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陈, 明. "企业成本会计发展趋势分析及对策浅析." 经济学 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/ej.v3i4.500.

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企业发展的核心是经济效益最大化,在当前经济发展进程中,成本会计所发挥的重要性逐渐受到重视。在成本会计的管理范畴中,对资源、管理和制造环境等均造成冲击。随着经济全球化竞争的逐渐激烈,企业成本会计的发展也在面临新的挑战和机遇。传统成本会计已经不再满足当前的经济发展需要,信息失真、延后等影响企业管理者的决策,不利于企业的发展。由此可见,企业会计成本需要不断的发展和创新。本文对企业成本会计的影响因素、发展趋势和应对策略进行研究,企业需要重视成本法和成本会计发挥的理论和技术平台支持,改进培训方式,适应经济发展。
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Trisna Dewi, Ni Putu Tesyana, Ni Nengah Suartini, and Gede Satya Hermawan. "PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE "STAD" BERBANTUAN MEDIA TEKA-TEKI SILANG UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN HURUF HIRAGANA SISWA KELAS XI BAHASA SMA NEGERI 1 KUTA SELATAN TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha 4, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbj.v4i2.14950.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penguasaan huruf Hiragana dan respons siswa terhadap penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD berbantuan media teka-teki silang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan dua siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 28 siswa kelas XI Bahasa SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Selatan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, tes, dan kuesioner. Data yang telah dikumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD berbantuan media teka-teki silang mampu meningkatkan penguasaan huruf Hiragana siswa yaitu, pre-test dengan rata-rata 50,53 dan ketuntasan klasikal 17,85%. Siklus I rata-rata 78 dan ketuntasan klasikal 75%. Siklus II terjadi peningkatan rata-rata 86,78 dan ketuntasan klasikal 100%. Respons siswa tergolong positif pada kedua siklus. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe (STAD) melalui teka-teki silang dapat meningkatkan penguasaan huruf Hiragana siswa dengan respons yang positif. Kata Kunci : model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD, media teka-teki silang, huruf Hiragana. 本研究の目的は学生でにおけるメディアクロスワードのSTAD協調学習モデルの応用によって行われた平仮名習得力と学生の反応を高めるためである。調査は2回の授業研究である。調査協力者は、南クタ第一高等学校の言語クラスの2年生、28名である。調査方法は、観察、テストとアンケートである。収集したデータは、定性的記述法により分析した。応用したメディアクロスワードによる STAD協調学習モデルで、平仮名の習得力が何上したこと分かった、つまり17,85%の全体の達成率は、成績が50,53点の平均プレテストが得られたことによって示された。サイクル Iでは、平均プレテストの成績が78点であり、全体の達成率が75%であった。サイクルIIで、平均プレテストの成績が86,78点、古典的完全性は100% の増加が見られた。学習者の反応について、1回で平均が43であり、2回での平均が45である。平仮名の習得力を高めるのに応用したSTADによるメディアクロスワードの実施(応用)によって学習者の反応が良いということが分かった。keyword : STAD 協調学習モデル、メディアクロスワード、平仮名
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Sudarsana, I. Wayan, Kadek Eva Krishna Adnyani, and Ni Nengah Suartini. "PENERAPAN METODE PICTURE AND PICTURE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA BAHASA JEPANG SISWA KELAS X AP 2 SMKN 1 NUSA PENIDA TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha 4, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbj.v4i1.14662.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Jepang siswa dengan penerapan metode picture and picture, dan mendeskripsikan respons siswa terhadap penerapan metode picture and picture dalam meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Jepang. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X AP 2 SMKN 1 Nusa Penida tahun ajaran 2017/2018 yang berjumlah 36 orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan kuesioner. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pada hasil pretest menunjukkan kondisi awal siswa dengan persentase ketuntasan 14% dengan rata-rata nilai 44. Sedangkan pada siklus I, persentase ketuntasan siswa adalah 53%, dengan rata-rata nilai 67. Pada siklus II, persentase ketuntasan siswa adalah 92%, dengan rata-rata nilai 81. Respons siswa terhadap penerapan metode picture and picture tergolong sangat positif dengan skor rata-rata 41,5 pada siklus I dan 41,7 pada siklus II. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode picture and picture dapat meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Jepang siswa. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengaruh gambar-gambar kosakata yang efektif, dapat menumbuhkan minat belajar siswa dan fokus dalam pembelajaran di kelas. Kata Kunci : metode pembelajaran, picture and picture, penguasaan kosakata bahasa Jepang 本研究の目的は、Picture and Picture方法の使用が学習者の日本語文法能力を向上させるために効果があるか、日本語文法能力を向上させることでPicture and Picture方法の使用に対する学習者の反応を明示することである。本研究は2周期に渡る実践研究である。研究対象は2017年度ヌサペニダ宿泊設備高等学校観光コース10年生2組の36名である。データの収集は、インタビュー、観察、およびで行った。また、データの分析は定性的および定量的記述法を使用した。これは 予備テストで標準を越えた学習者は14%で、平均点が44点だったのに対し、第一周期終了時では53%、平均点が67点、第二周期終了時では92%, 平均点が81点に上がったことからいえる、Picture and Picture方法の使用に対する学習者の反応は良好であった。第一周期では学習者の反応の平均点は 41,5で、良好であった。第二周期では学習者の反応の平均点は41,7 点で、良好で あった。本研究の結果は、Picture and Picture 方法の使用は学習者の日本語文法能力を向上させた。それは効果的ながその文法能力の写真影響からによって引き起こさせる、深刻なと学習の関心成長するができる。keyword : 方法、Picture and Picture、文法能力
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MSENGI, Israel G., Jonell PEDESCLEAUX, and Jian Gong TAN. "Differences of Gender and Race on the Level of Physical Fitness of Students at Two Midwestern Middle Schools in United States." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.141833.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This quantitative study measured physical strength and endurance fitness scores of 132 students at two Midwestern middle schools who participated in daily and non-daily physical education classes. A comparison for gender and race was made for the two schools during the 2005/06 school year. Data was gathered using the Fitnessgram, a tool that evaluates fitness performance using criterion-referenced standards. Results indicated that students at the daily physical education on an average scored higher (m=24.5) on push-ups than students at the non-daily school (m=11.9). However, the non-daily PE students scored higher on sit-ups (m=48.2) than the daily PE students (m=36.8). It was concluded that although the state of Iowa does not mandate physical education in elementary, middle, and high school, it was essential that school children have daily physical education to ensure good health and promotion of high academic performance. 本文通過對美國中西部地區一所有每天體育課學校和一所沒有每天體育課學校的132名中學生進行了身體力量和耐力水準的定量測試。所得資料依照Fitness-Gram標準,從性別和種族層面分析,比較和評價了2005-2006年兩校中學生的體質狀況。研究發現,開設每天體育課學校的學生俯臥撐的平均分(m=24.5)高於沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=11.9);而沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生仰臥起坐的平均分(m=48.2)高於開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=36.8)。儘管愛荷華州並未對本州小學、中學和高中體育課設置統一的標準,但值得注意的是學生堅持每天上體育課不僅有益身體健康也有利於學習成績的提高。
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王, 岳. "道路桥梁沉降段路基路面施工浅谈." 工程技术与管理 3, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/gcjsygl.v3i3.1729.

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王澤鑑, 王澤鑑. "情事變更原則──民法第227條之2:法釋義學的建構." 月旦實務選評 1, no. 1 (July 2021): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/27889866010101.

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1999年民法債編修正增訂第227條之2,以解決實務上逕適用誠信原則所生的困擾,但該條的成立要件及法律效果均屬不確定法律概念,而致生實務見解的歧異。為此,本文特就民法第227條之2規定從事法釋義學面向的建構,依契約嚴守原則及風險合理分配的公平正義,整合判例與學說,建立體系,明確爭點,發現共識,闡釋疑義,透明論證,期能穩定法之適用;並提出應依平等原則將民法第227條之2規定類推適用於主觀情事變更的情形。
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孙, 凝香, 德君 李, 检宝 黄, 乔. 张, 冬. 卓, and 志涛 农. "新农村建设背景下的乡村旅游发展研究——以衡阳市金甲岭为例." 财经与管理 3, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v3i4.2091.

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乡村旅游自提出起就因其开发的独创性与经济效益,一直得到人们的重视,国际上众多学者、学术机构、政府部门的相关理论成果已颇为丰富。中国衡阳市金甲村 2012 年投入乡村旅游开发,年人均净收入从 2012 年四千元上升至如今的一万余元,并于 2017 年成为中国湖南省中四个被评为国家级“美丽乡村示范村”的村庄之一。其乡村旅游发展态势良好,但同时其迅猛的发展也带来了一些问题。本文分析了金甲岭发展的优势与问题,并提出了优化建议,旨在进一步提高当地的可持续发展水平。
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林秀雄, 林秀雄. "論繼承人可否撤銷遺贈──最高法院108年度台上字第48號判決評析." 月旦裁判時報 110, no. 110 (August 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/207798362021080110002.

