Academic literature on the topic '經濟史'

日本2019年5月1日從「平成」改元到「令和」後，平成30年的歷史就此落下帷幕。到現在為止的30年間，日本經濟從平成元年（1989年）泡沫經濟的頂峰開始，經過消費稅增稅、亞洲貨幣危機、平成金融危機、IT泡沫的崩潰、雷曼危機等時期。破產以及企業再建的數量隨著經濟結構的改變而發生變化，經濟不景氣破產就會增加，景氣變好破產就會減少。如果從經濟結構方面探討，可以用熊彼得的經濟結構被資本主義內在力量破壞的理論來表現，即「創造性破壞」。<br />

The paper compares the impact of the social and historical experiences of the Chinese in the Philippines with those of the Chinese in Korea. Both went through periods of social, political, and economic discrimination. It explores possible explanation on why the Chinese-Filipino community has prominent business magnates among them not found among Chinese Koreans. The parallels in their historical narratives had disparate impact: the Chinese in Korea lived an isolated life apart from the mainstream Korean society while the Chinese in the Philippines became well integrated into Philippine society.While there are other important factors that helped spawn economic success of Chinese Filipinos, the paper posits that the successful integration of the Chinese Filipinos into mainstream society is the most significant factor. In contrast, the lack of opportunities for socio-cultural interaction, the isolation and lack of integration hindered the economic success of the Chinese Koreans. (This article is in English.)本篇論文對菲律賓華人及韓國華人的社會及歷史經驗所受到的衝擊進行比較。兩者都經歷了被社會、政治及經濟歧視的時代。本篇論文也探索了為何菲律賓華人社區出現許多著名商業巨賈，但韓國華人卻沒有。雖然兩國的歷史極其相似，但有著截然不同的影響：在韓國的華人，遠離韓國主流社會，過著孤立的生活，而菲律賓華人非常順利地融入菲律賓社會。雖然菲律賓華人取得經濟上的成功，還有其他重要因素，本篇論文斷定，菲律賓華人成功融入主流社會，是最主要的關鍵。相反的，缺乏社會文化交流，孤立及未能融入社會，給韓國華人的經濟成功帶來阻礙。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The adoption of the Opening and Reforming Policy has led to the Chinese economic prosperity. In the process, the clashes, contact and interaction between Chinese traditional culture and the western one give athletics new connotation. The paper reviews the history of Rhythmical Gymnastics in China, analyzes the cultural differences between China and western countries and explores the relationship between modern athletics and Chinese traditional culture. And also the paper provides data and other reference materials for re-understanding the Chinese physical training in the present-day society so that we could find a better way to develop physical training in the marketing economy.在我國改革開放、經濟復蘇的歷史背景下，傳統文化與西方文化再一次相互接觸、撞撃和相互融合，賦予了體育新的內涵。通過對藝術體操在中國的興衰歷程，剖析中西文化差異，揭示現代體育與中國傳統文化的關係。

Quemoy is a famous overseas Chinese hometown in modern China. Since the 17th Century, Western colonial power expanded to South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Japan, and drew these areas into the network of the global economy. The Quemoy Islands, situated outside Xinmen (Amoy)-port, were influenced by external and internal factors that shaped the region’s history of overseas migration. Emigrants from Quemoy brought radical changes back to their hometown, including social, economic, cultural and architectural impacts. These historical phenomena, usually described as expressions of “transnationalism,” are important foci of current research. This research tries to study the modernization of one overseas Chinese native hometown by investigating “Shining,” a monthly publication of Jushan village in Quemoy. “Shining” is one of the most comprehensive overseas Chinese publications and news reports in the world, however, it has received little academic attention. “Shining” published its first issue in September 1928, but publication was interrupted by the Second Sino-Japan War, between 1937–45. In April 1946, the publication resumed until the kmt retreated to Taiwan in 1949. The monthly publication had 21 volumes in total and recorded many historical materials, such as social life, overseas Chinese remittances, events, cultural changes and architectural activities during the 1920s–30s. It also reported political conditions and made criticisms of political issues between 1945–49. “Shining” conveyed progressive ideas and values to the people of Quemoy at that time. This paper will use “Shining” to study social change in the native hometown, including the economic connection between Quemoy and overseas areas, the formation and characteristics of overseas Chinese families, the interaction between folk society and colonial culture, the modification of everyday life and values, the changes in landscape and architecture. I attempt to examine the use of overseas Chinese newsletters to develop a new field of social history in the study of modern overseas Chinese native hometowns. 閩粵為近代中國著名的僑鄉，海外移民及歸僑眾多。華僑的出洋主要是經濟上的因素，他們匯款返鄉支持了家鄉家眷生計、教育、剬益、實業等層面的發展，促成了僑鄉社會的近代化。在昔日交通不便捷的情況下，海外僑居地與僑鄉之間的聯繫，經常必須仰賴僑刊或鄉訊的報導。這些刊物一般由各僑鄉宗族所辦，刊行於海外，讓華僑得以了解家鄉動態與相關事聞。不過由於國共戰爭、文化大革命之故，多數僑刊沒有保存下來。 本文擬以保存完整的僑刊福建金門珠山《顯影》（Shining）為例，一方面深入分析1928至1949年間（1937–45年間因戰爭停刊）《顯影》史料，一方面也從刊物內容中理解1920s–40s年代金門社會生活、治安狀況、海外鄉僑事蹟、僑匯經濟、實業發展、政治時局、文化變遷等主題。最後，進一步探究《顯影》的史料價值及其侷限，說明其對於僑鄉研究的重要性。 (This article is in English.)

