Academic literature on the topic '經濟變數'

日本2019年5月1日從「平成」改元到「令和」後，平成30年的歷史就此落下帷幕。到現在為止的30年間，日本經濟從平成元年（1989年）泡沫經濟的頂峰開始，經過消費稅增稅、亞洲貨幣危機、平成金融危機、IT泡沫的崩潰、雷曼危機等時期。破產以及企業再建的數量隨著經濟結構的改變而發生變化，經濟不景氣破產就會增加，景氣變好破產就會減少。如果從經濟結構方面探討，可以用熊彼得的經濟結構被資本主義內在力量破壞的理論來表現，即「創造性破壞」。<br />

受疫情影響，各國關於民事訴訟之數位化，尤其是線上遠距審理，產生大幅躍進，並成為未來民事訴訟變革之方向。因應數位化發展，溝通媒介之改變，民事紛爭處理制度必須面對從紙本到電子文件、從實體場域到網路空間之轉變。本文從國外線上法院程序之發展狀況，探討線上民事法院之目的論，並以線上起訴及遠距審理為對象，分析傳統訴訟以紙本文書及到庭辯論所形塑之訴訟文書交換及送達、兩造言詞辯論、直接審理、公開審理等程序架構及基本原則，於民事訴訟數位化下所受之影響及挑戰。除個別面向之數位化外，由於線上程序具簡速性及經濟性，亦宜思考有無何類事件（例如：小額事件），適合增設全面性之線上程序，使當事人得合意選擇利用，以保障其近用法院及程序選擇之權利，亦可合理分配司法資源，使法院更有餘力處理複雜困難之案件。各國有關民事法院之數位轉型仍持續發展中，本文並不在於蓋棺論定，而是期待就此議題能激發更多之討論。<br />

PurposeThis study examines the inter-linkages between Bitcoin prices and CEE stock markets (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Croatia).Design/methodology/approachThe dynamic contemporaneous nexus has been analyzed using both the multivariate DECO-GARCH model proposed by Engle and Kelly (2012) and quantile on quantile (QQ) methodology proposed by Sim and Zhou (2015). Our study is implemented using the daily data spanning from 6 September 2012 to 12 August 2019.FindingsFirst, the findings show that the average return equicorrelation across Bitcoin prices and CEE stock indices are positive, even though it is found to be time-varying over the research period shown. Second, the Bitcoin-CEE stock market association has positive signs for most pairs of quantiles of both variables and represents a rather similar pattern for the cases of Poland, the Czech Republic and Croatia. However, a weaker and primarily negative connectedness is found for Hungary and Romania, respectively. Furthermore, the interconnectedness between the co-movements in the Bitcoin market and stock returns changes significantly across quantiles of both variables within each nation, indicating that the Bitcoin-stock market relationship is dependent on both the cycle of the stock market and the nature of Bitcoin price shocks.Practical implicationsThe evidence documented in this study has significant implications for divergent economic agents, including global investors, risk managers and policymakers, who would benefit from a comprehensive knowledge of the Bitcoin-stock market relationship to build efficient risk-hedging models and to conduct appropriate policy reactions to information spillover effects in different time horizons.Originality/valueThis paper is the first study employing both the multivariate DECO-GARCH model and QQ methodology to shed light on the nexus between Bitcoin prices and the stock markets in CEE countries. The DECO model uses more information to compute dynamic correlations between each pair of returns than standard dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) models, declining the estimation noise of the correlations. Besides, QQ approach allows us to capture some nuanced features of the Bitcoin-stock market relationship and explore the interdependence in its entirely. Therefore, the main contribution of this article to the related literature in this field is significant.研究目的本研究旨在探討比特幣的價格與中東歐股市(匈牙利、捷克共和國、波蘭、羅馬尼亞和克羅地亞) 之相互聯繫.研究設計/方法/理念研究使用恩格爾與凱利(2012)(Engle and Kelly (2012)) 提出的多變量DECO-GARCH模型及Sim 與Zhou(2015)(Sim and Zhou ( 2015)) 研製的分位數-分位數方法來分析動態同期的聯繫。我們的研究使用由2012年9月6日至2019年8月12日期間取得的每日數據來進行.研究結果首先、研究結果顯示、跨比特幣價格與中東歐股價指數的平均回報當量關聯是正相關的，即使在研究期間被發現是隨時間而變化的。第二、比特幣與中東歐股市之聯繫在大多數兩變數分位數對而言出現正相關跡象，而且，這聯繫在波蘭、捷克共和國及克羅地亞而言表現一個頗相似的模式。唯就匈牙利而言、這聯繫則較弱、而羅馬尼亞則主要是負聯繫。研究結果亦顯示: 比特幣市場內的聯動與股票回報間之內在關聯會在每個國家內跨兩個變數的分位數而顯著地改變，這顯示比特幣-股市關係是取決於股市的週期和比特幣價格衝擊的本質.實際的意義本研究所記載的證據、對不同的經濟行為者而言極具意義 (這包括國際投資者、風險管理經理和政策制定者)，因他們會受惠於對比特幣-股市關係的全面認識，他們可建立有效的風險對沖模型、及在不同時間範圍對資訊溢出效應進行適當的政策反應.研究的原創性/價值本文為首個研究使用多變量DECO-GARCH模型和分位數-分位數(QQ)方法、來解釋比特幣價格與中東歐國家之股市的關係。這DECO模型使用比標準動態條件關係模型更多資訊，來計算每對回報間之動態關係，這能減少估測雜訊，而且，QQ方法讓我們可以取得比特幣-股市關係的一些細微特徵及全面地探索其相互依賴性。因此，本文的主要貢獻是在這學術領域內有關的文獻上.