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本件被繼承人X有子女Z、A、B、C、D、E等六人,Z有子女甲、乙、丙、丁四人。被上訴人甲、乙主張:被繼承人X於民國(下同)104年9月17日死亡,兩造均為X之繼承人,X之長子Z於103年9月10日先於被繼承人X死亡,Z之子女被上訴人甲、乙及上訴人丙、丁依民法第1140條代位繼承,又被繼承人X之配偶Y亦於94年7月30日先於被繼承人Z死亡,故被繼承人X之遺產,依民法第1138、1140、1141條之規定,應由兩造繼承,並依民法第1151條規定公同共有。被繼承人X於94年2月19日委請律師完成代筆遺囑將所有之五筆土地(下稱「系爭土地」)贈與應有部分二分之一予被上訴人甲、乙,並由二人平均分配,其餘部分歸全體繼承人平分之;動產部分則全部由全體繼承人平均分配。而被上訴人雖因父親Z先於被繼承人X過世,變為兼具代位繼承人之身分,然遺囑中並未特別限制受遺贈人若兼為繼承人,受遺贈之比例應予調整,故按遺囑明示之比例予以分配,應屬妥適。<br />
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郜, 愫., 嵩. 王, 远鹏 李, 道友 刘, and 娟. 陶. "环境工程中大气污染问题的分析与处理方法." 智能城市应用 3, no. 5 (September 3, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/sca.v3i5.2283.

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在当前时期,国内经济呈现出较快的发展趋势,但是对生态环境造成的破坏也是较为严重的,水体、土壤、大气等均受到一定程度污染。随着工业发展的速度持续加快之际,虽然对经济成长起到促进作用,然而污染问题也变得更为严重,这对经济建设、身体建设造成的影响也是非常大的。若想使得生态环境能够切实保持平衡状态,相关部门、人员必须要对大气污染有正确的认知,在此基础上寻找到行之有效的处理措施。本文主要针对大气污染的类型、污染物来源等展开深入探析,进而提出切实可行的应对之策,以期使得大气污染处理效果达到预期。
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张, 道玲, 菁麟 刘, 东亮 刘, and 劲松 钱. "水陆交界地基冲击碾压处治效果评价." 工程技术与管理 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/gcjsygl.v3i1.1010.

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某机场新建跑道2/3区域为围海促淤造地而成,其他部分为原有陆域,土质存在极大区域性差异。为减少工后沉降和差异沉降,采用“井点降水+强夯+山皮石垫层+冲击碾压”的浅层处理方式。本研究通过分析承载板试验和标准贯入试验的结果评价不同地基条件下冲击碾压的处治效果。结果表明:冲击碾压可提高各区域平均标贯击数超过52%,最高达177%;冲击碾压对地表松散土层处理效果明显,且地基反应模量也与部分地表土层厚度有一定关系。总体来说,冲击碾压能够明显提高水陆交界区域地基的压实度,能够达到降低复杂地基条件下不均匀沉降的目的。
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CHAN, Ada S. Y., and Bik C. CHOW. "Physiological and Psychosocial Health among Adults with Mental Disability: A Mini Study." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.161807.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Obesity is an important worldwide public health problem and sedentary lifestyle has been associated with increasing rates of overweight and obesity. This presentation aims to study the relationship between psychosocial health, obesity and the lifestyle among the intellectual disability. A total of 16 adults over the age of 18 with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) (6 males, 6 females), (N=16, mean age 34.4.23 ± 51 years, SD= 8.67), were recruited from St. James settlements. Pedometer step counts were recorded on 4 consecutive (week) days, BMI and waist circumstance were recorded. Questionnaires regarding adult's outcome expectation, perceived barriers to exercise and performance self efficacy on physical activity were examined. Result showed that adult with intellectual disability mean on total daily step counts was 7458.44 steps, (SD=5048.19), the mean BMI is 26.43, and both performance self efficacy and barrier to exercise among them were not high. The study concluded that both physiological and psychosocial health among adult with intellectual disability were low and more physical activity is needed. 殘疾人士痴肥情況比一般普通成人嚴重,而且平均壽命較短,對健康的需求比較高。可是研究對於在職智障成年人的調查比較少,對於可行而且有效的運動計劃亦缺乏資料。為了提高在職智障成年人士的生心健康,一項了解智障成年人士的運動量以及他們對運動的態度的研究是需要的。是次調查對象為成年智能障礙人士,級別為輕,中度智障(本研究不包括重,極重度智能障礙者),所有參與者人士都是來自於聖雅各福群會,共有16位自願參與者而他們都是18歲以上成人,參與者平均年齡為34.4 (23 ± 51歲,SD 8.67)。我們派發一個數步器(型狀跟傳呼機相似)給參與者,數步器需佩戴在右邊腰身上連續4日,在第五天早上研究人員為參與者除去數步器,並記錄總步行數量。同時我們亦派發一份有關活動量及對活動態度的問卷,內容包括:對運動預期結果,面對運動阻礙,對運動表現自我效能。調查所得出之結果顯示參與者平均每日步數為7458步(SD=5048.19)。脂肪比例為26.4,面對運動阻礙(Mean=1.8, SD=.39)和對運動表現自我效能(Mean=.8, SD=.64)顯示為不太高。結論是成年智障人士需要在工作地方有一個運動課程從而提高他們生理和心理的健康發展、成長。
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周, 英. "国外农村土地整治的主要经验及对我国的启示." 智能城市应用 3, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/sca.v3i8.3159.

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农村土地整治是有效推动土地、劳动力、资金等要素流动,促进城乡产业互动,破除城乡二元社会经济结构,推进乡村可持续发展的重要平台。本文试图在乡村可持续发展、城乡统筹发展等战略指引下,通过介绍德国、日本、英国和荷兰实施农村土地整治的历程及成功经验,分析在加快发展现代农业、进一步增强农村发展活力的形势下,从整体性治理视角,从土地整治规划、审批、施工及开发利用多个环节总结经验启示,以期进一步提高农村土地经济密度,为农业创新升级、生态环境保护和城乡均衡发展提供政策建议。
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肖, 时勇, and 智. 贺. "重大疫情对地方供电企业生产经营影响分析及应对建议." 财经与管理 4, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v4i8.5051.

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B 市为中部 A 省中部地区的地级市。自春节期间新冠肺炎疫情爆发, 2 月 14 日,B 市政府印发《B 市有效应对新冠脑炎疫情支持中心企业平稳健康发展的若干措施》,要求对疫情防控期间中心企业生产经营所需的用电、用水、用气实施为期 3 个月阶段性缓缴费用,缓缴期间实行“欠费不停供不加收滞纳金”措施。 2 月 25 日,A 省发改委印发《关于阶段性降低企业用电成本支持企业复工复产》的通知,通知明确:除高耗能行业用户外,现执行一般工商业及其他电价、大工业电价的电力用户(含已参与市场交易用户),电网企业在计收电费时,统一按原到户电价水平的 95% 结算;实行支持性两部制电价政策。针对疫情防控物资生产企业生产经营所需用电,实行“欠费不停供”措施,疫情结束后 3 个月内缴清。以上两项政策,对供电企业电费回收、售电均价等均有负面影响。
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李, 璐璐. "生态水利工程与水资源保护探讨." 水利科学与技术 3, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/slkxyjs.v3i4.5083.

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水资源分配不均,人均占有量少是中国水资源的基本情况。近些年来,在经济持续快速增长的过程中,中国生态环境受到了较为严重的破坏,出现了资源不合理开发、污染问题突出等现象,造成了资源紧缺的问题。水资源开发利用不合理的问题是中国当前急需解决的重点问题之一,随着近年来中国生态水利工程的建设,逐渐推动水资源的利用向着可持续的方向发展,能有效解决当前中国水资源面临的污染问题,满足人们日常生产生活的水资源需求,同时还具有水资源的调配作用,改善水资源分布不均所带来的影响,优化水资源的配置,提高水资源利用率,改善水资源发展现状,促进生态平衡。论文从生态水利工程与水资源保护的角度进行了探讨,研究具体的实施方案。
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李, 璐璐. "生态水利工程与水资源保护探讨." 工程技术与管理 4, no. 14 (December 23, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/gcjsygl.v4i14.6065.

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水资源分配不均,人均占有量少是中国水资源的基本情况。近些年来,在经济持续快速增长的过程中,中国生态环境受到了较为严重的破坏,出现了资源不合理开发、污染问题突出等现象,造成了资源紧缺的问题。水资源开发利用不合理的问题是中国当前急需解决的重点问题之一,随着近年来中国生态水利工程的建设,逐渐推动水资源的利用向着可持续的方向发展,能有效解决当前中国水资源面临的污染问题,满足人们日常生产生活的水资源需求,同时还具有水资源的调配作用,改善水资源分布不均所带来的影响,优化水资源的配置,提高水资源利用率,改善水资源发展现状,促进生态平衡。论文从生态水利工程与水资源保护的角度进行了探讨,研究具体的实施方案。
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吴, 霖影, and 国梁 杨. "国内外虚拟会展发展现状及可行性分析." 会展前瞻 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/mice.27069273.2020.03.04.

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随着经济全球化的趋势深入发展,会展为来自全球各地的参展商提供了一个将商品和服务推销给大规模潜在客户群体的平台,促进参展商和潜在客户进行交流及商业合作,从而成为国际贸易的重要营销渠道。当前国内外的实体会展均发展成熟,而当网络技术融入会展业时,催生了一种全新的会展模式虚拟会展。虚拟会展借助新兴技术在网络上组织和开展各种会议及展览,具有虚拟性、开放性、低成本、高效率等优势。目前,国外虚拟会展发展较为完善,而我国虚拟会展业仍处于发展阶段,存在着普及度较低、技术不完善、模式单一等不足。为使虚拟会展更加完善,更好地服务于会展经济,改革势在必得。本文在此背景下对我国发展虚拟会展的可能进行可行性分析,以扩大会展业行业规模,进一步持续带动贸易增长。
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颜清湟. "新加坡早期的潮州人与福建人:." 华人研究国际学报 02, no. 01 (June 2010): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793724810000040.

