant cluster /stɹ/may be undergoing a sound change in progress. Previous reports suggest that /s/ is being realized as the postalveolar fricative [ʃ], with the approximant /ɹ/ as a possible trigger. Research in sociolinguistics also indicates that there may be various intermediate stages of the change, falling somewhere between a typical /ʃ/ and /s/. However, information about the precise phonetic characteristics of these novel variants is still sparse, and existing sociolinguistic studies have not compared speakers’ realization of /stɹ/ to their typical /s/ and /ʃ/ productions. This paper uses the acoustic measurement of spectral peak to compare ten English speakers’ productions of the onsets /ʃ/, /ʃɹ/, /stɹ/, and /s/. The findings suggest that the majority of tokens produced by these speakers fall within their normal range for /ʃ/, with only limited evidence of intermediate forms. It is proposed that spectral peak measurement seems to be a stable method for use in future research categorizing variants of /stɹ/. However, this should include comparison to subjects’ normal /ʃ/ productions.

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Jones, Mark J., and Kirsty McDougall. "The acoustic character of fricated /t/ in Australian English: A comparison with /s/ and /ʃ/." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, no. 3 (November 12, 2009): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990132.

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Australian English /t/ has a fricative realisation in some contexts. The presence of an additional surface fricative in the language raises questions about potential merger and the maintenance of contrasts. An orthographic representation of fricated /t/ as 〈sh〉 suggests a similarity to the existing fricative /ʃ/. This paper compares the acoustic characteristics of fricated realisations of /t/ in Australian English with those of /ʃ/ and /s/, the fricatives judged most likely to be acoustically similar. The findings suggest a great degree of similarity to /ʃ/ in terms of spectral measures, with duration being the most likely perceptual means of distinguishing fricated /t/ from /ʃ/.

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Lohkamp, Joachim. "Hyperbolic Unfoldings of Minimal Hypersurfaces." Analysis and Geometry in Metric Spaces 6, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 96–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agms-2018-0006.

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Abstract We study the intrinsic geometry of area minimizing hypersurfaces from a new point of view by relating this subject to quasiconformal geometry. Namely, for any such hypersurface H we define and construct a so-called S-structure. This new and natural concept reveals some unexpected geometric and analytic properties of H and its singularity set Ʃ. Moreover, it can be used to prove the existence of hyperbolic unfoldings of H\Ʃ. These are canonical conformal deformations of H\Ʃ into complete Gromov hyperbolic spaces of bounded geometry with Gromov boundary homeomorphic to Ʃ. These new concepts and results naturally extend to the larger class of almost minimizers.

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Huang, Qiandi. "The Impressionistic Study of English /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ in Initial Position by L2 Thai Learners." English Language Teaching 13, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n9p112.

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Although studies on English sound learning by L2 Thai learners have been widely examined, there have been no studies on the production of the English /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ sounds in the initial position by L2 Thai learners with consideration of vowel contexts, the experience of L2 learners and target sounds. The aim of this study is to examine the production of the English /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ sounds in the initial position while taking the aforementioned factors into account. The data was from 48 L2 Thai learners, and the subjects were divided into two groups of university students: English-majors and non-English-majors. The two target sounds: English /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ together with the Thai /tɕʰ/ sound were tested in 27 words (9 words for each target sound). The subjects produced the target sounds five times, and their production was transcribed by two British transcribers. The results showed that the subjects had high target-like production when producing /ʃ/ but low target-like production when producing /tʃ/. In finding the correlation between the factors and the target-like production, neither the vowel contexts nor the experience could account for the production. The only factor that relates to the production of English /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ was the target sounds, i.e. the number of the productions that was deemed non-target-like was significantly higher when the target sound was /tʃ/ than when it was /ʃ/. This suggests that the target sounds, rather than the L2 experience and the vowel contexts, play a significant role in L2 speech production.

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Summerfield, R. J., E. H. Roberts, R. H. Ellis, and R. J. Lawn. "Towards the Reliable Prediction of Time to Flowering in Six Annual Crops. I. The Development of Simple Models for Fluctuating Field Environments." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (January 1991): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019165.

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SUMMARYDespite numerous altempts, the development of generalixed models capable of accurate predictions of the times from sowing to flowering (f) of crop plants in field environments has remained elusive. Models which seek to correlate ;ʃ with various states of environmental factors such as photoperiod, P, and temperature, T, using formal statistical procedures arc often complex. Here, we describe a family of photothermal responses (involving unambiguous parameters and limits) which quantify the linear, non-interacting effects of P and T not on ʃ but on 1/ʃ, i.e. on the rate of progress towards flowering. Based on these relations we suggest that the modelling of crop phenology will be simplified, more reliable and more biologically plausible.

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Regan, Brendan. "Intra-regional differences in the social perception of allophonic variation: The evaluation of [tʃ] and [ʃ] in Huelva and Lepe (Western Andalucía)." Journal of Linguistic Geography 8, no. 2 (October 2020): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2020.7.

