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Journal articles on the topic '法律制度'
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林, 伊婷. "浅谈中国司改后法官助理的职能定位和解决机制." 财经与管理 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/fm.v1i2.366.
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沈, 毅. "刑事诉讼中认罪认罚从宽制度改革研究." 财经与管理 1, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v1i4.489.
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石 贤 平, 李 康 根, and Yin, Wen-Xi. "韩国法律援助制度述评." Chinese Law Review 35, no. ll (August 2018): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2018.35..004.
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孙, 瑞. "国际水利水电项目环境与社会影响评价制度差异研究." 工程技术与管理 4, no. 14 (December 23, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/gcjsygl.v4i14.6090.
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吴, 静. "浅议中国立案登记制施行之现状与完善." 财经与管理 1, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v1i5.515.
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自 2015 年 5 月 1 日全面实施立案登记制以来，全国法院立案登记数量达 1400 多万件，同比增长 28.44%，有效破解了立案难问题，也是中国司法体制改革迈出的重要一步,但同时也衍生了新问题。但不可否认，就司法实践而言并未发生根本性变化，且由于起诉条件较高、立案程序不够规范等现状都制约了立案登记制的有效发挥。论文以当前立案登记制实施现状为切入点，分析中国立案制度构建的理论基础及法律理念，提出通过完善立案启动机制，构建立案监督机制；建立法官释明制度；完善诉前调解制度等措施，弥补当前立案登记制施行所产生的问题，为构建符合中国国情的立案登记制度提出建议。
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黄, 洁., and 芸. 张. "论我国上市公司信息披露制度." 商业创新期刊 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/jbi.26636204.2021.04.07.
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吴日焕. "中韩公司诉讼法律制度比较." Chinese Law Review 9, no. ll (June 2008): 77–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2008.9..003.
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孙, 杰. "建设工程缺陷责任期与保修期制度研究." 财经与管理 4, no. 11 (January 11, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v4i11.6310.
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熊, 锋. "经济增长的“制度陷阱”：理论解释与实证检验." 财经与管理 3, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v3i6.2651.
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通过构建制度有效性、制度公平性与制度稳定性三维一体的制度质量分析框架，并利用普通 OLS 回归及分位数回归的实证方法，对 106 个国家 2015 年截面数据的分组检验表明：加入制度公平性及制度稳定性考察后，后发展国家制度质量的产出效应分别显著降低了19.19% 及 34.18%，而发达国家则分别显著降低了 11.44% 和提高了 7.36%；随着条件分布值的提升，后发展国家的分位数回归系数由“倒 N 型”修正为“倒 U 型”，而发达国家则始终维持“W 型”的变动规律。以上结论表明，后发展国家的制度质量三维属性之间的邪恶循环是造成其容易陷入“制度陷阱”的主要原因。
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李, 静. "我国农村普惠金融发展内生主导型法律机制研究." 经济学 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/ej.v3i4.517.
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李, 晓桦. "民办幼儿园教师流失的政策建议." 国际教育论坛 2, no. 7 (November 19, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jief.v2i7.2025.
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推进幼儿教育事业发展是政府不可推卸的责任，主要表现为建立健全幼儿教师专业发展的政策法规保障体系。虽然我国现有的政策法规已经为教师专业发展提供了基本的制度保证，但具体到幼儿教育领域，仍存在诸多不健全、不完善的方面。尤其是保障民办园发展的相关政策法规还有待完善，需要积极制订并贯彻。只有明确民办幼儿园教师的法律地位，建立健全相关管理机制，加大政府投入，切实保护其合法权益，才能有效缓解民办幼儿园教师的流失现象。
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付, 世红. "票据丧失的救济制度研究." 财经与管理 1, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v1i3.412.
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随着票据的流通和转让，票据发生丧失的情况也越来越多。论文对票据丧失救济制度的认识有四点，第一点是票据丧失是持有票据的人因为意外丢失了票据或者票据被不法分子偷取，盗取，而失去了对票据的控制权。第二点是对于票据丧失，可以采取三种救济措施，以保护与丧失的票据有利害关系的人的利益。而第三点笔者认识到外国是最早对于丢失的票据实行法律救济的国家，票据在国际的货币市场中占据主流。最后一点就是提出对策，解决票据丧失救济方法中存在的问题。
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白, 凤伟, 岩. 张, 娜. 卓, and 泽宇 王. "高职院校基于成果导向教育模式下教学方法的应用研究." 国际教育论坛 2, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jief.v2i4.1326.
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教学方法，是教学过程中教师与学生为实现教学目的和教学任务要求，在教学活动中所采取的行为方式的总称。包括问题法、谈论法、演示法、实验法、讲授法、实习法等。受到招生条件的制约，高职院校相对于大学本科院校，在教学管理制度上较为严格，这些从大学录取志愿中落选的学生，在自主学生的能力上较为欠缺，这就要求教师在教学过程中更多的强调适度教育，教学内容的灌输与课堂环境的协调成为每个高职教师的职责。在学校倾向于制度管理与建设的同时，教学内容本身受到了忽视，使得教师不愿意为新的教学方法而对课堂的组织与纪律承担责任。久而久之，形成了固化的教学模式。具体表现为：在理论课教学中，教师以讲授教学法为主，伴随课堂提问与测试，教师很少与学生沟通；在实践课教学中，教师以讲解与演示为主，有些教师省略了演示环节，直接进入学生实操训练，在教学方法上，很少进行分组合作、项目导向等方法，教学方法单一。陈旧的教学方法一旦形成，很少会有教师愿意革新，导致很多适合于高职院校的教学方法没有得到应用，严重影响了教学效果。
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吴, 宝玉. "统计学方法在旅游市场营销中的应用." 经济学 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/ej.v3i4.538.
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市场营销工作中需要大量的调查研究和数据统计分析工作,而统计学正是一门研究收集数据、表现数据、分析数据、解释数据,从而认识数量规律的方法论科学。文章以龟峰山景区旅游营销为例,详细阐述了趋势分析、相关性分析等统计学方法在制定营销策略时的应用,认为统计学方法在旅游营销中起着非常重要的作用。尤其是营销4P组合中,从产品策划到价格制定,从促销策略到渠道建设,统计学方法和应用有着不可或缺的重要作用。建议旅游企业高度重视统计学方法的应用,以更科学、更严谨地开展市场营销工作。
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위융륭. "中国农村土地用益物权法律制度的改革." Dankook Law Riview 37, no. 4 (December 2013): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17252/dlr.2013.37.4.003.
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金秋. "中国海南国际旅游岛政策法律制度探析." 법과정책 18, no. 2 (August 2012): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjlpr.18.2.201208.022.
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王, 伟. "探究路桥施工中安全管理存在的问题与解决措施." 智能城市应用 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/sca.v3i9.3282.
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在建筑工程行业中安全管理是其中的重点，因此路桥工程建设过程中也应认识到安全管理的作用并将安全管理贯穿到路桥工程施工的各个环节中。只有保证安全管理效率才能确保各工序顺利进行，在进行安全管理工作时应根据工程具体情况制定出更加具体的安全管理制度，利用其提升路桥工程建设质量。路桥工程安全管理工作中还应落实相应的法律法规并保证其符合工程具体要求。因此，路桥工程施工企业在进行安全管理工作时应构建起完整的管理体系并将现行的法律法规作为指导，在各施工环节中落实安全管理工作后可以降低安全事故发生率同时还应做好安全事故预防工作，在避免安全事故发生的同时提高工程建筑质量。
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张, 剑. "绿色生态可持续发展建筑设计要点研究." 工程建设 3, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/ec.v3i7.2332.
