Academic literature on the topic '成本因素'

提要在来华学习汉语的过程中，留学生汉语学习动机会产生或增强或消减的变化。造成动机变化的成因非常复杂。本文在对181篇留学生作文进行文本分析的基础上，将其汉语学习动机变化成因归纳为9类：教师因素、教材因素、同学因素、自信心、社会文化认同、汉语学习态度、汉语语言因素、课堂教学因素以及应对困难的措施等。这些因素既能引起动机的增强，也能引起动机的消减，但他们对动机增强与消减所起的作用并不完全相同，其中社会文化认同因素在动机增强与消减中都是最重要的因素。

对电力工程项目施工建设的成本进行高水平的、科学合理的分析和细致深入的管理，是电力工程项目施工管理的重要内容。通过大量的电力工程项目施工管理的实践，我们可以发现，工程项目的成本管理涉及的情况和要素十分的复杂。因此成本管理必须全面的贯穿于工程项目施工建设的全过程，在工程项目施工建设的各个阶段，各种突发情况都会直接影响到工程项目施工建设的成本。尤其是因工程项目施工纠纷而引起的索赔事件，对工程项目的成本造价的影响更大。所以电力工程项目施工建设的成本管理人员要全面的提升和加强管理水平，把成本理论与工程项目建设的管理实践深刻的结合起来，充分考虑各种影响成本的因素，合理高效的配置项目的人力、物力、财力等等各类要素资源。

对于一个城市的建设来讲，市政工程项目属于城市基础建设工程，相较于一般的工程建设项目来讲，市政工程项目除了具有一般工程建设项目的特点之外，还拥有特殊项目，其本身的复杂程度不仅高，而且建设目标要求也更高。因此，在施工过程中存在的影响因素也就更多。基于多种影响因素的存在，市政施工企业在工程建设过程中，项目成本管理工作难度也大大增加，所以在论文当中针对市政工程项目建设影响因素进行分析，对市政工程项目施工成本控制工作进行研究。

论文针对如今较为严重的雾霾问题进行了研究。以中国北京市为例，选取了交通因素、气候因素、能源消耗和废气排放四个一级指标和九个二级指标因素，并收集了每种因素与中国北京市空气质量指数的历史数据。由于指标数较多且缺少足够样本，灰度较大，无法满足传统回归模型对样本数的要求，难以进行回归分析。论文采用对数据量要求较小的熵权灰色关联分析对各个因素计算关联度，然后根据计算得到的灰色关联度大小对所有因素进行排序。分析结果表明，造成中国北京市雾霾形成的因素主要有二氧化硫排放量、烟粉尘排放量和煤炭消费量等。最后根据分析结果，为雾霾治理提出合理建议。

提要本文通过对印尼八华学校477名初中生的问卷调查和访谈，在因子分析基础上利用结构方程模型 (EQS) 软件建构印尼初中生的汉语学习动机模型，探究非目标语环境下汉语学习动机的结构。模型显示，汉语二语学习动机同时受到学习者的内在因素和外在因素的影响，尽管两者高度相关，但是内在因素是影响动机行为的关键。本文在分析影响动机生成的内外在因素的主要构成因子的基础上试图揭示各动机变量对汉语二语学习动机影响的权重及其各因子之间的内在联系和相互关系，以期给予CFL教师对非目标语环境下激发和提高学习者汉语学习动机以一定的启示，最大限度地发挥动机在汉语二语学习中的功能。

随着我国经济的不断发展,我国城市化的水平和发展速率越来越高,这促进了我国城市的建设。而城市的发展不可缺少的是对公路等交通线路的完善和建设。在进行公路设计中会涉及到很多的因素,这些因素在设计的过程中很可能会影响到整个交通的安全和正常运行。做好合理的公路设计,并重视在公路设计中一些因素影响后果,避免由于公路设计中的一些个别因素对公路设计后,公路运行造成不可避免的公路交通安全问题,从而导致我国的交通线路建设成本的提高,以及我国在处理交通安全事故上的经济损失。基于此,本文将对于在公路设计中涉及的因素会对交通安全产生的影响进行分析,以此供各界相关人士进行交流参考。

