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Journal articles on the topic '男女差'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Matsuno, Sumie. "Perspectives: Sexism in Japanese Radio Business English Program Textbooks." JALT Journal 24, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj24.1-5.

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In Japanese society, “sexism” is still pervasive and has crept into EFL (English as a Foreign Language) textbooks. The Easy Business English series of textbooks, utilized by a nation-wide radio program in Japan from October 2000 to March 2001, are examined for sexism. A brief analysis of the omission of females is followed by a discussion of occupational roles of males and females, and then a discussion of gendered identities. Finally, word choices are investigated. This paper concludes that sexism is still an issue to be dealt with and suggests that EFL teachers reexamine the textbooks used in their classrooms. 日本の社会では現在もなお、性差別（sexism）が存在し、それが英語のテキストにも反映されている。本研究では全国ネットのラジオ局による語学プログラム「やさしいビジネス英語」で2000年10月から2001年3月まで使用されたテキストを取り上げ、性差別の観点から分析した。女性の過少評価の分析から始め、男女の役割、男女のアイデンティティ、言語差別等を調査した。その結果、性差別が存在することを明らかにし、英語教師が教室で使用するテキストに関しても、性差別の有無を再調査するよう提案している。

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NG, Siu Kuen Robert. "Body Image Discrepancy and Body Mass Index among Chinese University Students in Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.201810.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Introduction: The purposes of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the perception of body image, (b) the body satisfaction level (BSS), and (c) the most satisfied and dissatisfied body part. Methods: 588 university students (aged: 20.0±2.2 years; BMI: 20.3±2.8 kg/m2) from four universities in Hong Kong indicated their perceived ‘ideal’ and the ‘healthiest’ male and female figure from 9-figure rating scale. Body Image Discrepancy (BID) between their ‘current’ and ‘ideal’ figure was calculated. Results: Men reported significantly higher level of BSS than women. BMI correlated with BSS in women (r=.-263, p<.01) but not in men; BMI correlated with BID in women (r=.446, p<.001) and men (r=.587, p<.001). Most respondents indicated ‘no part’ as their most satisfied body part. Men and women stated their most dissatisfied body part was abdomen and thigh respectively. BSS was the highest in normal weight men and underweight women. Overweight respondents rated significantly larger figure as their ‘ideal’ size than their underweight and normal weight counterparts. Conclusions: An increase in BMI aggravates an increase in their desire to be thinner. It is necessary to help university students in Hong Kong to develop a healthy and realistic body image. 探討大學生(1)身體質量指數(BMI)與身體形象差異的關係; (2)身體滿意度; (3)最滿意和最不滿意自己身體部份。588位大學生從香港四所大學在9個由瘦至肥的男女剪影公仔中選擇(1)“理想”和“最健康”的男女體型; (2)代表自己“現在”和“理想”的體型來計算出身體形象差異。女性的身體滿意度比男性低並與BMI成反比。大多數指無最滿意的身體部份，男女分別最不滿意腹部和大腿。正常體重男士和過輕女士最滿意自己身體。總結，BMI與減磅意欲成正比。

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LAI, DANIEL W. L., and CONITA K. C. IP. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL HEALTH OF OLDER PEOPLE." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 39, no. 01n02 (January 2005): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246205000033.

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This study examines the differences in mental health between older men and women. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 504 older adults aged 55 years and older. Mental health was measured by a revised Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of a Chinese version of SF-36. Mental health differences between men and women were not identified, but gender was found to have an effect on mental health in the 54 to 64 age group, when being a female predicted a poorer status of mental health. The poorer financial status of women was the reason for the gender effect. Mental health predictors for men and women were also compared. The findings concluded that interventions to strengthen financial assistance for aging women were important for enhancing mental health. 這研究對五百零四名五十五歲或以上的長者進行電話調查。結果發現男、女長者精神健康差別在五十五至六十四歲的組別中顯示，較差的經濟狀況是影響女性精神健康的因素。比較男、女精神健康指標的結果顯示，經濟援助對強化女性精神健康的重要性。.

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4

Zakaib, Gwyneth D. "科学界の男女格差を調査." Nature Digest 8, no. 5 (May 2011): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ndigest.2011.110523.

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5

SAM, Ka lam. "Valgus Knee Angle during Drop Landing in Female and Male Physical Education Major Undergraduate Students." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.161901.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Gender differences in lower extremity landing mechanics and muscle activation have been identified as potential causative factors leading to the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. Valgus knee alignment places greater strain on the anterior cruciate ligament than a more neutral alignment. Biceps Femoris (BF) may provide dynamic stability to the knee joint during landing, decreasing knee valgus and preventing placing strain on the anterior cruciate ligament. The purpose of this study was to determine if frontal-plane knee angle and Biceps Femoris (BF) activation differ between the sexes at initial contact (IC) and maximal knee flexion (MKF) during a drop landing. Nine male and eight female healthy subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Frontal-plane knee angle and BF average root mean square (aRMS) amplitude were measured using BTS (Bioengineering Technology & Systems) electromyography, video acquisition system and Kistler force platform. It was found that at initial contact, women landed in valgus, and men landed in varus (P < .001). At maximal knee flexion, men reached a greater varus position than women (P < .001). Women’s BF aRMS amplitude was less than men. At initial contact, BF aRMS amplitude significantly differed between groups (P < .05). However, no significance difference between groups at maximal knee flexion (P > .05). To conclude, women tended to land in more knee valgus than men. At initial contact, women performed different and less BF muscle activation than men. The stabilization mechanism in landing knee motion between initial contact and maximal knee flexion is still unknown. 股二頭肌能通過減輕膝外翻程度來增加著地時膝關節的穩定性，從而減輕前十字韌帶受到的張力。有研究表明，不同群體之間下肢著地技術和肌肉活動情況的差異是增加女子運動員前十字韌帶受傷幾率的兩大潛在因素。當膝外翻時，十字韌帶受到比膝蓋處於中立位時更大的張力。本研究通過運用Kistler測力台，肌電圖，以及BTS視頻採集系統對17名(男=9，女=8)主修體育的本科生進行測量，目的在於討論著地瞬間膝關節的角度和股二頭肌活動是否存在性別差異，以及測定著地緩衝後的最大膝角和股二頭肌活動是否存在性別差異。結果發現，在著地瞬間，女性較男性更容易出現膝外翻現象(p<.001)。肌電圖顯示，女性股二頭肌振幅比男性要小且男女之間存在顯著性差異(p<.05)，但當緩衝至最大膝角時，男女之間的差異並不顯著(p>.05)。著地過程中，下肢肌肉的穩定機制與膝部運動的關係有待進一步探討。

