Academic literature on the topic '未婚女性'

This article explores the issue of geographic aggregation of older unmarried males and the reasons behind it, focusing on Chicheng county of northwestern Hebei, where the phenomenon is particularly noticeable. Based on an analysis of county-wide statistics, data on multiple villages generated by investigations and questionnaires, and interviews with villagers, this study shows that the aggregation of older unmarried males in this county emerged in the 1970s, developed in the 1980s, and became widespread in the 1990s. Factors leading to it are multiple: marriageable females increasingly prefer a marriage outside the area, which reduces the opportunity for local males to marry; harsh living conditions, regional poverty, and disadvantages in economic development work together to form an environment against marriage for local older males; the rising cost of marriage for males and the more selective criteria for females regarding the family background and personal qualifications of potential marriage partners further preclude local males from the marriage market. This issue deserves special attention, as the males born in the 1980s—when imbalance in the sex ratio became a nationwide problem for the first time—have gradually reached marriage age, resulting in a growing number of older unmarried males regardless of their personal preferences. 本文以目前男性大龄未婚问题比较突出的一个县份(冀西北赤城县)为考察对象，将县域总体数据、多村庄问卷调查数据、村民访谈信息结合起来，探讨该地农村男性大龄未婚的区域“积聚”问题及其形成原因。根据本项研究，赤城县男性大龄未婚的区域“积聚”现象20世纪70年代开始初步显现，80年代明显增多，90年代成为相对普遍的问题。其形成原因是：婚龄女性区域性外嫁增多，本地男性婚姻机会降低；生存条件恶劣、区域贫困和区位经济劣势是当地男性高比例大龄未婚形成的环境因素；区域贫困现实之下，当地男性结婚成本上升，女性择偶时对男性家庭条件和个人素质要求提高，被排挤出本地婚姻市场的男性增多。当前我国农村20世纪80年代性别比升高形势下所出生的男性逐渐进入婚龄，非意愿性大龄未婚群体将进一步扩大，这一问题值得关注。 (This article is in Chinese.)

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系
100
The purpose of this research is to investigate how never-married single women perceive well-being and what factors influence their perception of well-being. Fifteen never-married single women, aged from 35 to 50, participate in this research. The author analyzes the data by means of the method of Grounded Theory. The results indicate that there are nine core factors which bring the never-married single women well-being, namely, Job, Leisure, Social Relationship, Continuing Education, Intra-personal Relationship, Single State, Personal Achievement, Health State, and Financial Stability. Critical findings in detail are as follows: (1) Job: The research shows that never-married single women perceive well-being from good working environment, high degree of vocational congruence, positive job feedback, rewarding salary, self-fulfillment, self-efficacy, and personal growth. (2) Leisure: Never-married single women perceive positive emotion and express feelings through their interests and hobbies. They construct life meaning on these experiences they are involved and enjoy. Leisure time meets never-married single women’s needs for social interactions with friends and family. Also, leisure activities provide information and knowledge, develop life experiences, and obtain comfort and relaxation. (3) Social Relationship: Never-married single women acquire rapport and support from social relationship, which satisfies the social needs of belongingness and love. When never-married single women affiliate with others, they establish friendship and devote themselves to altruistic behavior in social relationship; furthermore, they regard the well-being of friends and family members as their own well-being. (4) Continuing Education: Never-married single women keep learning new skills and knowledge, and thus improve their vocational abilities. Never-married single women obtain psychological growth by continuing education life. Good learning atmosphere and environment reinforce never-married single women’s willingness to learn. Never-married single women continue learning based on their personal interests, they perceive well-being while learning. Continuing education is a process toward self-fulfillment for never-married single women. (5) Intra-personal Relationship: Never-married single women build up inner peace through aloneness and solitude, that is, never-married single women establish the relationship within themselves by self-reflection, self-acceptance, and self-care. (6) Single State: Never-married single women have a broader social support system. Being single brings less stress and burdens to them. (7) Personal Achievement: Never-married single women perceive well-being when they achieve their personal goals. (8) Health State: Never-married single women perceive well-being when their health states maintain at steady situations. (9) Financial Stability: Never-married single women perceive well-being when the need of financial stability is achieved. Besides the nine core factors mentioned above, this research also indicates that negative life events are related to affect the well-being never-married single women perceive. Certain factors that improve such situations are as follows: (1) Self-adjustment: Never-married single women are able to adjust their cognition to perceive positive emotions. (2) Social Support and Resources: Social support and resources aid never-married single women in solving problems and ease the stress they encounter. (3) Coping: Never-married single women develop coping behavior and strategies to manage negative life events. According to the results, suggestions and limitations for further applications are brought up in the end of this research.