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AbstractThis study examines the social perceptions of the traditional Andalusian feature [ʃ] and the Castilian feature [tʃ] in the city of Huelva and the town of Lepe in Western Andalucía, Spain. A matched-guise experiment was created by digitally manipulating spontaneous speech from twelve Western Andalusian speakers, varying only in word-medial syllable-initial [tʃ] and [ʃ] for <ch> in disyllabic words. Based on 221 listeners from Huelva and Lepe, mixed effects linear regression models indicate that listeners evaluated speakers with [tʃ] guises as being of higher status, more cosmopolitan, and less friendly than speakers with [ʃ] guises. These findings interacted with speaker and listener gender, listener educational level, and listener origin. The implications are twofold: the traditional Andalusian feature is evaluated as less overtly prestigious than the supra-local Castilian feature; and, that two nearby communities of the same dialect variety may share similar language attitudes, but demonstrate nuanced differences in attitudes due to their unique historical and socioeconomic developments.

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Радовановић, Драгана, and Снежана Гудурић. "АКУСТИЧКЕ ОСОБЕНОСТИ ФРИКАТИВА /Ш/ И /Ж/ У БАТАЊИ (МАЂАРСКА) И НАЋФАЛИ (РУМУНИЈА)." ИСХОДИШТА 1, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/ish.7.2021.25.

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This paper deals with the acoustic nature of fricative palatal consonants [ʃ], [ʒ] in the speech of Batanja and Nacfala. The obtained results were compared with the acoustic nature of the equivalent consonants in standard Serbian and in the speech of Novi Sad. The results show that the fricatives [ʃ] and [ʒ] of Batanja and Nacfala speeches differ from standard Serbian and Novi Sad speech, but also they differ between themselves. This research also represents an introduction of the acoustic analysis of the speech of Batanja and Nacfala.

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Roepke, Elizabeth, and Françoise Brosseau-Lapré. "Perception of Sibilants by Preschool Children With Overt and Covert Sound Contrasts." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0127.

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Purpose This study explores the role of overt and covert contrasts in speech perception by children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method Three groups of preschool-aged children (typically developing speech and language [TD], SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ contrast [SSD-contrast], and SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ collapse [SSD-collapse]) completed an identification task targeting /s/~/ʃ/ minimal pairs. The stimuli were produced by 3 sets of talkers: children with TD, children with SSD, and the participant himself/herself. We conducted a univariate general linear model to investigate differences in perception of tokens produced by different speakers and differences in perception between the groups of listeners. Results The TD and SSD-contrast groups performed similarly when perceiving tokens produced by themselves or other children. The SSD-collapse group perceived all speakers more poorly than the other 2 groups of children, performing at chance for perception of their own speech. Children who produced a covert contrast did not perceive their own speech more accurately than children who produced no identifiable acoustic contrast. Conclusion Preschool-aged children have not yet developed adultlike phonological representations. Collapsing phoneme production, even with a covert contrast, may indicate poor perception of the collapsed phonemes.

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Zharkova, Natalia, Nigel Hewlett, William J. Hardcastle, and Robin J. Lickley. "Spatial and Temporal Lingual Coarticulation and Motor Control in Preadolescents." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 2 (April 2014): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-11-0350.

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Purpose In this study, the authors compared coarticulation and lingual kinematics in preadolescents and adults in order to establish whether preadolescents had a greater degree of random variability in tongue posture and whether their patterns of lingual coarticulation differed from those of adults. Method High-speed ultrasound tongue contour data synchronized with the acoustic signal were recorded from 15 children (ages 10–12 years) and 15 adults. Tongue shape contours were analyzed at 9 normalized time points during the fricative phase of schwa-fricative-/a/ and schwa-fricative-/i/ sequences with the consonants /s/ and /ʃ/. Results There was no significant age-related difference in random variability. Where a significant vowel effect occurred, the amount of coarticulation was similar in the 2 groups. However, the onset of the coarticulatory effect on preadolescent /ʃ/ was significantly later than on preadolescent /s/, and also later than on adult /s/ and /ʃ/. Conclusions Preadolescents have adult-like precision of tongue control and adult-like anticipatory lingual coarticulation with respect to spatial characteristics of tongue posture. However, there remains some immaturity in the motor programming of certain complex tongue movements.

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Mendez, Luis Alberto. "The variant [ʃ] in the Spanish of Ciudad Juárez." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.6.1.4102.

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A characteristic feature of the Spanish spoken in the Mexican state of Chihuahua is the pronunciation of the standard phoneme /tʃ/ (<ch>) as a non-standard allophone [ʃ] (<sh>). The present study analyzes the social and linguistic factors that influence variation in the Mexico-United States border community of Ciudad Juárez. Direct and indirect elicitations techniques were used to gather tokens of /tʃ/ from a sample of 40 local speakers who varied in age, sex, socioeconomic status, education level, and degree of bilingualism. The data was perceptually and acoustically interpreted and then statistically examined using variable rules analysis. On the linguistic side, the results show that [s], [i], [u] in preceding phonological context favor weakening. On the social side, the most prone participants to produce [ʃ] were: young men from low socioeconomic status, regardless of being Spanish monolinguals or Spanish-English sequential bilinguals. These findings indicate an ongoing gender shift with respect to previous research in the same community.

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Lage, Aleria. "Sessenta anos de Syntactic Structures, de Noam Chomsky." Revista Linguíʃtica 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n2a14693.