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透过权力结构和权力关系的比较研究,新加坡早期华人社会的朦胧图景将得以廓清。本文选择比较潮州人和福建人这两个最大的华人方言群,企图解释华人社会的内部张力。首先检阅这两个社群的形成与结构,然后评析他们如何组织和运作。本文确认了三种权力:社会权力、非正式政治权力、强制权力。社会权力在权力结构里非常重要。社会权力的掌控取决于对方言和宗亲会馆的控制,而这种控制的基础在于经济权力。早期潮州社群的权力关系并不均衡,由某个单一强势家族控制,而早期福建社群的权力关系则比较开放和平衡,但也更为复杂。
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蓝, 朝洪. "房地产企业地下室车位涉税问题及成本核算探讨." 现代经济管理 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/mem.v2i2.3961.

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地下室停车位作为房地产项目重要的配套设施,其主要分为两类:其一是根据《中华人民共和国人民防空法》规定“城市新建民用建筑,必须修建战时可用于防空的地下室,且必须与地面建筑同时规划、同时设计、同时建筑”,平时由投资者使用管理(开发商改为停车库),收益归投资者所有;其二就是在项目开发之时根据当地停车场(库)配建标准政策规定,兼顾节约用地的原则,开发商在立项和设计时就将其定位为地下车位,作为配套设施管理。无论出于何种功能或目的,地下室车位税务处理和成本核算对企业利润均有较大影响。
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LEE, Yi Fang, Cheng Sze FU, and Shu Lin LEE. "Effects of Balance-based Training on Blood Pressure and Postural Control Capacity in Older Elderly." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.231768.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Wii Fit balance training or Pilates-based training intervention for 10-weeks on blood pressure levels and the postural control system in older elderly. Method: Sixty older subjects volunteered to participate in a Wii-Fit exercise group (n=18), Pilates-based training group (n=22), and control group (n=20). The Wii-Fit and Pilates-based groups have training intervention program 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Postural control capacity and resting blood pressure were measured before and after training program. Results: The results showed that there were no significantly changes on blood pressure and MAP data neither after in the Wii-Fit training nor in the Pilates-based training. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite scores tend to increase after Wii-Fit and Pilates-based training intervention. Conclusion: The results illustrated that balance exercise intervention change the postural control, but there are no effects on resting blood pressure. 目的:本研究目的在探討進行10週以Wii-Fit電子平衡遊戲訓練或是皮拉提斯平衡訓練模式對老年人血壓調控以及姿勢控制能 力之影響。方法:共有60位受試者完成試驗 (Wii-Fit組18人、皮拉提斯組22人、控制組20人),其中Wii-Fit組與皮拉提斯組需進行 為期10週、每週3次之平衡模式訓練,控制組則不做任何訓練介入,在10週前後所有受試者皆需進行血壓檢測,並以感覺統合測 試進行平衡能力之評估;結果:在10週平衡運動介入前後,三組受試者的血壓(收縮壓、舒張壓)以及平均動脈壓都沒有顯著性差 異;在平衡能力結果上,Wii-Fit組與皮拉提斯組內比較其平衡能力有提升的趨勢,其中Wii-Fit組的平衡能力得分量又高於皮拉提斯組。結論:本研究顯示單純平衡訓練對老年人的血壓狀況並不影響,但卻可以提升其身體姿勢性的平衡能力。
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黄, 洁蓉. "绿色通道急诊护理在青年心脏骤停患者中的应用价值评价." 亚洲临床医学杂志 3, no. 6 (November 25, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/yzlcyxzz.v3i6.5854.

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目的:观察绿色通道急诊护理在青年心脏骤停患者中的应用价值。方法:选取我院2019年1月-2020年7月收治的42例青年心脏骤停患者为本次研究对象,按照是否开展绿色通道急诊护理将患者分为对照组(21例:未开展绿色通道急诊护理,而行常规急诊护理)与实验组(21例:行绿色通道急诊护理),比较两组患者预后效果。结果:实验组患者护理干预1h后心率、平均动脉压均高于对照组,数据差异明显(P<0.05)。实验组患者治疗总有效率(95.24%)明显高于对照组,数据差异明显(P<0.05)。实验组患者不良反应发生率(9.52%)低于对照组,数据差异明显(P<0.05)。结论:青年心脏骤停患者绿色通道急诊护理干预效果明显优于常规急诊护理干预效果,提高了抢救成功率。
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CHOI TSE, Kang Chun. "Preliminary Study on Gross Motor Performance of Hong Kong Children Aged 6-8 Years." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.101301.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Gross motor development is a critical component of elementary school physical education programs. This is also the foundation for active participation in later childhood and adult physical activities. This study aims to: (1) collect preliminary data on Hong Kong children's gross motor performance; (2) analyze Hong Kong Children's gross motor proficiency; and (3) introduce a gross motor test instrument to Hong Kong PE teachers. The Test of Gross Motor Development (Second Edition) (TGMD-2) (Ulrich, 2000) was chosen as the test instrument in this project. There were 15 girls and 15 boys selected for each age interval: 6-6 to 6-11, 7-6 to 7-11 and 8-0 to 8-11. Only 27.6% of the participants achieved the average level. 27.6% and 40% of them were below average and poor, respectively. No significant sex differences in the level of fundamental gross motor skills development. However, age differences were found in stationary dribble and overhand throw, 8 years old children got higher successful rate in the mature form of the two skills.大肌肉運動能力發展是小學體育課程的主要元素,這亦是青少年及成年時期積極參與體力活動的基石。本研究的目的是:(1)搜集香港兒童大肌肉運動能力數據;(2)分析香港兒童大肌肉運動能力表現;(3)介紹一套測試大肌肉運動能力的工具給香港體育老師。本研究選用了 '第二代大肌肉運動能力(TGMD-2)' 作測試工具。每一個年齡組別,即6-6至6-11,7-6至7-11及8-6至8-11均選取15男及15女作為研究樣本。總樣本為90人。研究發現,樣本中祗有27.6%在一般水平,另外27.6%及40%分別在低於及差的水平。在大肌肉運動能力的表現中,性別差異方面並不明顯。原地運球及擲球動作,年齡差異較明顯,八歲兒童成功掌握這兩個技能的百份比較年幼的兒童為高。
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燕君, 刘., and 肖. 峰. "华裔和非华裔学习者对汉语模糊表达的语用理解." Chinese as a Second Language Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2015-0015.

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提要本文通过多项选择问卷对 60 名华裔和 60 名非华裔学习者在汉语模糊表达语用理解上的差异进行了考察。在考察这两组学习者时,根据汉语水平将华裔和非华裔平均划分为高水平组和低水平组,其汉语水平由新 HSK 成绩衡量,模糊表达依据所含模糊词语分为数量类、近似类、频率类和可能类,每类选取五个常用模糊词语。每个模糊表达依据交际情景中对话方社会地位高和社会地位平等各设计一道多项选择题。此外,用另一问卷测量其语义理解能力,需要被试在具体的句子里判断模糊表达的语义界限。研究结果显示,汉语水平和语义理解对华裔和非华裔学习者的语用理解均有显著影响,华裔学习者在整体上对模糊表达的语用理解要显著好于非华裔学习者。当进一步区分不同模糊表达类型时,组间方差分析表明,华裔学习者在频率类模糊表达语用理解上的分值要显著高于非华裔学习者,而在其余三类模糊表达语用理解上两者不存在显著差异。在语境中当对话方社会地位平等时,华裔学习者模糊表达的语用理解分值显著高于非华裔学习者,而当对话方社会地位高时两者不存在显著差异。组内方差分析表明,华裔学习者对不同模糊表达类型语用理解的敏感度要低于非华裔学习者,而对语境中不同社会地位的敏感度要高于非华裔学习者。
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周敏. "“亚裔人”、 “黄种人”、 “名誉白人”? 亚裔族群在美国种族分层制度中的社会定位和身份认同." 华人研究国际学报 05, no. 01 (June 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793724813000035.

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本文针对 “亚裔美国人真的已经变成白人了吗?” 这个问题展开讨论。近40年来,亚裔美国人从表面上看好像与其他早期的欧裔移民的后代一样,已经成功地融入了美国主流社会,逐渐地被处于主流社会核心的白人族群所接受,成为他们的一分子。由于亚裔在社会中取得相当于(甚至超过)白人平均水平的卓越成就而被誉为 “名誉白人” 和 “模范少数族裔” 。作者认为,不管 “名誉白人” 或 “模范少数族裔” ,其形象貌似正面,实质上是一个少数族裔的新的刻板形象,是美国种族分层制度中的一种新的社会隔离的机制,不但区分了亚裔族群与其他少数族裔群体,也把他们与白人族群区分开来。这个新的刻板形象的背后还隐藏着更鲜为人知的后果: 其一就是为美国社会的自由、平等、公正以及没有种族主义的市场等虚言提供有力依据;其二是提高美国社会衡量亚裔人的标准,致使亚裔美国人成为有别于非洲裔族群或拉美裔族群的一个新的 “异类” ,从而强化了亚裔群体在种族分层制度的夹心定位以及由此带来的社会不公。虽然亚裔美国人在社会中取得了令人瞩目的成就,但离白人族群的社会地位还有一大段距离,备受着美国种族分层制度的制约,被视为 “外国人” ,因此还必须不断努力地对其社会边缘化和种族歧视等问题进行不懈的抗争。
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路, 昭. "农村留守儿童教育的实践与思考." 国际教育论坛 2, no. 8 (November 19, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jief.v2i8.2117.

