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TAN, Xiaoying. "Comparative Study of the Research of Physical Fitness between China and the United States." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.51230.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Physical fitness is the basement of the ability of one's life activity, physical activity, and work. It is an important content of constructing socialist material civilization in China to enhance national physical fitness. The more advanced economic development, the more attention is paid to national physical fitness by Chinese government. Though Chinese government thinks highly of national physical fitness, research of physical fitness is backward in China. This paper compares knowledge of physical fitness between China and U.S., by definition of fitness, content and norm of measurement of physical fitness, and content of research of fitness. By means of finding gap of research of physical fitness between China and U.S., we can probe into how to develop research of physical fitness in China.體質是人的生命活動、勞動、以及工作能力的基礎。增強國民的體質是我國社會主義物資文明建設的重要內容。隨著我國經濟建設的不斷進步與發展，國民體質也越來越受重視。雖然，我國政府對國民體質很重視，但我國的體質研究卻較落後。本文試通過體質的定義、體質測試的內容和指標、及體質的研究內容等方面，對中、美兩國對體質的認識進行比較。從中發現我國體質研究的不足，從而探討如何發展我國體質的研究。
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NG IP, Kit Wan Judy. "Physical Activity Profiles of Hong Kong Secondary School Children." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 2, no. 1 (June 1, 1996): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.21167.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.本文目的是探討香港中學生的活動概況。這項研究利用問卷調查了二百一十七名年齡由十一至十 八歲的中學生（其中一百零九名為男生，一百零八名為女生）。資料的分析方法是採用「等級排列」。 所有學生被分為三組，分組方法與中學初、中、高級的年齡分組相若。研究結果顯示很多學生都沒有參與比賽性質運動而只參與康樂性質活動。在比賽性質運動的等級排列，很大比數的學生都是參加籃球比賽。至於康樂性質活動，觀看電視是最常見的活動。基於抽樣方法的限制，本研究顯示出大部分香港中學生都是很少參與體育活動的。
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HUNG, Chang Hung, and Jung Chi SU. "Service Quality Index of Teaching in Physical Education: The First Draft of Its Construction." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.111305.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.With the upcoming age of quality, the meaning and pursuit of quality has expanded into nonprofit organizations, contributing to a revolution in the education field. Teaching in physical education must integrate itself into the trend in search of the premium teaching quality. The paper, based on 'A conceptual model of Service Quality' introduced by Parasurman, Zeithaml and Berry, evaluates the characteristics of P.E. teaching, and further develops a mode of teaching quality in P.E. teaching. The paper also attempts to construct the perception dimension and intension of P.E. teaching according to the five dimensions of the service quality of P.Z.B. model. The paper aims to explore and measure a new field of teaching quality in physical education, providing it as a reference for the successors.隨著品質時代的來臨，品質的意義與追求已拓展至非營利組織，造成敎育界改革風潮。體育敎學也必須融人此一風潮，追求卓越的敎學品質。本研究引用Parasurman、Zeithaml and Berry等學者所發表「服務品質概念性模式」，考量體育敎學的特性研擬出體育敎學服務品質模式，並根據P.Z.B.的服務品質五大構面嘗試整理出體育敎學的知覺構面與內涵，探索衡量體育敎學服務品質新領域，供研究體育敎學品質之參考。
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陳美如, 陳美如, 曾子沁 曾子沁, and 曾莉婷 曾莉婷. "透過社群協作之知識翻新活動以促進在職教師碩士論文研究." 教育研究月刊, no. 324 (April 2021): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021040324004.
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近年來，隨著資訊科技及網路普及，世界正以極快的速度變化，這也使得教師在職進修碩士學位的需求提升。為協助教師解決論文研究難題，本研究採個案研究，以32位在職教師為研究對象，採「社群協作」之知識翻新活動應用於研究的問題解決，期望透過社群的力量相互學習，促進想法發展，形成更完善的解決方法。研究方法採質量混合，針對研究困難類型，以及在職教師運用的知識類型進行分析與歸納，呈現教師透過社群協作進行知識翻新及問題解決的過程。研究結果發現，「文獻蒐集、選擇、統整及撰寫」、「論文下筆與格式」以及「選擇研究方法與工具」是多數教師在研究過程中最常面臨的困難。教師在經過知識論壇提出研究困難、機遇性的回饋、閱讀社群成員的分享與再回饋的互動歷程後，將彼此提出的知識與想法進行統整反思，促進想法翻新，既能解決自身的問題，同時也能幫助其他社群成員，最終可使個人與社群知識提升。
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YAU, SANIA S. W., BONNIE Y. L. LEUNG, and SAMUEL S. M. LEUNG. "SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS AND NETWORK SATISFACTION OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITIES LIVING IN THE COMMUNITY." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 39, no. 01n02 (January 2005): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246205000057.
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Objectives: To understand the social network characteristics and network satisfaction of people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community in Hong Kong. Method: A modified scale was administered to 251 service users attending 5 Community Mental Health Link (LINK) Services measuring the above variables. Findings: The study suggested that people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community have a small social network. Moreover, network satisfaction is related to network size and physical proximity. The results are discussed in terms of their consistency with overseas findings and the implications for social work practice in network building for people with psychiatric disabilities. Conclusion: The results provided an initial understanding of social network characteristics and network satisfaction of service users receiving LINK service, with particular reference to network size and physical proximity. 目的：探討本地精神病康復者的社交網絡特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度。方法： 共251名來自5個「精神健康連網」的服務使用者填寫一份問卷，量度他們的社交網絡特質及對社交網絡的滿意程度。結果： 在社區生活的精神病康復者的社交網絡較小，而他們對社交網絡的滿意程度與其網絡的大小及地域的距離有明顯的關係。研究結果與海外的研究結果一致，爲社會工作實務上提供初步的討論。結論： 研究結果爲探討精神病康復者社交網絡的特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度提供初步的了解，更爲研究網絡的大小及地域的距離提供參考。.
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洪國財, 洪國財, 許菱雅 許菱雅, and 洪煌堯 洪煌堯. "國小學生集體共構達悟族大船文化知識之知識翻新活動." 教育研究月刊, no. 324 (April 2021): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021040324003.