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Pinheiro, Diogo, and Karen Alonso. "30 anos (ou mais) de Gramática de Construções: primeiros apontamentos para uma história do movimento construcionista (ou: 1988: o ano que não terminou)." Revista Linguíʃtica 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2018.v14n1a18644.

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Kadiri, Goodluck C., Victoria Adeyi, Joekin Ekwueme, and Zubairu Bitrus Samaila. "The Production and Perception of the Affricate /tʃ/ and the Fricative /ʃ/ by Igala ELS Users." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1001.03.

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A second language user is one who has his own language (L1) and probably mastered all there is to the sound system of his L1. The already existing language system makes second language learning difficult thereby resulting in what is called ‘errors’ as an effect of interference. Phonologically, it is a hard task learning a second language because each language has its unique phonology. This paper x-rayed the difficulties encountered by Igala L2 users with reference to the production and perception of the affricate /tʃ/ and the fricative /ʃ/. The study used carefully prepared sentences containing the two sounds under study to elicit data from the target population. The data were analyzed using frequency and percentage counts. From the analysis it was discovered that there exist production problems in the use of the affricate /tʃ/ and the fricative /ʃ/ by Igala users of English as a Second Language where /tʃ/ is substituted for /ʃ/ and vice versa. Conclusion drawn from the result was the need for Igala users to aspire for competence in their use of English as a second language particularly the phonological aspects because being proficient in any language begins with good understanding and correct usage of the sound systems thereby bringing about intelligibility.

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Lien, Yu-An S., Caitlin I. Gattuccio, and Cara E. Stepp. "Effects of Phonetic Context on Relative Fundamental Frequency." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 4 (August 2014): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0158.

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Purpose The effect of phonetic context on relative fundamental frequency (RFF) was examined, in order to develop stimuli sets with minimal within-speaker variability that can be implemented in future clinical protocols. Method Sixteen speakers with healthy voices produced RFF stimuli. Uniform utterances consisted of 3 repetitions of the same voiced sonorant-voiceless consonant-voiced sonorant speech sequence; moderately variable sentences contained speech sequences with a single voiceless phoneme (/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /p/, /t/, or /k/); highly variable sentences were loaded with speech sequences using multiple phonemes. Effects of stimulus type (uniform, moderately variable, and highly variable) and phoneme identity (/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /p/, /t/, and /k/) on RFF means and standard deviations were determined. Results Stimulus type and the interaction of vocal cycle and stimulus type were significant for RFF means and standard deviations but with small effect sizes. Phoneme identity and the interaction of vocal cycle and phoneme identity on RFF means and standard deviations were also significant with small to medium effect sizes. Conclusions For speakers with healthy voices, uniform utterances with /f/ and /ʃ/ have the lowest standard deviations and thus are recommended for RFF-based assessments. Future work is necessary to extend these findings to disordered voices.

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Zygis, Marzena. "Phonetic and phonological aspects of Slavic sibilant fricatives." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 32 (January 1, 2003): 175–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191.

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In this artiele I reanalyze sibilant inventories of Slavic languages by taking into consideration acoustic. perceptive and phonological evidence. The main goal of this study is to show that perception is an important factor which determines the shape of sibilant inventories. The improvement of perceptual contrast essentially contributes to creating new sibilant inventories by (i) changing the place of articulation of the existing phonemes (ii) merging sibilants that are perceptually very close or (iii) deleting them. It has also been shown that the symbol s traditionally used in Slavic linguistics corresponds to two sounds in the IP A system: it stands for a postalveolar sibilant (ʃ) in some Slavic languages, as e.g. Bulagarian, Czech, Slovak, some Serbian and Croatian dialects, whereas in others like Polish, Russian, Lower Sorbian it functions as a retroflex (ʂ). This discrepancy is motivated by the fact that ʃ is not optimal in terms of maintaining sufficient perceptual contrast to other sibilants such as s and ɕ. If ʃ occurs together with s (and sʲ) there is a considerable perceptual distance between them but if it occurs with ɕ in an inventory, the distance is much smaller. Therefore, the strategy most languages follow is the change from a postalveolar to a retroflex sibilant.

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이봉형. "Origins of Glides and /ʃ/-Decomposition in Korean Loanword Phonology." Korean Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 3 (September 2011): 659–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2011.36.3.004.

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Beletskiy, Stanislav, and Ojwang' Enock. "Sound Variation /ʃ/÷/ʧ/ in Kuria Varieties Rinchari and Simbiti." Papers of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS, no. 29 (2020): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2587-9502-2020-29-118-127.

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RUTTER, BEN. "The acquisition of newly emerging sociophonetic variation: /str-/ in American English." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 5 (November 7, 2013): 1166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000342.

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ABSTRACTEight children aged 4;1–8;1 and their primary caregivers participated in a study designed to evaluate their use of the onset cluster /str-/ in both read and conversational speech. The cluster is currently undergoing a reported sound change in many varieties of English, with the initial /s/ being retracted to [ʃ]. The study compared the initial fricative of the cluster in both the children and their mothers. Acoustic analysis was carried out in order to categorize tokens as either [s] or [ʃ] using spectral peak analysis. Results found that children as young as 5;1 were starting to exhibit the usage patterns of their mothers. The distribution of the novel variant suggests that the children may be learning this form via a process of lexical diffusion rather than by rule. Implications for the study of dialect acquisition and phonological acquisition in general are discussed.

