Academic literature on the topic '家庭背景'

基于47份在不同国家（中国大陆、新西兰、澳大利亚）展开的对中国移民的深入访谈，本文专注于探讨中国移民初始移民新西兰的原因、定居该国后回归中国或移民到第三国现象，以及长期频繁往返于原居地和移民国的深层动机。本文还着重讨论家庭问题在跨国移民决策中的考量、移民对未来定居地的选择和跨国移民倾向，以及对国籍、身份认同和对“家”这个研究移民的重要概念的理解。探讨途径以移民家庭为考察单位，将每场独立面谈置于受访者的家庭背景和实际情况中分析。研究结果表明，中国移民的跨国移民机动性十分灵活，许多中国移民在移民新西兰后还具有强烈的再移民倾向。他们跨国移民的原因和动机是多重的。这些原因可以是宏观的，联系到社会的体制与经济的前景，也可以是个体或家庭层面的原因。本研究也发现对不同家庭成员需要的考量，在中国移民跨国移民的轨迹中占有重要的主导性。移民的孩子和年老的父母是影响移民家庭做出跨国移民决定的两项重要考虑。中国移民的多国跨越性决定了他们对“家”、国籍、身份认同等相关概念认知的多样性。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶的概念自提出以來，引起了國內外同仁的廣泛關注，學者們也都紛紛就自己的理解發表獨特看法。這一新概念引起中國生命倫理學術界的共鳴，根源性是因為它與中國的家庭倫理思想和家本位的價值觀念相契合。家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶的意義和積極作用是毋容置疑的，而有一點卻讓研究者駐足深思：家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶的家庭範圍該如何去界定？這個問題不僅僅是理論界定那麼簡單，它更涉及到家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶的可行性和可操作性。筆者在2011 年12 月份舉辦的“醫療儲蓄帳戶、深化醫改及儒家生命倫理”國際學術會議時曾試圖從社會學的角度進行分析，但是沒有文化背景與倫理理論的支持，終覺失去了根基。而傳統倫理學是我們應用倫理學去釐定問題的觀念背景， 也是我們分析問題的主要工具和解決問題的核心價值依據。鑒於此本文轉向中國傳統的主流倫理學去尋找答案。儒家倫理學作為一種傳統倫理學，也必然在一定程度上為我們醫療儲蓄帳戶的建構提供一種觀念背景、分析工具和價值選擇。筆者首先論述了家庭的重要性，同時探討了家庭範圍界定的複雜性，然後轉而向儒家倫理學思想尋求觀念、價值和倫理的依據。本文以家庭的血緣關係和婚姻關係為主線，以儒家家庭倫理為依據，將家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶中家庭的範圍界定從倫理的角度操作化。這將有利於挖掘儒家生命倫理的潛在價值，為解決當代醫療改革問題提供依據，使傳統的主流倫理價值融入現代的生活中，去解決現實中存在的問題，同時這也是儒家生命倫理當代建構的一個方面。The notion of family health savings accounts has attracted wide attention from academic circles, both domestic and international. Many Chinese scholars understand the importance of this notion and support the establishment of family health savings accounts in Chinese society, because it fits very well with Confucian family ethics and the family-oriented values that are vibrant in Chinese society. However, to pursue fully the significance and function of the family in operating appropriate health savings accounts, we must explore the question of how the family should be defined.The problem is not only in offering a theoretical definition, but also related to the feasibility and operability of family health savings accounts. However, we cannot begin our inquiry from nowhere. We must rely on the traditional ethical resources that are still operating in Chinese society to develop a conceptual background and value basis for analyzing the problems we face in attempting to define a suitable notion of the family in Chinese society. Accordingly, this paper turns to Chinese traditional mainstream ethics, namely Confucian ethics, to identify the intellectual and moral resources to provide a conceptual background, analysis tools and value choice. The authors first discuss the importance of the family in the Confucian tradition and explore the complexity in defining the scope of the family. The paper then draws on particular Confucian ethical ideas and values to seek proper solutions. Specifically, based on the Confucian central commitments, we draw on both blood relationships and marriage relationships to consider the nature and scope of the family in the Confucian tradition. We thus form the main line of our argument to establish Confucian family ethics as the basis for defining the suitable scope of the family for adequate family health savings accounts in contemporary Chinese society. Basically, we conclude that nuclear families should be basic family institutions for health care in general and health savings accounts in particular, while adult children must be allowed, indeed encouraged, to supplement their elderly parents’ health savings accounts. This will be conducive to using the potential value of Confucian family-based and family-oriented ethics to provide the motivation to solve the difficult problem of health care reform in contemporary Chinese society.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 286 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Unlike capitalist farms or traditional peasant household organizations or commodified agriculture with the proletarianization of the peasantry as examined in classic studies, the so-called “family farm” 家庭农场 proposed by the CPC in its “No. 1 Document” is a characteristically Chinese concept that needs further examination and clarification. Based on long-term fieldwork, this study of family farms for grain production in Pingzhen in southern Anhui demonstrates that the rise of these family farms is a result of both policy implementation and response to the pressure of capital bankruptcy, but it is also rooted in the endogenous efforts of middle-stratum, managerial farmers. With the size of 100 to 200 mu and rare use of hired laborers, the family farm operates by relying on family members. Yet its high level of capitalization (as seen in the use of machinery and other forms of modern input) and hence high level of labor productivity permits its prevalence over small farmers as well as large capitalized farms. But the family farm is more than an economic unit; it also performs multiple social functions. Its development, therefore, has to be moderate, adaptive, and incremental. 