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有鑑於108學年度施行的十二年國教強調自主行動、溝通互動，以及社會參與，要 求具備理解本土事務以及關心本土文化的教育理念，本研究擬探討融入知識翻新活動於 國小大船文化課程，對原住民學生的學習歷程與成就之影響。研究問題聚焦在了解學生 如何集體建構文化知識的學習歷程與成果。本研究採個案研究，研究對象為蘭嶼鄉朗島 國小七位達悟族六年級學生，教學設計包含想法中心的知識翻新活動及線上學習平台的 輔助。本研究採用質性研究的描述方式，分析平台上學生集體建構的文化知識與課程中 學生個別手繪大船文化心智圖的資料是否具有一致性。研究發現，知識翻新活動能有效 形成社群的學習共同體、幫助學生集體共構社群知識，以及提升個人大船文化知識與理 解。本研究並對教學創新和文化知識學習提出建言。
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Paydon, Steve, and Robert Dilenschneider. "Keeping the Aged Engaged: A Quantitative Study of Lifelong Learning." JALT Postconference Publication 2019, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2019-21.
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In this study we seek to confirm the findings of a preliminary qualitative study. We first discuss the concept of lifelong learning in Japan and self-determination theory (SDT). Second, using SDT as a framework, we present the findings from a qualitative study. Third, we discuss the findings obtained from a quantitative survey and how they build upon the findings of the qualitative study. Overall, the findings reinforce the notion that the three essential psychological needs in self-determination theory—competence, relatedness, and autonomy—are useful in keeping mature learners engaged in lifelong learning activities. 本研究は、質的予備研究の結果を確認しようとしている。まず、日本での生涯学習の概念と自己決定理論（SDT）について議論する。第二に、フレームワークとしてSDTを使用して、質的研究の結果について説明する。第三に、量的調査から得られた結果と、その結果がどのように質的調査の結果に基づいているかについて説明する。全体として、これらの調査結果は、自己決定理論における3つの本質的な心理的ニーズ（能力、関連性、自律性）が、成熟した学習者が生涯学習活動に参加するのに役立つという概念を補強している。
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GAO, Lulu, and Ting WU. "Comparative Study of Graduate Physical Education Teacher Preparation Program among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.221792.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purposes of this study were to use the teacher preparation models of graduate programs from Capital Sports University, Education University of Hong Kong, and National Taiwan Normal University as examples, to analyze and compare the differences in the aspects of program development, aims of program, recruitment policies and curriculum system these four difference regions. The results of this study illustrated the diverse teacher preparation models from three different educational systems, cultures, and teacher preparation models, would greatly help experts to understand these differences, and learn from each other.
本研究以首都體育學院、香港教育大學、臺灣師範大學的體育專業研究生培養模式為例，從三所高校的發展歷程、培養目標、招生制度、課程體系四個方面做比較研究，從而分析和對比中國大陸與香港、臺灣地區高校體育專業研究生培養模式的差異及優缺點，通過比較與借鑒擁有“中西合璧”風格的香港、臺灣地區的體育學研究生教育方式，優化和改革中國大陸體育研究生教育的課程結構、內容、培養方式等措施，以提高我國體育專業研究生的教育品質。
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Tam, Hugo Wing-Yu. "印尼華裔中學生繼承語學習動機及其影響因素 [Motivational orientations of secondary school students of Mandarin Chinese as a heritage language in Indonesia]." Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 54, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 145–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.18013.tam.
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摘要 學生學習動機的研究是當前華語第二語言教學的重要課題。華裔學生的繼承語言學習動機更是華語學習成效的重要關鍵。本研究通過問卷調查了印尼華裔中學生繼承語學習動機的類型，並檢視了不同背景變項對印尼華裔中學生繼承語學習動機類型的影響。研究者親自赴印尼中爪哇省進行華語教學與研究，以前導訪談和繼承語學習動機文獻為基礎，經專家進行題項審閱後，編製了印華雙語版本的「繼承語學習動機量表」。研究以分層叢集比例取樣的方式，向兩所初中和一所高中每級各兩班發出共 310 份問卷，共收回有效問卷174份。透過因素分析歸納出6種動機類型：學習情境、族裔傳承、學習期望、學習情感、綜合型、工具型。總量表Cronbach α = .85，六個分量表的α = .695~.884，顯示此量表的信度品質頗佳。研究分析顯示華裔印尼中學生的繼承語學習動機因性別、學校階段別、族裔語言背景和家族語言背景而有顯著差異。最後，文章結合研究結果提出教學應用與未來研究的具體建議，以期供繼承語教師作參考。
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Juei-Hsin Wang, 王瑞壎. "素養導向下校長在職進修規劃與實際之案例分析." 教育研究月刊, no. 325 (May 2021): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021050325002.
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本文首先探討現階段教育相關法令，檢視中小學校長在職進修之規劃，包括《國民教育法》、《偏遠地區學校教育發展條例》、《教師進修研究等專業發展辦法》、《師資培育法》、《教育部補助直轄市縣（市）政府精進國民中學及國民小學教師教學專業與課程品質作業要點》等，探討校長在職進修的相關途徑與課程實際作為。以經濟合作暨發展組織（Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD）之學校改進的架構，透過在職進修相關文獻分析、質性研究過程，進而撰寫案例與進行分析。據此，透過三位校長的訪談過程，分析三位校長對在職進修的看法。接續，提出校長在職進修規劃之啟示。最後，歸納本研究之結論與建議。
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DEGRAAF, Don, and Patrick P. C. CHAN. "Perceptions of Recreation Quality in Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.91283.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Due to the developed economics during the last few decades, increasing demand for leisure services in Hong Kong cannot be denied. The main purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of quality on service providers from the respective participants. Six participating settings (two public, two non-profit and two commercial) were invited to participate in this study. A total of 350 respondents completed the SERQUAL instrument (either English or Chinese). The findings indicated that participants’ perception of the recreation quality (five dimensions - reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles) in commercial setting was better than public or non-profit organization. It is important for us to identify a number of keys to pursue excellence and meet the changing needs.隨著過去數十年的經濟發展，香港人對於康體服務的素求亦不斷增加。本研究之主要目的是探討本地參加者對康體服務之印象。總共有六個機構(包括兩個公營、兩個非牟利及兩個商業被邀請參予這研究；總共有三百五十位參加者回應英文或中文版之SERQUAL問卷。研究結果顯示商業機構所提供之康體服務質素的評分較高，研究結果亦加深我們確定追求卓越之服務質素，與時並進之要素。
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Shaughnessy (夏含夷), Edward L. "An Overview of Western Sinologists’ Studies of Chinese Paleography (西方漢學家中國古文字研究概要)." Bamboo and Silk 1, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 275–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689246-00101011.
