Dissertations / Theses on the topic '女性性'

As a product of the western feminist movement, feminist films have become an important tool for displaying feminist connotations and reflecting femalec onsciousness. With the advancement of society and the awakening of female consciousness, feminist film theory, criticism and practice have gradually taken a place in the film system dominated by male discourse power, and have constantly tried to speak for women on the big screen. After China's reform and opening up, feminism took root in China. In the 1980s, under the influence of western feminist film theory and practice, Chinese female filmmakers also began to try to express the situation and demands of Chinese women through films. After more than 40 years of drastic changes in reform and opening up, major changes have taken place in alllevels of current Chinese society. Chinese feminism and feminist films have also changed in accordance with the trend of the times. When the next generation of feminist filmmakers stand on the shoulders of their predecessors, they incorporate the spirit of the new era for the expression of feminism. This article selects two representative Chinese feminist films, which are "Woman Demon Human" and "Send Me to the Clouds". Through the comparison and analysis of the thematic contents, narrative styles and lens languages of the two films, the differences between the two are revealed in three aspects of feminist connotation,which include the subjective consciousness, female desires and gender differences.
作为西方女性主义运动的产物，女性主义电影成为了展现女性主义内涵和反映女性意识的重要工具。随着社会的进步和女性意识的觉醒，女性主义电影理论、批评与实践在以男性话语权为主导电影体系中渐渐占据了一席之地，并不断尝试在大荧幕上为女性发声。中国改革开放后，西方女性主义思潮进一步影响中国。八十年代中国的女性电影人在西方女性主义电影理论与实践的影响下，也开始尝试通过电影来表达中国女性的处境和诉求。在经历改革开放四十多年的剧变后，当下的中国社会各个层面都发生重大变革。中国的女性主义以及女性主义电影也顺应时代的潮流而改变。下一代的女性主义电影人站在前辈们的肩膀上，为女性主义的表达融入了新时代的精神。 本文从上世纪八十年代和近十年的中国影坛选取两部具有代表性的女性主义电影——《人鬼情》和《送我上青云》，并通过对两部电影在主题内容、叙事方式和镜头语言上的分析，发现两部电影在呈现女性意识的三个不同方面——主体性意识、女性欲望和性别差异上的表达呈现出不同的侧重点。由此，从而以小见大，从局部来窥见两个时代的女性主义电影所反映的女性主义的时代性内涵。

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第14723号
人博第459号
新制||人||112(附属図書館)
20||人博||459(吉田南総合図書館)
UT51-2009-D435
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻
(主査)教授 赤松 紀彦, 教授 江田 憲治, 准教授 道坂 昭廣, 教授 井波 陵一
学位規則第4条第1項該当

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
成人教育研究所
91
Literatures reflect life. Novels describe the human nature and the real society. Therefore, reading novels makes the readers moved, resonant and even change their behavior. It’s obvious that novels have the function to educate people. Recently, feminism is very active and influential. The researches on that are getting more and more important. In this thesis, I analyzed the female characters in the novels with the view of feminism. Through the female writers’ experiences, we can see whether women throw off the bondages of the traditions or not, and how the women raise their consciousness. Besides, the result of the thesis provides men and women with a new way to get along with each other. We also discussed how the writers think a good or successful women should be. By the way, the contents of the thesis are as the followings: Chapter One: Introduction Including the motives, definitions, methods, scope, and literatures of the thesis. Chapter Two: The rising, development and meanings of the feminism Chapter Three: The novels in Taiwan Chapter Four: The image of women and the analysis of their consciousness raising Chapter Five: Conclusion Postscript References Appendixeps

碩士
國立中正大學
社會福利學系暨研究所
99
Abstract Under the patriarchy women and men are distinguished to different occupational categories according to the gender boundaries that caused different social status and occupational rewards. In the past, relative discussions in literatures were almost about the gender inequality and dilemmas which women and men are confronted in the labor market, for example, sex segregation, unfriendly social treatments. Studies focused on gender-neutral women are rare. This research analyzes the occupational situations of gender-neutral women. The research methods used in the study are in-depth interview by selecting gender-neutral women that work in different occupational fields. By focuses on non-traditional gender the study intend to remind the society to recognize the existence of multiple gender. There are three topics in this research: firstly, understanding the situations which gender-neutral women experienced in the workplace, secondly, inspecting their disadvantages and advantages in labor market that are different from the “general: women, and thirdly, exploring the reactions when confronted with the advantages. The results show that the gender-neutral characteristics and woman identity affect the occupational status of the gender-neutral women at the same time. Their plight, superiority and informal roles (buddies and be discriminated person) are influenced by the degree of friendliness in the workplace. They respond the unfriendly social treatments by negative strategies. In their dressing, they have to abide by the requirement of the companies. Regarding to the choice of the occupation, they don’t want to be the “women-worker” identified in the traditional patriarchy. Key words: patriarchy, gender-neutral women, multiple gender, occupational status

碩士
國立政治大學
廣告研究所
91