There are several good reasons for the reluctance to call the overlapping waves of Chinese migration overseas since at least the 14th century, the Chinese diaspora. The term diaspora has come to refer to relatively homogenized groups with a strong sense of loyalty to the homeland. The overseas Chinese distributed over six populated continents are not homogenous. Yet the term diaspora is not entirely mistaken because the overwhelming bulk of the Chinese emigrant population left China over the last century and a half and developed some relationship of identity or loyalty with the homeland and the nation-state of China. To understand the diaspora historically, we need to outline the maps of consciousness—loyalties, interests, discourses, identities, projects and goals—that are relevant to the group being researched or investigated. A more embedded layer of activity often shapes and segments these maps of consciousness: these are the geopolitical and economic circumstances. The hinge between geopolitics and the maps of consciousness that has allowed Chinese communities to respond and navigate their ways through these changing circumstances have been their institutions and perhaps even more importantly, the ubiquitous and multiple networks in which most Chinese participate. Networks of native-place origins, lineages, provincial ties, language groups, religious groups and secret society groups, among others, have been historically well documented and need not detain us here. What this volume reveals however is other, perhaps more modern, networks: those constructed by the Japanese imperialist labor regime, and those developed along the dissemination of Christianity, political parties, academic research, financial capital, advertisement and even a legend of a Hokkien pirate among key global port cities. 一直以來都有一些拒絕把至少從十四世紀以來一波波出洋移居的華人通稱為「華僑」的看法，其中一個好理由是：「僑胞」所指涉的是一群相對同質、對原鄉帶有強烈忠誠的團體；而散居在六大洲的海外華人並不是同質的。但「僑胞」的概念卻又可以適切地反映出在過去一個半世紀以來，從中國移出的、並非同質的社群之間對於祖籍和中國這個民族國家所發展出的某種認同或效忠的關係。為了要歷史性地了解海外華人，我們必須探討所欲研究的各個團體所發展出來之意識的地圖──包括忠誠、利益、論述、認同、議程和目標等。這些意識的地圖鑲篏在地緣政治和經濟環境之上，後者往往會形塑或切割這些意識的地圖。透過華人的制度以及或許是更為重要的、無所不在和多元層次的華人網絡，華人社群得以回應並在各種變遷的地緣政治和經濟環境裡游移；這構成了地緣政治經濟和意識地圖之間的連結。既有的歷史資料已充分記載各種華人網絡，包括同鄉組織、宗族、省籍連帶、語言群、宗教和秘密社會等，在此毋庸贅言。本專輯卻呈現出不同的、或者是以更為現代的形式所出現的各種網絡：日本殖民主義主導下的勞工移民，以及華人在各全球港口之間散布的基督教、政黨、學術研究、金融資本、廣告甚至是閩南海盜傳說。 (This article is in English).