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卢, 铁荣. "提高刑责年龄: 保护或伤害? (RAISING THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: PROTECTION OR HARM?)." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 33, no. 01n02 (January 1999): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246299000078.
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香港的刑事责任年龄是七岁，即七岁以下的儿童，是不会被推定为有罪。这刑责年龄是国际标准上最低之一。近日本地的法律改革委员会建议将它提高至十岁，香港儿童权利委员会更建议以十四岁为刑责年龄。提高刑责年龄的后果，是所有在法定刑责年龄以下的违法少年都不再需要负法律责任，他们不需要经警司警诫或司法审讯，极其量只能由少年法庭引用保护令来保护他们。本文讨论影响青少年犯罪的三种重要因素，现时处理违法少年的方法，和在研究提高刑责年龄的可行性时，在少年司法制度中需要考虑的因素，特别是在没有彻底改善现行的少年司法制度时，广泛地运用保护令所带出之问题，最后建议一些处理方法。 In Hong Kong, the age of criminal responsibility is seven, i.e. any person aged below seven shall not be convicted of a crime. This age is one of the lowest in the world. Recently, the Law Reform Commission has recommended to raise the age to ten; the Committee on Children's Rights even suggested raising it to 14. If the age of criminal responsibility is to be raised, juvenile offenders would no longer be cautioned by the police or prosecuted in the juvenile court, although care or protection order can be granted o them. This article outlines the major factors affecting juvenile crimes and the current methods in handling juvenile offenders. It also identifies several crucial factors for consideration, in particular the negative effect of using care or protection order when no substantial improvement in the juvenile justice system has been made, if the age of criminal responsibility is to be raised. Several recommendations to improve the juvenile justice system are highlighted too.
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Li, Dong-Fang. "论我国上市公司社会责任法律制度的完善." Chinese Law Review 23, no. ll (June 2015): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2015.23..004.
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韩, 智利. "施工图设计文件审查制度发展历程的回顾与探讨." 建筑工程与管理 2, no. 7 (November 10, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/aem.v2i7.2601.
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在审查过程中，施工图审查机构需要根据国家相关的实施标准和相应的法律法规进行操作，对施工图中的公共利益、工程建设的强制性标准以及工作中的安全内容进行检查。如果施工图未通过审核，则不能在项目施工中使用。加强对施工图设计文件审查数字化的研究和讨论，进一步保证施工图审查工作的顺利完成，实现对国家资源的充分利用。文章中在对施工图设计文件审查系统的发展过程进行回顾和梳理，分析传统审查制度中存在的问题，探讨新时代下的数字化施工图设计文件审查的流程和价值分析，并提出相关建议。
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王, 潇. "高职院校辅导员工作经验浅谈." 教学方法创新与实践 2, no. 7 (November 26, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jxffcxysj.v2i7.2595.
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高职院校辅导员的工作应该紧紧围绕“立德树人”为中心指导思想，体现在工作中，就是要了解学生的动态，包括学习、生活、朋友圈以及家庭等一系列会对学生产生影响因素，从而与学生的沟通，对症下药，在具体的实施过程中，服务学生需求，尊重学生意愿，引导学生情感，管理学生纪律。同时，在班级管理中，要建立合理的班级制度，引导学生积极上进；营造出一种积极向上的外部环境；加强学生日常生活管理，培养学生良好的生活习惯；鼓励学生多参与集体活动，增强学生的集体荣誉感和团队意识；适当培养学生班干部领导班子，发挥带头作用；适当鼓励学生参与社会实践活动，增强学生社会责任感、参与感；严格班风、纪律制度，对奖励和惩罚措施都要落实到位，起到鼓励和警示作用。除此之外，高职院校辅导员还应不断完善自身，提高自身的教学管理理念与方法。
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王, 贤. "关于财政投资预算评审规范化的相关思考." 财经与管理 1, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v1i3.440.
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财政投资预算评审是以规章制度和国家的法律法规为基础，利用专业的预算审核方法和技术手段，从财政管理和工程经济的角度出发，对财政投资项目进行的全过程、全方位的技术性评价与经济性评价相结合的一种财政管理监督工作。中国财政部财政投资评审管理部门自 1999 年成立以来，财政投资评审工作得到了长足的发展。随着经济建设的深入以及工程领域的改革，预算评审将进入标准化、精细化管理阶段，并向纵深方向发展。论文针对财政投资预算评审过程存在的问题进行了初步分析和探讨，并对于规范财政投资行为、提高财政投资评审工作效率方面，提出了一些建议。
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黃聿斐, 黃聿斐. "法律變更對成人監護制度之精神鑑定實務的影響." 月旦醫事法報告 59, no. 59 (September 2021): 047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/241553062021090059004.
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李震山, 李震山. "憲法未列舉之「健康權」入憲論理──以司法院釋字第785號解釋為中心." 月旦實務選評 1, no. 1 (July 2021): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/27889866010106.
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憲法未列舉之「健康權」，終於經由釋字第785號解釋，透過憲法第22條納入憲法第二章的「人權清單」。在此之前的漫長時間裡，國家並不能因憲法規定的疏漏，就怠於保障人民的健康，故除退而求其次的援引具基本國策性質的憲法第157條規定：「國家為增進民族健康，應普遍推行衛生保健事業及公醫制度。」以及憲法增修條文第10條有關促進或保障健康等規定，作為概括的憲法依據外，大多分別制定民事、刑事、行政等性質的法律保障之，惟其功效往往因立法形成自由或國家保護義務範圍的不定而生爭議，乃有健康權入憲的問題意識。本文除先就相關論理基礎與脈絡論述外，續對具有里程碑意義的釋字第785號解釋就健康權的詮釋，從國際人權規範觀點提出一些補充與展望意見，至盼日後違憲審查者能賡續強化並累積健康權的理論與實務，以面對健康權多元化的艱巨挑戰，並嘉惠人民。
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BAI, Jie. "儒家如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為——由單身女性「凍卵」問題引發的法律與倫理討論." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.171663.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.近年來得益於女性地位的提升與名人效應，單身女性凍卵問題日趨成為社會輿論關注的焦點，由此也引發了法學界對單身女性生育權的討論。然而，單身女性凍卵不僅僅是一個法律議題，更是一個倫理問題。不僅法律和法規的制定和修訂中多有涉及對倫理的關照，凍卵的臨床實踐中也廣泛存在對倫理的考量。在結婚率和生育率持續走低當下社會，相當一部分單身 女性選擇凍卵的動機是希望脱離婚姻而進行自主的生育行 為。值得深思的是，東亞的儒教國家對輔助生殖的使用限制最為嚴格、政策最為保守。本文試圖通過分析儒家會如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為，來探討儒學倫理對單身女性凍卵抱有怎麽樣的態度、能夠帶來怎麽的啟示。本文認為，儘管在法律維度上應該肯定單身女性擁有生育權，但在倫理層面上，脱離婚姻的生育行為應該極為審慎，因為其有違儒家倫理中對家庭秩序的看重，同時也讓“雙親撫育”難以得到實現。In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the status of women and the celebrity effect, the issue of the frozen eggs of single women has become a focus of public opinion, leading to discussion of the reproductive rights of single women in the legal arena. However, single women's frozen eggs are also an ethical issue. The laws and regulations not only involve ethics, but also ethical considerations in the clinical practice of frozen eggs. In today's society, in which the marriage rate and fertility rate continue to decline, many single women choose to freeze their eggs to distinguish between reproductive activities and marriage. It is worth thinking about the fact that Confucian East Asia has the strictest restrictions and most conservative policy on the use of assisted reproduction. This paper explores how Confucian ethics have a different position on single women’s frozen eggs by analyzing how Confucianism views fertility behaviors that are separated from marriage. It argues that although it is certain that a single woman has the right to give birth in the legal dimension, ethically, the procreative behavior of marriage should be taken with caution, as it violates the Confucian ethic of the family order by making parental care more difficult.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 45 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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万延娇. "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国外国人投资法律制度初探." Chinese Law Review 38, no. ll (May 2019): 343–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2019.38..015.