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杨, 芳. "中医治疗痤疮的疗效观察和心得." 亚洲临床医学杂志 2, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/yzlcyxzz.v2i5.3042.

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痤疮是一种慢性毛囊皮脂腺性疾病，多在青春期的男女颜面、额部、下颌、胸背皮脂腺丰富部位发病，无性别差异，只是女性发病早于男性，临床表现以粉刺、丘疹、脓疱、结节、囊肿以及疤痕等多行性皮肤损伤为特征，常常伴有皮脂溢出，也常称为“青春痘”。属中医学“粉刺”范畴，病程缠绵，迁延日久难愈，痤疮对皮肤的损害是以损坏真皮组织而形成疤痕，疤痕以皮肤表面凹凸不平为表现，而且这些疤痕不易消退，对青少年心理和社交影响很大。

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Haesun Bae. "雇用分野における男女平等法と男女格差実態の韓日比較." Japanese Language and Literature Association of Daehan ll, no. 85 (February 2020): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18631/jalali.2020..85.017.

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Omar FAUZEE, M. S., Wing Wai LAI, Kim Geok SOH, and Rozita ABD LATIF. "Sports Anxiety among High School Athletes." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.141739.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study examined competitive anxiety in sports among the participants in a high school located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One hundred and fifteen students (60 males and 55 females) took part in this study, all of who at least participated in a sport or game representing sport house, school, or district level. All subjects were 15 years old. The results showed that there was a significant difference between male and female participants where male participants reported lower level of competitive anxiety than female. As predicted, participants represented district level also reported lower of competitive anxiety compared to participants representing sport house or school level. No significant difference in competitive anxiety emerged among participants of different ethnicity. Recommendations were suggested for further studies. 本文旨在探討馬來西亞吉隆坡中學運動選手的競賽運動焦慮情況。邀請了60位男生和55位女生參加是次研究，結果顯示：男生的競賽焦慮情緒低於女生，明顯差異也存在於來自不同地區的學生及學校組別等。

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Reardon, Sara. "免疫応答の男女差という「不都合な真実」." Nature Digest 13, no. 9 (September 2016): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ndigest.2016.160918.

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CHIEN, Kuei Yu, Shu Chen CHEN, Wen Jong LIN, Hui Tan LO, Hung Jen CHEN, and Mei Chich HSU. "Relationship between Health-related Fitness and Web-based Physical Activity Records in College Students." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.141720.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between health-related fitness (HRF) and the physical activity (PA) level from web-based records in college students. The college students (N=221, 18.8±0.6 yr) were recruited. Sedentary time, exercise mode, duration and rating of perceived exertion scale for 7 days were recorded. The body mass index, sit-ups completed in 30 s and 60 s, standing long jump, sit and reach, and 800- or 1600-m run/walk were measured. Spearman correlation and independent t-test were used for statistics. A level of a=0.05 was set for significant on all tests. The results showed that both PA and moderate intensity physical activity were significantly related to HRF, where as cardiovascular endurance was not related. We suggested PA probably affect life movement but not cardiovascular endurance. This study also indicated the correlation patterns were different in gender. The best strategies to promote HRF in college students are to reduce the sedentary time for male and to increase PA intensity for female. 本研究主要探討網路版之身體活動量與大學生健康體適能關聯，本研究招募221位(18.8±0.6歲)大學生記錄7天靜態生活與運動種類、時間以及運動時自覺努力的程度，此外進行健康體適能之身體質量指數、一分鐘仰臥起坐、立定跳遠、坐姿體前彎以及男生1600公尺或是女生之800公尺跑走測驗。以Spearman積差相關進行各變數之關聯度檢定，並以獨立樣本t檢定考驗男生與女生間各變數之差異性，顯著水準定在0.05。結果顯示無論每週平均身體活動時間或是中等強度身體活動時間與非心肺適能之健康適能具顯著的關聯，此結果暗示了身體活動量與日常生活之活動力有關，與心肺適能無關，本研究亦發現身體活動量與健康適能關聯型態因性別不同而有所不同，本校最佳之男性體適能增進策略為減少坐式時間，最佳之女性體適能增進策略為增強運動強度。

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杨, 文卿. "急性胆囊炎患者围手术期护理干预的临床效果." 实用医学研究 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36012/pmr.v2i5.2749.