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农村留守儿童的教育问题是社会和政府都重点关注的问题。农村留守儿童的教育问题属于我国三农问题的附属问题。我国三农问题内容繁多,关系复杂,解决困难,究其根源是经济发展不平衡所造成的局面。在努力解决我国当前教学资源分布不均的问题中,解决农村留守儿童的教育问题是至关重要的一个环节。笔者认为解决农村留守儿童的教育问题,需要从家庭、学校以及社会三方面同时进行改革,从而建立起三位一体的教育体制,从而全方位把农村留守儿童的教育提高到最高水平。本文主要从完善基础设施建设,健全学校教育体制,以及创造良好的家庭教育环境这三个方面展开分析和讨论。
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Matsuzaki Carreira, Junko. "Motivation for Learning English as a Foreign Language in Japanese Elementary Schools." JALT Journal 28, no. 2 (November 1, 2006): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj28.2-2.

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This study investigated how 345 Japanese elementary school pupils’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for learning English changed with age (174 third– and 171 sixth–graders). Factor analysis identified five underlying factors: interest in foreign countries, intrinsic motivation, caregivers’ encouragement, instrumental motivation, and anxiety. The results of an ANOVA showed significant differences in intrinsic motivation, interest in foreign counties, and instrumental motivation between the third and sixth graders. The third graders' mean scores were higher than those of the sixth graders. This study revealed a rather steady developmental decline in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for learning English, which might be attributed to general development trends in contemporary Japanese elementary school pupils. Within a consensus that there is considerable room for improvement in primary–school English education in Japan, results of the present study suggest that the area of motivation can shed light on how the teaching methods for elementary school students in the higher grades can be improved. 本研究は、日本の小学生英語学習者の英語学習に対する内発的・外発的動機が年齢によりどのように変化していくかを調べたものである。調査参加者は、3年生174名、6年生171名、合計345名である。質問紙で得たデータを因子分析した結果、外国に対する興味、内発的動機、道具的動機、親の励まし、不安の5つの因子が抽出された。さらに分散分析の結果、外国に対する興味、内発的動機、道具的動機に有意差がみられ、どれも3年生の平均値が6年生の平均値よりも高かった。kの結果から、学年があがるほど英語学習に対する内発的動機と外発的動機が低下していることがわかる。これは今の小学生の一般的な発達的傾向に原因があるという推測も成り立つが、特に、本論文では日本の初等英語教育においても改善すべき点があるとの立場から、高学年の指導法の改善の必要性を示唆した。
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Suarningsih, Ni Kadek, Kadek Eva Krishna Adnyani, and Gede Satya Hermawan. "PENGGUNAAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN EKSPOSITORI BERBANTUAN METODE RESITASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN HURUF KATAKANA SISWA KELAS XI IPB SMAN 1 SUKASADA TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha 4, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbj.v4i2.14455.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) meningkatkan penguasaan huruf katakana setelah diterapkannya strategi pembelajaran ekspositori berbantuan metode resitasi pada siswa kelas XI IPB SMA Negeri 1 Sukasada tahun ajaran 2017/2018 dan (2) mendeskripsikan respons siswa terhadap penggunaan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori berbantuan metode resitasi untuk meningkatkan penguasaan huruf katakana siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPB SMA Negeri 1 Sukasada sebanyak 22 orang siswa pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah observasi, tes, kuesioner, dan wawancara. Data yang telah terkumpul dianalisis dengan teknik analisis data secara deskriptif kualitatif dan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) penggunaan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori berbantuan metode resitasi mampu meningkatkan penguasaan huruf katakana siswa kelas XI IPB SMA Negeri 1 Sukasada tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan persentase ketuntasan klasikal dan rata yaitu, pada pretest rata-rata yang diperoleh 43,4 untuk ketuntasan klasikal yaitu 22,72%. Pada siklus I terjadi peningkatan dengan rata-rata 73,6 dan ketuntasan klasikal yang dicapai adalah 68,1%. Peningkatan yang drastis juga terjadi pada siklus II dengan rata-rata 92,3 dan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100%. (2) Respons siswa tergolong positif, hal tersebut dilihat dari rata-rata respons siswa pada siklus I yaitu 30, sedangkan pada siklus II respons siswa diperoleh dengan rata-rata 34,3. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa, penggunaan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori berbantuan metode resitasi dapat meningkatkan penguasaan huruf katakana siswa dengan respons yang positif.Kata Kunci : strategi pembelajaran ekspositori, metode resitasi, huruf katakana 要旨 本研究の目的は、2017 /2018 年度スカサダ第一国立高校言語クラスの二年生において、1)直接法と課題提出学習法の利用後のカタカナの習得力 2)利用された直接法と課題提出学習法に対する学習者の反応を明らかにする。 研究は、2つのサイクルで行われる授業行動研究である。調査協力者は、2017 /2018 年度スカサダ第一国立高校言語クラスの二年生、22名である。調査対象は、観察、インタビュー、アンケート、テストより収集したデータである。データを定性的記述法と記述的な定量的により分析した。分析した結果、2017 /2018 年度スカサダ第一国立高校言語クラスの二年生において、1) 利用された直接法の課題提出学習法により、カタカナの習得力を高められたことは、22.72%の修学率に対し、43.4の平均プレテストが得られたことによって示された。サイクル1では、平均プレテストが73.6であり、達成された修学率が68.1%であった。また、サイクルIIで、平均プレテストが92.3、修学率は100%の大幅な増加が見られた。2)学習者の反応において、サイクルIでの平均が30であり、サイクルIIでの平均が34.3であったことから、カタカナの習得力を高めるのに利用された直接法の課題提出学習法に対する学習者の反応が良いということが分かった。keyword : 直接法、課題提出学習法、カタカナ
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肖, 敏., and 力. 田. "中国与南非货物贸易实证研究." 商业创新期刊 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/jbi.26636204.2021.07.19.

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中国是最大的发展中国家,而南非是非洲最重要的经济体之一。中国近年来一直与南非保持着互利共赢的贸易关系,通过成立中非贸易论坛与一带一路建设,加入金砖国家,帮助南非建设基础设施,进一步加强了中南之间的贸易关系的紧密程度。中国已经自2009年连续多年成为南非最大的进出口国家,是最重要的贸易合作伙伴,但是南非在中国的平均进出口额仅占中国总进出口额的4%,占比很小,未来还有很大的贸易发展潜力。本文通过对中国与南非货物贸易规模商品结构以及所遇到的阻碍的分析,进而体现近年来的中南货物贸易发展现状。本文在贸易结合度理论、显示性比较优势以及产业内贸易理论的基础上进行分析,探索未来的发展趋势,发现中国与南非之间在未来的货物贸易往来上的发展空间和潜力;然后在此基础上给出相关的建议,最后对中国与南非贸易关系进行总结。
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LAI, CLAUDIA K. Y., JENNY C. C. CHUNG, THOMAS K. S. WONG, LAWRENCE W. FAULKNER, LOUISE NG, and LIAM K. P. LAU. "MISSING OLDER PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA — A HONG KONG VIEW." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 37, no. 02 (January 2003): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246203000214.

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This paper reviews missing person incidents that occurred in older persons with dementia reported in local newspapers from 1 January 1999 to 1 May 2002. Ten relevant incidents, two of which happened to the same person, were found in WiseNews, an electronic database of 21 local newspapers. There were four (44%) males and five (56%) females with a mean age of 77 (standard deviation=5). In six (60%) cases, the missing persons eloped from home and four (40%) outside of home. Nine (90%) of the cases required less than a day to three days to locate the missing person. Six (60%) cases resulted in injuries or death due to falls or traffic accidents. It is not uncommon for dementia patients to get lost. Public awareness and understanding of the phenomenon is very important because the survival of missing persons depends on the implementation of timely and effective search and rescue. This analysis confirms the need for a prospective study to further examine the characteristics of missing older adults and missing incidents, as well as the search strategies adopted by caregivers. 这篇文章旨在回顾由一九九九年一月一日至二零零二年五月一日以来在本地报章上报导过的有关老年痴呆症患者走失的个案。WiseNews是一个包含二十一份本地报章的电子资料库。我们通过WiseNews搜索到十宗有关的报导,其中两宗个案发生在同一个患者身上。走失患者当中有四名男性,五名女性,年龄由七十到八十六岁[平均数:七十七]。在六宗[六成]走失个案当中,患者是从居所走失的,而另外四宗[四成]则发生在居所以外的地方。九宗[九成]个案需要少於一天至三天的时间去寻回走失患者。六宗[六成]个案涉及受伤或死亡。走失现象在老年痴呆症患者当中颇为普遍,走失患者的安危取决於及时和有效率的搜索及拯救策略。因此,大众需要对这现象有更多的了解。本文的分析显示本地需要对此问题作前瞻性的调查,使本地社会及健康服务从业员能掌握走失痴呆症患者的特徵,一般走失的情况及照顾者面对这问题的策略,从而提供合宜的协助。
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LIM, BH, SG BALBIR, and KY CHONG. "Effects of Psychological Interventions on Regulating Pre-Competition Mood States in Malaysian Volleyball Players." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.171873.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three psychological intervention strategies in regulating the pre-competition mood states among volleyball players with matching hypothesis. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was employed to examine the pre-competition mood states patterning of its six sub-scales during the time leading up to competition. Participants were the youth state volleyball players (N=96; boys = 48, girls = 48; Age: M=16.35 yr., SD = .89 yr.) competing in the Under 18 National School Sport Council of Malaysia Volleyball Tournament 2008. The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) was employed to collect the baseline data two months prior to the official competition during the first meeting. The group with the highest group mean scores in cognitive anxiety component was assigned to a cognitive intervention group (n = 24) in which participants underwent breathing technique & autogenic relaxation with music lasting for 30 minutes per session; the group with the highest group mean scores in somatic anxiety component (n=24) completed the somatic intervention with progressive muscular relaxation lasting for 30 minutes; the selfconfidence intervention group which rated the lowest mean group scores in self-confidence component carried out the intervention with positive self-talk and goal setting exercises lasting 30 minutes; and a control group (n = 24). Results of this study revealed that the cognitive intervention was the most effective intervention followed by the somatic intervention in regulating the bad mood states and facilitating the good mood states prior to competition. Similarly, the self-confidence intervention was able to facilitate the vigour sub-scale prior to competition. 本研究的目的是探討三項心理調節策略的成效,對排球運動員賽前情緒狀態調節之間的匹配假說。在即將面對激烈的競賽期間採用布魯內爾情緒量表(BRUMS),以觀察賽前情緒狀態模式的六個因素。參與者是參加18歲以下全國學校體育委員會2008年馬來西亞排球錦標賽的各州少年排球運動員(N = 96;男生 = 48,女生= 48;年齡:M = 16.35歲,SD = .89歲。)。在正式比賽前兩個月的第一次會議中,採用競賽狀態焦慮量表第二修訂版(CSAI-2R)收集了基線資料。在認知焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別, 其參與者被分配到認知調節組 (n = 24),在每節30分鐘的音樂播放下經歷呼吸技巧和自生放鬆; 在軀體焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別(n = 24)以持續30分鐘的漸進性肌肉放鬆完成了軀體調節;在自信心部分平均數排名最低的自信心調節組,則開展了持續30分鐘以積極的自我對話和目標設置練習作調節; 對照組 (n = 24)。本研究結果顯示,認知調節能於比賽前最有效地介入調節不良情緒狀態和促進良好的情緒狀態,其次是軀體調節。同樣,自信心調節能夠在比賽前促進活力因素。
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邱, 常松, 芳荣 赖, and 功章 赖. "探析宁都赖氏——赣闽粤最早迁入的客家姓氏." 文化艺术创新 3, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/whyscx.v3i6.6054.