Mid-life transition means a series of psychological and physical changes occurring during one’s middle age. How women make sense of it and how it intertwines with women''s personal experiences, life occurrences and surroundings are the main interests of this research. After searching through the life stories of Ms. Chou and Ms. Kao, with regard to the mid-life subject, it''s found that life occurrences, rather than merely physical changes, drive their life stages to transit. 2 interviewees both see mid-life transition as one of the many events among life occurrences instead of a crisis or a turning point. It''s also unfolded that, with regard to the construct of self, discussion on social and cultural contexts is evidently important. The self - "independent" or "interdependent" - actually intertwines with surroundings, relatedness and life themes. Secondly, it''s also revealed that the integrated self at mid-life stage can be one integrated self, or an integrated acknowledgment of the fact that, one''s self can involve many dimensions and the dimensions can still be growing. In addition to the life stories of Ms. Chou and Ms. Kao, this research also documents the introspection of a young researcher. This is also a truthful documentation of the construction and de-construction of a research framework.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
輔導與諮商學系所
104
This thesis studies the experiences of the non-heterosexual women go through the heterosexual marriage, including the process of undergoing the heterosexual marriage, the dilemma and solutions of being married and personal emotional needs, and the meaning of seeking homosexual relationships. This study based on the narrative approach, and the researcher has interviewed three non-heterosexual women who had the experiences of undergoing the heterosexual marriage. In sexual- orientation, one of them is bisexual and the others are homosexual. In marital status, one was divorced and the others still remained in their marriage. 　　The results reveal the process of the non-heterosexual women undergo the heterosexual marriage. In the cultural context of heterosexism, non-heterosexual women tend to ignore their own emotional experiences in pre-marital sex, and go with the social expectations to get into marriage. They try their best to play a role as a woman has to do. Until they discover their feelings towards the same sex, they began to think about their expectation of intimacy. Whether they decide to divorced or remain their current marriage, they all choose to seek the relationship which can satisfy their emotional needs with women. 　　In the part of dilemma and solutions, the non-heterosexual women have to face with ‘the guilty between her husband and her partner ’. Two of the subjects deal the dilemma with leaving marriage. The other stays in marriage considering her child and her husband by consistently adjusting her cognition. Another issue is ‘the dilemma between her children and her partner’. When the conflict occurred, children are the non-heterosexual women's first priority. And they will develop a strategy to have a satisfactory relationship with who accepts her children 　　After undergoing the heterosexual marriage, the non-heterosexual women choose to seek relationship with women for three reasons: ‘only love women~ personal emotions’, ‘being understood and accepted in the relationship’ and ‘more equality and negotiation’. 　　Finally, the researcher will list the limitation of this study and some suggestions are made for counselors and further researches.

碩士
東吳大學
社會工作學系
95
Underage pregnant girls often face strong social accusation and criticism. In addition, they are responsible to a series of important decisions during pregnancy. In fact, underneath underage pregnancy lie numerous issues of power control, especially the control over gender. This research attempts to address this dimension of underage pregnancy, which has not been properly explored in the studies of underage pregnancy in Taiwan. The purposes and the results of this research demonstrate the following three dimensions. First, embarking from the subjective experiences of underage pregnant girls, this research attempts to understand their developmental process of gender roles, sexual experiences and self identity. This data includes the impact of birth gender, female upbringing, reactions to gender roles, the life gap due to underage pregnancy, and transformation and adaptation of their roles, from girl to mother. Second, this research focuses on the potential pressures (difficulties and impacts) that women might face during the process of underage pregnancy, and output energy. They have often been determined in terms of biological sex and conceptual gender. To them most criticism and responsibility are attributed, while their self development is suppressed by giving birth and mother’s duties. However, this research also finds that underage pregnant girls eventually also derive more energy from the process of being a mother that for them gradually becomes the most prominent value of being a woman. Third, on the basis of the results, this research further examines insufficiencies of the existing welfare programs serving underage pregnant girls in practice, and attempts to offer a direction for future efforts in welfare program planning. With the feminist perspective, this research emphasizes personal life experiences of women and gender issues. The methodology of narrative analysis, feminist-oriented and focusing on personal interpretation and contextual process, was adopted to help underage pregnant girls voice their life stories. Four women participating in this research age between twenty to thirty years old. In addition to underage pregnancy experiences, they also share experiences of motherhood. The latter dimension provides a more comprehensive perspective on the developmental process of the female role in their life. This research is the first attempt to explore and understand the gender issues faced by the underage pregnant girls. From this initial step, I hope more future efforts could continue telling the stories of these special women. Keywords: underage pregnancy, unwed pregnancy, unwed mother, female gender role