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目的:探讨围手术期正确护理工作对于急性胆囊炎患者治疗效果影响。方法:选自来自我院2019年5月-2010年5月在外科住院的患者,其中选择急性胆囊炎的患者,男女不限,年龄不限,且急诊行胆囊切除术的患者总共54例,秉着随机公平的原则分为 A/B两组其中 A 组设定为实验组,分配27人,B组设定为对照组,分配27人,两组实验对象的年龄及男女差异不具有统计学差异,实验组和对照组对象都采用腹腔镜进行胆囊切除术治疗,实验组 A 组在围手术期行相应的护理干预,术前的宣教及术后的心理及生理干预等, B组的实验对象采用临床上较为常见的胆囊切除术的普通护理常规,通过对比实验组与对照组实验对象的住院时间和治疗效果来判断围手术期的护理的作用。结果:此数据通过统计学方法分析后,结果显示此结果具有统计学意义。结论:围手术期正确护理工作减轻患者生理及经济负担同时,还能增加患者的满意度,为患者的治疗提供更好的体验。

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蘇, 細清. "中國大學生情緒表達性之探索性研究." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 42, no. 01n02 (January 2008): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246208000077.

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The present research is an exploratory research focused on emotional expressivity of university students in China. The methodology of the research combined quantitative and qualitative, including Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ, Gross & John, 1995) drawn from U.S.A., and in-depth interview. 1531 participants from 13 universities in Beijing with 829 females and 702 males were invited to participate in the research, and 15 students with 7 females and 8 males (about 1% of Ss) received the in-depth interview. In this research, data shows that Chinese university students are highly in emotional expressivity generally, especially in positive emotional expressivity (M=5.25, SD=.80), while relatively low in negative emotional expressivity (M=4.02, SD=.99). Significant differences are found in Chinese students' emotional expressivity in gender, and major (p<.05). Females are higher than males, and students who study Arts display higher emotional expressivity than students who study Science. From in-depth interview data analysis, strong Chinese culture characteristics can be found in students' emotion expressivity, including relation-focus, the doctrine of the medium, and family-value-focus, etc. Gender difference in emotional expressivity can be tracked to Chinese traditional concept of gender expectation as "Male dominate outside while female dominate inside" (男主外女主內). Since most of the Arts students are female, they higher in emotional expressivity may also be tracked to gender expectation of emotional discourse. The present research is to present some principle of emotional expressivity of university students in China, and the finding of the research can be the empirical basis for university students' emotional education, psychological counseling and the further research, not only in practice but also in future researches. 本文是關於中國大學生情緒表達性的探索性研究，研究方法採用了質性研究和量化研究，包括了採用伯克利大學的情緒表達性量表 (Gross & John, 1995) 和深入訪談方法。參加此次的問卷調查是來自北京13所大學 (約占北京市高校13%) 的1531位大學生 (829女702男) ，從中抽取15位學生 (7女8男，約占總數1%) 進行深入訪談。結果表明中國大學生情緒表達性總體而言並不低，尤其積極情緒的表達傾向性較高(M=5.25, SD=.80)，消極情緒表達性相對較低(M=4.02, SD=.99)。性別和學生所學專業較明顯地影響學生的情緒表達性(p<.05)，總體而言，女生高於男生，而文科類學生高於理工科類學生。從訪談的結果可以看出，學生的情緒表達性深受中國文化的影響，包括維護人際關係和諧、中庸之道以及家庭價值為中心等傳統文化與價值。性別的差異可以追溯到中國傳統文化對不同性別在情緒上的不同期望，尤其受 "男主外女主內" 的傳統文化影響較多。本研究首次描述了中國大學生情緒表達性的現狀，研究結果希望為大學生的情緒健康教育、心理輔導等在實踐和研究提供實證性基礎。

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Schipper, Sara, Antonija Cavcic, and Sachi Komai. "Gender, Language, and Community: GALE SIG Forum." JALT Postconference Publication - Issue 2020.1; August 2021 2020, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2020-04.

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The JALT GALE SIG Forum examined the conference theme of community with a focus on gender. Sara Schipper highlighted some of the struggles female students face at an elite university in Japan and offered implications for educators. Antonija Cavcic examined linguistic discrepancies between male and female politicians’ use of gairaigo (loan words) during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic in Japan. Sachi Komai presented a literary approach to the theme focusing on the Japanese novel, Out (1997, translated 2003), written by Natsuo Kirino. JALT GALE部会では、今大会のテーマである「コミュニティ（共同体）」について、ジェンダーの観点から発表が行われた。本稿はフォーラムに参加した三名の発表内容をまとめたものである。Schipperは、日本の名門大学に入学した女子学生が直面する困難に焦点をあわせ、そこからどのような教育現場への示唆が見えてくるかを検討した。Cavcicは、COVID-19の流行初期段階に日本の政治家が使用した外来語について、男性政治家と女性政治家の間にどのような差異があったかを検証した。駒居は、桐野夏生の小説『OUT』を取りあげ、本フォーラムのテーマに対する文学的なアプローチを行った。

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Saito, Eiko, and Sanae Nakagawa. "Differences in Images of Clothes Expressing Masculinity and Femininity between Male and Female." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 49, no. 8 (1996): T212—T221. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.49.8_t212.

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胡, 建超, and 美华李. "大学生成败归因与性格特征相关性研究." 教育科学发展 2, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36012/sde.v2i11.2323.