从经典作家笔下的资本主义农场到农民家庭组织，再到商品化条件下农民的无产化，中央一号文件所提出的家庭农场是一个颇具中国特色的概念，因此对其性质需要进一步厘清。根据在皖南萍镇粮食家庭农场所做的长期调查，笔者发现家庭农场的形成既有政策和外力的推动，也有中农和职业农民内生性力量的承接。在当前核心家庭为主的家庭人口结构背景下，一二百亩的家庭农场，雇工比例极低。无长工、少短工，依靠家庭劳动力，成为家庭农场在劳动力方面的主要特征。家庭农场在保证土地生产率的同时，通过使用机械、扩大规模，增加了土地总产出，同时增加了自身收益。但家庭农场土地获得需要较高租金，固定资本投入也多，另外对种子、农药和化肥等生产要素投入积极。高资本和高劳动生产率构成家庭农场击败小农、中农和资本型农场的根本。不过，在社会效益上，小农和中农具有多方面功能，家庭农场的发展只能是适度的、局部的，只能循序渐进。

随着高中新课程改革的不断推进，新课程标准改变了高中历史教学的要求，从过去强调知识教学转向注重学科核心素质的培养，把家乡和乡村的情怀提高到了一个新的高度新高度。作为一种基本价值观，家庭和国家的情感体现出强烈的人文色彩和人文关怀。它是学习和认识历史的重要精神，符合社会主义核心价值观，有利于弘扬民族精神和时代精神。在新课程改革的背景下，在课堂教学中培养学生的乡土情怀，实现教学目标，是一线教师的共同追求。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.“ 知情同意”這個在西方文化背景中產生的倫理和法律術語在中國仍然是一個比較新的概念。尤其是對於知情同意的權利主體這一基本問題，在立法實踐和臨床實務中仍存在認識模糊和不一致之處。本文基於儒家家庭倫理的基本精神——尊重個人意願與家庭關懷的統一，提出了關於知情同意權利主體的立法建議。在儒家倫理中，主張“和而不同”、“互以對方為重”，體現了尊重個人意願的思想。在儒家倫理中還主張“父慈子孝”、“兄友弟恭”、“夫婦和順”，體現了家庭關懷。可見，在儒家倫理視野下，知情同意權利並非由家屬包辦，也非僅僅屬於患者而和家庭無關，而是在患者做主前提下的家庭參與，是患者做主與家庭關懷的統一。所以，對於有同意能力的患者而言，其本人所作的同意表示才具有法律效力；只有在某些特殊的情形下患者家屬才可以代為簽署知情同意書或者代行知情同意權利。Informed consent has been a core principle endorsed by modern Western medical ethics. It involves patient-physician relationship as well as family relationship. It has been a focus of debates since it was introduced to the Chinese world whether informed consent is agreeable to the cultural ethos of China, and if not, whether it can be applied transculturally. This paper first discusses three principles in the policy of informed consent: 1. the principle of individual autonomy; 2. the principle of non-maleficence; and 3. the principle of effectiveness. Then the paper explores the issue informed consent within the framework of the Confucian concept of family and family values, indicating that in Confucian ethics, the idea of“ harmony in diversity” acknowledges the importance of individuality whereas the notion of reciprocal relationship emphasizes the interconnectedness of everyone in family and society at large. We should always look for a balanced point between the right of the patient and the duty of the physician, and between the interest of an individual person and the interest of the family as a unit.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 183 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國幾千年小農經濟和傳統文化背景下，個人利益、個人權利一直被置於家庭之下，個人自主性被包含在家庭自主性之內，表現為一種家庭本位主義。源自西方歷史、文化的知情同意移植到中國後，受傳統文化概念的影響，中國人對知情同意的認知、理解以及實踐方式均不同於西方人。這種不同集中表現在人們對家屬同意權的認可。以個人本位主義為背景的病人自主性與中國文化中的家庭本位主義之間存在張力。對知情同意在不同文化環境中不同踐行方式，應以文化寬容主義的態度對待之。不同文化背景下的倫理觀念，不僅存在差異性，而且也存在可通約性和相容性。由於種種原因，家庭同意並不能等同於病人本人的意願。隨著全球化進程的加速和人們相互交往的密切，類似知情同意這樣一些原本屬於個人的自然權利，將會愈來愈多地為各國人民接受。我們應當在某些條件具備時，盡可能地將家屬同意限制在合理的範圍，讓病人更好地表達自己的意願。Family has a long history. With China's small-scale peasant economy and traditional cultural background for centuries, family has been the most basic unit of polity, economy, and socio-cultural life. Interests and rights of the individual are always placed below those of family; individual autonomy is often included in family autonomy. All this can be called familism. There are deeper and determining economic reasons for familism. The economy of the family is controlled by the head of the family or clan so that the individual usually has no independent economic measures to support his or her autonomous rights.Informed consent originated in the Western culture. The theoretical premise of informed consent is respect for the patient's autonomy. The patient's autonomy is closely related with individualism in the West. After informed consent is spread from the West to China, due to the influence of traditional Chinese culture, the Chinese perception, understanding, and practice of are different from those of the West. The difference mainly lies in Chinese familism. To focus on the autonomy of the family reflects the influence of traditional familism upon informed consent. As a result, there exits a tension between the patient's autonomy based on individualism and familism in Chinese culture.Informed consent is not a culture issue, but it is closely related with cultural tradition. It is impossible to get away with cultural norms in the practice of informed consent. To different practicing methods of informed consent in different cultural contexts, the spirit of cultural tolerance is needed. In China, with the principle of cultural