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Rohena-Madrazo, Marcos. "Diagnosing the completion of a sound change: Phonetic and phonological evidence for /ʃ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish." Language Variation and Change 27, no. 3 (September 16, 2015): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394515000113.

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AbstractThis paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the variable devoicing of /ʒ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish, a phenomenon previously characterized as a change in progress. A novel method is implemented to determine the completion of the devoicing change by comparing the voicing levels of /ʒ/ to the inherent voicing variability of /s/, as well as by comparing the allophonic patterns of /ʒ/ to those of /s/. If the voicing levels of /ʒ/ are not significantly different from those of /s/ and the /ʒ/ no longer exhibits positional affrication, then the speaker's underlying postalveolar fricative is /ʃ/: they are a “devoicer.” The results suggest that, although older speakers, of both middle and upper classes, exhibit variation in the distribution of “voicers,” most younger speakers are devoicers, indicating that the /ʒ/ devoicing change is nearing conclusion. As a result, the underlying fricative for the majority of Buenos Aires Spanish speakers may very well be /ʃ/.

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Santos, Lílian Marinho dos, Stela Maris Aguiar Lemos, and Rui Rothe-Neves. "Confusões perceptivas entre consoantes do Português Brasileiro em função do ruído." Audiology - Communication Research 19, no. 2 (April 2014): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-64312014000200008.

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Objetivo: (a) Verificar se o comportamento do indivíduo, na percepção de consoantes em meio a diferentes ruídos, está ligado diretamente ao modo como os sons são mentalmente representados; (b) Verificar se há relação entre similaridade fonológica e perceptiva. Métodos: A pesquisa utilizou uma amostra não probabilística, por tipicidade, composta por 11 participantes adultos, com idade entre 20 e 30 anos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: ter idade entre 18 e 30 anos; ler, concordar e assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; apresentar audição periférica e processamento auditivo dentro dos critérios de referência. A coleta de dados aconteceu em duas etapas: 1) Avaliação preliminar: audiometria tonal liminar, imitanciometria, logoaudiometria, teste de fala com ruído e teste dicótico de dígitos; 2) Avaliação da percepção de consoantes, com o objetivo de verificar a correta identificação das consoantes [p], [t], [d], [k], [f], [v], [ʃ] e [ʒ], seguidas da vogal [a], em meio aos ruídos branco e de festa, nas relações sinal ruído igual a 0 e +5 dB (NS). Resultados: No ruído branco, em ambas as relações sinal/ruído foram encontradas, em maior número, as confusões: [f]-[p], [ʃ]-[k] e [ʃ]-[ʒ]. No ruído de festa, foram mais encontradas as confusões: [f]-[p], [v]-[p], [v]-[f] e [t]-[d]. Observou-se que, quanto mais traços distintivos as consoantes compartilham, mais elas são confundidas. Conclusão: Ruído branco e ruído de festa afetam diretamente a percepção das consoantes, mas de forma diferente, sendo encontrada maior distância perceptiva entre consoantes no ruído de festa. Assim, as confusões entre consoantes parecem sofrer maior influência das características acústicas, do que fonológicas.

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Pittman, Andrea L., Ayoub Daliri, and Lauren Meadows. "Vocal Biomarkers of Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss in Children and Adults: Voiceless Sibilants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 2814–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-17-0460.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine if an objective measure of speech production could serve as a vocal biomarker for the effects of high-frequency hearing loss on speech perception. It was hypothesized that production of voiceless sibilants is governed sufficiently by auditory feedback that high-frequency hearing loss results in subtle but significant shifts in the spectral characteristics of these sibilants.MethodSibilant production was examined in individuals with mild to moderately severe congenital (22 children; 8–17 years old) and acquired (23 adults; 55–80 years old) hearing losses. Measures of hearing level (pure-tone average thresholds at 4 and 8 kHz), speech perception (detection of nonsense words within sentences), and speech production (spectral center of gravity [COG] for /s/ and /ʃ/) were obtained in unaided and aided conditions.ResultsFor both children and adults, detection of nonsense words increased significantly as hearing thresholds improved. Spectral COG for /ʃ/ was unaffected by hearing loss in both listening conditions, whereas the spectral COG for /s/ significantly decreased as high-frequency hearing loss increased. The distance in spectral COG between /s/ and /ʃ/ decreased significantly with increasing hearing level. COG distance significantly predicted nonsense-word detection in children but not in adults.ConclusionsAt least one aspect of speech production (voiceless sibilants) is measurably affected by high-frequency hearing loss and is related to speech perception in children. Speech production did not predict speech perception in adults, suggesting a more complex relationship between auditory feedback and feedforward mechanisms with age. Even so, these results suggest that this vocal biomarker may be useful for identifying the presence of high-frequency hearing loss in adults and children and for predicting the impact of hearing loss in children.

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Alexander, Joshua M. "The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1486–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-18-0267.

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PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

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Brito, Edvan Pereira de. "The Variation of Post-Vowel –S in the Portuguese Dialect of Rio de Janeiro." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 58, no. 1 (March 23, 2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v58i1.8646158.