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目的：此次研究通过探索本校大学生的成败归因方式与性格特征相关性，更加透彻地认清二者关系，使大学生的归因方式更趋于正确积极合理。方法：通过随机抽样的方法，采用归因方式问卷（ASQ）和内外向性格特征测试问卷，对230 名大学生的成败归因方式、性格特征进行调查研究。结果：大学生成败归因方式在不同性别之间存在显著差异；大学生成败归因方式在不同性格上存在正相关。结论：①对于大学生这个特殊的群体而言，男生对于成败归因趋向于外部归因，而女生趋向于内部归因。②在性格特征上，外向型的和中性性格的大学生趋向于综合型的归因方式，而性格内向的趋向于内部归因方式。

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NISHIDA, Shigeki, and Nobuyoshi WATAHIKI. "Sex Differential in Life Expectancy at Birth in Japan. (1). The Sex Differential in Recent Years." Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 62, no. 3 (1996): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.62.127.

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WATAHIKI, Nobuyoshi, and Shigeki NISHIDA. "Sex Differential in Life Expectancy at Birth in Japan. (2). Trends in Sex Differential in Life Expectancy at Birth from 1920 to 1990." Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 62, no. 3 (1996): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.62.139.

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Toyama, Y., J. Tunoda, K. Baba, K. Eto, Y. Nagata, T. Hirokuni, M. Kuroki, and H. Hidaka. "Evaluation of Differences in Rectal Prolapse by Sex." Nippon Daicho Komonbyo Gakkai Zasshi 53, no. 5 (2000): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3862/jcoloproctology.53.286.

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MATSUOKA, AKIHIRO. "Inflammatory middle ear diseases in children. Sex differences." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 97, no. 3 (1994): 436–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.97.436.

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何, 林静. "Vocal Aerodynamics Modeling Based on Male and Female Difference." Open Journal of Acoustics and Vibration 07, no. 03 (2019): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojav.2019.73012.

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Takahashi, Kazuo, Hirokazu Bokura, Kenichi Iijima, Atsushi Nagai, Shuhei Yamaguchi, and Shotai Kobayashi. "Sex differences in the association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of ischemic stroke." Nosotchu 28, no. 4 (2006): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.28.527.

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Matsumoto, Tatsuhiko, Hitoshi Takagi, Yutaka Matsuzaki, Shuichi Saito, Fujio Makita, and Masatomo Mori. "Gender Difference in Hepatocellular Carcinoma." KITAKANTO Medical Journal 53, no. 3 (2003): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2974/kmj.53.267.

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CHOW, Bik Chu, and Lily CHAN. "Gross Motor Skills of Hong Kong Preschool Children." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.171890.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The purpose of this study was to determine the gender difference in gross motor performance of Hong Kong preschool children. The secondary purposes were to determine whether there was a relationship between body mass index and motor performance as well as to determine the influence of preschool types (large play area vs. small play area) on the motor performance of preschool children. A total of 239 children (121 boys, 118 girls) aged 3 to 6 years from two types of preschools was assessed on locomotor and object control skills of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2, Ulrich, 2000). Results showed that there was no gender difference in children’s gross motor skills when adjusted by the age effect. There was also no relationship between body mass index and motor performance of preschool children. When partial out age effect, children from preschools with larger play area performed better locomotor skills than those from preschools with smaller play area, however, children from preschools with larger play area had worse object control skills than those from preschools with smaller play area. 本研究目的是調查幼兒學童之肌動技能表現，此研究樣本包括二百三十九名年齡介乎三至六歲來自四間幼稚園的香港學童(男童=121，女童=118)，測試項目共有六項身體移動、六項物件操控及身高、體重。結果顯示研究分析若分離年齡的影響，幼兒之肌動技能表現是沒有性別差異。而體質指數亦與幼兒之肌動技能表現沒有顯著相關。另外，學童就讀於較大活動埸地的幼兒園於身體移動技能上，較那些就讀較小活動埸地的幼兒園為佳，反之，前者於物件操控技能上較後者為差。

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CHOI TSE, Kang Chun. "Preliminary Study on Gross Motor Performance of Hong Kong Children Aged 6-8 Years." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.101301.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Gross motor development is a critical component of elementary school physical education programs. This is also the foundation for active participation in later childhood and adult physical activities. This study aims to: (1) collect preliminary data on Hong Kong children's gross motor performance; (2) analyze Hong Kong Children's gross motor proficiency; and (3) introduce a gross motor test instrument to Hong Kong PE teachers. The Test of Gross Motor Development (Second Edition) (TGMD-2) (Ulrich, 2000) was chosen as the test instrument in this project. There were 15 girls and 15 boys selected for each age interval: 6-6 to 6-11, 7-6 to 7-11 and 8-0 to 8-11. Only 27.6% of the participants achieved the average level. 27.6% and 40% of them were below average and poor, respectively. No significant sex differences in the level of fundamental gross motor skills development. However, age differences were found in stationary dribble and overhand throw, 8 years old children got higher successful rate in the mature form of the two skills.大肌肉運動能力發展是小學體育課程的主要元素，這亦是青少年及成年時期積極參與體力活動的基石。本研究的目的是：(1)搜集香港兒童大肌肉運動能力數據；(2)分析香港兒童大肌肉運動能力表現；(3)介紹一套測試大肌肉運動能力的工具給香港體育老師。本研究選用了 '第二代大肌肉運動能力(TGMD-2)' 作測試工具。每一個年齡組別，即6-6至6-11，7-6至7-11及8-6至8-11均選取15男及15女作為研究樣本。總樣本為90人。研究發現，樣本中祗有27.6%在一般水平，另外27.6%及40%分別在低於及差的水平。在大肌肉運動能力的表現中，性別差異方面並不明顯。原地運球及擲球動作，年齡差異較明顯，八歲兒童成功掌握這兩個技能的百份比較年幼的兒童為高。

