Academic literature on the topic '穩健'

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.阿爾貝‧卡繆（Albert Camus）在《瘟疫》中講述了一個霍亂瘟疫的故事，流行病不僅奪去了人們的生命，還摧毀了鎮上的政治和商業機構。現實的新冠肺炎大流行將會如何殺死或傷害我們、我們的朋友和家人，以及毀壞我們的技術、企業、文化和政治實體的綜合互動呢？如果災難或壞人造成我們喪失電能，我們將如何獲得水、食物和資訊呢？我們將如何找到共同生活在健康、和平與自由中的新的穩固形態？最後，我還有五個問題想邀請讀者和我一起進一步思考：(1)"內迴圈"和"幸福總值"的改善能否為政治實體皫穩定和健康提供新的機遇？(2) "一帶一路"倡議能否為所有相關實體提供一個穩采的解決方案？(3) 規模較小的政治和企業團體能否變得更強大、更健康？我們應該如何培育它們？(4) 人工智能是否能成為未來的政治機構的堅固環節，還是會瓦解、摧毀傳統建制？(5) 整合生命倫理學和生命政治學能否找到其他出路？La Peste (1947) by Albert Camus relates the story of a cholera plague that not only killed people in a town but also devastated the town’s political and business bodies. How is the COVID-19 pandemic harming not only us, our friends, and our families, but also the integrated interactions of our bodies with technologies, corporations, cultures, and politics? How will we get water, food, and information if we have no electricity, due to either the COVID-19 disaster or immoral people? How will we find new solid forms of living together in health, peace, and liberty? I pose the following five questions.(1) Will better “domestic circulation” and “gross happiness products” offer new opportunities for stable and healthy political bodies? (2) Will the Belt-and-Road Initiative have healthy solutions for all bodies involved? (3) Will smaller political and corporate bodies be more robust and healthier, and how can we grow them? (4) Will artificial intelligence build strong organs in future political bodies, or will they disintegrate and destroy them? (5) Will integrated bioethics and biopolitics find other solutions?DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 12 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Daoyin Illustration, with 44 Daoyin postures unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb III at Mawangdui in Hunan Province, China, is the earliest body-building Illustration found by Chinese archaeologists. Other ancient Chinese sports of DaoyinShu, such as Wuqinxi, Baduanjin, Yijinjing and Taijiquan, were the results of evolution and development of Daoyin Illustration according to their dates of appearance and movements. The people in ancient times practised them, combining the movements of body and limbs with breathing and therapeutic treatment with keeping fit and motion with tranquility in order to keep the harmony between Yin and Yan. From the viewpoint of neurophysiology, the central nervous system (CNS) receives the inputs from all of the organs and tissues, which bring the information of changes in the external and internal environments. The information from contractions and stretches of muscles and tendons inputted by thicker afferent fibers can inhibit and adjust the activities of internal organs controlled by thinner nervous fibers. All inputs interact with the changes in external and internal environments and be in harmony with them. This is the process of the central integration. The value of Daoyin Illustration in building up health is to maintain the internal homeostasis through moderate movements of the body and limbs to affect the activities of the internal organs.馬王堆漢墓是我國考古發現中時代最早的健身圖譜，共有四十四個術勢。從出現年代和動作結構分析，它的導引術如五禽戲、八段錦、易筋經、太極拳等是從繼承和演化而來。古人操練這些動作是通過肢體運動與呼吸結合，治療與健身結合，動靜相結合以求陰陽平衡。從神經生理學觀點來看，中樞神經系統接受來自所有組織與器官發來的衝動，這些衝動帶來了關於外環境變化和自體機能狀態即內環境變化的信息。體表下軟組織(特別是肌肉與肌腱的收縮和牽張所引起的)由較粗神經纖維的傳入電衝動，對於較細神經纖維所支配的內臟器官的活動有某種抑制與調節作用。各種信息在中樞神經系統內相互作用，相互制約，以確定最後的反射活動，使有機體適應體內外所發生的變化，以維持有機體與環境的平衡，這就是中樞整合過程。馬王堆漢墓所體現的健身價値就在於通過適當的肢體運動以影響內臟活動，調理機體內環境的穩定平衡。