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This essay, the first chapter in the author’s Xifang Hanxue chutu wenxian yanjiu gaiyao 西方漢學出土文獻研究概要 (Essentials of Western Sinology’s Research on Unearthed Documents), provides a survey of Western Sinology’s research on Chinese paleography from the time of the first such study (1881) through 2015. The survey includes especially the following topics: general discussions of Chinese paleography and/or unearthed documents, the origins of Chinese writing and its social functions, the nature of Chinese writing, methodological studies, and reference works, but does not cover studies of ancient Chinese grammar or phonology. 摘要這篇文章是作者著《西方漢學出土文獻研究概要》第一章，就 1881 年到 2015年間西方漢學對中國出土文獻與古文字研究成果作概括的論述，分成下列題目：中國出土文獻與古文字學綜論、中國文字的起源及其社會作用、中國文字的性質、古文字學方法論、古文字學參考書，但是不包括相關的古代漢語語法研究和古代漢語音韻學。
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吳, 日嵐, 可如 尹, 景強 羅, 翠然 葉, 學榮 劉, 慧英 羅, 保德 李, and 嘉雯 謝. "香港社區精神健康照顧服務12個月的成效研究." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 45, no. 01n02 (January 2011): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246211000076.
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社區精神復康服務在西方國家發展悠久，不同的相關文獻與實証爲本研究 ( evidence-based research) 顯示，該服務形式對生活於社區的精神病康復者有顯著成效。自2005年開始，在政府和非政府機構推動下，社區精神健康照顧服務在香港不同的地方推行。然而，有關本港社區精神健康照顧服務的研究卻相當貧乏。是次研究運用單組前測後測設計 (one group pre-test and post-test design) 方式，評估一個在本港推行的社區精神健康照顧服務，對離院後重返社區生活的服務使用者的成效。是次研究邀請了120名精神病康復者參與研究，共有87名研究對象完成所有測試。當中測試範疇包括精神病徵狀、生活質素、自我效能、社區生活技巧。研究發現在開始接受服務後的6至12個月，社區精神健康照顧服務減少精神病徵狀 ( p <.001)、提高生活質素 ( p <.05)、增強自我效能 ( p <.001)和提升社區生活技巧 ( p <.001) 能夠爲康復者帶來非常正面的效果。 Community mental health care services have been developing in Western countries for decades and have been proved to be effective in facilitating the rehabilitation of people with mental illness into the community in many evidence-based research studies. In Hong Kong, with the support of the government and non-government organisations, community mental health care services have been set up in different districts since 2005. However, research on the services is limited. By using the one-group pre-test and post-test design method, this study examines the effects of one Community Mental Health Care Services on the rehabilitation of people with mental illness discharged from hospitals. A total number of 120 service users participated in the study and 87 subjects completed all the assessments in different areas, including psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, self-efficacy and community living skills, before the commencement of intervention, 6 months after the intervention and at 12 months immediately after the intervention. Results showed that the subjects had lessened psychiatric symptoms ( p <.001), better quality of life ( p <.05), enhanced self-efficacy ( p <.001) and increased community living skills ( p <.001), after the services. The study revealed significant positive effects of the community mental heath care services on people with mental illness in the community.
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FU, Deming, and Hongqi WANG. "世界首例基因編輯嬰兒事件的科學與倫理學思考." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.171665.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.南方科技大學賀建奎博士 2018年11月26曰宣佈一對基因編輯嬰兒於11月在中國健康誕生為背景，分析了使用CRISPR/Cas9基因編辑技術以及選擇CCR5作為抵抗愛滋病感染靶標存在的科學和倫理學問題，探討了相關研究可能對人類遺傳物質造成不可逆轉的改造，進而混入人類的基因庫具有巨大風險和倫理爭議。因此，現階段應對基因編辑相關研究加強規範和監管，在技術尚不成熟的情況下，不能隨意開展人類生殖細胞和人類胚胎基因編辑研究，更不能質然推廣到臨床研究。This study is based on the announcement by Dr. He Jiankui of Southern University of Science and Technology on November 26, 2018 that a pair of gene-edited babies were born in China in November. It discusses the ethical problems posed by Dr. He's research in CRISPR-based gene editing technology for human embryos, analyzes the scientific and ethical problems in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and choosing CCR5 as the target of anti-AIDS infection, and investigates the feasibility of relevant research. The fact that human genetic material can be irreversibly transformed into a human gene pool presents a huge risk and an ethical controversy. Therefore, we should strengthen the regulation and supervision of gene editing research at this stage. In this immature phase of technology development, we cannot conduct gene editing research with human germ cells and human embryos at will, especially clinical research.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 100 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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NG IP, Kit Wan Judy. "Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Adolescents." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 4, no. 1 (June 1, 1998): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.41204.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The present study utilized the physical activity log to investigate the physical activity patterns of the adolescents in Hong Kong. Results indicated that walking and watching television are the most common activities. Of the top 10 ranked activities, only two of them were sport-related activities, including recreational volleyball and basketball.本研究是利用自我紀錄方式表去探討青少年的活動模式。結果顯示青少年的活動偏向「走路」和「觀看電視」。在整體「等級排列」的頭十位，只有兩種屬於運動項目：康樂性質排球和康樂性質籃球。這方面是値得從事體育和康樂的專業人員留意的。
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HUNG, Chang Hung, Jung Chi SU, and Wen Tzung CHEN. "Evaluation Model for Teaching Quality of Physical Education." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151778.
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This study seeks to build an evaluation model for physical education. Based on the concept of physical education quality, the questionnaire for physical education is constructed. Binominal probability distribution theory is applied to evaluate the proportion of the degree of importance and satisfaction for physical education. To evaluate the quality of physical education, the PZB concept proposed by Parasurman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985) is used to test the difference between the proportion of the degree of importance and satisfaction. Each quality performance item of education could be evaluated by figuring out the difference between the proportion of the degree of importance and satisfaction, therefore the improvement or correction could be taken if needed.
本研究旨在建構一套體育教學品質評量模式，首先以體育教學品質概念作為體育教學品質問卷建構的基礎，並以二項分配理論衡量體育教學要項的重視度比例與滿意度比例，接著以PZB服務品質落差的概念，檢驗滿意度比例與重視度比例的落差，來評估體育教學品質的良窳。教學單位只須依教學品質要項的滿意度比例及重視度比例的落差，即可評量出各教學要項的品質績效，並針對須要改進的要項進行改善。
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HUNG, Ying Hua, Annette E. CRAVEN, Chin Tsai KUO, and Suh Ting LIN. "Comparison of Response to the Eastern and Western Instruments on Transformational and Transactional Leadership." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.191816.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The pur pose of this study was to compare the responses of Eastern and Western instr uments toward the transformational and transactional leadership. A quantitative survey and qualitative interview was used in this study. The participants included 57 directors, 285 followers, and 6 interviewees from Taiwanese universities. The results showed the transformational leadership had a significant positive correlation (rs = .81, p < .01) between the MLQ-5X (rater form) and the TFLQ. Transactional leadership also had a significant positive correlation (rs = .47, p < .01) between the MLQ-5X and the TSLQ. The summarized conclusions were the following: First, similar results indicated that both the MLQ-5X and the TFLQ/TSLQ were effective in the Taiwanese environment. Second, same leadership concepts may have contained specific thoughts, beliefs, understandings, or behaviors in one culture but not another; however, the concepts of transformational leadership may seem similar in different cultures but may be expressed differently.