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WONG, Ann Po Chun, and Siu Yin CHEUNG. "Sport Participation Motives in Primary School Students." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.101292.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to investigate the sport participation motives for primary students in Hong Kong. The subjects of this study were 9 to 13 years old Primary 4 to 6 students, with 89 males and 216 females (N=305). The Participation Motivation Questionnaire (Gill, Gross & Huddleston, 1983) was utilized to examine the sport participation motives (Achievement/ Status, Team, Fitness, Energy release, Skill, Friends, Fun and Miscellaneous) and the sport participation pattern. 2x2x2 ANOVA was utilized to find out the mean differences on motivational factors for males and females with different age group in different type of schools (whole day and half day). Results showed that males had significantly higher mean score on miscellaneous factor than females, the younger age group had significantly higher mean scores on fun and friends factors than the older age group; and the whole-day primary school students had higher mean scores on team, friends and miscellaneous factors than the half-day primary school students. No interaction effect was found on age group and school type on motivational factor. Independent T-test was utilized to examine the mean difference on motivation factors for sport participants and non-sport participants. Results showed that sport-participants had significantly higher mean scores on team, fitness, energy release, friends and fun factors than non-sport participants.本研究目的為探討小學生參與運動的動機及其參與運動的形式。研究對象為9至13歲之小四至小六學生，共有89位男學生及216位女學生參與(總數=305)。是次研究主要透過問卷調查小學於參與運動中所能獲得之成就動機(成就感、團體精神、強健的體魄、宣洩精力、技術、朋友、快樂及其他因素等八方面)。研究結果顯示隨著年齡的增長，小學生參與運動的情況明顯地減少。男女生在其他因數方面亦有明顯的差別；就讀全日制的小學生在團體精神，朋友及其他因數等方面較就讀半日制的小學生為高。而年輕的學生於團體精神朋友及其他運動動機較年長的學生為高。本研究並無發現年齡與學校授課時間的長短於參與運動的動機有著交互影響。在空閒時間參與運動的小學生於技術、體魄、宣洩精力、朋友及快樂等運動動機方面較沒有參與運動的學生有著較高的分數。

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Effiong, Okon. "Task repetition and extra-curricular speaking opportunities: Measuring gains in complexity, accuracy, and fluency." Language Teacher 38, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt38.4-5.

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This paper reports a study which highlights the effectiveness of task repetition in promoting changes in learners’ interlanguage. Thirty-two randomly chosen third-grade junior high school students of both genders were divided into two groups and presented with an interview task. One group repeated the task four times while the second group did the same task twice over a four-week period. Statistical analysis of transcripts indicated that repetition enabled the learners to show improvement in measures of complexity, and to some extent, accuracy. Similarly, a holistic re-reading of the transcripts corroborated the quantitative result and showed gains in fluency, thereby supporting the argument that repetition can facilitate changes in learners’ language. The findings suggest that task repetition can promote language learning and overall language proficiency. 本論では、「繰り返し学習」で学習者の中間言語が促進されることを検証する。中学3年生男女32名を無作為に2つのグループに分け、インタビュー形式のタスクを実施した。4週間にわたり、同じタスクを1つのグループには4回、もう一方には2回行った。その結果、「繰り返し学習」で複雑な表現力の向上には統計的な有意差がみられ、正確さは向上する傾向がみられた。同様に、インタビュー内容全体を見返すと量的結果が裏付けられ、流暢さの向上がみられた。調査結果は、「繰り返し学習」は言語習得や全体的な言語能力を促進することを示唆している。

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Hamada, Yo. "Learners’ Perceptions of Intelligible Pronunciation and the Gaps Between Teachers’ and Learners’ Perceptions." Language Teacher 41.4 41, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt41.4-1.

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This study investigated Japanese EFL learners’ perceptions on priorities for intelligible pronunciation. Which aspects do they think are most important for intelligible pronunciation? Are there gaps in priorities between learners and experienced teachers? A 25-item questionnaire, which focused on 17 segmental features and 8 suprasegmental features, was used. It was administered to 142 university freshmen (72 males and 70 females). The results show that learners consider major segmentals (l, ɹ, ð, θ, v), stress, and intonation to be important, but secondary segmentals (f, æ, ʌ) are considered less important. The gaps between teachers and learners were found in L1 effect at syllable levels (syllabification, cognates) and assimilation (sɪ, ʃɪ, tɪ). 本論では、分かりやすい発音のための優先順位に対する日本人英語学習者の認識調査を行った。研究課題は、学生にとって分かりやすい発音のために重要な要素は何か、また教員と認識の差はあるのか、である。17の分節に関する項目と8つの超分節に関する計25項目の質問紙を142名の大学1年生（男性72名、女性70名）に配布した。結果は、主要な分節(l, ɹ, ð, θ, v)、強弱、イントネーションが学生にとって重要項目であり、第2分節(f, æ, ʌ)はあまり重要視されていない。教員と学習者とのギャップは、カタカナ英語等の音節レベルにおける第1言語の影響や同化(sɪ, ʃɪ, tɪ)に見られた。

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Goto, Fumiyuki, Akira Saito, Yasutomo Araki, and Takanobu Kunihiro. "Gender Difference in Roll Vection." Equilibrium Research 62, no. 6 (2003): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.62.543.