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A cidade do Rio de Janeiro é conhecida por sua beleza exuberante e sua cultura única. Pelo menos entre os brasileiros, a cidade também se destaca por suas características dialetais, das quais a realização alveopalatal do –s pós-vocálico é provavelmente a mais notável. No dialeto carioca, –s pós-vocálico é geralmente pronunciado como os sons alveopalatais [ʃ] e [ʒ], diferente das pronúncias alveolares [s] e [z], mais comuns em alguns outros dialetos do português brasileiro. Em vista disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a variação de –s pós-vocálico no referido dialeto para saber quais são os fatores linguísticos e sociais mais relevantes para a ocorrência desse fenômeno de variação. Seguindo os princípios da sociolinguística variacionista, foi analisada a influência de duas variáveis linguísticas – idade e gênero – e duas variáveis não-linguísticas – contexto sonoro seguinte e tipo silábico. Depois da análise dos dados com o VABRUL, constatou-se que tipo silábico e idade foram os grupos de fatores com influência mais significativa para a ocorrência de [ʃ] e [ʒ]. Contexto sonoro seguinte e gênero foram descartados como insignificantes.

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Ambalegin, Ambalegin, and Fasaaro Hulu. "EFL LEARNERS’ PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH ARTICULATION." JURNAL BASIS 6, no. 2 (October 26, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v6i2.1415.

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This research investigated the mispronunciation of Putera Batam University EFL learners by adapting the standard of Received Pronunciation (RP) and the factors of English vowels and consonants mispronunciation. This descriptive qualitative research applied observational method with participatory technique in collecting data, and articulatory identity method in analyzing the data. The English mispronunciation was found in the EFL learners’ English pronunciation. The consonant sounds /ð/, /θ/, /th/, /z/, /r/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /nj/, and consonant-closed syllable sound of /k/ were pronounced incorrectly. The consonant sound /ð/ was pronounced as /d/, /θ/ as /t/, /th/ as /t/, /z/as /ɉ/, /r/ as /ɾ/, /ʃ/ as /s/, /ʧ/ as /s/, /ʤ/ as /d/, and /nj/ is pronounced as /ɲ/. Consonant-closed syllable sound of /k/ is articulated as /Ɂ/. The vowel sounds /ə/ and /æ/ were pronounced incorrectly as /e/ and the diphthong sound /eɪ/ were pronounced incorrectly as /e/. These mispronunciation phenomena were caused by some factors based on their background. The factors were; the mother tongue interference (native language), the differences between Indonesian and English sound systems (phonetic ability), the educational background, and the environmental background (amount of exposure).

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Weirich, Melanie, and Susanne Fuchs. "Palatal Morphology Can Influence Speaker-Specific Realizations of Phonemic Contrasts." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 6 (December 2013): 1894–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0217).

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to further explore the understanding of speaker-specific realizations of the /s/–/ʃ/ contrast in German in relation to individual differences in palate shape.MethodTwo articulatory experiments were carried out with German native speakers. In the first experiment, 4 monozygotic and 2 dizygotic twin pairs were recorded by means of electromagnetic articulography. In the second experiment, 12 unrelated speakers were recorded by means of electropalatography. Interspeaker variability in the articulatory distance between the sibilants was measured and was correlated with several parameters of the palate shape.ResultsThe results were twofold: (a) Similar palatal morphologies as found in monozygotic twins yield similar articulatory realizations of the /s/–/ʃ/ contrast regarding vertical and horizontal distance of the target tongue tip positions, and (b) the realization of the contrast was influenced by palatal steepness, especially the inclination angle of the alveolo–palatal region. Speakers with flat inclination angles mainly retracted their tongue to realize the contrast, whereas speakers with steep inclination angles also elevated their tongue.ConclusionThe articulatory realization of the sibilant contrast is influenced not only by speaker-specific auditory acuity, as previously observed, but also by palatal shape morphology, which affects the somatosensory feedback speakers receive.

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Subiabre Ubilla, Paulina B. "La adquisición de segmentos del inglés desde la sociolingüística: la fricativa postalveolar sorda /ʃ/." Literatura y Lingüística, no. 41 (May 22, 2020): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/0717621x.41.2255.

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En la tradición laboviana el estudio de la variación lingüística ha comenzado a aplicarse recientemente en investigaciones de segunda lengua, donde se ha demostrado que en este tipo de contextos (principalmente inmigración) surgen patrones sociolingüísticos similares a los encontrados en estudios de variación en lengua materna. Este artículo recoge la fricativa postalveolar sorda (ʃ)[1] como variable fonética en el habla de 18 estudiantes chilenos de inglés. Por medio de análisis de factor por factor y de variable múltiple se buscó determinar, en primer lugar, si los patrones de variación lingüística del español de Chile también ocurren en situaciones de inglés como lengua extranjera, dado que esta variable ha sido históricamente correlacionada con factores sociales y, en segundo término, si los hablantes no nativos de inglés replican la variación que muestran los hablantes nativos. Los resultados sugieren que tanto factores lingüísticos como sociales contribuyen a la variación de (ʃ). De esta forma, el artículo contribuye a fortalecer la noción de que la variación es inherente a las lenguas, tanto en lengua materna como en lengua extranjera. [1] En sociolingüística los paréntesis se utilizan para referirse a una variable lingüística; las variantes lingüísticas (las distintas realizaciones de una variable) serán identificadas con corchetes.