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张, 玮航, 滨. 刘, and 元态 谢. "中国经济体制改革为何能够成功？——战略与策略视角的研究." 财经与管理 4, no. 6 (July 3, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v4i6.4039.
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西方学者热衷于研究“中国道路”和“中国经验”，论文以战略与策略为视角研究中国经济体制改革为何能够成功。首先，客观描述中国特色社会主义经济体制改革的背景——改革的依据、性质和对象。其次，阐述中国特色社会主义经济体制改革的战略部署——经济体制改革动力机制的形成、战略目标的确定、“五大环节”和战略步骤的设定。再次，阐述中国特色社会主义经济改革的方式与策略：①经济体制改革的方式是渐进式改革；②改革路径：前期“自下而上”，后期“自上而下”，而且具有先易后难、先试点后铺开两个特点；③从改革的顺序来看，实行的是“先农村，后城市”“先财政，后金融”“先消费资料领域，后生产资料领域”的顺序；④正确处理改革、发展和稳定三者之间的关系——稳定是压倒一切、发展是硬道理、改革都是解放生产力的重要手段；⑤提出了战略性、纲领性和引领性“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的五大发展理念；⑥改革过程中，坚持中国共产党的领导，以制度和法律保障和巩固改革成果。最后，再进行总结与展望。通过上述六个方面的探究，勾勒出中国改革战略与策略关系图，展望中国未来的发展，一是要加强顶层设计，在基层探索中优化改革；二是要创新驱动改革，走中国特色的改革道路；三是要制度规范改革，在规范和法治中保障改革。
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于涛. "俄罗斯华商的生存困境与行动策略: 莫斯科实地调查." 华人研究国际学报 05, no. 02 (December 2013): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793724813000187.
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方,, 环海. "汉语二语习得中介词的词类属性及其认知机制." Chinese as a Second Language Research 1, no. 1 (July 19, 2012): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2012-0007.
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提要对外汉语教学的语法体系中，介词与动词的关系问题一直是争论的焦点，以往研究者对动词与介词的词类属性关系研究取得很大进展，但是介词能否成为一个独立的词类范畴，争议很大。文章从韵律句法学和轻动词理论的视角进行探讨，认为动词后的介词需要并入前面的动词，句子才会合法，动词前面的介词基本都具有实现轻动词的句法功能，从而在语言学理论上实现对介词的词类属性的词法与句法的解释。为了在语言的内在认知心理加工上说明介词的加工机制，文章还从认知科学角度设计了认知科学实验，实验研究发现动词与介词无论在语义还是语法上均没有显著差异，显示大脑的认知加工没有显著差异。通过理论与实验两个方面的分析，文章认为介词仍应处理为动词的一个次类，对汉语作为二语的教学与研究领域而言，语言科学的理论推演与认知科学的实验验证，二者缺一不可。
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BEAUCHAMP, Tom L. "醫學道德的內在和外在標準." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.41419.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese醫學倫理學結論的基礎和依據何在？這些基礎和依據是內在還是外在的？根據近來的討論，有三種不同的說法：一種是內在的解釋；一種是外在的解釋；還有一種是內在因素和外在因素給合的解釋。第一種是從醫學角度以及專業實踐的標準中發展一套倫理觀。第二種解釋醫學倫理學中的規範是以外在的標準為依據。例如公眾的意見、法律、宗教倫理觀或哲學倫理觀等。第三種則認為個別的醫學倫理權是從個別的文化架構產生出來的，而每一種文化都有管制醫生的規範。每一種觀點都有可取之處，但每一種也不足以支持它自己的論辯以及無法結合其他觀點中合理和可取的部分。本文建議的第四種解釋，它既可以提供一個避開上述三種觀點的限制的方法。同時又能保留每一種觀點當中最可圈可點的特徵。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 15 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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LI, Juping. "DNA 親子鑒定的倫理與法律思考: 以未成年人權益保護為視角." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.81494.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.中國大陸 DNA 親子鑒定機構日益增多，但缺乏統一標準和法律監管，訴訟外個人申請親子鑒定數量攀升，DNA 親子鑒定的技術分析異化為一些男性“鑒妻定子”的工具，其結果傷害了無辜的孩子。分析指出，僅靠道德約束不能消除DNA 親子鑒定機構間的無序的商業化運作，從而減少給未成年人造成的傷害。建議儘快制定“親子鑒定法”，確認子女利益最佳原則、親子鑒定受限原則和親子關係推定原則，建立親子鑒定監管機制、確立親子鑒定機構的考核標準和DNA 親子鑒定的認定標準、嚴格限定親子鑒定的範圍和申請人、規定親子鑒定的複檢制度、資料保護和DNA 隱私保密制度。Due to the ever increasing number of family disputes over the identification of children in mainland China, more couples are turning to DNA tests to disclose the identification of their children. The number of DNA test agencies has significantly increased in recent years, and it is reported that the number of tests has increased by 20% every year. In some developed areas such as Guangdong province, the annual rate of increase is as high as 40-50%. These DNA test agencies seem to be free of any authoritative supervision or legal regulation, and operate with commercial motives. There is thus a danger that DNA tests are being abused in practice.This essay argues that it is not enough to simply discuss the moral issues involved in using DNA tests. It is crucially important to formulate proper policy and law to supervise and regulate DNA testing agencies to protect the innocent children involved in such cases. The essay proposes and argues for the adoption of several principles to guide the formulation of proper policy and law in this regard. The first is the principle of the best interests of the child, which should be promoted to protect the children involved. The second is the principle of restriction, which should set down certain conditions to limit the use of DNA identification tests. The third is the principle of constructive parent-child relations, which could be used to determine parent-child relations without the need for a DNA test. Based on these principles, this essay proposes that China should set up a proper standard to measure the qualification of DNA testing agencies, and establish a suitable regulatory mechanism to manage them.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 257 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Je-Hyun Park. "中国的经营者集中法律制度和案例研究 (Legal Systems and Case Studies on Concentrations of Undertakings in China)." Chinese Law Review 11, no. ll (June 2009): 93–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2009.11..005.
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林, 辉., and 颖. 刘. "旅游业发展对城市房地产价格的影响研究以厦门市为例." 会展前瞻 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/mice.27069273.2021.03.10.