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《辞海》《辞源》对“客家”词目的释文较具概括性和权威性。结合资深专家学者的论述,可以归纳为:客家民系的形成是个历史的过程,就客家先民开始南迁(不是成批迁徙)应在汉末晋初,历六朝、唐、五代十国时期,到北宋末南宋中十二世纪中叶。其间经过的孕育、成熟、发展三个阶段分别为六朝至唐末、五代十国至北宋;北宋末至宋元之交;元末至明清。大体空间均在当代客家人的聚居区,即今之競州地区、龙岩地区及三明市的部分县,梅州市及部分县、惠州市的部分县,具成为三角地带。客家研究专家罗香林教授对客家源流作出了开创性的“五次大迁徙” 的结论。但每一时期在各地的发展又呈不平衡状态,大体言之可概括为孕育于赣南,成熟于闽西,发展于粤东。按照《辞海》《辞源》的界定,客家民系的先民必是汉末至晋代以后南迁并定居于赣闽粤三角地区者,学术界称为客家大本营。然而,在三省纯客县中有的人认为中国广东龙川县的赵佗应属客家民系最早的客家先民;又有的人认为江西兴国县的“木客”,是赣南最早的客家先民。此说法是否符合客家民系发展历史的时间界定和史实呢?论文对此进行探讨
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CHIA, Michael, and Jin Jong QUEK. "Log-linear Adjusted Lower Limb Muscle Power of Boys and Girls." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.81273.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The study investigated the log-linear muscle power of the lower limbs in a group of 13 to 14 year old boys and girls. Participants were 48 boys (stature: 1.69±0.05m; body mass: 57.9±11.8kg; lower limb muscle mass: 16.4±2.5kg) and 38 girls (stature: 1.59±0.06m; body mass: 57.7±7.6kg; lower limb muscle mass: 12.5±1.2kg). Lower limb muscle mass (LLMM) was determined using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometric (DEXA) procedure. Participants completed a 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) where peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were expressed in relation to LLMM using log-linear adjustment procedures. Boys and girls had similar log-linear adjusted PP (495W vs. 488W, p>0.05) and MP (423W vs. 422W, p>0.05) when they were expressed in relation to LLMM. However, common b exponents that defined the allometric relationship between PP and MP, and LLMM in both boys and girls were 1.26 (SE 0.15), and 1.21 (SE 0.15), respectively. These were markedly different from the b exponent of 1.0 used in the ratio standard, or the 0.67 value predicted from geometric similarity theory. Despite a similar interpretation of data (i.e. no sex difference in lower limb muscle power in boys and girls) using either allometric modeling, allometric modeling of sample-specific exercise data is recommended to produce an appropriate size-independent variable, to allow appropriate comparisons in performance between boys and girls.本文以對數一線性修正法對13 — 14歲少年下肢力量進行了研究。測試對象為48名男孩(身高為1.69 ± 0.05米,體重為57.9 ± 11.8公斤,下肢去脂體重為16.4 ±2.5公斤)和38名女孩(身高為1.59 ± 0.06米,體重為57.7 ± 7.6公斤,下肢去脂體重為12.5 ± 1.2公斤)。以雙光能X光吸收儀(DEXA)測定受試者下肢的去脂體重。受試對象在自行車功率儀上完成30秒溫蓋特無氧功率測試 (Wingate Anaerobic Test, WAnT),以對數-線性修正法表示最高功率和平均功率與下肢去脂體重的關係。其結果顯不,男孩與女孩的最高功率分別為495瓦與488瓦(p>0.05),平均功率分別為423瓦與422瓦(p>0.05)。根據對數-線性修正法所得的最高功率和平均功率與下肢去脂體重關係的b指數分別1.26 (SE為0.15)與1.21 (SE為0.15),男女相同。此結果與常用標準比b指數為1,或應用幾何相似理論推測值0.67等方法所得的結果明顯不同。應用異速生長模型(對數-線性修正法)可測得與其實驗對象和運動形式相適應的形態機體指標,因而可較正確地比較少年男女之間的運動能力。
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CHAN, CHARLES C., DEBORAH L. Y. WAN, and WACY W. S. LUI. "DETERMINING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT SERVICE IN HONG KONG." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 36, no. 01n02 (January 2002): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246202000074.

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With the new managerial system of Funding and Service Agreement (FSA) in Hong Kong, the performance standards in social welfare services are still difficult to define. In this paper, the problems and difficulties arising from the current method of determining performance standards in the Supported Employment Service (SES) were first examined. The current formulation was also considered inadequate for the consideration of the actual service recipient outcomes. Research data from a university and a rehabilitation organisation partnership revealed the complex relationship among service quality, service output and service recipient outcomes. A conceptual model with variables considered as crucial by service operators and researchers was mapped out for better service accountability. This "percentage of best fit" model which was formulated by the empirically derived typologies of SES pathways and service recipients was suggested to form the performance standards. Significant implications include offering a workable alternative to the over-reliant, yet unsatisfactory use of mean discharge rates as the major performance standard in FSAs. This model also helps clarify information on who would fit into what kind of SES modules and for how long they would produce the best outcomes. The applicability of this empirically derived model to other social services should be further explored. Finally, this paper should be regarded as a practical response to the present demands for service quality and best value outcomes, based on an integrated use of clinical social work skills and empirical research methods. 香港社会服务界于一九九九年引入了一些带有管理主义色彩的新制度, 但在与服务提供者共同制订服务表现标准上, 社会 服务界却遇上重重困难。 本文先论述现制度下服务表现标准的限制与不足之处。该标准既未能保证服务质素 ,也未能反映接受服务者在不同阶段的特殊需要及服务成效。 这制度明显不能达致以接受服务者为中心及专注服务成效的两项重要目标。 本文建基于一份大学与康复机构的夥伴研究成果, 并以辅助就业服务为例, 详细阐释了一个以「数据为本」的服务表现标准模式。 此模式的优越性, 在于能以服务数据来厘定一个衡量服务成效的最恰当百分比。 此模式的制订, 将极具深远影响。 首先, 这模式突破了多年来只可用平均值作划一基准的种种限制。 其次是能够厘定服务成效与质素的 关系。 香港社会服务界将可利用此模式作为日后替不同服务制订个别表现标准之参考。 最后, 本文结合了实证研究的技术及社会工作中的临床知识, 为回应香港社会服务界迈进对服务质素及成效有要求的年代所作出的一可行例证 。
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CHEUNG, Siu Yin, and Kit Wan Judy NG IP. "Physical Self-Efficacy of Post-Secondary Colleges Swimmers in Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2000): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.61235.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The subjects of this study were 121 (male = 76, female = 45) post secondary colleges swimmers. They ranged in age from 17 to 28 years (M = 20.36, SD = 1.59). The swimmers were divided into 3 groups according to the year of participation in swimming. The Physical self-efficacy scale (Ryckman, Robbins, Thornton & Cantrell, 1982) was administered and 2x3 ANOVA was utilized to analyze the mean difference in raw scores of the three dependant variables: Perceived physical ability (PPA), Physical self-presentation confidence (PSPC) and Physical self-efficacy (PSE). Results show that the PSPC and PSE scores of experienced swimmers are significantly higher than beginners. However, the PPA, PSPC and PSE scores of both males and females are similar.本研究邀請了一百二十一名香港大專游泳運動員(男=76,女=45)參加,他們的年齡是由17至28歲(平均年齡=20.36)。他們分別回答Rychman, Robbins, Thornton和Cantrell (1982)的身體自我效能問卷。根據運動員的比賽經驗分成三組,用2x3 ANOVA分析身體自我效能的三個因變數: 感覺身體能力(Perceived Physical Ability, PPA), 身體表現信心(Physical Self-presentation Confidence, PSPC)和身體自我效能(Physical Self-efficacy, PSE)。結果指出有經驗的運動員的身體表現信心(PSPC)和身體自我效能(PSE)的分數比初學者高,而男和女的和身體自我效能則分數相近。
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Robson, Gordon, and Hideko Midorikawa. "How Reliable and Valid is the Japanese Version of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL)?" JALT Journal 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2001): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj23.2-2.