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Hedrick, Mark S., and Mary Sue Younger. "Labeling of /s/ and /ʃ/ by Listeners With Normal and Impaired Hearing, Revisited." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 3 (June 2003): 636–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/050).

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The two aims of this study were (a) to determine the perceptual weight given formant transition and relative amplitude information for labeling fricative place of articulation perception and (b) to determine the extent of integration of relative amplitude and formant transition cues. Seven listeners with normal hearing and 7 listeners with sensorineural hearing loss participated. The listeners were asked to label the fricatives of synthetic consonant-vowel stimuli as either /s/ or /∫/. Across the stimuli, 3 cues were varied: (a) The amplitude of the spectral peak in the 2500- Hz range of the frication relative to the adjacent vowel peak amplitude in the same frequency region, (b)the frication duration, which was either 50 or 140 ms, and (c) the second formant transition onset frequency, which was varied from 1200 to 1800 Hz. An analysis of variance model was used to determine weightings for the relative amplitude and transition cues for the different frication duration conditions. A 30-ms gap of silence was inserted between the frication and vocalic portions of the stimuli, with the intent that a temporal separation of frication and transition information might affect how the cues were integrated. The weighting given transition or relative amplitude differed between the listening groups and depended on frication duration. Use of the transition cue was most affected by insertion of the silent gap. Listeners with hearing loss had smaller interaction terms for the cues than listeners with normal hearing, suggesting less integration of cues.

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Kyunghee Lee, Mi-Hui Cho, and Lee ShinSook. "The Production of English Voiceless Sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/ by Young Korean Children." Korean Journal of Linguistics 37, no. 1 (March 2012): 199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2012.37.1.009.

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Bhaskararao, Peri, and Arpita Ray. "Telugu." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 2 (July 14, 2016): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000207.

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Telugu (tel) belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by 7.19% of the population of India (Census of India 2001b). At different stages of its development over centuries, the vocabulary of Telugu has been considerably influenced by various languages, such as Sanskrit, Prakrit,2 Perso-Arabic and English. A major consequence of this influence is that the phonemic system of Telugu has been extended by additional sets of sounds. Thus, the aspirates /pʰ bʱ tʰ dʱ ʈʰ ɖʱ ʧʰ ʤʱ kʰ ɡʱ/ and fricatives /ʃ ʂ h/, absent in the native phonemic system, entered the language through Sanskrit borrowings. Similarly, /f/ entered the language through Perso-Arabic and English borrowings. Some of the sounds from Perso-Arabic and English sources were nativized, for example, Perso-Arabic and English phoneme /ʃ/ was rendered as /ʂ/, which had already entered the language through borrowings from Sanskrit/Prakrit; Perso-Arabic phonemes /qx ɣ z/ were rendered as /kkʰ ɡ ʤ/ respectively; and the English phoneme /θ/ was rendered as /tʰ/. English borrowings also resulted in re-phonemicization. In native Telugu vocabulary, [ɛ] and [ӕː] are allophones of /e/ and /eː/ respectively, but they acquire phonemic status when words borrowed from English are included in the total vocabulary of the language.

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서정민. "Opacity in the Sound Substitution of Korean-English Interlanguage: Centering on Palatalized Tense [ʃ’]." English21 21, no. 3 (December 2008): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2008.21.3.012.

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Kijak, Artur Konrad. "Two palatovelar fricatives?! the case of the ich-Laut in German." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2021-0011.

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Abstract This study concentrates on the alternation between two dorsal fricatives: [x] and [ç] in Modern Standard German. The primary source of data for the analysis include both native German words and loanwords. Moreover, the discussion encompasses some strictly related processes such as g-spirantization [g] > [x]/[ç], e.g. Ber[ç] ‘mountain’ and Ta[x] ‘day’, and coronalization [ç] > [ʃ], e.g. mi[ʃ] ‘me’ found in various German dialects and colloquial variants. Finally, since it is responsible for the appearance of both alternants in an identical context, e.g. Frau[ç]en ‘woman, dim’ and rau[x]en ‘to smoke’, a brief look is taken at the historical development of the diminutive suffix chen. It is argued here that in contemporary German there are two palatovelar fricatives [ç] which differ in their internal organization of the melodic content. In loanwords and in the diminutive suffix -chen, [ç] is lexically specified for palatality, while after front vowels and coronal sonorants the same fricative shares the palatality element with the preceding segment. The analysis is couched in a recent version of Element Theory and it proceeds on two assumptions: a) front vowels and coronal sonorants [l ʁ n] in German are defined by the resonance element |I| and b) [ç] is a complex segment containing two resonants |I| and |U|.