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随着“十三五”规划取得成绩的逐步落实，全国上下沿着习近平总书记擘画的蓝图，推进城市建设呈现蓬勃态势，人民群众的获得感幸福感安全感不断增强。在人民生活基本得到保障的情况下，根植于国民内心的“安土重迁”传统体现得愈发淋漓尽致。房地产价格的上涨成为了阻碍在城市中安居乐业的最后一道壁垒，对过高房地产价格望而却步的人们容易导致社会动荡，不稳定的社会环境会进一步打破经济的稳定发展，因此研究影响房地产价格的因素从而制定针对性应对策略具有重要意义。 厦门市为东南沿海重要的风景旅游城市，旅游业蓬勃发展的同时房地产价格也居高不下。本文以厦门市为例，基于厦门市1999~2018年的各项数据进行多元线性回归分析，研究各项旅游业发展指标对于房地产价格的影响程度，发现旅游业的发展一定程度上会使得房价上升；但同时房价还受到各种法律和社会人文等因素影响，且限制旅游业的发展来抑制房价的不合理上涨，显然是本末倒置的行为。因此抑制房地产不合理上涨的措施应该从源头入手，通过加强政府干预，调控住房需求，宣传正确住房观念，把握住房居住属性来实现。
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珏, 王. "普通话语气词功能系统新论." Chinese as a Second Language Research 9, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2020-0004.
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提要本文在已有研究的基础上提出一个普通话语气词的新系统，包括两大部分。第一部分，首先，依据附着对象、迭用顺序、有无、异同和多寡是否影响句子的合语法性和命题这 3 个标准，将语气词聚合系统暂定为 29 个成员。而后，依据附着对象、强制性共现成分、迭用自由度、功能和语法化来源等，将语气词划分为两类 3 个功能子系统。其中述题语气词 26 个，话题语气词 9 个，准话语语气词 6 个。第二部分，分别讨论两类 3 个语气词功能子系统。（一）述题语气词能 2/3 个右向迭用并构成 116 个迭用式，能和句调或疑问标记以不同频次同层或跨层共现关系而构成述题的语气结构——句调/疑问标记语气 (mood)n=1+语气词口气 (tone)n=0≥3，其中句调（或疑问标记）表示语气，述题语气词分别以 4 种基本语气为上位范畴并表示其下位口气，共构成 75 式语气结构，表示 75 种 “语气+口气” 综合值。在这 75 式语气结构里，述题语气词和上位语气之间功能绝对一致的原型语气结构、基本一致的准原型语气结构和不一致的边缘语气结构。据此推论出，不定语气以是非问为上位范畴，建议语气词以祈使为上位范畴，肯定语气词以陈述为上位范畴，惊讶语气词以感叹为上位范畴。进而据此将语气词的功能模式假设为 “±肯定/惊讶及其程度±风格/确信/态度” 。其中，肯定语气词表肯定而有程度、风格差异，惊讶语气词表惊讶而有程度、风格不同，不定语气词表确信而程度、态度有别，建议语气词表态度而有直接、委婉之分。而且，在原型语气结构里，述题语气词分别表示各自的典型口气；在边缘语气结构里，肯定、惊讶语气词有时与非陈述或非感叹语气一起浮现出特定语用效应。（二）话题语气词的功能模式为 “标记/强化话题+标记话题信息类型+交互主观性” 。前者是无标记功能，后两者是有标记功能，从而造成了话题语气词的使用倾向性，有的主要附着现实话题，有的只附着非现实话题。（三）准话语语气词，在句法上附着话题或述题里的列举成分、反复成分，将它们重组为例举语块、描摹语块和呼语语块，然后单独或与话题前标、列举助词一起作话题、述题或其中的句法成分及其成分；语义上，例举语块转指同类所有成员，描摹短语表示长时反复，呼语语块带有情感色彩；韵律上，将松散无序、长短不一、类型各异、多寡不等的成分临时整合为更大语块，以控制在线句子的模块数量。此外， “啊” 还能明示逻辑背景或焦点并具有衬音作用， “来” 能衔接音节组。据此，它们的功能模式可简示为 “句法功能+语义功能+韵律功能±逻辑功能±音乐功能” 。总之，在语气词的新功能系统中，每个语气词都各居其位，各司其职，井然有序。
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CAO, Yongfu. "“隔離”侵犯了人們的自由權嗎？——對中國大陸有關“隔離”法律制度的倫理思考." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.51439.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.跳出事件觀察事件，可能更有利於對事件準確地分析、認清。在人類已經基本控制住SARS 流行的今天，俯瞰中國大陸對SARS的防控過程，可能會更加理性。本文僅從有關“隔離”法律規定對“自由限制”的視角，展開討論。Investigating an issue from outside will help to analyze and identify it. Nowadays, we can control the spread of SARS and understand it in a more reasonable way through the overview of the prevention and cure of SARS in Mainland China.In the process of controlling and curing the new infectious disease, SARS, Mainland China’s government made a new law which was very successful, but its enaction and enforcement caused many problems which should be reflected upon, such as the rule of quarantine.To quarantine means to segregate people with infectious diseases. It is a good way to protect the uninfected people. It helps to control the spread of SARS. However, at the same time it limits people’s freedom. On one side, it is necessary for the government to segregate people with infectious diseases, but on the other side, the government needs to consider the limitations of freedom caused by the new law. This paper will discuss whether the people’s freedom will be limited by the rule of quarantine in Mainland China.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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李, 远鹏, 浩. 郑, 愫. 郜, 庆. 陈, and 道友 刘. "污染场地土壤修复与管理研究." 智能城市应用 3, no. 6 (October 18, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/sca.v3i6.2485.