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This study looks at the internal reliability of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (Oxford, 1 990), using the ESL/EFL version in Japanese translation. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha analysis indicate a high degree of reliability for the overall questionnaire, but less so for the six subsections. Moreover, the test-retest correlations for the two administrations are extremely low with an average shared variance of 1 9.5 percent at the item level and 25.5 percent at the subsection level. In addition, the construct validity of the SILL was examined using exploratory factor analysis. While the SILL claims to be measuring six types of strategies, the two factor analyses include as many as 1 5 factors. Moreover, an attempt to fit the two administrations into a six-factor solution results in a disorganized scattering of the questionnaire items. Finally, interviews with participating students raised questions about the ability of participants to understand the metalanguage used in the questionnaire as well as the appropriateness of some items for a Japanese and EFL setting. The authors conclude that despite the popularity of the SILL, use and interpretation of its results are problematic. 本研究は、Oxford(1990)の外国語学習ストラテジー・インベントリー (SILL)のEFL/ESL用日本語版の内部信頼性及び構成概念妥当性を実験と統計に よって検証したものである。クロンバック・アルファ検定による内部信頼性 については、インベントリーの全項目は全体としては信頼性が高かったが、 6タイプのサブカテゴリーに分類されたストラテジーについては信頼性が低か った。また、インベントリーを用いたテスト・再テストの相関は低く、全項 目では平均寄与率19.5パーセント、サブカテゴリーでは25.5パーセントであっ た。構成概念妥当性検定のための説明的因子分析の結果は、6タイプのストラ テジーが15因子に細分化されたこと、さらに、全項目を6因子に分けた結果、 それぞれの因子が無秩序に分類される結果となった。最後に、インタビュー によって、この実験に参加した被験者学生にインベントリーの各項目の内容 理解について確認した結果、日本語がわかりにくく判断しいくい記述、日本 のEFLの状況では理解しにくい記述があることが明らかになった。以上のす べてから、SILLの実用的評価にもかかわらず、それを用いること、また、そ こから得た結果の解釈には問題が含まれているというのが、本研究の研究者 が得た結論である。
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LI, Chung, and Alberto CRUZ. "Learning and Teaching Experiences of Sport Education." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151771.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This paper aims to report a collaborative study project between a teacher training institute and two secondary schools in Hong Kong. It involves the initiation of an innovative curriculum model titled “sport education”. The study attached to the practice-referenced and interpretive research perspective with interviewing and video-taping of lessons as tools for data collection. It inquires how 2 experienced PE teachers and 12 secondary 4 students with “high-”, “average-” and “low-level” sports skill proficiency articulated their teaching and learning experiences with sport education. The findings revealed that both teachers accepted sport education for providing positive learning experiences for promoting students' generic skills and all round development. Students' active learning, motivation, self initiation, creativity and team cohesiveness were also enhanced. Most students satisfied with experiences of taking roles, performing duties, affiliating with teams, collaborating with others and accomplishing tasks. However, both teachers experienced difficulties of increase in workload. 3 students encountered unpleasant experiences of injury, unfair judgment of the referees and completing assignment after school illustrating their differences in expectation on physical education. Recommendations are made for overcoming these difficulties. The findings of this study provide qualitative insights on how sport education can better be implemented to enhance students' learning in physical education. 本文旨在報告一所師資培訓學院與兩所香港中學的一項協作研究計劃,該計劃涉及推展名為「競技運動教育」創新課程模式的研究。研究以實踐為本及詮釋理念為依據和利用訪談及課堂錄影為資料搜集工具,探討了2位資深體育教師和12位運動技能水平被介定為「高」、「中」及「低」學生對競技運動教育的教與學經歷。研究結果顯示2位體育教師接納此課程模式並提供學生正面的學習經驗,促進他/她們的共通能力和全人發展。此模式也能培養學生的主動學習、應激、自我驅動、創意和團隊內聚力。大部份學生對參與承擔角式、執行職責、加入團隊、與人合作和完成被指派工作等學習經歷也是正面的。但是,兩位老師均 經歷工作量增加的困難,其中3位同學也遇上不愉快的經驗如受傷、不公平的裁判判決和完成家課等。研究結果對推展競技運動教育以促進學生學習作出建議及質性啓示。
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刘国福. "论中国归侨侨眷权益保护法的合适性和应对策略." 华人研究国际学报 02, no. 01 (June 2010): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793724810000064.

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随着中国的社会和经济发展,归侨侨眷群体的特殊性越来越不明显,公民权益保障方面的法律越来越健全。1990年《归侨侨眷权益保护法》(2000年修正)及其《实施办法》的法律基础当中,“海外关系、做出重大贡献、弱势、履行更多义务”等条件已经越来越不稳定,其基本原则 — “一视同仁、不得歧视、根据特点、适当照顾”的生存环境和实施效果遇到了重大挑战。民族国家理论、国际侨民权益保护的实践、权利理论均对现行归侨侨眷权益保护法的合理性提出了严峻的挑战。归侨侨眷权益保护法面临着涅槃或衰落的抉择,实现涅槃的可能选择是:吸收先进的侨务研究和权益保护研究的成果,突出一视同仁、不得歧视,强调平等对待,逐步淡化乃至适时取消根据特点、适当照顾,转向促进融合,增加一般性法律中关于归侨侨眷的内容,以及制定《归侨侨眷融合促进法》取代现行的《归侨侨眷权益保护法》等。
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EDGINTON, Christopher R., Winnie Wing Sze WONG, Ming Kai CHIN, Gary Chi Ching CHOW, and Mei Sin TANG. "Camp AdventureTM Youth Services in Hong Kong: Toward an Integrated Model of Leisure, Health, Physical Activity, Sport and Generic Skills in Education." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.131832.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The Camp Adventure™ Youth Services program is a national award-winning model which provides a full range of innovative and dynamic age-appropriate leisure activities. The purpose of this study is to examine basic understanding of how Camp Adventure™ Youth Services uses an integrative cultural model joining leisure, health, physical activities, sport and generic skills in education. This study focuses specifically on applying these areas in Hong Kong primary school settings. A total of 112 Chinese children aged 8-12 year-old from Baptist (Sha Tin Wai) Lui Ming Choi Primary School in Hong Kong, who completed the four and half days residential camp program, served as subjects for this study. The evaluation survey given to the participants used a Likert-type-5-points scale ranging from 1 (strong disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The participants were asked their opinions on the linkage of a number of generic skills with various camp activities; as well as their understanding of the culture of the United States of America following their participation in the program. The generic skills domain mean score (±SD) and the mean (±SD) for the understanding of the culture of United States of America were 4.14 ±0.60 and 4.14 ± 0.80, respectively. Participants tend to agree that they improve their generic skills and have a better understanding of the culture of the United States of America after participating the program. Participants were also asked in an open question format to identify the variables in the various learning areas that participants perceived as the most important. Variable responses are categorized into four groups: 1) sports (e.g. America football, baseball), 2) physical activity (e.g. games), 3) English Language learning, and 4) generic skills (e.g. time management, collaboration skill, creativity, self management, and independence). Physical activity was the most cited learning areas among the four categories. The implications for Camp Adventure™ Youth Services and Baptist (Sha Tin Wai) Lui Ming Choi Primary School in the Hong Kong Education Reform and an integrated model of leisure, health, physical activity, sport and generic skills in education are then discussed. Camp Adventure™ 青年服務是一個榮獲美國國家優異模型獎的計劃,它是一個創新,富有活力而且適合各年齡組別的休閒活動。本文的目的是闡釋Camp Adventure™ 青年服務計劃如何透過綜合文化模式把休閒運動與健康、體育活動、競技運動及基本共通能力融入到教育之中,並針對以上幾點在香港小學校本設計中的實踐情況進行了研究。112位(年齡:8—12歲)來自香港浸信會沙田圍呂明才小學,完成了為期四日半宿營的香港學生參與了問卷調查,問卷採用5分制的李克特式量表由1(極度不同意)至5(為極度同意)作為評分標準。問卷問及參與者對營中不同活動與共通能力之間關係的意見,以及對美國文化的認識。調查結果顯示,共通能力改善情況的平均值(±SD)及了解美國文化的平均數(±SD)分別被評為4.14 ± 0.60及4.14 ± 0.80。參加者普遍認為本次宿營帶給他們多方面的學習效能,可歸納為四大類:(1)競技運動(例:美式足球,棒球),(2)體育活動(例:遊戲),(3)英語學習,及(4)共通能力(例:時間管理、合作技巧、自我管理能力及獨立能力)。由此可見,通過本次活動提高了他們的共通能力及對美國文化的認識,其中體育活動被認為是四個項目中學習效能最高的一類。本文綜合Camp Adventure™ 青年服務計劃和香港浸信會沙田圍呂明才小學的合作結果,作者就此次活動對香港教育改革的影響,以及如何將休閒運動與健康、體育活動、競技運動和基本共通能力融入到教育之中進行了分析和探討,並提出了一些可行的建議,以供香港教育工作者參考。
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MAK, David, and Kit Wan Judy NG IP. "Intrinsic Motivation of University Students in Participating in Physical Fitness Training Programs." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.51226.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to examine the intrinsic motivation of University students in pursuing physical fitness training programs. 224 university undergraduate students (81 males and 143 females) who participated voluntarily in fitness training courses were included in this study. Participants were asked to complete a 7-item questionnaire to find out their intrinsic motivation of participating in the fitness training programs. Ratings of the questionnaire range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The motivation factors were ranked according to their mean scores. It was found that "to keep fit and strong" was top of the list, followed by "to improve health" and "to improve outlook". The implications of the rank order were discussed in the paper. Factor analysis of the motivation factors showed that there were two sub-factor components: physical factor and social factor. The reliability coefficients of the factors were 0.58 and 0.83 respectively. One way ANOVA results showed that significant difference was only found between genders in relation to the social factor. Social factor was seen to be a more important motivating factor in female participants of physical fitness training programs.本文旨在研究大學生參加健身訓練課程的內發動機。共有二百二十四名大學本科生自願參加這個研究,他們在參加課程後填寫一份有七條題目的問卷。問卷答案幅度由一(強烈反對)至五(強烈贊成)。動機因素方面以平均值去排列等級。結果顯示"保持身體強健"居於首位,跟著的是"改善健康"和"改善外表"。文中亦提及排列等級結果的含意。因子分析結果指出問卷內容有兩個次組合:"體質"和"社交"。它們的信度係數分別是0.58和0.83。單向方差分析法表示"性別"和"社交"有顯著差異。"社交"被認為是女性參加健身訓練課程的一個重要內發動機。
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Zhang, Yanyin. "从“知其然” 到“知其所以然”." Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 52, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.52.1.04zha.