這項研究，主要是探討病患者在參加“類風濕性關節炎患者自我管理課程”後，在自我療理行為、心理狀態及健康狀況等方面的成效及持續效果。研究採用單組活動前後的比較與設計，共有70名病患者參與是次研究。結果顯示，類風濕患者在療理病徵的信心、建立自我療理炎病的行為、心理狀態以及健康狀況方面，當課程結束時和結束後的1個月，均有顯著進步，並且於結束後6個月，開始達致穩定狀態。參加者在課程結束時和結束後的6個月，亦顯著地減少了使用醫療服務。研究結果更發現早期類風濕患者在課程裏能得到較大益處和進步。由於這許多方面的成果和持續效果，“病人自我療理教育”應加以大力推廣，以彌補傳統醫療的不足，並配合現有醫療制度，發揮更大的治療效果。 This study examines whether the Rheumatoid Arthritis Self-Management Course is effective in, as well as being able to achieve stabilizing effect on, enhancing participants' perception of control over the symptoms, improving health behaviours and health status, and reducing use of health care resources. This is a single group pre-and-post design with a sample of 70 participants. After the intervention and at 1 month follow up, participants show significant improvements in arthritis self-efficacy, self-management behaviour (exercise, cognitive symptoms management and communication with doctors), psychological well-being (sense of helplessness, mood and anxiety) and health status (pain and fatigue). These improvements become stabilized at 6 months follow-up after completion of the program. In addition, the program is found effective in reducing visits to general physician on problems related to arthritis. The results in this study clearly indicate that this community based patient education program can offer substantial benefits for the participants, particularly in terms of perceived self-efficacy on managing various aspects of arthritis, the establishment of positive health behaviour and its stabilizing effects. Therefore the complementary role of patient self-management education to traditional disease-oriented medical services can offer a valuable adjunct to medical care and we strongly advocate for its full implementation.

Music listening may evoke meaningful emotions in listeners and may enhance certain health benefits. At the same time, it is important to consider individual differences, such as musical taste, when examining musical emotions and in considering their possible health effects. In a field experiment, 21 women listened to their own preferred music on mp3-players daily for 30 minutes during a two week time period in their own homes. One week they listened to their own chosen relaxing music and the other their own chosen energizing music. Self-reported stress, emotions and health were measured by a questionnaire each day and salivary cortisol was measured with 6 samples two consecutive days every week. The experiment group was compared to a control group (N = 20) who were instructed to relax for 30 minutes everyday for three weeks, and with a baseline week when they relaxed without music for one week (before the music intervention weeks). The results showed that when participants in the experiment group listened to their own chosen music they reported to have experienced significantly higher intensity positive emotions and less stress than when they relaxed without music. There was also a significant decrease in cortisol from the baseline week to the second music intervention week. The control group’s reported stress levels, perceived emotions and cortisol levels remain stable during all three weeks of the study. Together these results suggest that listening to preferred music may be a more effective way of reducing feelings of stress and cortisol levels and increasing positive emotions than relaxing without music. Keywords: music, emotions, stress, cortisol levelsSpanishEstudio experimental de Campo de los efectos de la Escucha de Musica seleccionada por uno mismo en las emociones, el stress y los niveles de cortisol.Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig La escucha musical puede evocar emociones significativas en los oyentes y puede lograr algunos beneficios en la salud. Al mismo tiempo, es importante considerar las diferencias individuales, como por ejemplo el gusto musical, cuando examinamos las emociones musicales y al considerar sus posibles efectos en la salud. En este experimento de campo 21 mujeres escucharon su música preferida 30 minutos por dia durante 2 semanas utilizando reproductores de mp3 en sus propias casas. Una semana escucharon la música que eligieron como relajante y la semana siguiente la música que eligieron como energizante. Los auto-reportes de stress, emociones y salud fueron medidos con cuestionarios diarios a la vez que se midió el nivel de cortisol en saliva con 6 muestras tomadas durante dos días consecutivos cada semana. El grupo experimental fue comparado con el grupo control (N=20) que habían sido instruidas para realizar relajación durante 30 minutos todos los días durante tres semanas y con una semana de base en la cual se relajaban sin música (antes de las semanas de intervención musical). Los resultados mostraron que cuando las participantes del grupo experimental escucharon su propia música, reportaron haber experimentado significativamente una mayor intensidad de emociones positivas y menor stress que cuando se relajaron sin música. Hubo también una disminución significativa en el cortisol desde la semana de base a la segunda semana con la intervención musical. El grupo control reportó que los niveles de stress , percepción emocional y niveles de cortisol permanecieron estables durante las tres semanas del estudio. Estos resultados sugieren que escuchar música preferida puede ser una forma más efectiva de reducir la sensación de stress y los niveles de cortisol y de incrementar las emociones positivas que la relajación sin música. Palabras clave: Escucha musical , cortisol , respuesta al stress GermanDie Effekte vom Hören selbst gewählter Musik auf Emotionen, Stress und Cortisol Level: Eine experimentelle Feldstudie Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig Musikhören kann beim Hörer bedeutsame Emotionen auslösen und gewisse Gesundheitsvorteile bewirken. Gleichzeitig ist es wichtig, individuelle Unterschiede, wie den musikalischen Geschmack, zu beachten, wenn man musikalische Emotionen untersucht und deren mögliche gesundheitliche Effekte betrachtet. In einem Feldexperiment hörten 21 Frauen ihre selbst gewählte Musik über einen mp3 Spieler täglich 30 Minuten während einem Zeitraum von 2 Wochen in ihrem eigenen Zuhause.Eine Woche lang hörten sie ihre selbst gewählte entspannende Musik, in der anderen Woche selbst gewählte energetisierende Musik. Selbstberichteter Stress, Emotionenund Gesundheit wurden mithilfe eines Fragebogens täglich, der Cortisolspiegel mit 6 Beispielen an zwei aufeinander folgenden Tagen wöchentlich gemessen. Die experimentelle Gruppe wurde mit einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen (N=20), die angewiesen wurde, 3 Wochen lang täglich 30 Minuten zu entspannen; mit einer baseline-Woche, während der sie eine Woche lang ohne Musik entspannten (vor der Musik-Interventionswoche). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Teilnehmer der experimentellen Gruppe berichteten, sie hätten bei ihrer selbst gewählten Musik signifikant höhere intensive positive Emotionen und weniger Stress, als wenn sie ohne Musik entspannten. Außerdem fand sich eine signifikante Abnahme des Cortisols von der baseline-Woche zur 2. Woche mit Musikintervention. Die von der Kontrollgruppe berichteten Stresslevel, erlebten Emotionen und der Cortisolspiegel blieben während all der drei Studienwochen stabil. Zusammengefasst lassen diese Resultate vermuten, dass Hören von selbst gewählter Musik eine effektivere Möglichkeit darstellt, Gefühle von Stress und Cortisollevel zu reduzieren und positive Gefühle zu erzeugen, wie Entspannung ohne Musik.Keywords: Musikhören, Cortisol, Stressresponse ItalianStudio Sperimentale sul Campo degli Effetti Legati all’Ascolto della Musica Auto-Selezionata sulle Emozioni, Stress, Livello del Cortisolo Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry HartigAscoltare musica può suscitare emozioni e può dare benefici alla salute. Allo stesso tempo però è importante prendere in considerazione le differenze individuali ,come il gusto musicale, quando si indaga sulle emozioni musicali, e considerare il loro possible effetto sulla salute. In un esperimeto sul campo 21 donne hanno ascoltato la loro musica preferita, su lettori mp3, ogni giorno, nelle loro case, per 30 minuti lungo un periodo di tempo di 2 settimane. Una settimana hanno ascoltato musica rilassante e l’alta settimana musica energizzante. Stress, emozioni e salute sono stati misurati da un questionario ogni giorno e il cortisolo della salia è stato misurato con 6 campioni due giorni consecutivi ogni settimana. Il gruppo di sperimentazione è stato messo a confroto con un altro gruppo di controllo (N= 20) al quale è stata assegnata una settimana di controllo di relax senza musica e dopo hanno avuto istruzione di rilassarsi per 30 minuti ogni giorno per tre settimane. I risultati hanno mostrato che quando i partecipanti del gruppo hanno ascoltato la loro musica essi hanno riferito di aver avuto meno stress e di aver vissuto emozioni positive in un livello significativamente piú alto rispetto a quando si rilassavano senza musica. C’è stata anche una diminuzine significativa del cortisolo nel passaggio tra la settimana di controllo alla settimana in cui è stata introdotta la musica. Il gruppo di controllo ha riportato livelli di stress, emozioni percepite e livelli di cortisolo stabili durante tutte e tre le settimane dello studio. Tutti questi risultati ci suggeriscono che rilassarsi ascoltando la nostra musica preferita può essere un modo molto efficace per ridurre i livelli di stress e di cotisolo ed aumentare le emozioni positive, rispetto a rilassarsi senza musica. Parole Chiave: ascoltare musica, cortisolo, stress Chinese聆聽自選音樂對情緒、壓力及皮質醇水平效用之實驗性實地研究聆聽音樂能激發對聆聽者而言具有意義的情緒，並有益於促進健康。於此同時，當評估音樂對情緒及健康可能帶來的影響時，考慮到個別差異(如：個人的音樂品味)至關重要。在一個實地研究中，21位女性連續兩週，每天30分鐘在家聆聽她們喜歡的音樂mp3，其中一週，他們聆聽自己選擇的放鬆音樂，另一週則聆聽自選的活力音樂。在自陳問卷中每天測量壓力值、情緒與健康狀態，並每週連續兩天測量六個唾液皮質醇樣本。在音樂介入之前，以一週沒有聆聽音樂的放鬆作為基線期，將實驗組的結果與連續三週每天進行30分鐘放鬆的控制組(N=20)比較，結果顯示和未聆聽音樂的放鬆經驗相比，實驗組的參與者表示，在她們聆聽自選音樂的時候，感受到明顯較高強度的正向情緒以及較少的壓力。同時，與第一週的基線期相比，皮質醇在第二週音樂開始介入後也顯著降低。相對的，控制組的自陳壓力值、情緒感知及皮質醇程度在研究進行的三週之中皆保持穩定。研究結果建議，在放鬆時聆聽個人偏好的音樂比沒有聆聽音樂更能有效降低壓力感與皮質醇程度，並增加正向情緒 。 Japanese自分で選んだ音楽を聴くことによる、感情、ストレス、 コルチゾール値への影響についての実験的実地調査Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig 音楽鑑賞は鑑賞者の有意義な感情を喚起し一定の健康利益を高める可能性がある。同時に、音楽感情を調査、またそれらの健康への影響の可能性を考察する際には、音楽の嗜好など、個人差を考慮することが重要である。実地調査では、21人の女性が各自の好む音楽を一日30分、2週間、MP3プレイヤーを使って自宅で聴いた。一週間は自分で選択したリラックスする音楽を、もう一週間は自分で選択した活力を与える音楽を聴いた。自己申告によるストレス、感情、健康がアンケートを使って毎日計測され、唾液内のコルチゾール値は、毎週2日連続して６つのサンプルを使って計測された。実験グループは毎日30分のリラクゼーションを3週間行ったコントロール群 (N=20) と比較され、コントロール群はベースラインとなる週（リラクゼーションを始める前の週）に音楽なしのリラクゼーションも行った。