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近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下，使得我国综合国力得到了显著的提升，从而推动了各个领域的发展壮大，在这个过程中各类资源被开发利用，也导致了环境污染问题越发的严重。随着城市化建设工作的全面推进，大量的原本处在城市区域的会对生态环境造成污染的企业逐渐的搬离了城市中心，这样就导致大量的污染场地的出现。这些污染场地的存在对人类社会的和谐稳定发展造成了一定的阻碍，并且也不利于社会经济的发展。要想彻底的解决污染场地的问题，最为有效的方式方法就是针对场地进行修复。但是，因为当下我国针对污染场地的修复工作并没有针对性的制定完善的规范标准，这样就导致污染场地修复工作的效果较差的不良情况发生。针对上述问题，我们需要加大力度针对污染场地修复与在开发的法律法规体系进行完善和创新具有非常关键的现实意义。
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HSU, Chin Hsing, Te Hung TSAO, Shiou Tau SHU, and Chang Bin YANG. "Effect of Abdominal Fat Distribution on Leptin in Regular Exercisers." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.171872.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Purpose: In this study, we examined different regular exercisers’ abdominal fat distribution and relationships between serum leptin levels and the abdominal fat distribution. In addition, determining whether the waist (WC) and hip circumferences (HC) were related to the abdominal fat distribution in regular exercisers was another goal of this study. Method: runners (R, n=12) and swimmers (S, n=9), who exercised at least 5 times/week for 30 minutes/time and for at least 3 years, participated in this study. In addition, sedentary individuals (n=10), who exercised less than once/week and > 30 minutes/per time, served as a control group (C). All participants had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan for the abdominal fat distribution, blood analysis for leptin and measurements of WC, HC and body-mass index (BMI). Results: On the basis of BMI-matching, the R group’s abdominal visceral fat (0.4±0.3L) was less than those of the S and C groups (0.8±0.2L and 0.9±0.3L, respectively), and no significant differences in abdominal subcutaneous fat or serum leptin levels were evident among these three groups. The relationships between serum leptin and the abdominal fat distribution differed in the R and S groups. In the measurement of body circumference and abdominal fat distribution, WC was significantly related to abdominal subcutaneous fat among the three groups. Conclusions: Taking regular exercise can cause a decrease in the visceral fat accumulation, especially for people who are regular runners. The WC can be used to predict the abdominal subcutaneous fat of exercisers. Further studies are required in the future to determine the contribution of abdominal fat to serum leptin in exercisers. 本研究目的：探討不同規律運動者腹部脂肪分佈與瘦體蛋白的關係。再者，規律運動者腹部脂肪分佈與體圍 (腰圍與臀圍) 是否有關，是本研究另一目的。方法：分別有12位與9位長期從事慢跑與游泳的受試者參與，其從事該項運動至少3年，每週至少5次，每次至少30分鐘以上。另外有10位坐式生活者 (每週至多一次，每次不超過30分鐘的身體活動) 作為控制組。所有受試者都接受磁共振造影掃瞄腹部脂肪分佈，隔夜禁食之血液中瘦體蛋白濃度分析與腰圍與臀圍的測量。結果：在三組的受試者身體質量指數未達顯著差異，慢跑組的腹部內臟脂肪體積顯著少於游泳組與控制組。但三組之間的腹部皮下脂肪體積與血液中瘦體蛋白未達顯著差異。再者，慢跑組與游泳組的瘦體蛋白與腹部脂肪分佈的關係呈現不同。在體圍與腹部脂肪分佈，三組的腰圍與腹部皮下脂肪體積有顯著相關。結論：從事規律的運動有助於減少腹部內臟脂肪堆積，特別是從事規律慢跑者。腰圍可用來預測運動者的腹部皮下脂肪。然而對於規律運動者腹部脂肪與瘦體蛋白的關係仍須未來更多研究進行探討。
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YIN, Jie. "“禮”而非“理”——為何應以儒家視角看待胚胎幹細胞研究問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.91503.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.現代醫學中的胚胎幹細胞研究引發極具爭議性的倫理問題。西方社會本著崇尚理性的精神，探討胚胎幹細胞研究多從合法性和合理性的角度出發。至於中國文化，理性不是唯一的工具，甚至從來不曾用於制定規範的基準線。如儒家對於倫理學問題，便主張採取以仁為本、以禮為綱的態度。本文試圖以胚胎幹細胞之問題為例，分析並論證這種觀點，即儒家視角可能是我們看待倫理學問題另一較為有效之方法。儒家“禮”的觀念既是個人修為的標準、社會習俗和輿論的指引，也是立法的基礎，並且是倫理與律法相協調之根本。在當代社會科技飛速發展的形勢下，儒家傳統觀念仍因其關涉人之根本問題的本質而擁有強大的生命力。Stem cell research is a controversial issue in bioethical debates because, although stem cells have great therapeutic potential, such research involves the creation, use, and destruction of human embryos. Some debates center on the question of whether embryonic stem cells have a moral status. This paper contends that in the West, the discussion on whether research on embryonic stem cells is ethically acceptable is usually approached from the perspective of reason or rationality, as one sees in legal provisions pertaining to the issue. Very often, (instrumental) rationality is taken as the primary source for moral and legal justification. The paper analyzes the Kantian notion of “moral status,” pointing out the limits of this way of thinking.Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism, does not merely employ rationality as a means for making moral judgments. The Confucian idea of “li” (appropriateness), which aims at achieving propriety in one’s roles and relations, can be used to deal with specific ethical difficulties. Because stem cell research deals with humans and human relationships, it goes beyond legal permission or issues such as informed consent. This paper attempts to show that a rational approach may not always work for people whose moral lives and ideals are embedded in Chinese culture. It does not argue that Confucian ethical views can resolve all moral controversies, particularly those raised by modern medical technologies. It does, however, argue that Confucian moral theory and ethical practice should be reconstructed to tackle the current moral dilemmas concerning bioethical issues.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 89 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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CHENG, Guobin. "知情同意臨床實踐中倫理學技術研究." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.41429.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.具體實踐中的知情同意是一種倫理學技術，注重利用現有的文化傳統、理論資源和法律工具，合理有效地分析問題、解決問題，強調它作為體現對病人基本權利的尊重和調節醫患關係手段的作用。在民主社會，知情同意乃是建立醫患權責餘的必要條件。知情同意來自於醫療活動的自發秩序：醫患雙方通過知情同意活動，明確醫療活動中雙方的權利和責任界限，進行有成效的醫療實踐。知情同意既是對基本人權的尊重，又是確保雙方責任的工具。具體實踐中的知情同意，提供一種促進多種價值觀和平共存、通過學習和對話實現平衡的運行機制，在社會整體利益優先與個人最基本權利不可侵犯的框架下滿足雙方不同的價值需求。臨床“知情同意”活動的目的在於：促進患者自主權的行使；明晰醫療活動中的權責關係，在合法限度內為醫療活動的正常進行提供保護。實踐中追求資訊的“充分”取決於患方要求的“主觀的充分”。臨床醫療活動中，醫方要不斷提高患方知情的充分程度。隨著知情程度的增加，患方自主程度隨之自動上升。目前關於“知情向意”的理論研究中，缺少對知情同意的狀況、分佈及相關因素的實地調查和量化分析，研究多集中在道德、文化理論上，實踐策略的指導意義不強。應當把知情同意視作貫穿於整個臨床醫療活動的一個連續的整體。要關注本社區成員的文化和心理結構的特殊性，從本社區歷史特點出發，建立本社區知情同意情況的常規模式和量化標準。還應當設計臨床知情同意調查制度，作為醫方制定知情同意策略的依據，同時又可作為說明醫療活動發生的真實過程的法律檔。Informed consent is an ethical technique which emphasizes using the existing cultural traditions, theoretical resources and legal instruments to analyze and solve the problems reasonably and effectively. Informed consent can thus play a significant role in adjusting the relationship between patients and physicians. As an ethical technique, it focuses on the method of applying various ethical resources and not simply on the combination of the logical consequence and criteria. In a democratic society, informed consent is a necessary requirement for the right-duty relationship between patients and physicians. Informed consent is seen as a prerequisite obligation to physicians and implies certain rights for patients. Patients and physicians are bound by informed consent so that they are able to "trade" equally. Informed consent is not only a means to confirming the property rights but also a tool of reducing the costs of "trade". In practice, informed consent helps to promote and achieve the peaceful co-existence of pluralistic values. It can do so by learning and having conversations with the other sides so that different parties can satisfy under the framework which gives priority to the total interests of society and guarantees the fundamental rights of individuals.The aims of informed consent in clinical practice are to promote the self-determination of patients and to clarify rights and duties in medical activities. In practice, the sufficiency of information depends on the subjective sufficiency of patients. Physicians should ensure that the patient comprehend the information and follow the appropriate procedure to manage and supervise. The most active method for physician to take is to increase the degree of informational sufficiency. The degree of the patient's self-determination increases accordingly with the increase of informational sufficiency. Their relationship can be described by a curve like "S".The current studies on informed consent in China lack the empirical data from field research. Most studies focus on the theoretical issues of morality and culture. As a result, research results are hardly applicable in clinical practice. Informed consent should a holistic entity in clinical practice. We should pay more attention to the specificity of the cultural and psychological structure of members of every community. We should establish the ordinary model and criteria of informed consent in the particular community. We should also design an applicable and legally-bond system of informed consent to regulate clinical practice.