本文运用灰色预测模型（Grey Forecast Model）及 GM 预测软件对某公司 2020 年净利润进行预测、精度检验、预测函数与实际值对比；再选取在公司运营过程中影响利润收益的因素：宣传、人力、产品成本，运用灰色关联度分析法（Grey Relational Analysis）对净利润及三项影响因素进行关联度分析，先对三项关联系数进行比较，再做出各因素发展态势图进行验证，通过“数形结合”的手法，得出在未来公司运营中对宣传因素进行调整从而加大盈利的结论，进而在一定程度上解决了公司运营过程灰度大、决策难的问题。

碩士
高苑科技大學
經營管理研究所
99
In the tradidtion of the industry of Fasteners, it's generally operating in two patterns of the enterprise, the first one is the traditional factory of the Screw nuts, and the other is transformed into the automatic factory. During the recession, when there is only a percentage of profits, in this situation, how can an enterprise increase it's resources and the worthiness in the traditional environment. Therefore, this research first investiguating the theory of human resources, and gather into four aspects, thereafter research the adequacy of every aspects of total twenty index of Delphi method, and eventually calculate the weight of twenty index of four aspects according to AHP, and calculate each relative weight of index with twenty weight of index. This research investigates the major factors of operating effects of Fastener industry based on the measure of point of view of human resources, the following order is according to Proportion- expertise of employees/ Centripetal force of the employees/ working experience of the employees/ organizational fitness/; and the top six major index of the order of relative weight under indexes are- relative skills of the employees/ employees share expertise with one another/ attendance percentage of employees/ working attitude of employees/ experience of employees/ education level of the employees.

碩士
國立政治大學
會計學系
90
Abstract After Taiwan enters WTO, the enterprises in Taiwan will face a rapid change of the domestic and international business management environment. In this revolutionary transformation, how can those enterprises survive and build up their core competency? Target Costing is a good tool for business to raise their competency in the midst of competition. While Target Costing has been used widely in many other countries, the enterprises in our country are still hesitating and are making no move toward this system. After we investigated the situation, we found that Taiwan''s researching institutions have not carried out much research of Target Costing, and also that there is no way for people to find out what is practiced by Taiwan’s industry. The purpose of the study is to explore the key success factors with the implementation of Target Costing. We hope our research will be helpful to the enterprises in Taiwan. This study is done with the exploratory method. First, by researching the related literatures, we have done the initial organization of the variables of the key success factors of Target Costing. Second, we had several interviews with those managers who make this regime in practice, and then we modified the variables mentioned above. Finally, according to our work in stage one and two, we designed and collected our questionnaires, and then used multivariate analysis to analyze the cases and draw our conclusions. The conclusions of this study are: 1. As a whole, the top ten key success factors are “the company’s strategy goal is consist and clear”, “target set is reasonable and clear”, “commitment and support from top management”, “design quality management”, “the regime can combine with company’s product and marketing strategy”, “negotiating and integrating capability of product development managers”, “collecting the information of customer and market”, “ capability of replying to competitor’s strategy”, “capability of VE and VA” and “capability of replying to the change of industry environment”. 2. Because every industry faces a different business environment, the key factors that they should focus on are different. In automobile industry “the capability of product development manager in catching customer demand”, “supply quality management”, “cost consensus improvement of supplier” and “the capability of management in understanding and analyzing the cost structure” are the most important; in precision machinery business, “the capability of product development manager in catching customer demand” has the priority and in consumer electronic industry, “communicate with staffs” and “the capability of product development manager in catching customer demand” are the most important factors. 3. Because different enterprises have different strategies, products, cultures and issues, they must consider their own situation when they make this regime into practice. 4. The result of factor analysis is divided into 11 aspects. They are “distribution and accomplish of target”, “supplier”, “plan and review”, “catching and using the information of customer”, “capability to response the outside change”, “strategy management and concurrent engineering”, “ establishment of heavy-weighted product management”, “material flow, information flow and communication between departments”, “motivating employees and giving them definite target”, “negotiating and integrating capability of product managers” and “technical capability of product management”.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
89
Microtunneling is now commonly used in constructing the sewerage collection system. Due to the lack of experience in the early stage, construction budgets of microtunneling is formulated according only a handful of cost factors. This sometimes resulted in great cost variance during the construction stage, preceded by time-consuming changes or even disputes. The purpose of this work is to summarize the practical experience of using the microtunneling technology for the past two decades and to devise a wide set of cost factor on which a more accurate construction budget can be based. Five aspects of external influence factors are examined, including existing underground utility lines, ground conditions, site locality, project administration and work requirements. The work breakdown structure of microtunneling is comprised of three branches, including those of the entrance work pit, horizontal advancing sections and arrival work pit. Practical experience is obtained by a questionnaire survey, in which 32 experts are surveyed with 20 of them considered complete and valid. The result shows that the key cost factors mostly relate to underground utility lines. In contrast, factors related to ground classification, site locality and client requirements can be omitted. The proposed cost adjustment model is practically useful. With the test case adopted in the study, the budgeted cost can better represented the actual cost incurred in the construction stage.