轉型領導與交易領導行為是一種全球化的概念，但在不同的文化背景下，或許會有不同的詮釋。本研究採用西方學者所創立的「多元領導行為」問卷(MLQ-5X)，以及台灣學者所創立的本土化的「多元領導行為」問卷(TFLQ與TSLQ)，透過量化的問卷調查與質性的訪談研究，探討台灣地區大專院校體育室主任的領導行為。研究結果顯示，不同的東西方轉型領導與交易領導問卷研究結果具有一致性。
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FUNG, Ying ki, and Tyzz yuang SHIANG. "Can the Center of Mass Reflect the Metabolic Expenditure?" Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.161786.
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In the past studies, the movement of center or mass (COM) was one of the descriptor to estimate the metabolic expenditure. However, the sensitivity of this method among the wide range speed, the locomotion pattern and during the Energetically Optimal Transition Speed (EOTS) is still unexplored. Hence that, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the metabolic and COM pattern differences between walk and run among the EOTS with a reflective marker motion analysis system and indirect pulmonary ventilation machine. The results showed that there is a metabolic intersection on two locomotion patterns (walk and run) between 100 and 125% Preferred Transition Speed (PTS), which coincides with the past EOTS studies, whereas, COM result showed that the variation of vertical COM displacement for running is significantly higher than walking among the entire tested speed. The pattern between the metabolic and COM variables is an inverse relation after the EOTS. Hence, the present investigator doubted that there would be a reliability problem for those instruments which use the COM displacement to estimate the metabolic cost or the intensity of physical activity among 5.15 to 9.82km/h for walk and run.
在過去的研究，身體質量中心移動常常被用作評估身體耗能的一種方法。可是這種方法在不同速度、動作型態及最佳轉換速度(EOTS)之可信範圍一直都沒有作出深入探討。因此本研究目的希望利用動作及生理分析系統對身體中心及身體耗能在兩種動作型態(走和跑)和在EOTS的情況底下的趨勢上作出分析及探討。結果顯示在兩個動作型態上在100及125%自然轉換速度情況下身體耗能出現交叉點(EOTS)，而此發現與過去EOTS之文獻相吻合，反之身體質量中心結果顯示，跑步在身體質量中心之穩定性在所有測試速度情況下都比走路有統計上之差異，跑步的垂直位移變異量明顯比走路大。由此可見身體耗能及身體質量中心變異量顯示出兩者在EOTS出現後是反比關係。因此本研究結果可推斷現在有利用身體質量中心變異量去推估身體耗能或身體活動量的儀器在速度5.15—9.82公里的情況底下可能會出現信度問題。
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HA, Amy Sau Ching, and David P. JOHNS. "Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness: Junior Secondary Student Perspectives on Influential Learning Factors." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 4, no. 1 (June 1, 1998): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.41197.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the potential determinants of junior secondary school students views on physical education teachers qualities affecting their learning. Students (N= 1,540), 791 males and 749 females were randomly selected from thirteen secondary schools of the territory for the study. Data were obtained from an 18-item response questionnaire developed and modified by the investigators. Results showed that teachers fairness, variety of teaching technique, subject knowledge, organizational skills, and teachers emotion were found to be the most influencing factors to students learning. Whilst male students indicated that time/space allotment should be accented in physical education classes, female students concerned more about teachers emotion. ANOVA tests on grade and gender found that secondary three males required better discipline during instructions while secondary one females expected precise explanation/demonstration as well as corrective feedback. Results of the study implied that contemporary physical education teachers must assume a wide range of roles to effect the desired change in student behavior. To be an effective teacher, it is necessary to apply a conscious effort in order to acquire the skills, attitudes and personal dispositions which respond to student needs.本研究旨在調查初中學生對體育教師的專業素質在學習上之影響。研究對象爲本地1,540名中一至中三男、女學生。研究結果顯示學生認爲教師的(一)公正持平(二)教學技巧多元化(三)本科知識(四)組織能力及(五)控制個人情緒等因素最能影響其學習。現代體育教師的角色漸趨多元化，教師應從不同角度瞭解學生在學習上的需要，務求達致優質教育的目標。
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CAI, Zong Yan, Ku Fu HSU, Yi An LIN, Cheng Chen HSU, Yu Wa TSENG, Borcherng SU, and Mei Chich HSU. "Survey Study of the Use of Nutritional Supplements in Taiwan Elite Athletes." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.181848.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to understand the current usage of nutritional supplements in Taiwan elite athletes. This study adopting purposive sampling, we surveyed 105 male and 80 female athletes across sports selected for doping control at the National Athletic Games during year 2007 in Taiwan to understand the athletes’ use of nutritional supplements 14 days prior to the games. Categories of nutritional supplements include vitamin/mineral supplements, amino acid supplements, instant energy supplements, healthcare foods, and drinks. The results indicated 88.1% of the athletes have used nutritional supplements. The usage rates for different categories of nutritional supplements were vitamin/mineral supplements (48.1%), drinks (45.9%), healthcare foods (39.5%), amino acid supplements (31.9%), and instant energy supplements (24.9%). Female athletes had a higher tendency to use vitamin/mineral supplements (55.0% vs. 42.9%) and healthcare foods (47.5% vs. 33.3%) compared to male athletes. Among the sports, weightlifters/bodybuilders and swimmers have all used nutritional supplements (100%), especially the use of creatine for the weightlifters/bodybuilders (69.7%) and multivitamin (76.2%) for the swimmers. In addition, the most consumed types in different categories of nutritional supplements were multivitamins (37.3%) for vitamin/ mineral supplements, creatine (26.5%) for amino acid supplements, chocolate (15.1%) for instant energy supplements, Cordymax Cs-4 Capsules (16.2%) for healthcare foods, and sports drinks (42.4%) for drinks. In conclusion, the results on the current use of nutritional supplements for Taiwan elite athletes could act as a reference to coaches, athletes and sports organizations.