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 13 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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WANG, Hao. "中國醫院經營面臨的主要問題及對策." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.21363.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.即將到來的新世紀，使中國醫院經營面臨著許多新的問題和嚴峻挑戰。首先，醫學教育與知識經濟的發展很不適應。其次，醫院設備與社會需要很不適應。第三，醫院經營模式與市場運行很不適應。第四，醫療服務模式與人口結構變化很不適應。第五，醫務勞動補償模式與醫務勞動消耗很不適應。醫院經營面臨的上述問題是涉及國家與醫院兩個方面多層次的發展戰略與策略的問題，也是涉及全國各行各業和廣大人民切身利益的問題。解決問題的根本出路在於改革。首先，應真正解放思想和更新概念，擺正衛生事業在國民經濟和社會發展中的地位。第二，應改革醫學教育制度和內容，把醫學高科技教育作為學位教育和繼續教育的重點；同時搞好人事制度改革。第三，應積極地引進高新技術設備，努力提高醫院基本設施和診療儀器的現代化水平。第四，應盡快改革醫院經營體制，建立和完善新的經營模式與經營機制。為此，應着重搞好醫院布局和組織結構調整，以及醫療服務結構的調整；實行醫院的所有權與經營權分離，讓醫院法人組織和法定代表依法自主經營；按照市場經濟規律的要求，建立和完善醫院經營的動力機制、醫療技術機制、自我約束調控機制、法人領導機制。第五，應改革醫療衛生服務體制，建立適應人口結構和疾病譜變化的新的防治服務模式。為此，應擴大預防工作範圍和擴大保健人群範間，建立醫院、社區、家庭相結合的醫療衛生保健服務模式。At the threshold of a new millennium, China's hospitals face a series of problems in their management. This essay attempts to analyze these problems and explore appropriate solutions to them.First, the contemporary Chinese pattern of medical education is not suitable to the rapid growth of medical knowledge. Ever increasing new theories, methods, and technologies in diagnosis, therapeutics, and prognosis promote the quality of medical care tremendously. However, most health care professionals in China's hospitals are unable to follow up-to-date developments of medical information. Very few medical scientist s or physicians in China's medical care field are recognized as leading or authoritative in the world. The solution to this problem calls for an emphasis on and respect for the values of human resources in medicine, improvement of current medical education, and establishment of a mechanism for reeducating medical professionals.Second, the current pattern of hospital management is not suitable to the market. The manner of hospital management in China is the product of China's central-planning mode of economy. Each hospital belongs to a central or local government, or to a state-owned enterprise.It does not have power to make decisions about its own management. Neither does it care about cost-benefit balancing because hospital financing relics entirely on government revenue. However, new problems have occurred during Chin's transition to a free market economy from the centrally-planned economy since the 1980s. Though many enterprises have been allowed to manage themselves according to the circumstances of the market, hospitals have been emphasized as welfare providers that cannot be allowed to make money. The government continues to set strict low prices for medical services and, at the same time, does not provide sufficient financing to hospitals. As a result, hospitals have to make their ends meet by increasing unnecessary medication prescriptions and overusing high-technology diagnostic and therapeutic instruments. Overtreatment and waste in hospital care have generated universal complaints. Accordingly, serious reform must be made in the direction of appropriately adjusting the ownership of hospitals as well as changing the ways of hospital management so that they can adapt themselves to the need of the health care market.Finally, there are other serious problems involved in China's hospital management. These problems are multi-faceted. For instance, medical facilities and instruments have not been up-to--dated and cannot meet the needs of patients in medical care, the structure of hospital services does not suit the need of the ever-increasing numbers of senior citizens in China, etc. The only way to resolve these problems is reform. This requires ordinary Chinese citizens as well as Chinese leadership to free themselves from the restrictions of the previous centrally-planned economic theory and to seek a new health care model.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 15 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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SUN, Sihan. "中國第一起嗎啡勝訴案的背後——臨終關懷病人使用嗎啡的儒家倫理問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.161640.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.緩解癌痛是終末期癌症患者安寧療護的重要目標之一。世界衛生組織提出，嗎啡等鴉片類藥物被列為癌症止痛和安寧療護的首選或必備藥物。而談起嗎啡時，人們常常聯想到毒品。尤其在中國這樣一個深受兩次鴉片戰爭影響的國家，人們畏懼嗎啡，並更加謹慎地使用嗎啡。在臨床上，嗎啡的確能夠有效地緩解患者臨終前因癌症引起的疼痛，但不合理地使用也會引起患者的呼吸抑制，導致其死亡。那麼，臨床上到底應該如何正確地使用嗎啡？嗎啡的使用有哪些制度上的支援？嗎啡被當作主動安樂死的一種手段又是否能夠得到儒家倫理學上的辯護？筆者認為，無論在臨床中，還是在制定嗎啡的相關法律法規中，都應將嗎啡的兩種作用：合理劑量的鎮痛作用和加大劑量的主動安樂死作用嚴格的區分開來。用嗎啡安樂死的行為違背了儒家的孝道、弘毅美德以及儒家生命觀和仁愛的思想。本文將通過探究嗎啡的歷史、臨床使用、政策和儒家倫理四個方面，對嗎啡的使用進行具體的研究和分析。Pain control is one of the most important goals of end-of-life care for cancer patients in the terminal phase. The World Health Organization recommends that morphine be considered optimal and even indispensable as a means of relieving pain and providing palliative care. However, people often associate this opioid with illicit drugs, particularly in the context of Chinese culture, due to its close association with the two Anglo–Chinese Opium Wars of the mid-19th century. In clinical settings, morphine is usually the preferred treatment for moderate or severe cancer-related pain. However, excessive morphine use may result in respiratory depression and death. Exploring morphine’s history and clinical usage, relevant policies, and Confucian ethics, this essay shows that a clear distinction must be made between relieving pain and performing active euthanasia in cases of morphine use in current Chinese palliative care and bioethics. The essay offers an approach based on Confucian ethics to analyze how euthanasia via morphine use violates the principles of filial piety (xiao) and humaneness (ren), two virtues emphasized in Confucian tradition.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 432 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Gui, Yanli, and Wei Li. "A Reference of the Law System of Illegal Construction Management at Home and Abroad." Urban Planning International 32, no. 1 (2017): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22217/upi.2016.498.
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DU, Zhizheng. "導言." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.41426.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese知情同意是現代生命倫理學最重要的概念之一，也是現代生命倫理學所以充滿活力和備受世人囑目的重要原因。知情同意這一概念雖然已經歷100 多年的歷史，但在《紐倫堡法典》誕生以前，知情同意往往只是作為醫生爭取病人的配合和支持，以提高治療效果，或者為防範醫療糾紛而採取的一種手段。只是在《紐倫堡法典》問世後，特別是伴隨著聯合國的《世界人權宣言》發表後50 多年的人權運動蓬勃發展，知情同意獲得了新的意義，它首先被理解為對人的生命權和健康權的尊重，對人的權利的尊重。的確，人的生命和健康首先是屬於自己的，因而對生命和健康的任何干預，當然理應得到本人的同意，儘管這種干預有益於生命和健康的維護。特別是在當代醫學對人體生命和健康干預的力度越來越大，後果越來越嚴重，影響越來越深遠的情況下，人們怎能不關心醫學可以給本人帶來的後果呢？怎能不把對本人生命和健康的處置權利掌握在自己的手中呢？正因為如此，知情同意在全世界不同地域、不間民族和不同文化背景的國家，都得到了廣泛的認同，並體現在許多國家醫事和科學研究的法律檔中，體現在廣大醫務人員的行動中。但是，人們對知情同意的理解和認識，由於各自的文化背景和國家體制的差異，卻存在眾多的不同；同時，由於各自國家的醫療習慣和傳統的不同，在實踐知情同意原則時也遇到了各種各樣的問題。為了推動對這一問題的研究，本刊這一期就此發表了一組文章，從不同角度就知情同意原則做了分析，我們希望引起對知情同意的進一步討論和研究。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 11 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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李, 若彤. "Research on the Legal System of National Parks in Yunnan Province." Open Journal of Legal Science 09, no. 03 (2021): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojls.2021.93050.