碩士
國立中央大學
產業經濟研究所在職專班
101
With the time progressing, the number of births and fertility has been declining and makes the sex ratio at birth between boys and girls show a downward trend. By employing a data of married women who are aged 20-49 years old , and having at least one child in 1998 and 2004, this paper analyzes how the personal and environmental characteristic affects their gender preference for children (especially for son preference), and what is the effect of child gender preference affects the gender composition of their children. This paper article uses “the 8th and 9th family and fertility survey and research data in Taiwan”, provided by the Bureau Health Promotion, Depart of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan), to analyze how the personal and environmental characteristic affects the child gender preference of the women via the Ordered Probit Model, and how the child gender preference of the women affects the gender composition of their children via the Probit Model. According to the analysis results, (1) there is a significant and negative effect to the child gender preference of the wife, if the wife were with the higher level of education and income. (2) If the wife cares more about having a son to carry on the family name, the child gender preference of the wife would be a significant and positive effect. (3) If the husband is the only son, or the marriage of women were arranged by their parents, the effect is also significant and positive to the child gender preference of the wife. (4) If the wife ,who already has more than three children with the first two are daughters, had a strong child gender preference, it would affect significantly and positive to the actual gender composition of the children. So we can speculate that the gender composition of the children is affected by the child gender preference of the wife.

碩士
南華大學
宗教學研究所
98
Throughout history, women’s social status has always been recognized as the non-dominant type of people. Do women have a wide diversity of opinion on themselves? Under the enormous influence of traditional Chinese Confucian Ethics, women are often asked by their family and friends such questions as “When you are going to get married?”, “Do you have boyfriend or not?” etc. once they reach the to-go-married age. Could it be said that women have no autonomy to choose their own way of life? 　　Can relationship between women and religion become a part of practice in their life course approach? This article aims to discuss those non-typical women who chose different way of marriage and family in their lives. Behind this initiative, what are their motivations to keep them going, and also willing to live the lives of self-cultivation? Those are the main thesis that will be discussed in this research. 　　We can find that what factors make female practitioners willing to devote themselves to I-Kuan-Tao (IKT), and understand that they are neither passive nor pessimistic in dedicating their life to IKT. Moreover, from the contextual clue of a female practitioner, we can also find how she is going to obtain physical and mental state of transformation, and then to reach the inside purpose of religious creeds. Through religious practice and experience, female practitioners may develop a common basis: a “medium”, which allows them to fully integrate cosmology, classic doctrines and everyday life practicing in IKT. This cultivation through body, faith and the transformation of physical and psychological practicing is a sort of natural “fully participation” in the way of empirical participation. 　　This article will carry on statement of Meei-Hwa Chern (2002) “multi-perspectives of cultural studies orientation” (Douglas Kellner), also known as “a pragmatic conceptualist approach to theory” to interpret those issues discussed in the Chapter Three and Four. 　　In the Chapter Three of study approach, John Calvin’s pre-selection will be applied into its explanation of the meanings behind the secular work. Knowing that female practitioners devote themselves into labor work in those vegetarian palaces is to glorify God. In this Chapter, the study will mainly discuss the impact of female practitioners from the religious ideology of IKT to their view point and behavior in life. From Bourdieu’s “habitus／hibitus” concept, this research attempts to analyze how those female practitioners of IKT develop themselves through worship in the temple and incense ceremony, and gradually abstain in their old habit. 　　In the Chapter Four, the Foucault’s “life or death power” and Mauss’s “gift theory” will be adapted into this study. In addition, the interpretation of the male point of view will be also applied to discuss those female practitioners living under this non-mainstream society. From the viewpoint of Taiwan’s mainstream values, this study tries to discuss the unmarried life of those female practitioners of IKT. Referring to the discussion and statement in the Chapter third and four will be further strengthened its description in Chapter Five, and then try to answer the questions: Why habitus can successfully transfer women into “alternative female” after worship in the religious ceremony? What roles of those not belonging to “gift” female should be played? What are the most crucial factors of those active initiatives?