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.改革開放以來，中國醫藥衞生體制改革實踐面臨諸多問題，其中包括政治、經濟、社會、文化和倫理議題。醫護人員的價值觀念、道德判斷、行為規範和專業精神的危機集中體現在生命倫理學結構性困境狀況之中。現時中國醫患關係空前絕後的結構性緊張狀況正是最典型的例證。本文試圖從中國道德哲學、道德社會史、中國社會史和醫學社會史等視角，運用文獻回顧、衞生政策比較研究和案例分析等方法，回顧西方倫理學史及其個人主義生命倫理學典範之歷史演變；並在中國社會結構性轉型與醫藥衞生體制改革的宏觀社會處境下，分析中國道德哲學和生命倫理學的思想傳統及其面臨的挑戰。文章根據醫藥衞生體制改革和生命倫理學實踐，提出具中國特色的“結構性倫理學和結構性生命倫理學”。作者試圖闡述“結構性倫理學與結構性生命倫理學”體系的內涵外延、構成要素、範圍內容、基本特點和結構性成因，尤其是這種體系對目前中國醫藥衞生體制改革政策之意義。The medical reform in China over the past decade is facing various challenges, such as physician-patient relations, healthcare allocation, and the ethics of medical professionalism. This paper attempts to argue that the medical situation in China today cannot be fully understood without examining its cultural, social, and political superstructure, which clarifies the situation in China in the current transitional stage. The studies described in the paper are based on documented literatures that include various “ideal types” in terms of moral philosophies and governmental policies intended to resolve the problems at the practical level. Nevertheless, the attempt to uncover what they refer to as a form of “structural bioethics” could directly influence the on-going medical reform today as well as the re-construction of bioethical theory in China. The approach taken in the paper is historical, textual, and sociological.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 61 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese“生命倫理學為何變得如此無聊？”這是美國的一位老牌生命倫理學家Albert Jonsen 在美國《醫學與哲學期刊》2000 年最後一期中的論文標題。在Jonsen 看來，美國的生命倫理學已經讓人不勝其煩，她的思想已無新意，問題和論証總是美國式的（domesticated ），而且太多的東西都轉不出美國的風水之外（too much at home in accustomed places）（頁691 ）。Jonsen似乎懷念生命倫理學的先驅人物Paul Ramsey和Joseph Fletcher 在20 世紀60 年代包打天下 ，與當時的家長主義醫學大戰幾個回合的英雄時代。他們的充沛的思想激蕩，敏銳的政治感覺和無尚的道德勇氣在當今的生命倫理學中已屬昨日黃花，盛景不再（頁692）。如何克服當今美國生命倫理學的無聊呢？ Jonsen 開出了一服包含兩味葯劑的處方。其一，走出自己的專業（倫理學）行當，更多地瀏覽一下其他學科的情況－－不僅包括生物學，醫學和法學，還包括社會學，人類學，經濟學，歷史學等社會科學。其二是走出國門，到其他文化中去觀賞一番。Jonsen認為，只有在外國生活過一段的人才能認識到祖國的重要特徵（頁696 ）。只有通過與別人的比較才能看清美國生命倫理學的價值承諾，榮辱得失和根木所在（頁698 ）。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 14 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

This study focuses on the meiguo hanhua (美國韓華), ethnic Chinese immigrants from Korea who migrated to the u.s., and their ethnic identities, in particular, on how they evolved into meiguo hanhua, a new sub-ethnic group of Chinese, instead of identifying themselves simply as Chinese Americans. By employing the concept of a floating ethnic identity, this study illustrates the specific historical circumstances and situations in which meiguo hanhua ethnic identities were formed, molded and redefined. It especially concerns how such identities continually adopt, struggle, and negotiate within changing global environments such as the rise of the Chinese economy and the Taiwanization of the Republic of China as well as their personal concerns such as aging and emotional attachment to Shandong province, their imagined homeland. (This article is in English.) 本文探討「美國韓華」這一族群認同（ethnic identities）所形成的歷史環境與背景。「美國韓華」指的是移民到美國的韓國華僑。從1975 到1985年之間，有 一萬四千名韓國華僑移民到美國，相當於旅韓華僑的三分之一。目前居住在美國的韓國出身的華僑人口有兩萬人。當他們在韓國被當地政府與社會的壓迫時，仍保持自己的華人身份。移民美國以後，主要來自山東的韓國華僑無法在美國華人既有的廣東系、福建系等的認同結構下找到位置，他們因此發展出自成一格的族群認同。這個族群認同並不是固定的，而是隨著國際環境的變化與個人經濟利益的考量，而在美國人、中國人、韓國人甚至是臺灣人這幾個不同的身份之間擺蕩。本文因此提出「漂移的族群認同」這一概念，來探討具體的環境和歷史條件如何影響他們在這些族群身份上的選擇和調整。