tolerance as a practical guidance, we should establish a set of procedure and ways of practicing informed consent with Chinese characteristics. Fundamentally, informed consent is to balance the unbalanced power between doctors and patients. According to the principle of cultural tolerance, the difference in the practice of informed consent at different cultural contexts should be tolerated so long as the basic purpose of informed consent is not violated. There exists a variety of cultural ideas among contemporary Chinese. The individual patient and his or her family are essential part of informed consent, with both having their rationality. Thus, we shouldn't reject absolutely some methods. From the angle of historical development, it is worthwhile noticing the transformation from family determination to individual autonomy. National and cultural differences are integrating in the age of globalization. Since laws, ethics, and customs in different countries and cultures are mutually exchanging, we should promote to make the practice of informed consent to become similar.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 35 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

碩士
東吳大學
社會學系
95
Regarding previous studies on educational achievements, the discussions of the influence from family background mostly focus on the parental socioeconomic status or parent-related resources. However, the sibling effect is regarded as another important factor that contributes to the explanation of educational achievement but often neglected in literatures. In this thesis, it is aimed to investigate the integral effects of family background, family educational resources and sibling effect on educational tracking. The results show that individuals with better family background and more educational resources, have higher chances in entering the academic tracking (high educational achievement)；on the contrary , individuals with poorer family background and less educational resources tend to enter the vocational tracking (low educational achievement).In addition, people having better relationship with sibling tend to enter the academic tracking；people having poorer relationship with sibling tend to enter in vocational tracking. Furthermore, the results suggest a modeling effect of sibling’s tracking patterns; that is, if one’s elder sibling enters in academic tracking, he is more likely to follow the path. On the other hand, if one’s elder sibling enters the vocational tracking, he is more likely to step into the same tracking. Finally, the number of siblings, as often discussed in previous related research, reveals a significant negative association with the results of educational tracking; however, the significance disappear when controlling family background in the integral analytical model. Its effect on resource dilution deserves further deliberate analyses and discussion.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
教育學系
95
In the past, the studies concerning gender role in Taiwan primarily discuss from the patriarchy view point, seldom from class culture about ones gender identity and activities. However, in most of the researches, we can find different class cultures may contribute different gender codes. And students from different classes may have different gender worlds. If students’ interactions in school really express the difference of class culture, then is have highly relationship with what they do and what they experience in the home will be possible? In the other words, maybe students’ experiences and interactions different from class to class, and all of these affect the gender codes, gender interactions and gender relationships of the students. Therefore, this study is designed to explore the gender role perspectives of the students and their parents in different class, and to know the gender interactions and relationships in their family. To fulfill the above purpose, this study applies qualitative approaches, such as semi-structured interview and other paper documents, to collect data from twenty- two students belonging working class and middle-upper class. The major findings are as follows: 1. The gender perspectives of working class are stereotyped than middle-upper class. 2. The gender perspectives of the parents in working class emphasize gender-divided, and the parents in middle-upper class are more equal. 3. The gender interactions in working class families are more indifferent and unsupportable than middle-upper class. 4. The gender relationships in working class families are more patriarchy, and more democratic in middle-upper class.