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
美術學系
101
This study was mainly explored the correlation between the image and consciousness of female roles that representing the female idealization. Started from the androgyny dichotomy, and cut into the dichotomized characteristics of personality, as well as came out tow analytic methods that extended from the female idealization to look for true features for women: one was to observe every image that female physical characteristics implied, such as the periodic mental and physiological changes, the meeting point of maternity and nature, and the harmonization of life and death; two was to investigate that after mental dissociation female use delusional ideal to make up another ego, and employ unordinary ability , wound, flesh and blood as the junction to challenge the value of self-existence and secure a certain self-position in the diversified society. Thus, the researcher adopted the female characters from fairy tales, novel and literature and animation to be the direction of looking for the sequence in order to achieve the cognition for ideal consciousness of ideal female worship. 　　This creation was adopted the aforesaid expression as the standpoint and created after proving personal emotion of the researcher. Through the self-heal of female physical and spiritual aspects, the researcher hoped to re-review the identification of female self-role from various viewpoints and learn to discover the current self-condition.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系
100
The purpose of this research is to investigate how never-married single women perceive well-being and what factors influence their perception of well-being. Fifteen never-married single women, aged from 35 to 50, participate in this research. The author analyzes the data by means of the method of Grounded Theory. The results indicate that there are nine core factors which bring the never-married single women well-being, namely, Job, Leisure, Social Relationship, Continuing Education, Intra-personal Relationship, Single State, Personal Achievement, Health State, and Financial Stability. Critical findings in detail are as follows: (1) Job: The research shows that never-married single women perceive well-being from good working environment, high degree of vocational congruence, positive job feedback, rewarding salary, self-fulfillment, self-efficacy, and personal growth. (2) Leisure: Never-married single women perceive positive emotion and express feelings through their interests and hobbies. They construct life meaning on these experiences they are involved and enjoy. Leisure time meets never-married single women’s needs for social interactions with friends and family. Also, leisure activities provide information and knowledge, develop life experiences, and obtain comfort and relaxation. (3) Social Relationship: Never-married single women acquire rapport and support from social relationship, which satisfies the social needs of belongingness and love. When never-married single women affiliate with others, they establish friendship and devote themselves to altruistic behavior in social relationship; furthermore, they regard the well-being of friends and family members as their own well-being. (4) Continuing Education: Never-married single women keep learning new skills and knowledge, and thus improve their vocational abilities. Never-married single women obtain psychological growth by continuing education life. Good learning atmosphere and environment reinforce never-married single women’s willingness to learn. Never-married single women continue learning based on their personal interests, they perceive well-being while learning. Continuing education is a process toward self-fulfillment for never-married single women. (5) Intra-personal Relationship: Never-married single women build up inner peace through aloneness and solitude, that is, never-married single women establish the relationship within themselves by self-reflection, self-acceptance, and self-care. (6) Single State: Never-married single women have a broader social support system. Being single brings less stress and burdens to them. (7) Personal Achievement: Never-married single women perceive well-being when they achieve their personal goals. (8) Health State: Never-married single women perceive well-being when their health states maintain at steady situations. (9) Financial Stability: Never-married single women perceive well-being when the need of financial stability is achieved. Besides the nine core factors mentioned above, this research also indicates that negative life events are related to affect the well-being never-married single women perceive. Certain factors that improve such situations are as follows: (1) Self-adjustment: Never-married single women are able to adjust their cognition to perceive positive emotions. (2) Social Support and Resources: Social support and resources aid never-married single women in solving problems and ease the stress they encounter. (3) Coping: Never-married single women develop coping behavior and strategies to manage negative life events. According to the results, suggestions and limitations for further applications are brought up in the end of this research.

By conducting case studies in which representative works of Chinese and English feminist writing, together with their translations, are carefully analyzed, the third and fourth chapters examine the trajectory of the female power's traveling from the source text to the target text. The C-E section discusses a novel (written by the Chinese feminist writer Hong Ying) and its English translations by Howard Goldblatt (complete translation) and Mu Lei (partial translation); the E-C section deals with the independent story extracted from Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook and its three Chinese versions by one female and two male translators respectively. In both sections, the writers' feminist thoughts that embrace female power are specifically analyzed. In the study, it is found that male and female translations differ from each other, thus offering quite different pictures of the female power expressed by feminist writers and altering the reading experience.
The current thesis, standing astride Translation and Gender Studies, has taken an interdisciplinary perspective to study the translations of contemporary feminist fiction. It is hoped that this study can offer some insights into the intersection between language and gender issues in translation and contribute to the development of the research domain of gender and translation.