本研究目的在於了解台灣優秀選手使用營養增補劑的現況。本研究採立意抽樣，我們調查了2007年全國運動會(全運會) 期間，105 名男性以及 80 名女性需接受運動禁藥抽檢之選手，以了解其比賽前14天使用營養增補劑的情形。營養增補劑種類包括：維生素/礦物質、胺基酸補給品、即時能量補給品、保健食品，以及飲料類。本研究結果顯示88.1%的運動員有使用營養增補劑。不同種類的營養增補劑中，選手使用率分別為維生素/礦物質 (48.1%)；飲料 (45.9%)；保健食品 (39.5%)；胺基酸補給品 (31.9%)；即時能量補給品 (24.9%)。相較於男性選手，女性選手在維生素/礦物質 (55.0% vs. 42.9%) 與保健食品 (47.5% vs. 33.3%) 的使用率有較高的趨勢。在所有的運動項目中，舉重/健美以及游泳選手營養增補劑的使用率為100%，特別是舉重/健美選手對肌酸 (69.7%)，以及游泳選手對綜合維生素 (76.2%)有較高的使用率。此外，不同種類的營養增補劑中，選手最常使用的分別為維生素/礦物質之綜合維生素 (37.3%)；胺基酸補給品之肌酸 (26.5%)；即時能量補給品之巧克力 (15.1%)；保健食品類之動能食物膠囊 (16.2%)；飲料類之運動飲料 (42.4%)。本研究對台灣優秀選手使用增補劑的現況之結果可作為教練、選手以及各級運動團體之參考。
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Ming-Dih Lin, 林明地, and 陳威良 Wei-Liang Chen. "國中小策略聯盟與校長在課綱轉化的學習領導." 教育研究月刊, no. 325 (May 2021): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021050325001.
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本文以個案研究法探討一個學區內的國中小校長如何透過策略聯盟，以轉化108課綱於學校（特別著重於發展校訂課程）的學習領導。以一個垂直式策略聯盟學校中的一位國中校長、三位國小校長及一位退休輔導校長為訪談參與者，於2020年3月至5月間及2020年12月至2021年1月間進行訪談，每位參與者每次的訪談時間約為30分鐘至1小時，訪談主題包括策略聯盟發展校訂課程的歷程、行政與教學團隊在策略聯盟過程中的學習、校訂課程發展成效，以及校長在策略聯盟轉化課綱過程中的學習。以質性資料的主題分析法進行資料分析，結果發現：一、策略聯盟學校校長的自主行動，激發了行政與教學團隊的主動性與能量；二、策略聯盟學校校長、行政團隊與教學團隊間的互動，產生了多層次的學習；三、策略聯盟的運作提升了各校校訂課程的品質，進而擴大聯盟資源，有助於108課綱在學校教育現場的轉化。最後，本文提供建議作為教育行政機關與未來研究參考。
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LIU, Chengzhong. "經絡現象研究的沉寂與出新." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.11337.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.經絡現象主要指循經感傳。它的表現形式是當向人體上施加一點刺激時，其所產生的定位覺會緩慢地移動走行，或者走行到軀體的病灶 處，或者走行到頭頂。它的走行軌跡呈現為特殊的分佈形式，在中華醫學中被稱為經絡。從現代醫學的角度來看，循經感傳的科學稱呼應該是移動性定位覺或知覺延伸。這是一個很常見但卻不被人們所認識的高等臨床神經學現象。多年來，誤認為循經感傳的軌跡是一個有結構的管道，曾經投入大量的人力與財力企圖找到它的實物或物質基礎，但卻是遠遠失敗，使中國的經絡現象研究陷入沉寂。《臨床經絡現象學》與《高等臨床神經學》兩本書的出版；季鍾樸學術思想的成熟與彰明；以經絡現象為研究對象與「透過現象看本質」的正確路線的被承認；經絡研究新一輪五年計劃的啟動。中國的經絡現象研究正在走向出新。Channel-phenomenon (or jingluo phenomenon, in Chinese) is a special sensational phenomenon discovered by traditional Chinese medicine over two thousand years ago. When stimulating certain points on a patient's skin, the patient will have a sensation moving along specifiable routes, terminating at the location of disease or the top of the head. With a definite distribution pattern on the human body, such specifiable routes are named jingluo by traditional Chinese medicine and constitute the theoretical and practical basis for the treatment of acupuncture. In modern medicine, this propagated sensation along channels can be called "moving topesthesia", or "perceptual extension."For many years researchers on channel-phenomenon had concentrated their efforts on attempting to discover a concrete tubing structure below the specified routes. They wanted to find an observable anatomical structure or particular physical basis so as to ground the channel-phenomenon on a solid basis. According to their understanding, the essence of channel-phenomenon had to lie in particular anatomical tubes as a physical basis. Without such a physical basis, the channel-phenomenon could not have real objective existence. However, although tremendous amount of labor and energy were invested in the hope of finding particular anatomical tubes for channels, it was done in vain. Consequently, Chinese intellectual research on channel-phenomenon came to silence.However, it is mistaken to believe that the essence of channel-phenomenon has to lie in a particular physical basis. The propagated sensation along channels as a phenomenon has been there for thousands of years and continue to be confirmed by patients in the present time. Why must research on channel-phenomenon be separated from patients’ vivid experiences and instead be focused only on looking for special anatomical structures? On reflection, it happened that some had held a very narrow-minded and simplified notion of objectivity. Indeed, objectivity does not always require a particular physical basis. Patients’ experiences and feelings are equally objective facts for intellectual research.Fortunately, as we can learn from the lessons and experiences we had in the past, we will readjust our research orientation. With the recent publication of the two new books about higher clinical neurology in the field, it looks that the research on channel-phenomenon will encounter its renaissance.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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CRUZ, Alberto, and Edward W. CHOW. "Concerns on the Pre-service and In-service Primary Physical Education Student Teachers." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.51222.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Teacher Concerns Questionnaire (TCQ) was administered to 75 Hong Kong pre-service and in-service student teachers of primary physical education prior to their teaching practice or the commencement of teaching supervision period. Results showed no significant differences in all concern scale scores between groups and the three-factor structure of TCQ could not be replicated. Recommendations for future research were made: First, a modified TCQ for physical educators needs to be specifically designed. Second, qualitative data should be collected for more in-depth study of teacher concerns. Third, longitudinal research design should be used. Fourth, other factors that are likely to influence teacher concerns should also be considered.75位職前及在職小學師訓體育敎師於實習/視導開始前填寫「敎師關注問題問卷」(TCQ)。結果顯示職前及在職小學師訓體育敎師關注的問題並無顯著差異。因素分析結果亦沒有出現TCQ的三因子結構。作者建議未來進行有關研究時應：（一）設計及採用專為探討體育敎師關注問題的問卷；（二）使用質的研究方法'更深入地探討敎師關注問題；（三）進行長期追縱研究；及（四）考慮其他可能影響敎師敎學關注問題的因素。
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Burton, Susan. "“English makes me act in a different way”: To what extent can a change of language affect speech and behaviour?" Language Teacher 35, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt35.3-4.