随着社会的不断发展，生态水利工程成为满足人们生产生活需要的新型水利工程。影响生态水利工程建设的主要因素是规划与设计，然而，目前生态水利工程规划设计中还存在一些问题。鉴于此，本书从生态水利工程及生态水系规划、水利工程与生态环境系统的相互作用、现代水利工程治理、水资源利用与管理、生态水利建设规划、现代水利工程治理的实践探索几个部分对生态水利的规划设计与实践进行了详细的分析与探讨，以期可以为生态水利工程建设提供一些研究。

我国总体的水资源特点是：总量多人均少,并且水资源时空分布不均。据统计,全球的总储水量约为13.86亿每立方千米,其中陆地水量约为0.48亿每立方千米,淡水量为0.35亿每立方千米,而这些水中,能被人类利用的水量仅为0.1065亿每立方千米。由此可见,不仅是我国,在全球范围内,水资源也并不丰富,因此在此提出水资源的综合利用和规划管理是十分必要的,也能够帮助我们通过合理的利用水资源,尽量做到节能减配,为国家的可持续发展做出贡献。目前我国主要存在水资源的问题,主要原因有自然因素和人为因素造成的,其中人为因素主要表现在以下几个方面：流域缺乏统一管理、地下水开采过度、水资源浪费且污染严重、植被破坏、水土流失严重。这些问题长时间得不到好的措施和办法去解决,不仅会导致生态环境的恶化,还会给国民经济带来重大损失,从而引发社会的安全和稳定。水是人类发展的起源,没有水就不会有生命,而我国又是一个水资源相对匮乏的国家,水资源的分布不均,矛盾突出,因此我们要大力支持国家政策,建立起节水型的社会和国家,做好可持续发展,大力治理水污染,建立相关水资源管理办法的条例和法律法规,适当增加一些地区的水费,起到节约用水的作用。水资源的综合利用要做到时刻与国家经济的可持续发展相呼应,逐步提升水资源综合管理的水平,解决我国目前在水资源上面遇到的问题,达到水资源管理的目标。在不断实行水资源管理的过程中,帮助政府实现水资源的优化配置,在建立节能环保型社会的基础上,发展和实现国家环境和经济的双重可持续性发展。基于上述情况,本书分别从水资源概述、水资源规划、水资源评价、水资源综合利用、水资源可持续利用、水文水资源管理、水环境保护对水资源规划、管理与利用进行了详细的分析。

水资源是基础性自然资源、战略性经济资源，是生态与环境的重要控制性要素，是经济社会发展的重要支撑。随着加快水利改革发展、保障国家用水安全、建设资源节约型环境友好型社会、推进水生态文明建设、河长制、实施水污染防治行动计划等一系列战略部署的提出，新时期的水利工作明确了“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”的总体方针，同时开展了落实最严格水资源管理制度、实施水资源消耗总量和强度双控行动、建立用水权分配制度和资源环境承载能力监测预警机制、科学维持和保障生态需水等一系列管控任务。水文是为防汛抗旱、水利工程建设、水资源管理、水资源开发、利用、配置、节约、保护以及生态文明建设等提供服务的基础事业。因此，同时也对水文事业的发展提出了更高的要求。 水文是水利的尖兵，是防汛抗旱的耳目，也是经济社会发展的重要公益性基础事业。水文水资源监测站的基础资料管理是做好水文水资源管理的基础，是水文水资源监测站网规划建设的基础，是开展站网优化调整的基础，是更好的为社会提供全面服务的基础。为了实现新乡水文水资源监测站基本资料信息的规范化、科学化、系统化，作者通过多年来对雨量站、陆地水面蒸发站、气象站、水文监测站、地下水监测井、地表水水质监测断面和地下水水质监测井等基础资料进行了收集整理、特征值统计分析、站网分布图绘制等工作，并把相关内容汇总成表，把相关矢量图形成电子档案。本书对新乡水文水资源监测站的整体布局和站网的基础资料做了比较系统、翔实的阐述，内容丰富，依据力求准确，便于今后查阅并参考使用。