The fifth chapter elaborates on how the translators' interpretation and translation might affect in the target text the feminist writers' expression of power, and discusses the translator's gender as an important variable that might affect the translation of feminist literary writings. In the last chapter, conclusions about and reflections on the current study are presented, followed by some suggestions for future research.
The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the research background and reviews previous studies examining translation using gender perspectives. The second chapter offers a theoretical framework for the current study. Taking Foucault's theory of power/discourse as a starting point, it demonstrates the relationship between power and discourse (feminist writing and translations), and argues 1) that feminist writing proclaims female power; 2) that translation can, on the one hand, transmit and strengthen that power and, on the other hand, weaken that power by toning down the feminist consciousness inherent in the original text; and 3) that translation is actually an 'intermediary station' where power is negotiated and discourse (re)constructed.
This thesis looks, from a gender perspective, into the translation of contemporary feminist fiction from Chinese to English and vice versa. In the thesis, the relationship among three interrelated domains, namely, gender, translation and power, is carefully examined. The role played by male as opposed to female translators in translating contemporary feminist fiction is further discussed by conducting case studies to investigate multiple translations of two pieces of feminist writing.
劉劍雯.
Advisers: Wong Kwok Pun; Tung Yuan Fang.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-238).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Liu Jianwen.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
輔導研究所
92
Mate-choosing of Female who Loves both Female and Male Shu-Ching Lee Abstract The purpose of current research is to understand the psychological process of females who found herself love both females and males, and their choosing connotation and choosing types relative to partnership. Narrative approach was carried to the research. Totally, four research participants were interviewed. The collected data was analyzed in the way of “categorical-content” which was proposed by Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach and Zilber（1998）. Additionally, in order to get familiar to the experiences and contexts of the interviews, once the summarized segmental text was categorized, it was put back to the holistic context and present to the readers. Therefore, the research results were presented in a holistic way without segmenting the text that collected from interviewees. Finally, a cross-case synthetically discussion and analysis were also carried to the categorized data to draw a conclusion. In the aspect of psychological process, the research found that the females who love both females and males feel embarrassed when challenging traditional dichotomous thinking and situation accommodating. They do not identify themselves in such duality as heterosexuality/homosexuality. However, they still choose their stance between the groups of heterosexuality/homosexuality and develop their own strategies to cope with daily life in such surroundings. They tend to develop a dual life to reduce the critique from society and hence adopt different attitudes toward a dual life which would result in different psychological feelings and adopting. In the aspect of mate-choosing, they tend to judge by love relationship rather than gender. That is, they, perhaps, do not emphasize on identification but feelings toward their mates and the level of attraction to their mates; not gender but the existence of equality and respect in such a reciprocally relationship; not the differences in the social situation between heterosexual mate and homosexual mate but what choice an individual is willing to make and what cost an individual is willing to pay in the social situation. Therefore, in the aspect of choosing type, we may find that they need to adopt a confirmed attitude to treat their decision when they intend to make a not main stream choice. Finally, the researcher illustrated the limits of the current study and introspection in the research process, and provides some advices to the followed research and to guidance and counseling profession.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
成人教育研究所
93
Abstract In more than ten years in the past, the adult education in Taiwan has developed a study type which is called “study circles.” Both Council of Culture Affairs and Ministry of Education of Executive Yuan promote the study circles with policy. Now “study circles” has become one of the major types of adult education in Taiwan. Because most of the members of folk study circles are female, there are more female leaders than the other. In 1997, Ministry of Justice gave order to each prison to encourage the prisoners to read books, and the instructors and the managers should induce them to establish study circles. Therefore, prisons utilize a group of leader of folk study circles to lead the study circles in the prison (prison study circles). Most of the leaders are women. The fact that these full-time housewives are willing to do this job without salary is quite different from the impression of women, and it has also presented the meaning of the communal participation. I choose a prison study circle in the south as my study field. By visiting and talking with five female leaders of the study circle and collecting information, I inquire into the study course of housewives participating folk clubs, the study course of female leaders of prison study circles learning to be a leader, and the meaning of the communal participation which is revealed by housewives’ leading prison study circles. According to the result of