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SHIRAIWA, Kayoko, Izumi NAGATANI, and Satoshi TANAKA. "Gender Differences in Salivary Alpha Amylase Responses to Exercise." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 28, no. 4 (2013): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.28.451.

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王, 妮. "Gender Differences in the Academy Awards Acceptance Speeches." Overseas English Testing: Pedagogy and Research 02, no. 02 (2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/oetpr.2020.22006.

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崔, 志暉. "新來港人士的生活滿足感及歸屬感." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 48, no. 01n02 (January 2014): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246214000047.

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本研究以抗逆力視野來探討本地新來港人士的生活滿足感及歸屬感等各方面的狀況，並尋找促進新移民正向適應的保護因子及阻礙其發展的危機因子。研究以街頭訪問的方式搜集了1,012位被訪者的資料，當中男性佔35.4%, 女性則有64.3%; 平均年齡為37.7歲。結果顯示新來港人士比本地出生的居民及非本地出生但居住香港多於七年的居民兩個群組在廣東話的溝通能力、自尊感、社會網絡、社區歸屬感及生活滿足感等5個方面的表現均較差。結構模式的分析顯示自尊感、社區歸屬感及社會網絡是促進生活滿足感的保護因子；而溝通能力差是阻礙新移民正向適應的危機因子。根據研究結果，文中提議一些服務來改善新來港人士的生活滿足感。 This study adopted the resilience perspective to explore the life satisfaction and community attachment of new arrivals in Hong Kong, and to examine the protective factors and risk factors that affecting their well-being. The study used the street interview and the accidental sampling to collect data from 1,012 respondents. The sample comprised 35.4% men and 64.3% women. The mean age of participants was 37.7 years. The results indicated that the new arrivals had lower scores in communication competence, self-esteem, social networks, community attachment and life satisfaction than the local born residents and non-local born residents who have been in Hong Kong for more than 7 years. Moreover, results of the structural equation model confirmed that self-esteem, community attachment and social networks were protective factors of life satisfaction; and poor communication competence was a risk factor that hindered positive adaption. Based on the study results, service recommendation was suggested to improve the life satisfaction and community attachment of the new arrivals.

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Morikawa, Mitsuru, Mitsuhiko Okuyama, Hideki Yoshihara, Satoshi Yamaguchi, and Sunao Yachiku. "A STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF UROLITHIASIS." Japanese Journal of Urology 89, no. 5 (1998): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.89.538.

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TSAO, T. H., HSU C. H. HSU, Cheng Iuan HUANG, and Huei Ying Huei Ying WU. "Effects of Physical Activity on Body Composition and Basal Metabolic Rate of Taiwanese Aboriginal Children during Daily School Time." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151743.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Physical activity is one of the important factors for maintaining weight in adults and children, especially moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, few studies have discussed about physical activity and body composition of aboriginal children, in spite of the differences existing between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. As a result, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity on the body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Taiwanese aboriginal children. Methods: Thirty boys (aged 10.7 ± 1.5 yr with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) and 26 girls (aged 10.0 ± 1.5 yr with a BMI of 18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. Bouchard's physical activity questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. The body composition and BMR were determined by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: For all subjects, the period of school time, from leaving home to arriving back home, was totally 530 ± 38minutes. Children engaged in 353.8 ± 29.7 (66%), 121.9 ± 9.7 (23%), 37.1 ± 7.5 (7%), and 21.4 ± 7.0 (4%) minutes of sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels of exercise, respectively. The accumulated time of MVPA was significantly higher for boys than for girls. In addition, after the statistical analysis, MVPA was significantly related to the percent body fat and BMR (-0.79 and 0.63; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sufficient physical activity time, especially MVPA, benefits the maintenance of a normal BMI range for aboriginal children. 身體活動對維持成人與孩童的體重相當重要，特別是中度與激烈程度的身體活動。儘管原住民與非原住民孩童存在著差異，但原住民兒童身體活動與身體組成的關係卻很少被討論。因此，本研究目的探討身體活動對原住民兒童身體組成與基礎代謝率的影響。30位原住民男學童(年齡：10.7 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2)與26位原住民女學童(年齡： 10.0 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2)參與本研究。Bouchard身體活動問卷調查原住民學童不同程度的身體活動，並以生物電阻法原理測量身體組成與基礎代謝率。結果：在校時間，從離家至返家，總計為530 ± 38分鐘。在坐式、輕度、中度、激烈等不同程度的身體活動時間 > 分別為353.8 ± 29.7 (66%)、121.9 ± 9.7 (23%)、37.1 ± 7.5 (7%)、21.4 ± 7.0 (4%)分鐘。男原住民學童在學校累積的中度-激烈的身體活動時間顯著多於女原住民學童。再者，中度-激烈的身體活動時間與原住民學童的體脂肪百分比、基礎代謝率有顯著相關(079、0.63; p < 0.05)。結論：足夠的身體活動時間，特別是中度-激烈程度的身體活動，將有助於原住民學童維持身體質量指數在正常範圍。

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于, 若冰, 允. 张, 志凌闫, and 伟栋李. "18F-FDG PET/CT对多发性骨髓瘤患者分期及预后评价." 亚洲临床医学杂志 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/yzlcyxzz.v3i2.3786.