碩士<br>玄奘大學<br>中國語文學系碩士在職專班<br>97<br>This essay is mainly based on Ssu Ma Chien’s Historical Record to discuss Si-Han’s economics and how to manage individual wealth. There are seven dhapters in this essay. . Chapter one : Briefly introduce the motive and the method of the research. Chapter two describe the difference between Suu Ma Chien’s（司馬遷） Historical Record（史記） and Ban Gu’s（班固（ Han Su（漢書）. Chapter three focus on Han, Dynasty’s Economic and Financial Policy. Chapter four is devoted to the land issue and society’ economy performance. Chapter five focus on the 5 key impotant government officer’s view points to the economic problems the faced and their economic policy suggestions to their Emperors. Chapter 6 is try to survey the connections of the contempory economic and finance policies to the Han’s Dynasty’s economic and finance policies. The final chapter(Chapter 6）is the conclusion

本論文以廣州都城隍廟（下稱廣州城隍廟）為研究對象，對清末民初廣州城隍崇拜、廟宇與社會關係作全面細緻的研究。<br>論文透過對廟宇碑文、地方史志、文人筆記、遊記、徵信錄及報章雜誌等一手資料考察，從廣州城隍廟的歷史、建築、宗教活動、商人管理者及信眾等五個具體方面進行研究，力圖展示廣州城隍廟的生命力及呈現城隍廟在地方上千年積澱的複雜、豐富地方史及宗教文化史。城隍信仰受唐宋以來民間崇祀、明清代官方政策、道教儀式與經典中的形象和功能、儒家思想、地方官、士、商紳的支持、地方風俗習慣及民眾生活需要等影響，逐漸形成一個集官方祀典廟宇、道教與民間神明崇祀的宗教聖地、地方廟市、慈善化的宗教場所、民眾的社交平台等於一身的複合性空間。<br>本文先概述唐宋至今廣州城隍廟的歷史變遷，再對廣州城隍廟明、清及民國時期的建築外貌及空間佈局進行仔細分析；接著，文章探討由城隍廟道士主持的廟宇活動，如城隍誕、神判儀式、起誓、驅祟祈禳及為亡者開路等，指出廣州城隍廟在治病、養生到死亡等不同方面滋養著地區群眾；清末期廣州城隍廟在商紳的支持和管理下，增添了慈善功能、道教內涵及民間信仰色彩，如慈善辦學、扶乩、符咒治病等；最後，從廣州城隍廟不同信仰群體的研究展示清末廣州城隍神作為城市各階層保護神的形象，是廣州主要崇奉的神明信仰之一。<br>透過對廣州城隍廟全面的研究，本文揭示出（1）城隍神作為「城市保護神」，其形象和功能與城市發展和變化密切相關；（2）廣州城隍廟是地方道教的最佳展示，包括道教神明在地方的崇拜情況、道士受聘到廟宇內舉行道教儀式和活動等及（3）晚清廣州地方商紳是推動城隍廟發展的重要力量。<br>This thesis is a pioneering case study of Guangzhou Du Chenghuang Miao (Guangzhou City God Temple) in late Qing and early Republican period. The purpose of this research is to analyze Guangzhou City God cults, and the close relationship between Guangzhou City God Temple and the local society. This study explores Guangzhou City God Temple’s vitality in Guangzhou city as well as how it became a complex of religious institute, official sacrifice place, local market, charitable temple, and platform of social communication. The analysis thoroughly examines the Temple’s history, architecture, religious activities, believers, and the merchants managing the Temple. The first-hand materials from late Qing to early Republican period, including the epigraphy, local gazetteers, foreigners’ travelling memoirs, Zhengxinlu (徵信錄), and articles in local newspapers and journals, are collected and scrutinized systematically. The analysis starts with a historical study of Guangzhou City God Temple, highlighting the changes in the Temple’s role and significance to the city. Then, the architecture, the layout of the sacred place, and the decorations of the Temple are re-presented to readers in order to exemplify a mixture of Daoism and popular religions. In particular, religious activities conducted by the Daoist priests are investigated to underscore the predominance of Daoism in the Temple. Moreover, the relationship between merchant elites and the Temple is examined carefully to understand their significant contributions to the social and economic dynamics of the Temple. Finally, the analysis inquires how believers from different social status influences the creation of new characters and functions of Guangzhou City God cults. This case study of Guangzhou City God Temple proves that City God, the Protector of a city, organically bounds its characters and functions with the city’s development. Precisely, Guangzhou City God is a phenomenal example showing how Daoism evolved alongside with Guangzhou’s development from late Qing to early Republican period. In particular, merchant elites were important for sustaining and developing Guangzhou City God Temple.<br>林思婷.<br>Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2016.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves ).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on …).<br>Lin si ting.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.