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Previous studies have shown that bilingual Japanese give different responses to questions depending on the language spoken. Whilst carrying out a qualitative research project studying the lives and experiences of Japanese women in England, I noticed how a change of language prompted modifications in the speech and behavioural patterns of my interviewees. This paper investigates how this affected the data I collected for my research. バイリンガルの日本人は、使用する言語が異なると、同じ質問に対しても異なる応答をすることが、先行研究で明らかになっている。イギリス在住の日本人女性の生活や経験に関する質的な調査研究の際、インタビューに応えた女性たちの話し方及び行動パターンは使用言語によって変化していた。本論では、使用言語の違いが、インタビューで収集したデータにどのような影響を与えたかを検証する。
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Chuan-Chung Hsieh, 謝傳崇. "校長素養導向領導的發展方向." 教育研究月刊, no. 325 (May 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/168063602021050325003.
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《十二年國民基本教育課程綱要》已於108學年正式開始實施，素養導向教育是此波教育改革的核心焦點。校長若能採取素養導向領導，將有助於發展素養導向課程與教學，進而落實學生的核心素養學習。因此，本文先探討素養導向領導的重要性；其次，分析素養導向領導的意義；再則，探究校長素養導向領導的關鍵；最後，本研究發展出校長素養導向領導的策略，包括掌握自發互動共好理念、共塑素養願景與目標、營造素養教學環境、提升教師素養專業、統領素養課程發展、確保素養教學品質。
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PANG, Bonnie On Hei, and Amy Sau Ching HA. "Parental Concerns in Facilitating Children's Physical Activity Participation in Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.141713.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study examines the parental concerns in facilitating their children's physical activity participation in Hong Kong. By adopting a qualitative approach, 22 parents (10 fathers and 12 mothers), randomly chosen from in a larger study examining 802 (aged 9 to 16) children’s physical activity engagement, were invited for a semi-structured interview. It is believed that these parents could represent the typicality of Hong Kong parents in increasing our understanding of the study's focus. Interview data were analyzed by using an open coding system to identify meaningful pieces of information within the comprehensive text segment (Tesch, 1990). Three themes emerged from the interview data and results in relation to Confucianism showed that parental long working hours, safety issues and over emphasize in children's academic pursuits were found to be their major concerns in facilitating children's further engagement in physical activities. Specifically, fathers and mothers were found to differ in their safety concerns for their children's physical activity involvement. Future interventions aiming at solving the suggested parental concerns could increase children's physical activity participation.
採用質化研究之方法，本研究旨在探討二十二名香港家長於促進學童參與體育活動的考慮因素。研究發現考慮因素包括：家長的工作時間、家長對學童參與體育活動的安全性及家長過份重視學業成績。研究結果建議，為要進一步促進學童參與體育活動，必須透過有效解決家長對學童於參予體育活動的考慮因素。(一)加強家長對帶有危險性的運動的知識 (二)政府及學校團體應增加對家庭運動的支持 (三)透過工作坊，讓家長了解學業與運動並存對學童身心發展的重要性。
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Brauer, Herbert. "Perspectives: Short-Term Overseas Study Programs: A Survey of Private Junior High Schools in Tokyo." JALT Journal 27, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj27.1-5.
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This survey research is the first large-scale study to provide a description of short-term overseas study programs implemented by private junior high schools in Tokyo. In addition to fundamental quantitative parameters, this comprehensive survey returned descriptive data from 84% of the private junior high schools in the Tokyo region with programs in 2001 and 2002. This descriptive data included types and details of activities undertaken, program and activity objectives, integration between the overseas study programs and school curricula, follow-up activities, and program evaluation. The survey revealed several innovative programs and activities implemented by these schools and identified areas that might benefit from further research. この調査研究は東京の私立中学校が行っている短期海外研修プログラムについて詳しく説明するものである。この広範囲に渡る調査は、２００１年及び２００２年における東京地域にある、プログラムを実施している私立中学校の８４％から得た、基本的な量的パラメーターの他に、実施された活動のタイプや詳細、プログラムや活動の目的、海外研修プログラムと学校のカリキュラムの調整、追跡活動、そしてプログラムの評価に関する質的なデータに依るものである。この調査により、幾つかの革新的なプログラムや活動が明らかとなり、更なる研究価値の在る分野が確認された。
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楊忠斌, 楊忠斌. "自然美感經驗取向的教師專業發展." 彰化師大教育學報 35, no. 35 (December 2020): 081–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/181983092020120035004.
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<p>教師專業發展的相關理論與實踐多集中於教育專業知能的提升，甚少關心教師的生活品質與生命提升，教育美學也很少觸及教師專業發展，未有將自然美感經驗融入教師專業的研究。本研究旨在以文獻分析法，輔以訪談法，探討自然美感經驗取向的教師專業發展之意涵、功能與實施方式。自然美感經驗取向的教師專業發展之意涵在透過自然美感的欣賞，豐富教師的生活與生命經驗，啟發教師對於生活、教學、教師志業、生命意義等靈性方面的省思，進而提升教師的專業能力。其功能有六項：提升主動進行教師專業發展的意願、提供課程與教學創新的源泉、促進教師的班級經營能力、提供生理與心理治療的效果、強化環境教育素養、提升生命品質，培養生命的智慧。本研究最後並提供一些具體的實施原則與建議供中小學參考。</p> <p> </p><p>Theories and practices of teachers’ professional development almost focus more on improvement of educational profession knowledge than life of teachers. Researches of educational aesthetics seldom apply natural aesthetic experiences on teachers’ professional development. This study aims at using literature analysis as the method, supplemented by interview, to inquire the meaning, function and implementation of teachers’ professional development based on natural aesthetic experience. The meaning of this approach is to enrich teachers’ life experience, and enlighten their reflection on daily life, teaching, vocation, and life meaning, then can improve professional competence further more. There are six functions of teachers’ professional development based on natural aesthetic experience as: improving the will to engage teachers’ professional development actively; affording the resource of innovation ideas on curriculum and teaching; improving competence of classroom management; affording effects on physical and psychological therapy; enforcing literacy of environmental education; promoting quality of life and life wisdom. Finally, this study also provides some principles and suggestions of implementation for elementary and junior high schools.</p> <p> </p>
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Beddall, Oliver. "Understanding Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Young Learner Teaching: A Case Study." Language Teacher 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt39.2-2.