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Liu (刘良妮), Liangni Sally. "Intergenerational Dimensions of Transnational Chinese Migrant Families in New Zealand — A Research Gap Identified (新西兰跨国华人移民家庭的代际维度研究)." Journal of Chinese Overseas 12, no. 2 (November 2, 2016): 216–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341328.
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With the accelerating trend toward transnational families in many parts of the world associated with globalization, coping with the demand for family reunification has become a major challenge for both migrant families and migrant-sending and -receiving societies. In July 2012, a significant policy change regarding the Family Sponsorship Stream (Parent Category) took place in New Zealand, which raised the bar for migrants’ elderly parents on entering New Zealand as permanent residents. This policy change has a significant impact on many Chinese migrant families from the People’s Republic of China (prc), where filial piety is an important part of traditional values and the state provides very limited ageing support to the elderly. In the meantime, legislation came into force in China in July 2013 that requires children to visit their* elderly parents “often” or risk being sued. This paper takes these policy and legislative changes as a starting point for an exploration of the changing dynamics of Chinese migrant families in New Zealand in a multi-generational and transnational context. It first examines the impact of the New Zealand policy and then discusses the wider implications of this policy change on migrant family dynamics as well as on New Zealand society. The second focus is on younger generations in the Chinese migrant families. Linking three generations of the Chinese migrant families together, the final part of this paper addresses a highly pertinent research area — the intergenerational dimensions of transnational migration. 全球化进程催速了跨国移民家庭现象的形成。这些身居异地的移民家庭成员对家庭团聚有着非常强烈的诉求, 但却面临来自移民源发国和接收国制度和体系造成的对家庭团聚的种种阻碍。 新西兰在 2012 年开始执行新的家庭团聚担保政策。紧缩的新政策使成年移民子女担保父母移民变得更加困难，对新西兰新华人移民家庭造成了负面影响。原因主要是子女孝顺与父母同住的华人传统理念与新西兰不欢迎移民年老父母的政策倾向形成的冲突。华人移民家庭面临的压力还来自于移民源发国—— 中国的新立法改革。2013 年 7 月中国正式立法规定成年子女必须勤力探望照顾年迈父母，否则将会面临法律指控。本文以这项新立法为着眼点，深入探究新西兰多代大陆华人新移民家庭现在面临的来自家庭内部成员间的压力和来自外部跨国移民趋势的影响。本文首先研究新西兰 2012 年家庭父母类别团聚新政策对移民社区的冲击和影响， 再深入分析该新移民政策调整对移民家庭内部关系，种族关系的引申社会含义。 本文最后一部分着重比对出一个至今还被忽略的研究领域空白—那就是跨国移民的代际维度。 This article is in English.
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Ingrams, Alex. "Assessing Open Government Performance through Three Public Adinistration Perspectives: Efficiency, Democratic Responsiveness, and Legal-rational Process." Chinese Public Administration Review 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v7i1.120.
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Open government is a growing feature of public administration in governments across the globe. Open government has long been considered vital to democratic society but, with the arrival of digital government, openness has become touted by governments that use information and communication technologies (ICT) without making the necessary legal and institutional reforms to support accountability and transparency. The intersection of openness and ICT challenges our approach to digital government in public administration practice and theory, and it calls for better theoretical frameworks to make sense of open government performance. In this paper, I propose a threefold framework of efficiency, democratic responsiveness, and legal-rational process. The framework is conceptually analyzed through four types of open government: budget transparency, citizen engagement, open data, and freedom of information. The analysis results in the creation of a set of measurement items that help to clarify important aspects of open government performance, and which can be used to generate indicators for evaluating open government initiatives. 开放政府越来越成为全球各国政府公共行政的特征。长期以来，开放政府都被视为对民主社会至关重要，但是随着数字政府的兴起，政府利用信息与通讯技术去兜售开放，却没有支持问责和透明所必需的法律和制度改革。开放与信息技术的互动，对公共行政实践与理论的数字政府路径提出了挑战，并需要更好的评价开放政府绩效的理论框架。笔者在本文提出了一个三维框架，包括效率、民主回应和法律—理性过程。通过四种类型的开放政府，笔者对该框架进行了概念分析，包括：预算透明、公众参与、开放数据和信息自由。本文通过分析得到一系列测量题项，有助于澄清开放政府绩效的关键领域，并可用于开发评价开放政府项目的指标。 열린 정부는 전세계적으로 증가하는 추세에 있는 행정학적 현상이다. 오랜 기간 열린 정부는 민주 사회에서 중요하다고 간주되어 왔다. 그러나 전자 정부의 도래와 함께 개방성은 책무성과 투명성을 지원하기 위한 필수적인 법적 제도적 개혁 마련 없이 정보통신기술을 이용하는 정부들에 의하여 장점으로 내세워져 왔다. 개방성과 정보통신기술의 교차는 전자 정부에 관한 행정 실무와 이론에 대한 도전을 제기하였고 열린 정부 성과를 이해하기 위한 보다 나은 이론적 준거틀을 요구하게 되었다. 본 연구는 효율성, 민주적 반응성 그리고 법이성적 과정이라는 세 가지 준거틀을 제공하고 있다. 이 준거틀은 예산 투명성, 시민참여, 오픈데이터 그리고 정보의 자유라는 열린 정부의 네 가지 유형을 통하여 개념적으로 분석된다. 이러한 분석은 열린 정부의 중요한 측면을 명확하게 하는 데에 도움을 줄 수 있는 측정 체계를 마련해 준다. 또한 이러한 측정 체계는 열린 정부 계획을 평가할 수 있는 지표를 만들어 내는 데에 이용될 수 있다.