碩士
臺北市立教育大學
心理與諮商學系碩士班
101
Abstract This research aims to investigate the process and illness experiences of getting the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus of unmarried females, and to understand what the impacts of the disease brings to their lives. This is a narrative research. The researcher adopts purposeful sampling to carry in-depth interviews with three participants. The life-stories of the three participants are analyzed in a “holistic-content” persective. In addition, the affections of the disease for the three participants are analyzed in a “categories-content” approach. After comparing the present finding with the previous literature, the conclusions of this research are made. The research has discovered that the process of getting the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus of unmarried female includes：“Uncertain-Stage”, “Disintegration-Stage”, “Seek treatment-Stage”, “Reconstruction of self-Stage”, and “Seek mitigation-Stage”. Furthermore, because of the symptoms and characteristics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, the process of the disease is not a straight line. The disease may be recurrent and the participants may return to the Disintegration-Stage again. The shocks triggered from the illness experience include：“Diet and Lifestyle adjustments”, “Challenge and Change of Careers”, “Interpersonal Relationship”, “Family interaction”, and “Intimate Relationship”. The experience of coexistence with the illness develops three parts. The first part is “Attitude of live”, which shows participants’ perseverance and positive attitude towards life's challenges and limitations. The participants try their best to maintain good condition. The second part is “Force of thankful life”. When the disease occurs, the participants change the difficulties into the recovery of the disease with a new point of view. The third part is “Living in the Moment”. This means participants have uncertain attitude towards the future but cherish every moment in life. The participants believe the best way for the future is looking good care of theirs live. In the end, based on the findings from this research, suggestions are provided for patients, family members of patients, practical works, and future research. Key words：Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Illness experience, Narrative research.

碩士
國立新竹教育大學
進修部輔導教學碩士班
92
The primary purpose for this research is to investigate the intimate relationship of unmarried female teachers in the elementary school, their attitude toward love, the perceptions and preference when making decisions. Also, this research is to investigate the connection between teachers’ professional images and their love choice. The research used the grounded theory to analyze the group focuse interviews with four female elementary teachers. The data is based on the stories of those four participants, and then analyzed in terms of their context as well as the reflections of the researcher. The major findings included that, the marriage status for those four participants are not self-imposed and temporary. The reasons for their single status are that they haven’t found their Mr. Right yet. Moreover, their social world are too narrow, they care about the fitness of the social economic level. The most advantage for staying single is free; either in time arrangement or economic expenses. However, loneliness, pressure from the families, and uncertain career decision-making, etc. is the limitations of being single. The love choice of their intimate relationship is influenced by their original family, personal perceptions of the marriage, the burden being a teacher; and the sex attitude. The implication and suggestions for future research are discussed.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
客家文化研究所
101
Worship Manners to Unmarried Passed Women in Liudui Hakka Region: A Case Study of Jiadong Abstract The worshipping to the unmarried dead females is always an evading topic in the Han Chinese society, but it is an irreparable wound to the parents. In a patriarchal society, according to the traditional cultural practices, a woman, marries her husband and starts to give birth to children and plays a good role in procreation and stays in her husband’s place permanently. Because a woman should have her permanent home, therefore the parents are reluctant to allow the dead unmarried daughter to have no final home and no descendants to worship her. It is also believed that “a dead without descendants” will bring the misfortune to the living people. Hence, even the unmarried daughter has already died, the parents will eventually adopt some different ways for her to have a forever destination such as through the ghost marriage to successfully transfer her from “unnatural” to “natural” status which makes the parents get relief from their responsibility and obligation. The research also found that the traditional concepts of “no woman memorial tablet is allowed to be placed next to those of ancestors” and “a woman owns no house in three generations.” are not really existed in the Hakka area, though they are existed in Fu-lo people’s settlements. Surprisingly, the memorial tablets of dead women were found next to the other ancestors’ tablets and sharing the worshipping and offering from the living descendants. Why the women memorial tablets were worshipping by the living in public in Hakka region? Was it just a regional special case, or, could it be a common phenomenon in all Hakka settlements? A futher research is needed in the future. Although this research focus mainly on Neipu and Jiadon Township in Pingtung County, it also covers the other Hakka settlements in western Taiwan such as Pingzhen Township in Taoyuan County, Hukou Township in Hsinchu County, and Touwu Township in Miaoli County. The main purpose of this study is to investigate if ancestor worship would be changed because of the spatial and temporal change, especially what attitudes Hakka people have toward their dead, unmarried women. Key words: ghost marriage, Hakka, aunt’s memorial tablet, niching, taboo