study, this research can also offer the reference and understanding of topics of women’s communal participation. My research discovered that the motive of female leaders’ participating in prison study circles includes external and inherent factor. The external factor includes being invited, the cooperation of time, family condition, and personal ability. The inherent factor includes study-pursuing and self-grown-up. The appearance of the prison study circles operation is influenced by both the structure condition of prisons and the condition of leaders. Prison study circles produce several functions on prisoners: to stabilize their feeling of being imprisoned, to learn to read, to introspect themselves, and to learn interpersonally interaction. Prison study circles’ influence on female leaders includes: ability improving, experience expending, responsibility bearing, and confidence promoting. The meanings of housewives’ communal participation are: to open up a new field in life with ability which is earned in the past, and the possibility and limitation of women characteristics. Besides, in my research, I also propose suggestions to prison study circles and follow-up research separately. So that this research can be a reference to push prison study circles forward and to study the same subject as follow-up.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
社會教育學系
100
The indigenous people, the minority of the society, are on the fringe of society group in Taiwan. In a society that follows the essential aspects of Chinese culture and patriarchy, indigenous women are facing even more difficult situation under dual pressures. Therefore, indigenous women need more support when they pursue the life that corresponds to their standard of living. Many of the early researches in Taiwanese indigenous education pointed out that indigenous students had worse performance in the academic field. However, being in the field of education, mainly in Chinese culture, the indigenous students learn the knowledge that differ from their own culture which is a serious disadvantage for them. In the last decade, researchers started to understand the indigenous knowledge and science worldview. The amazing fact is that Taiwan indigenous cultures have their own construction of scientific knowledge, breaking the stereotype that indigenous students have lack of scientific thinking. In fact, there are indigenous women who not only get a degree, but also work in the academic field. The purpose of this study is to discover the life experience indigenous women have been through, the meaning of being a scientist as an indigenous woman, and how female characters and different tribe's cultures affect indigenous woman when they work as a scientist. The reporters of this study are two indigenous women who have doctor's degree in the field of science. This study uses narrative inquiry as major method and document analysis as supporting method. The discoveries from the study are as follows: 1. The career choices consist of multiple reasons: The reporters in this study made their decisions under many factors. For example: family background, cultural capital, the gender role in tribes and family, identification of tribal group, and personal talent. 2. The identification of tribal group affects the indigenous students' academic performance and future orientation: The life experience of indigenous female scientists IV based on the issues of identification of tribal group. For example, the research field they chose. In spite of time and environment differences, the identification of tribal group made great influences on both reporters. The positive attitude toward indigenous community and emotional connection toward indigenous culture, are developed from identification. 3. Cultural capital and policy structure: The study discovers that social status and cultural capital play an important role when indigenous scientists studied and made their career choices. Coming from wealthy families provide them various options for work, and it is more liberal to make the choice compared to others. Cultural capital also made them have better chance to pursue the academic status. However, according to the statistics data, indigenous women tend to choose medical field; moreover, nursing as their major. The educational backgrounds of indigenous women are mostly vocational school, which makes it harder for them to acquire higher academic achievement. 4. Indigenous science and traditional knowledge: The study shows that the identity of being an indigene made indigenous women use humanitarian way when facing the scientific issues. On one hand, they receive the modern scientific specialization, on the other hand, they identify themselves with indigenous science, which provided some environmental aspects. Indigenous women scientists also show the positive attitude toward the reciprocal effect between modern and traditional science. There are some recommendations, based on the discovery and restriction of this study, for future related research and educational measures.

本研究主要通過對香港七位MTFs（變性女人）進行深度訪談，以她們的經驗為立足點，探討其性別認同和體現（embodiment），及從中反映何種的性別文化及話語權力關係，並思考改變的可能。
香港社會和制度對變性人長期忽視，公眾也對變性人存在不少誤解和歧視。學術上香港缺少專門關注變性（者）經驗的研究，但性/別研究界卻受到西方主流性/別理論及論述的影響，把變性者想像為顛覆性別規範的戰士。同時，這些想像或理念也存在於本地性/別小眾運動裡。面對各種誤解或迷思，我認為亟需一種在地的探討--香港特有的脈絡和變性主體的經驗--來建構在地的變性和性/別知識與理論。
論文在性別作為話語、結構、體現三個層面展開：展現MTFs與醫療體制及話語的互動，她們並非被動的接受者，而是懂得利用緊缺資源和有限話語的主體；呈現她們在性別二元結構下受的壓迫及其生存策略，反映社會建構性別空間的限制；面對與自己身體及親密關係裡的矛盾，她們的主體性在徘徊、掙扎、妥協、協商、反抗中體現；從她們的切身經驗反思學術及運動裡主流性/別話語的局限。最後從女性主義的立場再思變性者為理論和實踐帶來的新視野，提出模糊主體疆界來超越當下主流的顛覆對保守二元思維、消融小眾對大眾對立模式之可能。
This study is mainly based on in-depth interviews with seven local MTFs (Male-to-Females/Transsexual women) in Hong Kong. Taking off from MTFs’ lived experiences, the study focuses on their gender identity and embodiment, and explores the power relationships and discourses of gender in our culture. And it also suggests some possibilities for ideological and social changes.