碩士
東吳大學
經濟學系
92
Abstract The topic of this study is junior high school student’s educational attainment. It may be influenced by their family background and characters. We pay our attention to those students who entered one of the junior high school of Taipei in 1996. We use two model to investigate student’s educational attainment, one approach is called multinomial logit model and the other is called instrumental variable. The goal and the contribution of this thesis are listed below : 1. Many papers use transaction data to investigate “students achievement”. In this thesis, we use panel data to control unobservable individual characteristics so as to obtain the relationships among “family background”, “individual characteristics” and students’ achievement. 2. Many national literatures and Taiwan literatures of the students’ achievement focus on the phase from senior high school to university. In this thesis, we focus on the phase from junior high school to a higher school. We can conclude that: Father’s years of schooling and where does he born will influence on their children’s educational attainment positively. Compare with those student who don’t keep on school study, senior high school students and junior high school students have relatively high family income. The degree of students’ efforts will positively influence on students’ high school entering

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
家政教育研究所
90
The main focus of this study is to investigate food consumption patterns and family nutrition status between middle-class and low-income families in Taipei Metropolitan areas. The distribution of sample families participated in the study from March 2001 to March 2002 is listed as the following: middle-class families from Shihpai Junior High School of Taipei (n=136); with cooperation of ChungChein social welfare center office of social workers, registered low-income families in ChungChein area are examined by questionnaire to investigate their food consumption patters (n=33); lastly 75 middle class families and 32 low-income families were included to collect household and individual questionnaires , and with more detailed in-depth qualitative interview with five mothers from low-income families. The results show big differences between each individual low-income family, which seem not to pay much attention to health issue on food consumption. Considering price factor, they tend to purchase fewer amounts of fruit and seafood. Although the statistical analysis does not show difference in health aspects between middle class and low-income families, but it does show that parents or elders of low-income families have higher prevalence on chronic diseases, which may affect their ability to obtain employment. Generally speaking, low-income families usually have concerns about not having enough incomes to support food expenses, averaging 91 times per year. Moreover, most low-come families, 23 out of 32 (72%), participated in the study are single-parent families consisting of only mother and children. For those single-parent families, the percentage of children eating out increase when the mothers have jobs, and the food consumption patterns of these families are worth to pay close attention. Our data indicates family members’ BMI may be affected by family’s food consumption patterns. The results of multivariate correlation analysis show that amounts of eating at home and mother’s BMI present significant positive correlation (r=0.225); amount of money on eating-out and father’s BMI present significant correlation(r=0.316); amount of money on purchasing livestock between father’s BMI and teenage boys’ BMI present high correlation (r=0.325, 0.399); teenage girls’ BMI have high correlation (r=0.385, 0.261) with frequency and money on processed food. By comparing the various social economic backgrounds for family food consumption patterns, we found that among the factors to affect the patterns, price factor does not play major role for the two types of families in the decision of what to purchase. However, middle class families tend to have more emphases on the categories of food quality, personal favors, dietary habits, health concerns, and festival ceremony. Regarding food consumption budget, low-income families spend less amounts of money on fruit and dairy products, and lower frequency on fish products consumption (p<0.05) than middle class families. For the family eating-out, low-income families obviously have fewer budgets on this category. Examining family’s exercise habit, middle class families have high tendency on spending more time with their children exercising together. To summarize in whole, family member’s BMI is highly related to family dietary consumption patterns, price will affect low-income families’ decisions when purchasing food and eating out, but usually they neglect the importance of food quality and health issues. Currently, most of our government’s social benefit policies emphasize on financial support. To better resolve the problem, more assistance should be provided to low-income families on the topic of family nutrition consulting. It may be more effective on health status improvement of low-income families.