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Wiethan, Fernanda Marafiga, and Helena Bolli Mota. "A generalização a partir do tratamento com fricativas: ambientes favoráveis versus ambientes pouco favoráveis e neutros." Revista CEFAC 16, no. 3 (April 16, 2013): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462013005000016.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar a ocorrência e os tipos de generalização observados a partir do tratamento das fricativas /z/, /ʃ/ e /ʒ/ em dois grupos de crianças, um utilizando palavras com contextos fonológicos favoráveis e outro os contextos pouco favoráveis e neutros. Seis crianças com desvio fonológico e idades entre 4:7 e 7:8 participaram do estudo com a autorização dos responsáveis. Realizaram-se avaliações fonoaudiológicas e complementares para o diagnóstico do desvio fonológico. Os sujeitos foram pareados de acordo com a gravidade do desvio, sexo, faixa etária e aspectos do sistema fonológico em relação aos fonemas alterados. Metade das crianças foi tratada com palavras em que os fonemas /z/, /ʃ/ e /ʒ/ encontravam-se em ambientes fonológicos favoráveis e a outra metade com ambientes pouco favoráveis e neutros. Foram realizadas oito sessões e, após estas, nova avaliação de fala foi realizada para verificar os tipos de generalização obtidos. Os percentuais de generalizações foram comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney (p<0.05). Ao término da terapia, observou-se aumento dos percentuais de generalização para todos os sujeitos. Na comparação entre os grupos não foi verificada diferença estatística para as generalizações analisadas. Entretanto, houve vantagem do grupo favorável em relação às generalizações “para outra posição na palavra” e “dentro de uma classe de sons”. Os resultados obtidos podem estar relacionados ao pequeno número de sujeitos ou a outros fatores mencionados no artigo.

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Lee, Sungmin. "Spectral analysis of english fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ produced by people with profound hearing loss." Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2020.00269.

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Chang, Fu, and Tze Leung Lai. "Optimal stopping and dynamic allocation." Advances in Applied Probability 19, no. 4 (December 1987): 829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427104.

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A class of optimal stopping problems for the Wiener process is studied herein, and asymptotic expansions for the optimal stopping boundaries are derived. These results lead to a simple index-type class of asymptotically optimal solutions to the classical discounted multi-armed bandit problem: given a discount factor 0<β <1 and k populations with densities from an exponential family, how should x1, x2,… be sampled sequentially from these populations to maximize the expected value of Ʃ∞1 βi−1xi, in ignorance of the parameters of the densities?

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Dromey, Christopher, Elise Hunter, and Shawn L. Nissen. "Speech Adaptation to Kinematic Recording Sensors: Perceptual and Acoustic Findings." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0169.

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Purpose This study used perceptual and acoustic measures to examine the time course of speech adaptation after the attachment of electromagnetic sensor coils to the tongue, lips, and jaw. Method Twenty native English speakers read aloud stimulus sentences before the attachment of the sensors, immediately after attachment, and again 5, 10, 15, and 20 min later. They read aloud continuously between recordings to encourage adaptation. Sentence recordings were perceptually evaluated by 20 native English listeners, who rated 150 stimuli (which included 31 samples that were repeated to assess rater reliability) using a visual analog scale with the end points labeled as “precise” and “imprecise.” Acoustic analysis began by segmenting and measuring the duration of the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ as well as the whole sentence. The spectral center of gravity and spectral standard deviation of the 2 fricatives were measured using Praat. These phonetic targets were selected because the standard placement of sensor coils on the lingual surface was anticipated to interfere with normal fricative production, causing them to become distorted. Results Perceptual ratings revealed a decrease in speech precision after sensor attachment and evidence of adaptation over time; there was little perceptual change beyond the 10-min recording. The spectral center of gravity for /s/ decreased, and the spectral standard deviation for /ʃ/ increased after sensor attachment, but the acoustic measures showed no evidence of adaptation over time. Conclusion The findings suggest that 10 min may be sufficient time to allow speakers to adapt before experimental data collection with Northern Digital Instruments Wave electromagnetic sensors.

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Maiza, Masfa. "An Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation Errors." JOEEL: Journal of English Education and Literature 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.38114/joeel.v1i1.27.

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This study deals with students’ pronunciation errors in English consonants. It was conducted under the consideration that pronouncing English words played an important role. A descriptive qualitative was used as the research method. The subject of this research was forty seven students of first year of English Language Education Study Program at Pamane Talino College of Education, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. Pronunciation test and interview were used to collect data. The result reveals that the students got difficulties in pronouncing /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. Then, the factors affecting the students’ pronunciation are interference, phonological system and motivation.

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39

Chang, Fu, and Tze Leung Lai. "Optimal stopping and dynamic allocation." Advances in Applied Probability 19, no. 04 (December 1987): 829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800017456.

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A class of optimal stopping problems for the Wiener process is studied herein, and asymptotic expansions for the optimal stopping boundaries are derived. These results lead to a simple index-type class of asymptotically optimal solutions to the classical discounted multi-armed bandit problem: given a discount factor 0<β <1 and k populations with densities from an exponential family, how should x 1, x 2,… be sampled sequentially from these populations to maximize the expected value of Ʃ∞ 1 β i−1 x i , in ignorance of the parameters of the densities?

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HENRIKSON, Brenna, Amanda SEIDL, and Melanie SODERSTROM. "Perception of sibilant–liquid phonotactic frequency in full-term and preterm infants." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000825.