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摘要 当今众多语言教学法的主要目标是对学习者的语言能力培训。因此,衡量教学的成功与否大都通过语言技能来体现,尤其是语言交流能力。这一趋势不但反映在课堂教学上,而且也反映在语言教学研究、教师培训、教程和教材上。 Kinoshita & Zhang 于 2014 年提出重新审视高等教育中语言教学的目的。她们认为,高等教育中的语言课应被视为一种“人文教育” (liberal arts education) ,目的是智能开发和超语言的知识传授。也就是说,高等教育中的语言课的重点之一应该是提高学习者的普遍认知水平,培养其思辨能力,使其对目的语国家和当今世界不但“知其然”、而且“知其所以然”。 本文将从人文教育这一视角来审视一个将“培训”和“教育”齐头并进的教学实践和体验,重点探讨人文教育在中高级汉语课中的体现,包括课程理念及一系列旨在使学习者深层次、多方面、零距离地探讨和思考今日中国的课堂活动,培养其全面、均衡的思辨能力,从而促使其对目的语国家(中国)的了解不但“知其然”, 而且“知其所以然”。
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Long, Robert. "Delving into Dysfluency: Identifying the Most Problematic Issues of Japanese Learners." Language Teacher 41, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt41.3-3.

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This paper addressed two questions, namely: which six dysfluency variables were the most problematic for Japanese EFL learners, and whether dysfluency changed with increases in Speaking Rate A (Wendel, 1997)? To gather data for the initial question, five categories were formed with varying speaking rates. Data were collected from 55 transcripts from gendered and same-sex discussions that took place in 2016, and form the Japanese University Student Corpus (JUSC). Results showed that the six most problematic kinds of dysfluency included mean length runs (MLRs), number of words, total syllables, cross-talk pausing, amount and percentage of silence, and speaking rates A and B. As for the second research question, data showed significant differences in cross-talk pausing (which doubled), mispronounced words, repetition, and meaningless syllables. Fluency did improve with regard to MLRs. This indicates that while some aspects of fluency do improve with speaking rate, various other aspects of dysfluency also increase. As the most serious issue of dysfluency is that of poor production (number of words), more effort should be focused on getting students to talk longer and with more syntactic complexity. 本論では、日本人のEFL(外国語としての英語)学習者にとって、非流暢性のどの6つの変数が最も問題となるのか、また発声速度Aが上がると非流暢性がどう変化するのかを調査した(Wendel, 1997)。第1の調査質問に関するデータ収集のため、発声速度に応じて5つのカテゴリーを形成した。データは、日本人大学生のコーパス(JUSC)に基づき、2016年に行われた男女の議論を書き起こした55の原稿から集められた。調査結果によると、最も問題のあった非流暢性は、発話の平均的長さ(MLR)、語数、総音節、会話の一時停止、沈黙の量/割合、そして発声速度A/Bであった。第2 の調査質問で有意差を認めたのは、会話の一時停止(倍増)、言い間違い、繰り返し、無意味な音節、であった。MLRについては流暢さが増した。これは流暢さのいくつかの側面が発声速度と共に改善する一方で、非流暢性のいくつかの側面も同様に増加することを示している。非流暢性の最も深刻な問題は語数が不足していることであるから、学生がもっと構文的に複雑な長めの会話をするよう焦点を当てるべきである。
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程, 靖然. "中印纺织品产业内贸易变动趋势分析." 商业创新期刊 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/jbi.26636204.2021.04.21.

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自唐朝以来,中国和印度频繁地进行贸易往来,丝绸之路成为了两国之间贸易往来的重要渠道。与此同时,两个国家的消费者也有更多的需求偏好相似,对于产业内贸易的发展有着积极的促进作用。两个国家在纺织品行业中都迎来了朝气蓬勃的发展时期,其产业内贸易的发展也十分迅速,不断拉动两国经济贸易水平的持续上升。1995年中印双边贸易额为11.63亿美元,在二十年后的2014年突破700亿美元,到2019年已达到913.6亿美元,同比增长1.6%。通过这些数据可以发现,中印之间的贸易额对比其他发达国家还相差甚远,但两国目前的经济贸易正进行飞速的发展。中国和印度在世界中都是人口大国,市场份额较为庞大,随着近几年两国不断进行政治往来,其经济交往也不断加强,产业内贸易的发展也得以持续推动,且对双边贸易起一定的积极作用。本文基于对中印纺织品产业内贸易G-L指数变动以及影响两国纺织品的各类因素进行分析,深入探究中印纺织品产业内贸易的发展趋势,发现其主要的影响因素分别为中印两国的人均GDP差值、两国间净出口贸易差额、生产规模、外商直接投资以及两国的开放程度。通过研究结果可以更好地改善两国之间的贸易环境,进一步调整产业结构,以及推动两国经济实现贸易自由化。
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Ockert, David. "Japanese JHS students’ Ideal L2 Selves: Confidence, anxiety, and willingness to communicate." Language Teacher 38, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/38.6-2.

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This paper reports the results from an exploratory study which tested for Japanese junior high school student self-determination theory-based (SDT) motives toward EFL learning (N = 140), plus confidence, anxiety, and willingness to communicate in EFL (EFL WTC; N = 120). The purpose of this paper is to show the influence of the Ideal L2 Self items on anxiety, confidence, the SDT intrinsic motives for knowledge (IM Knowledge), and EFL WTC. Two survey instruments were used in the study. The SDT instrument results indicate the students are eager to become proficient in EFL. This is based on the high mean score for the three identified regulation items, which refer to motives to learn English for future goals (i.e., an Ideal L2 Self). The WTC instrument results indicated a low level of confidence and willingness to speak English, and much anxiety toward using English. To test the influence of the Ideal L2 Self items on WTC, a regression analysis of the SDT and WTC sub-scales was conducted (dependent variable: WTC). Accordingly, a structural equation model (SEM) of the Ideal L2 Self items, IM Knowledge, anxiety, confidence, and FL WTC was created. The SEM results indicate the Ideal L2 Self has a strong, statistically significant (P = < .01) negative influence on anxiety and a stronger positive, statistically significant (P = < .01) influence on IM Knowledge and between confidence and WTC; no path was found between IM Knowledge and WTC. The findings are discussed in relation to Dörnyei’s (2005) Ideal L2 Self theory. 本論は、日本の中学生140人を対象に、自己決定理論(SDT)に基づくEFL学習への動機と、外国語としての英語(EFL)でのコミュニケーションへの自信、不安、意欲(WTC)を分析した予備的研究報告である。本論の目的は、不安や自信への「目的言語を駆使する理想的な自分像(Ideal L2 Self)」と、英語の知識獲得への内発的動機(IM知識)の影響を検証することである。SDTとWTC(従属変数)の回帰分析を行った結果、SDTの調査では、学習者は英語が堪能になることに意欲を示した。これは将来の目標への動機づけ(すなわち理想の英語学習の自己)に関連する3つの項目の平均値の高さからわかる。WTCの調査では、英語を話すことへの自信と意欲が低く、英語使用への不安を示した。コミュニケーションへの意欲(WTC)における理想学習者像の影響を調査するために、SDTとWTC下位尺度の回帰分析を行った(従属変数-WTC)。よって、理想学習者像項目、IM知識、不安、自信、およびFL WTCの構造方程式モデル(SEM)を作成した。SEMの調査の結果では、理想自己は、不安に対しては統計的に強い負の有意性(P = < .01)、またIM知識と信頼内とWTCには統計的により強い正の優位性(P = < .01)を示した。IM知識とWTC間の相関関係はなかった。本論では調査結果をDörnyei (2005)の「理想的な学習者像」理論との関連において論じる。
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SATO, Kaoru, Kentaro MANABE, and Akira ENDO. "Application of Average Adult Japanese Voxel Phantoms to Evaluation of Photon Specific Absorbed Fractions." RADIOISOTOPES 61, no. 6 (2012): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.61.315.