The rights and needs of transsexual people have been neglected in our society, and there are often misunderstandings and discrimination from the public. In academic context, there is a lack of consideration for transsexual people’s voices and experiences in gender studies in Hong Kong. In particular, in the field of gender studies - nowadays seemingly dominated by sexuality issues - there is a non-critical tendency to imagine transsexual people to be warriors who subvert gender dualism and gendernorms warriors. Such imagination or discourse also exists in local movements of sexual and gender minorities. Realizing these misunderstandings and myths in society, academia and movement, I think a more localized and grounded study is needed to construct new knowledge and theories about transsexuality and gender/sexuality.
This thesis analyzes MTFs’ experiences at three levels: gender as discourse (including medical and theoretical-political), gender as structure, and gender as embodiment. Firstly, by analyzing how MTFs interact with the medical institution and discourse, I find that MTFs did not or do not play a passive or victim role, but nevertheless they can make use of these medical resources, although limited and restricted, to “do gender. And then, I explore oppression and survival strategies of MTFs living within the gender structure, and the possibilities and limitation of doing gender in our society can be analyzed. Afterwards, I reveal the contradictions inside MTFs’ own bodies and intimate relationships. Only by looking into their hesitation, struggling, compromise, negotiation and resistance in these contradictions can their gender embodiment and subjectivity be understood. The last analytical part focuses on what critiques and reflection MTFs’ experiences could bring us on the mainstream gender/sexuality discourses and identity politics in academia and movement. In conclusion, by theorizing transsexuality, with insights from feminist epistemology, I suggest destabilization and melting the boundary among different subjects, in order to surpass the binary thinking of Subversion vs Convention, and transcend the structure of opposing the Minority vs Majority into new theoretical, practical and political possibilities.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
陳文彦.
"2012年3月".
"2012 nian 3 yue".
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-178).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in Chinese and English.
Chen Wenyan.
簡介 --- p.I
感謝 --- p.III
目錄 --- p.V
Chapter 第一章 --- 背景 --- p.1
Chapter 1 --- 語言的局限 --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- 變性的社會背景 --- p.3
Chapter 2.1 --- 美國變性歷史和GID的誕生 --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- 香港變性的醫療背景介紹 --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- 香港和變性有關的法律介紹 --- p.9
Chapter 2.4 --- 香港跨性別、變性的研究概括 --- p.11
Chapter 2.5 --- 和變性有關的香港社會文化 --- p.11
Chapter 2.6 --- 香港的跨性別社群與組織 --- p.13
Chapter 3 --- 我的故事 --- p.14
Chapter 3.1 --- 我的性/別經歷 --- p.14
Chapter 3.2 --- 我與女性主義 --- p.16
Chapter 3.3 --- 廣州人在香港 --- p.17
Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧與概念框架 --- p.18
Chapter 1 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.18