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ZHAI, Xiaomei. "知情同意的若干問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.41424.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.作為一種法律學說，知情同意在西方社會已經存在多年，並且得到長足的發展。這一學說來源於《紐倫堡法典》。知情同意不僅僅是“法律文件”，也不是醫患“共同決策"，它是具有豐當倫理內涵的一個概念，是一個人實際理解並且真正在沒有他人控制下有意地批准和同意專業人員做某事。中國具有其獨特的文化傳統背景和經濟發展水平，西方國家基於自主的和權利的理論、信念以及方法在中國基於義務的和強調集體的傳統文化中尚缺乏一定的根基。中國文化傳統上的倫理決策是基於義務而不是基於權�的。這種根深蒂岡的傳統所肯定的是社會或者整體的利益，容易忽視的是個人應享有的權利。在中國文化傳統中，家庭和社區具有很強的凝聚力，家庭或社區協助和支持下的知情同意往往建立在更加充分的理解、思考基礎之上。這種知情同意獲得的方式很有價值：更加精緻，更加體現了尊重人的倫理學原則。但是需要注意的是，這種協助不能完全超越自我決定性。另外，社區的“允許”並不等同於個人的“同意”，而且社區的允許也不應該取代個人的同意。另外，目前在中國，臨床藥理試驗，倫理審查委員會（IRBs）制度化，合理的補償與不正當的引誘的區別，基因研究中的知情同意問題以及利益衝突等很多現實問題都需要引起倫理學的關注，並進行大量的研究工作。In Western societies, the idea of informed consent as a legal account has long been there and developed significantly. This idea originated from the "uremberg Code". In fact, informed consent is neither a mere "legal document" nor a "common decision" made by the physician and the patient. It is a concept rich in moral content. It is about how an individual perceives and intentionally (without being controlled by others) agrees and allows professionals to carry out certain actions on him/her.China has a unique traditional cultural background and economic development level. Due to the emphasis on responsibility and collectiveness in Chinese cultural traditions, introducing the Western theory, beliefs, and practice based upon individual autonomy and rights to Chinese society does not have solid foundation. According to Chinese cultural traditions, people consider responsibility instead of rights during making ethical decisions. These deeply-rooted traditions assure the interests of the whole and tend to neglect the rights of the individual. Chinese families and communities have a very strong sense of cohesiveness. With the assistance and support of the family or community, the thinking and understanding of informed consent can be established on a more adequate and solid foundation. This kind of way to get informed consent is very valuable: it is more accurate and can also fulfills the ethical principle of respect. However, the assistance of the family or community should not override individual's autonomy in making decisions. Moreover, community "permission" is not equal to individual "consent". Indeed, it should not replace individual "consent".Contemporary China faces many practical problems, such as clinical medicine testing, establishing Institutional Review Broads (IRBs), differences between reasonable compensation and improper reward, conflict of interests in genetic research as well as the practice of informed consent. They demand ethical attention and a large amount of careful research.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 13 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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ZHANG, Xianglong. "儒家會如何看待同性婚姻的合法化？." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.161649.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.首先闡明儒家與基督教及古希臘文化各自對於同性戀的態度。儒家與基督教的嚴厲排斥和古希臘人的某種鼓勵皆不同，對同性戀持一種有保留的寬容態度，對於同性戀個人的評價更是以其道德行為為依據。為了理解儒耶在這個問題上分歧的深層原因，審視了西方的二元分叉和古代中國陰陽互補對生的不同思想方式。儒家因此將同性戀人群的產生歸為陰陽發生過程的可能產物，有其自然的原因，並不是一種罪惡。但是，也正是由於儒家信持這樣一個陰陽生發的結構，她不可能贊許同性婚姻的合法化，因為同性戀者的結合畢竟不是陰陽化生的原真形態，將它與異性婚姻在法律地位上等同看待會導致一些對於人類社群長久延續不利的後果。它們包括：這種合法化會從道理上打開通向群婚制的缺口；它還可能會傷害一些無辜者；它具有的某種示範效應可能會引導那些在性別取向上的徘徊者走上他們本來不一定要選擇的性道路。本文的第三部分第一節還依據中英原文，考訂了美國最高法院的甘迺迪法官所引用的孔子話語，說明它在表達形式上的不嚴格和內容上的大致可行。又闡述了此法官的基本思想與這段引文及其上下文所代表的儒家思路的衝突。First, the various attitudes towards homosexuality among Confucianism, Christianity and ancient Greek culture are considered. Distinguished from the Christian harsh repulsion and the Greek slight encouragement, Confucianism has been guardedly tolerant of homosexuality and judged homosexuals according to their personal moral behavior. To reveal the deep reasons for the distinction between Confucianism and Christianity on this issue, the paper examines the differences in thinking between the Western dichotomy and the Confucian genesis by the co-opposites of yin-yang. Confucianism explains homosexuality as one of the possible results of the yin-yang process. It is thereby a natural phenomenon, not an evil thing. However, it is due to this understanding that Confucianism cannot advocate the legalization of homosexual marriage, because a union between homosexuals does not belong to a true yin-yang means of combination and production. To treat it legitimately as being the same as a marriage between heterosexuals could lead to consequences that would be unfavorable to the longevity of human communities, which include, for instance, opening up the possibility of group marriage; hurting innocent people; and leading those who do not have a definite sexual tendency to make a homosexual decision. The third part of the paper refers to the Confucian saying cited by Anthony Kennedy, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the USA, in his statement on the ruling on same-sex marriage, and shows that his citation was inaccurate, but its content was not far from the original meaning of Confucius’ saying. Further, the conflict between Kennedy’s basic thinking and the Confucian thought demonstrated in the citation and its context is exposed.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 329 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Lee (李承恩), Claire Seungeun. "Between Institutional Exclusion and Inclusion: Comparing Old and New Chinese Immigrants in South Korea (制度的排斥與包容：在韓國的舊華僑和新華僑之比較)." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 11, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 250–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01102005.
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This article explores three Chinese immigrant groups in South Korea. South Korean society characterizes itself with a long-held traditional myth of being a homogenous society. Two waves of migrants from China, however, challenged this myth. The earlier wave took place in the late 19thcentury. The recent, new, wave of Chinese migration took place in the last three decades and coincidently right before and after the normalization of relations between the People’s Republic of China (prc) and South Korea in 1992. Due to the rise of China and the changing dynamics of inter-Asian migration, new migrants from theprcsince the 1990s have changed the demographic composition of foreign citizens in Korea.These new migrants from theprcare mostly ethnic Han (prcChinese), but some are ethnic Korean (Korean Chinese) who holdprccitizenship. Most previous studies have focused on either old (earlier) Chinese immigrants or new (later) Chinese immigrants separately. This paper, in contrast, comparatively investigates these groups utilizing statistics and secondhand source data. This study contends that the mechanisms of institutional exclusion and inclusion in Korean immigration policies, put forward by the policies’ citizenship, legal and economic aspects, produce both new multiculturalism and ethnonationalism. This paper also contends that mechanisms of institutional exclusion and inclusion are a result of the interplay between citizenship and ethnicity.本文對韓國華僑（“舊華僑”）、持中國國籍的中國大陸漢族和朝鮮族（“新華僑”）進行比較。長久以來，在韓國社會裡“單一民族”一直是一個很普遍的傳統現象。但兩波從中國到韓國的華人華僑移民潮卻反駁此現象。早期的移民潮發生在十九世紀末，在此期間移居到韓國的華人一般稱之為韓國華僑（簡稱為“韓華”）。最近這一波新移民潮則是發生在最近30多年，恰好是在發生在中華人民共和國和韓國建交的一九九二年前後。從一九九零年代開始，因中國崛起和亞洲移民的動態變化帶動的中國“新”移民到了韓國，也改變了在韓國社會裡外國剬民的國籍與種族結構。這些來自中國的新移民大部分都是漢族（簡稱為“漢族”），有些則是朝鮮族，這兩個不同的民族都持有中華人民共和國的國籍。已經有許多研究關注移居韓國的華人，但比較不同時代移居至韓國的華人的討論卻非常少見。這個研究便以統計和二手資料為主，特別針對這些在不同時期來到韓國的華人進行比較。本論文分析了在韓國移民政策裡頭制度排斥和包容的機制，筆者分析了這些政策裡的剬民權、法律和經濟等不同層面，發現韓國的一系列移民政策造成了新的多文化主義和民族國家主義。此外，本研究也發現產生制度排斥和包容機制是剬民權和種族性之間的相互作用的結果。 (This article is in English).