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分析 18F-FDG PET/CT 影像学特征及用于多发性骨髓瘤分期及预后判断的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析 2014 年1 月至 2019 年 6 月间在徐州医科大学附属医院经病理证实的 43 例 MM 患者 [ 男 32 例，女 11 例；年龄：(60.6± 11.1) 岁 ]，收集影像参数及临床参数。包括 PET/CT 检测到的 SUVmax（病灶的代谢参数最大标准摄取值）、白蛋白、血钙、β 2-M、乳酸脱氢酶。结果：病变最常累及部位为脊柱 37 例（ 86.0%），骨病变 PET-CT 表现最常见为溶骨性破坏 40 例（ 93.0%），SUVmax（ 2.1-20.9），均值为（ 5.29 ± 3.54）；DS plus 分期： I 期患者（ 14 例），SUVmax 值为 4.08 ± 1.56，II 期患者（ 23例），为 4.96± 2.73，III 期患者（ 6 例）为 7.75± 6.60, 各期间 SUV 值差异有统计学意义（均 P< 0.05），SUVmax 值与乳酸脱氢酶、β 2-M（r = 0.682，r = 0.745，P<0.05）呈正相关，与白蛋白呈负相关（r = -0.531, P< 0.05），与血钙无相关性。结论： MM 患者 PET/CT 表现多为轻度高代谢溶骨性病变，PET/CT 可以反映肿瘤负荷，对 MM 的分期和预后有一定价值。初诊 MM 患者治疗前 18F-FDG PET/CT 显像可为临床的病情评估及治疗方案的选择提供更多的依据。

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SUZUKI, T. "Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive symptoms." Japanese Journal of Personality 11, no. 1 (2002): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2132/jjpjspp.11.1_50.

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Kurita, Masahiro. "Sexual Difference in Grip Variation During the Training of Rapid Reading." Japanese journal of ergonomics 33, Supplement (1997): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.33.supplement_166.

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GOTO, DAISUKE. "Consideration of sex differences by body surface area compensation of Cockcroft equation." Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25, no. 1 (1994): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3999/jscpt.25.263.

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Yamashita, Reika, Shigeyuki Tsuzuki, and Takashi Ishikawa. "Attitudes toward exercise in children and the influence by gender and grade differences." Japan Journal of Human Growth and Development Research 2016, no. 71 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2016.71_1.

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KONDO, Shuji, Hiroshi HOSOAI, Satoko FUJIWARA, Masako YOKOYAMA, Tuyosi YAMASHITA, Kazuo FUNATSU, and Haruo NAKAMURA. "Gender differences in left ventricular function including diastolic function in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and normal echocardiographic findings." Choonpa Igaku 34, no. 3 (2007): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3179/jjmu.34.343.

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YAZAWA, Muneatsu, Kota ICHIHASHI, Yasuaki OSHIMA, and Yoshihiro NARITA. "402 Study on Gender-Based Difference of Impression Caused by Variously Curved Surfaces." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2009.48 (2009): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2009.48.109.

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Ozaki, Makiko, Keiko Hayano, Yasuharu Tokuda, and Seiji Bito. "Gender differences in job satisfaction, mental health and work environments of hospital internists in Japan." An Official Journal of the Japan Primary Care Association 33, no. 4 (2010): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14442/generalist.33.369.

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Watanabe, Masaki, Akira Takahashi, Kazuo Mano, and Hideo Watanabe. "Sex difference of platelet aggregation in patients with acute stage-cerebral infarction." Nosotchu 15, no. 1 (1993): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.15.40.

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WAH, Vera, Sarah KOH, Denise NG, Grace WANG, and Steven QUEK. "Effects of the Amount of Dietary Nitrates Consumption on Endurance Performance." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.231766.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The current study examined the effects of dietary nitrates consumption on endurance performance of recreational athletes in Singapore. The consumption of dietary nitrates has been shown to reduce whole body oxygen cost of submaximal exercise and enhance tolerance to high intensity exercise. Beetroot, which is concentrated in dietary nitrates, is a popular natural food that has been associated with enhancement of endurance performance. Majority of studies on the effects of beetroot consumption on endurance performance have been carried out using 500ml of beetroot juice. To make the juice more palatable, and hence encourage consumption by the young athletes, this study used 250ml of beetroot juice, mixed with 250ml of apple and orange juice. 23 subjects (10 males and 13 females aged between 12 and 24) were recruited for the study. Subjects performed the Multi-stage Fitness Test (MST) on two separate days after consuming 500ml of Apple and Orange (AO, Control Group) juice or Apple, Beetroot and Orange (ABO, Experimental Group) juice. The VO2 max obtained from both tests were compared using a Paired Sample t-test. Paired Sampled t-test (t = -0.08, p < 0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the VO2 max of the experiment group and the VO2 max of the control group. Results of the present study suggests that 250ml of beetroot juice combined with 250ml of apple and orange juice did not result in significant differences in endurance performance. 本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽，可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組)或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量。相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動表現沒有顯著的影響。本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽，可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組）或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動表現沒有顯著的影響。

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44

UEDA, Toshiko, Keiko SETOYAMA, Satoe OKA, and Yuka YAMAMOTO. "The Present Situation of Female Anesthesiologists-Analysis of Questionnaire-." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 24, no. 10 (2004): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.24.573.

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黃, 洪. "香港邊緣社群社會資本的貧乏." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 38, no. 01n02 (January 2004): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246204000051.