Quemoy is a famous overseas Chinese hometown in modern China. Since the 17th Century, Western colonial power expanded to South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Japan, and drew these areas into the network of the global economy. The Quemoy Islands, situated outside Xinmen (Amoy)-port, were influenced by external and internal factors that shaped the region’s history of overseas migration. Emigrants from Quemoy brought radical changes back to their hometown, including social, economic, cultural and architectural impacts. These historical phenomena, usually described as expressions of “transnationalism,” are important foci of current research. This research tries to study the modernization of one overseas Chinese native hometown by investigating “Shining,” a monthly publication of Jushan village in Quemoy. “Shining” is one of the most comprehensive overseas Chinese publications and news reports in the world, however, it has received little academic attention. “Shining” published its first issue in September 1928, but publication was interrupted by the Second Sino-Japan War, between 1937–45. In April 1946, the publication resumed until the kmt retreated to Taiwan in 1949. The monthly publication had 21 volumes in total and recorded many historical materials, such as social life, overseas Chinese remittances, events, cultural changes and architectural activities during the 1920s–30s. It also reported political conditions and made criticisms of political issues between 1945–49. “Shining” conveyed progressive ideas and values to the people of Quemoy at that time. This paper will use “Shining” to study social change in the native hometown, including the economic connection between Quemoy and overseas areas, the formation and characteristics of overseas Chinese families, the interaction between folk society and colonial culture, the modification of everyday life and values, the changes in landscape and architecture. I attempt to examine the use of overseas Chinese newsletters to develop a new field of social history in the study of modern overseas Chinese native hometowns. 閩粵為近代中國著名的僑鄉，海外移民及歸僑眾多。華僑的出洋主要是經濟上的因素，他們匯款返鄉支持了家鄉家眷生計、教育、剬益、實業等層面的發展，促成了僑鄉社會的近代化。在昔日交通不便捷的情況下，海外僑居地與僑鄉之間的聯繫，經常必須仰賴僑刊或鄉訊的報導。這些刊物一般由各僑鄉宗族所辦，刊行於海外，讓華僑得以了解家鄉動態與相關事聞。不過由於國共戰爭、文化大革命之故，多數僑刊沒有保存下來。 本文擬以保存完整的僑刊福建金門珠山《顯影》（Shining）為例，一方面深入分析1928至1949年間（1937–45年間因戰爭停刊）《顯影》史料，一方面也從刊物內容中理解1920s–40s年代金門社會生活、治安狀況、海外鄉僑事蹟、僑匯經濟、實業發展、政治時局、文化變遷等主題。最後，進一步探究《顯影》的史料價值及其侷限，說明其對於僑鄉研究的重要性。 (This article is in English.)

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>經濟學研究所<br>86<br>Everybody knows the stock market develop flourishing recent years. Numbers of accumulated opening accounting, listed company and listed company capital amount are increasing gradually. People are care about stock market more and more. We think Taiwan weighted stock index and real G.D.P. have the same tendency of growth. In our research, we analyze the causality between stock index and macroeconomic variables from 1987 to 1997. However, domestic or foreign thesis are seldom similar to ours. We hope we will get right conclusion in our research. We used Granger method in our research. Finally, we find that the relationship between Taiwan stock index and financial side has 70% significant, real side has 40% significant and international stock markets has 80% significant.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>金融研究所<br>104<br>This paper selects the average life expectancy and overall economic variables from 1971 to 2015 to explore the mutual relationship of the consumer price index, savings rates, unemployment rate and the number of the elderly population. The results show that the impact on the male average expectancy on the consumer price index, unemployment rate and the labor participation ratio is higher than that from female average expectancy; regarding the impact on savings rate, the impact of female life expectancy is higher than that from male life expectancy.