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This paper reports a case study examining teachers’ feelings about teaching young learners (YLs) in the British Council Tokyo teaching centre. A literature review is presented, outlining desirable qualities for YL teachers. Qualitative and quantitative research – involving an online questionnaire, attitude survey and interviews – investigates teachers’ feelings about a variety of YL-related issues and finds three “groups” within the staffroom, each with a different profile and differing attitudes towards YL teaching. By identifying and analysing prevalent concerns amongst staff, recommendations for ELT managers are made to encourage effective professional development, thereby empowering less experienced teachers and promoting good practice for schools running YL programmes. 本論は、ブリティッシュ・カウンシル東京校で児童英語教育について教師の感想を研究したケーススタディーで、児童英語教師に求められる資質を示した文献も提示する。オンラインでのアンケートとインタビューという質的・量的研究手法を用いて、様々な問題点に対する教師の感情を調査した結果、異なった経歴と態度を持つ3つのグループに分けられることがわかった。教員が抱える問題点を発見・分析することで、ELT運営に対して職務能力向上のための提案を行う。また、このような研究は、経験の少ない教員には能力強化に繋がり、児童英語プログラムを持つ学校においては、よりよい授業を提供する指針となる。
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LAU, Patrick. "Growth and Maturation: The Connection with Physical Activity to Obese Children." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.71252.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Childhood obesity is expected more serious in the 21st century. The etiology of obesity has been investigated for more than decades and nobody will argue that physical inactivity and high-energy intake are the two core factors. For the sake of prevention and treatment, it is imperative to look into the nature and health-related effects of physical activity towards obesity management. The objective of this chapter is to clarify the effects of physical activity participation on adolescents' body changes and avoid unrealistic expectations from it. The content is mainly focus upon the growth and maturation characteristics of adolescents who are regularly active in physical activity and the cardiovascular changes through physical activity.兒童肥胖問題在廿一世紀將會愈趨嚴重，在過去十多年來研究一直探討其成因，基本上運動與營養控制兩者一致被確認為決定性的因素。因此在預防與治療而言，運動對肥胖處理及治療的效果及性質上，深入的研究探討是必要的，本文旨在釐清兒童在成長過程中參與運動對身體變化的影響，以防止肥胖兒童對身體產生不切實際的期望。
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Armstrong, Mathew, and Tanya McCarthy. "Active Participation in a Sci-Tech Community: Collaborative Peer Review." JALT Postconference Publication - Issue 2020.1; August 2021 2020, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2020-27.
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Active participation in learning is a central concept in many higher education institutions in Japan. For science and technology students in particular, learning approaches that promote collaboration, self-regulatory practices, and critical thinking in the L2, are especially encouraged in order to help prepare students for real-life research and/or professional situations. A collaborative learning initiative, iLearn, is introduced in this paper, which aims to help raise awareness of the qualities of good scientific writing and presentations by encouraging critical evaluation of authentic research through peer-review practices. Methodologically, the researchers examined peer-review exchanges of scientific posters and papers and then used content analysis to identify, categorize, and analyze meaningful exchanges. The authors concluded that it is worthwhile to implement collaborative programs that can help sci-tech learners to participate effectively in international and intercultural settings. 日本の多くの高等教育機関において、アクティブラーニングは中心的な概念となっている。とりわけ、科学技術（sci-tech）を専攻する学生にとって、実際の研究や就職後の状況に備えて、L2での協同作業、自己調整の実践、批判的思考を促進する学習アプローチは高く推奨されている。本研究では、査読行為を通して本格的な研究に批判的評価を行うことで、優れた科学的文章やプレゼンテーションの質に対する意識を高めることを目的とした、協同学習の取り組み（iLearn）を紹介する。研究方法としては、科学ポスターや論文の査読を内容分析によって考察し、有益なやり取りの分類を行った。本論は、sci-techの学習者が国際的・異文化的な環境に効果的に参加できるような協同学習プログラムを実施することは有意義であると結論づける。
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Hung, Ngo Thai. "Bitcoin and CEE stock markets: fresh evidence from using the DECO-GARCH model and quantile on quantile regression." European Journal of Management and Business Economics 30, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-06-2020-0169.
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PurposeThis study examines the inter-linkages between Bitcoin prices and CEE stock markets (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Croatia).Design/methodology/approachThe dynamic contemporaneous nexus has been analyzed using both the multivariate DECO-GARCH model proposed by Engle and Kelly (2012) and quantile on quantile (QQ) methodology proposed by Sim and Zhou (2015). Our study is implemented using the daily data spanning from 6 September 2012 to 12 August 2019.FindingsFirst, the findings show that the average return equicorrelation across Bitcoin prices and CEE stock indices are positive, even though it is found to be time-varying over the research period shown. Second, the Bitcoin-CEE stock market association has positive signs for most pairs of quantiles of both variables and represents a rather similar pattern for the cases of Poland, the Czech Republic and Croatia. However, a weaker and primarily negative connectedness is found for Hungary and Romania, respectively. Furthermore, the interconnectedness between the co-movements in the Bitcoin market and stock returns changes significantly across quantiles of both variables within each nation, indicating that the Bitcoin-stock market relationship is dependent on both the cycle of the stock market and the nature of Bitcoin price shocks.Practical implicationsThe evidence documented in this study has significant implications for divergent economic agents, including global investors, risk managers and policymakers, who would benefit from a comprehensive knowledge of the Bitcoin-stock market relationship to build efficient risk-hedging models and to conduct appropriate policy reactions to information spillover effects in different time horizons.Originality/valueThis paper is the first study employing both the multivariate DECO-GARCH model and QQ methodology to shed light on the nexus between Bitcoin prices and the stock markets in CEE countries. The DECO model uses more information to compute dynamic correlations between each pair of returns than standard dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) models, declining the estimation noise of the correlations. Besides, QQ approach allows us to capture some nuanced features of the Bitcoin-stock market relationship and explore the interdependence in its entirely. Therefore, the main contribution of this article to the related literature in this field is significant.研究目的本研究旨在探討比特幣的價格與中東歐股市(匈牙利、捷克共和國、波蘭、羅馬尼亞和克羅地亞) 之相互聯繫.研究設計/方法/理念研究使用恩格爾與凱利(2012)(Engle and Kelly (2012)) 提出的多變量DECO-GARCH模型及Sim 與Zhou(2015)(Sim and Zhou ( 2015)) 研製的分位數-分位數方法來分析動態同期的聯繫。我們的研究使用由2012年9月6日至2019年8月12日期間取得的每日數據來進行.研究結果首先、研究結果顯示、跨比特幣價格與中東歐股價指數的平均回報當量關聯是正相關的，即使在研究期間被發現是隨時間而變化的。第二、比特幣與中東歐股市之聯繫在大多數兩變數分位數對而言出現正相關跡象，而且，這聯繫在波蘭、捷克共和國及克羅地亞而言表現一個頗相似的模式。唯就匈牙利而言、這聯繫則較弱、而羅馬尼亞則主要是負聯繫。研究結果亦顯示: 比特幣市場內的聯動與股票回報間之內在關聯會在每個國家內跨兩個變數的分位數而顯著地改變，這顯示比特幣-股市關係是取決於股市的週期和比特幣價格衝擊的本質.實際的意義本研究所記載的證據、對不同的經濟行為者而言極具意義 (這包括國際投資者、風險管理經理和政策制定者)，因他們會受惠於對比特幣-股市關係的全面認識，他們可建立有效的風險對沖模型、及在不同時間範圍對資訊溢出效應進行適當的政策反應.研究的原創性/價值本文為首個研究使用多變量DECO-GARCH模型和分位數-分位數(QQ)方法、來解釋比特幣價格與中東歐國家之股市的關係。這DECO模型使用比標準動態條件關係模型更多資訊，來計算每對回報間之動態關係，這能減少估測雜訊，而且，QQ方法讓我們可以取得比特幣-股市關係的一些細微特徵及全面地探索其相互依賴性。因此，本文的主要貢獻是在這學術領域內有關的文獻上.