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本文根據調查資料，分析香港邊緣社群（包括貧窮人士以及無業、不固定工作者）的社會網絡，並根據這些人士的社會網絡的規模及同質化程度，來衡量其社會資本的數量及性質。結果顯示貧窮人士社會網絡的規模明顯較非貧窮人士小，尤其以介紹工作網絡的差別最明顯，這顯示貧窮人士的社會資本較非貧窮人士少。貧窮戶的社會網絡中亦以無業人士居多，以致社會網絡出現同質化的情況。沒有工作及屬不固定工作人士的社會網絡的規模亦明顯小於有固定工作的人士，其社會網絡亦出現同質化，而無業或工作不穩定對男性造成同質化的影響較女性大。所以，無業及不穩定工作人士的社會資本較固定工作人士少。要真正解決香港的貧窮問題，必須增加貧窮人士的社會資本。 This paper, based on a sample survey, analysed the social network of the marginal groups including the poor, the un-employed and people with unstable jobs in Hong Kong. The quantity and quality of social capital of the above groups were measured according to the size and homogeneity of their social network. Results showed that the size of social network of the poor was significantly smaller than that of the non-poor, especially in the network of job searching. This suggests that the social capital of the poor was less than that of the non-poor. It is more likely that the social network of the poor was constituted of the un-employed, that was why it was more homogenous. Social network of the un-employed and people with unstable jobs was smaller than that of the people with stable jobs. The un-employed or unstable job holders also induced homogeneity in their social network, the impact of which was greater on male than female. To alleviate the problem of poverty in Hong Kong, we should increase the social capital of the deprived people.

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NISHIO, Koji, Hiroshi ZAINO, Naoki MATSUBARA, Yoshihito KURAZUMI, and Takao MORITA. "A STUDY ON THE GENDER DIFFERENCE FROM THE VIEW POINT OF STRATEGY OF SPACE RECOGNITION : A study on the continuous recognition of street space from the view point of individual difference Part 2." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 66, no. 547 (2001): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.66.169_3.

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Ogi, Tsuyoshi. "Recent Precedents of the EC Court on the Equal Treatment for Men and Women." EC studies in Japan 1990, no. 10 (1990): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5135/eusj1981.1990.10_26.

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SAKURAI, Yoshimi, Shinichiro ISHII, and Masaharu MAEDA. "Gender Difference in Knee Kinematics of Double-limb Landing." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 27, no. 4 (2012): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.27.461.

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TAHARA, Yasuaki, Noriaki TSUNAWAKE, Kouich YUKAWA, Masahiro YAMASAKI, Kumiko NISHIYAMA, Hideko URATA, Kumiko KATSUNO, and Yumiko FUKUYAMA. "Sex Differences in Interrelationships between Percent Body Fat(%Fat) and Waist-to-Hip Ratio(WHR) in Healthy Male and Female Adults." Annals of physiological anthropology 13, no. 5 (1994): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/ahs1983.13.293.

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CHEN, Hui Jia, Shiying WONG, Vin Fern Ivy OR, and Chin Hwee Steven QUEK. "Fitness Test in Measuring Aerobic Fitness in National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) of Secondary Two Students." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.211774.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study aims to investigate the correlation between the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test and the Multi-stage Fitness Test (MST) in measuring aerobic fitness in the National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) of Secondary 2 students in Singapore. 187 Secondary 2 students (age 14 years) of a mixed gender secondary school were recruited for the study. Subjects performed the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test and the MST. The VO2 max level obtained from both tests were compared using the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and Paired-sample t-test. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis shows that the predicted VO2 max from the two tests share a strong positive correlation with r=0.78. However, Paired-sample t-test shows that VO2 max predicted by the 2.4 km Run-Walk test is significantly (t = 13.82, p < 0.05) greater (mean = 36.70 L/min, SD = 4.32) than that predicted by MST (mean = 33.60 L/min, SD = 4.91). Results of the present study suggest that both the MST and 2.4 km Run-Walk test can measure aerobic fitness of 14-year old participants for NAPFA. In unfavourable weather, the MST can replace the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test. Further research can be done to enhance the test setting and environmental factors, as well as to include subjects of other age groups and ethnicities, to obtain a more holistic perspective on the interchangeability of the two tests for NAPFA assessment. 本文旨在探討2.4公里耐力跑與20米每分鐘遞增速度往返跑測驗(簡稱20米往返跑)在新加坡全國體能測驗中測試中二學生心肺功能的關係。本研究對187名男女同校的中二學生(14歲)進行2.4公里耐力跑與20米往返跑。接著，從這兩項測驗中預測學生最大吸氧量，採用積差相關係數與相依樣本T鑒定進行檢驗。積差相關係數顯示2.4 公里耐力跑與20米往返跑預測的最大吸氧量正相關(r=0.78)。相依樣本T鑒定顯示2.4公里耐力跑預測的最大吸氧量顯然(t=13.82,p<0.05) 高於(mean=36.70 L/min, SD=4.32)20米往返跑預測的最大吸氧量 (mean=33.60 L/min, SD=4.91)。研究結果顯示，2.4公里耐力跑與20米往返跑可用於新加坡全國體能測驗，是測試新加坡中二學生心肺功能的可靠方法。若天氣不佳，20米往返跑可取代2.4公里耐力跑。為了在現有的基礎上加強實驗的整體設定，以及減少環境因素造成的影響，可以進行更深入調查。其外，也可以從不同年齡和種族背景方面擴大研究物件，從一個更全面的角度研究並分析這兩種測驗在新加坡全國體能測驗的可替換性。

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