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AbstractWe examined full-term and preterm infants’ perception of frequent and infrequent phonotactic pairings involving sibilants and liquids. Infants were tested on their preference for syllables with onsets involving /s/ or /ʃ/ followed by /l/ or /r/ using the Headturn Preference Procedure. Full-term infants preferred the frequent to the infrequent phonotactic pairings at 9 months, but not at either younger or older ages. Evidence was inconclusive regarding a possible difference between full-term and preterm samples; however, limitations on the preterm sample size limited our power to detect differences. Preference for the frequent pairing was not related to later vocabulary development.

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Lyskawa, Paulina, and Rodrigo Ranero. "Sibilant harmony in Santiago Tz’utujil (Mayan)." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4968.

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We analyze sibilant harmony in the Santiago Atitlán dialect of Tz’utujil (Mayan), a phenomenon that was briefly described by Dayley (1985). Novel data show that the obligatory harmony process (i) is asymmetrical (triggered only by [+ant] sibilants), (ii) progressive, and (iii) applies long-distance. Furthermore, we argue that the process is not stem-controlled. In contextualizing the phenomenon within the typology of sibilant harmony (Hansson 2010), we conclude that it is unique. Finally, we suggest that Santiago Tz’utujil sibilant harmony has been stable diachronically because the target segment /ʃ/ is always in the stressed syllable, thus being salient in the input during acquisition.

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Rongen, P. H. H., Jean-Michel Pénisson, F. D. Tichelaar, and F. W. Schapink. "The Atomic Structure of Ʃ=3 {111}Twin Boundaries in Ordered Cu₃Au." Materials Science Forum 126-128 (January 1993): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.126-128.77.

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Fox, Robert Allen, Ewa Jacewicz, Fred R. Eckman, Gregory K. Iverson, and Soyoung Lee. "The effect of short-term training on production and perception of s∕ʃ by Korean speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126, no. 4 (2009): 2311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3249526.

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Yoshinaga, Tsukasa, Kazunori Nozaki, and Shigeo Wada. "Effect of tongue position in the simplified vocal tract model of sibilant fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970160.

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Gutiérrez, César. "Notas etimológicas sobre las variantes de enjundia y esponja en iberorromance." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 68, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 747–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v68i2.3656.

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En este artículo se estudian las variantes diacrónicas y diatópicas de enjundia y esponja en iberorromance para determinar cuáles son los étimos de cada una de ellas en esta área de la Romania. A partir del análisis fonético de los posibles étimos (AXUNGIAM y *AXUNGULAM para enjundia y sus variantes; SPONGIAM y *SPONGULAM para esponja y sus variantes), se concluirá que aquellos con la secuencia -NGIV- son el origen de las variantes con [ɲ], [nts], [ndz] (> [nθ]), [ɲ(t)ʃ], [ɲ(d)ʒ] (> [Ṽʒ], [ŋx]) y [nd], y que aquellos otros con -NGUL- lo son de las variantes que han evolucionado a [ɲʎ] y [ʎ].

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Hall, Kathleen Currie, Claire Allen, Tess Fairburn, Michael Fry, Michael McAuliffe, and Kevin McMullin. "Measuring perceived morphological relatedness." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 61, no. 1 (March 2016): 31–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.2.

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AbstractThis paper provides a metric for determining whether a given pair of English words is perceived to be morphologically related, based on objective measurements of the words’ orthographic, phonetic, and semantic similarity to each other. The metric is developed on the basis of results from a behavioural study in which participants were asked to judge the relative similarity of pairs of words. The metric is intended to help researchers determine which forms in a language plausibly have segments that alternate; as an example, it is applied to the lexicon of English to illustrate its utility in calculating the frequency of alternation of [s] and [ʃ].

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Alber, Birgit, Joachim Kokkelmans, and Stefan Rabanus. "Preconsonantal s-retraction in the Alps: Germanic, Romance, Slavic." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1022.

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Abstract Middle and Upper German dialects exhibit a phonological process of s-retraction neutralizing alveolar [s] to palatoalveolar [ʃ] in preconsonantal contexts. Based on a corpus of dialect data from own fieldwork, dialect atlases and dictionaries, we examine this process in Germanic, Romance and Slavic varieties of the Eastern Alps. It is attested in most Germanic varieties and in Ladin and Rumantsch, but not in other Romance varieties or in the Slovenian dialects of the region. We propose that the emergence of s-retraction may be supported by language contact, but crucially relies on specific diachronic changes affecting the sibilant inventories of the varieties displaying it.

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Przeworska-Rolewicz, D., and S. Rolewicz. "The only continuous Volterra right inverses in $C_c[0,1]$ of the operator $d/dt$ are $ʃ^t_a$." Colloquium Mathematicum 51, no. 1 (1987): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm-51-1-281-285.

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Eshghi, Marziye, and David J. Zajac. "A case report of nasal fricatives with grimacing: Evidence for spectral marking of the /s/-/ʃ/ contrast." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (October 2017): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014443.

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Yoshinaga, Tsukasa, Kazunori Nozaki, and Shigeo Wada. "Effects of tongue position in the simplified vocal tract model of Japanese sibilant fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 3 (March 2017): EL314—EL318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4978754.

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Journal articles on the topic '[ʃ]'

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