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YANG, Tianming. "簡析老子的生命倫理觀及其現代意蘊." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.51448.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.從現代生命倫理觀研究的現實出發,解析老子關於生命倫理觀的思想精髓及其現代意蘊,對於理解與認識現今社會發展中人與自然、人與社會和人與人之間關係所存在的問題,對於促進社會中人自由而全面的發展,都具有重要的價值和意義。從中國傳統思想文化出發,依託社會發展的現實,從倫理學角度對生命的解讀就不能僅僅局限於醫學領域,而應該是在社會這一更為寬泛的領域中進行研究。老子的思想深刻地揭示了自然、人以及社會存在和發展的內在規律,他的思想閃耀著獨特的人性的、智慧的光芒。在其博大深遠的思想之中顯現若現代意義的關於生命倫理觀的意蘊,其基本思想是:人的存在和發展必須是基於對自然和社會發展本質規律(“道”)的深入認識以及積極能動地尊重和適應﹔人的生命價值的實現和生命尊嚴的獲得必須是基於人與自然和社會良好的互動關係中得以實現的。人與外在因素互動過程中, 基本上形成了人與自然、人與社會和人與人之間三個層次的關係。在人與自然的關係中, 老子認為天之道也即是人之法,自然法則也應是人的行為規範, 應把對自然法則的認識上升到人類行為價值的高度。人對自我生命的愛護、尊重與保全,是以尊重與遵循自然之道為前提的,人的生命的存在與發展必須與自然保持和諧統一。在人與人的關係中, 老子首先認為在對待他人的利益方面,應該做到以寬厚仁慈的心態待人接物,成人之美,與人為善。其次,老子強調的是個體對自我心態和行為的約束。再者,在對待與他人的矛盾方面,老子認為“夫唯不爭,故天下莫能與之爭”。在分析社會與人的關係中,老子首先認為國家政策的實施,應該是循序漸進的,必須考慮到普通人的承受能力。其次老子認為社會和政府必須協調、平衡人與人之間的各種差距,政策的制定與實施應盡可能關照到最大多數人的利益。再者老子認為社會中人與人利益的不均衡,必將致使社會存在風險。老子的思想對於我們今天從倫理的角度認識人生命的尊嚴、權利與價值,對於理解人以及社會的和諧發展都具有重要的現實意義和價值。第一、隨著經濟的快速發展,人類對自然環境的破壞也日漸加劇。人類存在和發展的權利與自然是平等的,不能以犧牲生態環境、犧牲人生命存在和發展的價值去發展經濟,因為社會的可持續發展依存於人類與自然的和諧統一。第二、目前社會發展存在諸多方面的不均衡狀態。政府有責任縮小包括經濟、醫療和教育等方面的差距,使得公眾在各種資源的佔有上盡可能地趨向均衡狀態,使公眾擁有相對平等的生存權、發展權、生命健康權和接受教育的權利等,以維護其生命的尊嚴和促進其生命價值的實現。第三、在醫學活動中,其正實踐“預防為主”的方針,有效控制和消除引發疾病的各種自然和社會的因素,激發人自身的潛能,順應生命存在與發展的自然和社會的內在規律,引導公眾崇尚並踐行健康、文明、科學的生活方式,在“預防為主”科學理念的引領下積極維護人的生命健康權。第四、個體人文素質的提高是社會文明發展的重要標誌,它能夠促進人與人之間關係的協調,能夠喚醒和增強個體關注與維護他人生命的尊嚴、權利、價值。重視優良傳統道德文化在社會中的作用與價值,以制度化的方式加強優秀傳統道德文化的教育和實踐,培養公眾的人文主義精神。以社會現實為基礎,從生命倫理觀的角度出發對老子思想的研究,必然能夠加深對人以及生命的尊嚴、權利、價值的維護與實現的理解,促進人與自然、社會的和諧發展,促進人自由而全面的發展。This paper attempts to show that Laozi's thought covers a sense of bioethics and carries profound moral implications for contemporary society. His basic thought includes: Human existence and development must be based on the essential rule of nature (dao); a thorough understanding of dao can improve human adaptation; and human value and dignity must be realized based on natural and good social relations and interactions.In natural relations, Laozi thought that the dao of nature is also the rule of person; that is, natural rule should also be a person's behavior standards. Human existence and development must maintain a harmonious unification with nature. In personal relations, Laozi thought that one should treat other people generously and beneficially, helping others do well. At the same time, Laozi emphasized that one must control and restrict one's desires and passions. As he put it, "if you do not compete with anyone else, nobody will defeat you."Laozi’s thought has good ethical implications for today. First, along with fast economical development, humans should pay attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Society’s sustainable development depends on a harmonious human unification with nature. Second, government should have a responsibility to maintain harmonious relations among different classes and areas of human persons. Third, in medical activity, preventive medicine, rather than aggressive procedures, should be taken as the main medicine. Finally, seriously research into Laozi’s thought for the sake of bioethical studies can significantly deepen our understanding of humans, nature and development. DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 73 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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ENGELHARDT, H. Tristram. "The Family: Crucial to and Divisive in Bioethics." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.111546.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.家庭是社會-生物學的實在,有關如何適當地表述這種實在的爭論劇烈,處於文化戰爭之中心。本體-形上家庭觀認為,家庭是有規範性的社會實在,父母子女具有給定的身份角色,應當尊敬祖先,支持後代。這種家庭觀受傳統宗教(如基督教和儒教)所推崇。自由主義家庭觀則認為,家庭不過是其成員的創造,應以平等自由的觀念為主導,因而各種類型的家庭均無不可。這兩種不同的家庭觀對於生命倫理的重大問題,及其相關公共政策蘊涵不同的處理方式,關涉人類生活的未來。The family is a socio-biological reality. Humans form socio-sexual pairs, which are often also reproductive units. How to characterize these social entities is a matter of considerable dispute, placing the family at the heart of cultural, social, and political disputes regarding the nature of appropriate law and public policy. Competing views of the family have important implications for healthcare policy and bioethics. On the one hand, there is an ontological-metaphysical account of the family, which appreciates the family as a ormative social reality that, as far as possible, should be realized by particular families. This account brings with it pre-existing roles for husbands and wives, fathers, mothers, and children. This view of the family tends to be multi-generational, looking back with respect and support to previous generations, while looking forward with love and concern to succeeding generations. This metaphysical-ontological view of the family is traditionally endorsed by Confucians and Christians. Because it regards the family as a normative socio-biological unit, it supports the autonomy and integrity of the family, treating members of the family somewhat as a state treats its citizens. This view of the family endorses family-based consent and policies of confidentiality in preference toindividually oriented ones. It also favors forms of healthcare financing, such as family-oriented health savings accounts, that increase both the financial and the social capital of the family. This approach to the family, which is inclined toward authoritarian and authoritative parenting, tends to produce children who are better able to shoulder their future roles as adults. Finally, this view of the family favors the begetting of children. The traditional view of the family is currently under critical pressure from libertarian/liberal construals of the family, which regard the family as the creation of its members and/or as guided by overriding concerns for individual liberty and equality. This view is at peace with reproduction outside of wedlock, with limited family responsibility and autonomy that undermines status obligations to past generations, and to the production and nurturing of future generations. Non-traditional forms of family, including homosexual families, are accepted, if not affirmed. The libertarian/liberal construal of the family endorses individual, not family consent, for medical treatment. It also favors individually directed policies regarding confidentiality, and forms of financing that support the interests of individuals over those of families. Because of the account’s endorsement of individual freedom and/or individual liberty, it requires that adolescents in many if not most circumstances should be allowed to make their own healthcare decisions, even in the face of mounting evidence that adolescents do not usually have the capacity of decision-makers who have come of age. The libertarian/liberal account of the family is at best neutral to the begetting of children. The differences between these two approaches to the family bear not only on healthcare policy and bioethics, but also on the long-term financial and social stability of society. Quite different futures are at stake.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 62 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Nishioka, Hirataka, and Toshiaki Kakitani. "3P-264 Average electron tunneling route of the electron transfer in protein media(The 46th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)." Seibutsu Butsuri 48, supplement (2008): S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.48.s168_3.

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Kawata, Masaaki, and Chikara Sato. "1P053 New robust method to create finer two-dimensional average images in single particle analysis(Proteins-methodology,Poster Presentations)." Seibutsu Butsuri 47, supplement (2007): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.47.s36_4.

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Suda, Hitoshi, Tetsuji Shoyama, and Yuka Shimizu. "2TP3-03 Biophysical approach on heterogeneity revealed in an isogenic C. elegans cohort(The 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)." Seibutsu Butsuri 49, supplement (2009): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.49.s49_2.

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Kusunoki, Masami. "3D1010 X-ray dose dependence of time-averaged XRD structure of multi-photoreduced Mn_4CaO_5H_x clusters in photosystem II at low temperature(Photobiology:Photosynthesis,Oral Presentation,The 50th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)." Seibutsu Butsuri 52, supplement (2012): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.52.s62_5.

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李, 强. "2000年以来山西省行政成本影响因素的初步估算." 经济管理研究 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.36012/emr.v1i1.140.

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