結果は、実験グループ参加者が好みの音楽を聴いている時、著しく高い強さでポジティブな感情を経験し、音楽なしでリラックスしている時よりもストレスが少ないということを示した。また、コルチゾール値は、ベースライン週に比べて音楽介入のあった2週目の方が有意に減少していた。コントロール群では、ストレスレベル、感情知覚、コルチゾール値が、調査中3週間において安定を保持したことが報告された。これらの結果を合わせると、好みの音楽を聴くことはよりストレス感情とコルチゾール値を減少させ、音楽なしのリラクゼーションよりもポジティブな感情を増加させることが示唆される。キーワード：音楽鑑賞、コルチゾール、ストレス反応 Korean개인선곡 음악감상이 정서, 스트레스, 코티졸 레벨에 미치는 영향에 대한 임상 실험 연구Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig음악을 듣는 것은 듣는 사람에게 중요한 정서를 이끌어 낼 수 있으며 특정한 건강 혜택들을 증진시킬 수 있다. 동시에, 음악적 정서를 조사할 때, 또한 그것들이 건강에 끼칠 수 있는 영향들을 고려할 때 음악적 취향과 같은 개인차를 고려해야 한다. 임상 실험에서, 21명의 여성들은 자신의 집에서 2주 동안 매일 30분씩 MP3 플레이어로 자신이 좋아하는 음악을 들었다. 첫 일주일 동안, 그들은 자신이 선택한 이완 음악을 들었고, 두 번째 일주일간은 자신이 선택한 에너지를 주는 음악을 들었다. 매일 질문지로 자신이 보고한 스트레스, 감정, 건강 등을 평가했고, 매주 2일 연속 6개의 샘플을 가지고 타액내 코티졸을 측정했다. 실험집단은 3주 동안 매일 30분씩 이완을 시키라고 지시를 받은 통제 집단(N=20)과 비교했으며, 음악 중재 전 일주일 동안 음악 없이 이완을 시켰던 때를 기초선 주간(baseline week)으로 정했다. 그 결과, 실험 집단의 참가자들은 음악없이 이완을 시켰던 때보다 자신이 선택한 음악을 들었을 때 유의미하게 더 높은 강도의 긍정적 정서와 더 적은 스트레스를 경험했다고 보고했다. 또한 기초선 주간으로부터 두 번째 음악 중재 주까지 코티졸의 유의미한 감소도 있었다. 통제 집단이 보고한 스트레스 수준, 인식한 감정, 코티졸 레벨은 3주 간의 연구 기간 내내 안정적이었다. 이런 결과들을 종합했을 때, 선호하는 음악을 듣는 것이 음악 없이 이완을 시키는 것보다 긍정적인 정서를 증가시켜주고 스트레스 감정과 코티졸 수준을 줄여주는 보다 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 제안한다. 키워드: 음악 감상, 코티졸, 스트레스 반응

碩士
輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
99
Balance sheet conservatism and conditional conservatism are two primary earnings attributes(Francis 2004; Watts 2003a, 2003b), and previous studies suggests that conditional conservatism could enhance investment efficiency by curbing over-investment and mitigating under-investment(Lara et al. 2009; Bushman et al. 2006). In this study, I extend related studies by exploring whether the effect of conditional conservatism on investment efficiency depends on the level of balance sheet conservatism. I expect that for firms without investment opportunities, when balance sheet conservatism is low, the likelihood of future recognizing economic losses is higher; therefore, the effect of conditional conservatism on curbing over-investment is more prominent. For firms with abundant investment opportunities, when balance sheet conservatism is low, the likelihood of future recognizing economic losses is higher; therefore, the effect of conditional conservatism on mitigating under-investment is more prominent. The sample consists of observations selected from listed and over-the-counter companies in Taiwan from 1996 to 2007. The main findings are summarized as follows. First, for firms without investment opportunities, the likelihood of over-investment decreases as conditional conservatism increases. Besides, relative to firms with high balance sheet conservatism, the likelihood of over-investment decreases more as conditional conservatism increases for firms with low balance sheet conservatism. Second, for firms with abundant investment opportunities, the likelihood of under-investment decreases as conditional conservatism increases. However, relative to firms with high balance sheet conservatism, the effect of conditional conservatism on mitigating under-investment for firms with low balance sheet conservatism is not supported by the evidence. To sum up, this study provides evidence that balance sheet conservatism would influence the effect of conditional conservatism on enhancing investment efficiency. The findings of study show that it would be necessary to take the role of balance sheet conservatism into consideration for future study in the effect of conditional conservatism on enhancing investment efficiency.