Chapter 1.1 --- 西方變性研究 --- p.19
Chapter 1.2 --- 非西方變性研究 --- p.23
Chapter 1.3 --- 香港本土研究 --- p.25
Chapter 2 --- 理論爭議 --- p.26
Chapter 2.1 --- 分離女性主義論述下的變性者 --- p.27
Chapter 2.2 --- 北美跨性別政治下的變性者 --- p.27
Chapter 2.3 --- 顛覆主流性/別的論述 --- p.29
Chapter 2.4 --- 小結：研究的借鑒 --- p.30
Chapter 3 --- 本研究的概念框架 --- p.31
Chapter 3.1 --- 性別作為社會結構 --- p.33
Chapter 3.2 --- 性別作為話語與權力關係 --- p.35
Chapter 3.3 --- 性別作為體現 --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 --- p.44
Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與方法論 --- p.45
Chapter 1 --- 研究問題 --- p.45
Chapter 2 --- 女性主義方法論 --- p.47
Chapter 2.1 --- 主體經驗：研究的起始點 --- p.47
Chapter 2.2 --- 以女性主義為指導的研究實踐 --- p.47
Chapter 3 --- 研究設計與執行 --- p.49
Chapter 3.1 --- 文獻、文件資料收集 --- p.49
Chapter 3.2 --- 與專業人士訪談 --- p.50
Chapter 3.3 --- 與TS訪談 --- p.51
Chapter 4 --- 研究的倫理 --- p.56
Chapter 5 --- 方法論的反思 --- p.57
Chapter 5.1 --- 「朋友-研究者」的位置 --- p.57
Chapter 5.2 --- 「學者」與「學習者」 --- p.58
Chapter 5.3 --- 介乎於當局者和局外人的位置 --- p.58
Chapter 第四章 --- 性別作為醫療體制和話語 --- p.60
Chapter 1 --- 香港的變性醫療制度 --- p.60
Chapter 1.1 --- 香港醫療制度簡介 --- p.60
Chapter 1.2 --- 變性醫療服務的歷史 --- p.62
Chapter 1.3 --- 變性醫療服務的資源問題 --- p.64
Chapter 1.4 --- 有心人遊走的空間 --- p.66
Chapter 2 --- 變性醫療話語的運作 --- p.68
Chapter 2.1 --- GID話語分析 --- p.69
Chapter 2.2 --- 香港變性醫療話語：灰色地帶背後的話語/權力運作 --- p.72
Chapter 3 --- MTFs與醫療體制的互動 --- p.74
Chapter 3.1 --- 輾轉的變性歷程 --- p.74
Chapter 3.2 --- 取得一定的話語權 --- p.77
Chapter 4 --- MTFs與GID話語的互動 --- p.78
Chapter 4.1 --- GID作為MTFs自我理解與表達的途徑 --- p.79
Chapter 4.2 --- 對GID除病化的思考 --- p.82
Chapter 5 --- 小結 --- p.87
Chapter 第五章 --- 性別作爲社會結構 --- p.89
Chapter 1 --- 非主流性別氣質在青少年時期的生存空間 --- p.90
Chapter 1.1 --- 壓制，欺凌，孤立 --- p.90
Chapter 1.2 --- 生存策略 --- p.92
Chapter 2 --- MTFs在工作場所的生存空間 --- p.96
Chapter 3 --- 敏銳的「自動判別性別機制」 --- p.103
Chapter 3.1 --- 衣著打扮的性別意涵 --- p.103
Chapter 3.2 --- 聲音與性別判別機制 --- p.105
Chapter 3.3 --- 身體、氣質與性別判別機制 --- p.107
Chapter 4 --- 性別二分場所 --- p.109
Chapter 5 --- 異性戀規範的性別秩序 --- p.112
Chapter 6 --- MTFs與家庭的互動 --- p.115
Chapter 7 --- 小結 --- p.119
Chapter 第六章 --- 性別作為矛盾中的體現（embodiment） --- p.121
Chapter 1 --- 體認的矛盾 --- p.122
Chapter 2 --- 性/別體現（the embodiment of gender and sexuality） --- p.126
Chapter 2.1 --- 親密關係 --- p.127
Chapter 2.2 --- 矛盾的性興奮/性幻想 --- p.130
Chapter 2.3 --- 小結：性態與變性者的主體性 --- p.131
Chapter 3 --- 身體的實踐 --- p.132
Chapter 3.1 --- 作為客體的身體 --- p.133
Chapter 3.2 --- 作為卑賤體（abject）的身體 --- p.135
Chapter 3.3 --- 作為主體的身體 --- p.137
Chapter 4 --- 小結：矛盾中體現的主體性 --- p.142
Chapter 第七章 --- 性別作為政治身份（political identity）：變性者与政治身份/身份政治 --- p.144
Chapter 1 --- 概述變性者與三種政治身份 --- p.145
Chapter 2 --- MTFs在身份認同上的差異：想像中的「跨性別」？ --- p.147
Chapter 3 --- MTFs與性（別）小眾運動：有志未必一同？ --- p.152
Chapter 4 --- 顛覆性別二元之外的可能？ --- p.155
Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.158
Chapter 1 --- 對理論框架的反思 --- p.158
Chapter 2 --- 對西方有關變性（者）的三個理論爭議之回應 --- p.159
Chapter 2.1 --- 變性醫療制度及話語的複雜性 --- p.160
Chapter 2.2 --- 肯定變性女人作為女人的經驗 --- p.161
Chapter 2.3 --- 超越保守vs顛覆的論述：變性（女）人在理論與運動定位 --- p.163
Chapter 3 --- 再思主體與主體性 --- p.165
Chapter 3.1 --- 「自相矛盾」的主體 --- p.166
Chapter 3.2 --- 變化：主體性的體現 --- p.167
Chapter 3.3 --- 聽見主體的眾生喧嘩 --- p.168
Chapter 3.4 --- 與矛盾共存的主體 --- p.170
Chapter 3.5 --- p.171
Chapter 4 --- 小結：變性者的矛盾與可能 --- p.172
p.174