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FU, Frank H. "Physical Fitness and the Development of Mass Sport." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.81265.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.As a city became more urbanized and industrialized, the health and quality of life of the residents changed. As a result of changing lifestyle and eating habits, coronary heart disease (CHD) has become a leading cause of death in many countries. It was found that among the various behavior-related CHD risk factors, physical inactivity was the most important independent factor. Although some researches indicated that the correlation between physical fitness and physical activity was low in children, this relationship increased with age. Current consensus suggests that people are aware of the importance of good health and the need to develop an active lifestyle as a primary prevention program against CHD. The present paper will attempt to discuss the importance of promoting physical fitness and developing mass sport in light of current research findings in this area.城市日益都市化及工業化，而居民的健康及生活質數也隨之改變，因生活的方式及飲食習慣的改變，在很多發達國家，冠心病更成為死亡的頭號殺手。研究所得，在眾多與冠心病連上關係的危基因素之中，身體不常活動是其中一個最主要的因素。雖然，有部份研究顯示，兒童身體適能與身體活動量之相關性很底。而此關係亦隨著年齡而增長。基於此概念，人們應有注重身體健康的意識及在日常生活當中，盡能安排可提高身體活動量之活動，以防止出現冠心病危基。此研究內容討論推廣體適能與重要運動之發展。
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蘇, 細清. "中國大學生情緒表達性之探索性研究." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 42, no. 01n02 (January 2008): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246208000077.
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The present research is an exploratory research focused on emotional expressivity of university students in China. The methodology of the research combined quantitative and qualitative, including Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ, Gross & John, 1995) drawn from U.S.A., and in-depth interview. 1531 participants from 13 universities in Beijing with 829 females and 702 males were invited to participate in the research, and 15 students with 7 females and 8 males (about 1% of Ss) received the in-depth interview. In this research, data shows that Chinese university students are highly in emotional expressivity generally, especially in positive emotional expressivity (M=5.25, SD=.80), while relatively low in negative emotional expressivity (M=4.02, SD=.99). Significant differences are found in Chinese students' emotional expressivity in gender, and major (p<.05). Females are higher than males, and students who study Arts display higher emotional expressivity than students who study Science. From in-depth interview data analysis, strong Chinese culture characteristics can be found in students' emotion expressivity, including relation-focus, the doctrine of the medium, and family-value-focus, etc. Gender difference in emotional expressivity can be tracked to Chinese traditional concept of gender expectation as "Male dominate outside while female dominate inside" (男主外女主內). Since most of the Arts students are female, they higher in emotional expressivity may also be tracked to gender expectation of emotional discourse. The present research is to present some principle of emotional expressivity of university students in China, and the finding of the research can be the empirical basis for university students' emotional education, psychological counseling and the further research, not only in practice but also in future researches. 本文是關於中國大學生情緒表達性的探索性研究，研究方法採用了質性研究和量化研究，包括了採用伯克利大學的情緒表達性量表 (Gross & John, 1995) 和深入訪談方法。參加此次的問卷調查是來自北京13所大學 (約占北京市高校13%) 的1531位大學生 (829女702男) ，從中抽取15位學生 (7女8男，約占總數1%) 進行深入訪談。結果表明中國大學生情緒表達性總體而言並不低，尤其積極情緒的表達傾向性較高(M=5.25, SD=.80)，消極情緒表達性相對較低(M=4.02, SD=.99)。性別和學生所學專業較明顯地影響學生的情緒表達性(p<.05)，總體而言，女生高於男生，而文科類學生高於理工科類學生。從訪談的結果可以看出，學生的情緒表達性深受中國文化的影響，包括維護人際關係和諧、中庸之道以及家庭價值為中心等傳統文化與價值。性別的差異可以追溯到中國傳統文化對不同性別在情緒上的不同期望，尤其受 "男主外女主內" 的傳統文化影響較多。本研究首次描述了中國大學生情緒表達性的現狀，研究結果希望為大學生的情緒健康教育、心理輔導等在實踐和研究提供實證性基礎。
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Inoue, Nobue. "Step by Step Guide to Content Analysis for Study Abroad Research." Study Abroad: The Journal of Worldwide Education 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.sa.jowe13.2-4.
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This paper intends to show four practical steps for content analysis; one of the most common data reduction approaches in qualitative analysis for applied linguistics. Although content analysis can help to draw conclusions from textual data by interpreting them effectively, the available literature lacks detail on how to conduct content analyses, especially in the context of study abroad research. In this paper, each of the four steps of content analysis (segmenting data, formulating codes, developing categories, and identifying main themes) is explained by utilizing actual sample data related to studying abroad; the sample study investigated a single participant’s perceptions of a general English language course in the United Kingdom. 本文は、応用言語学の質的研究で最も普及しているデータ削減手法の一つである、 内容分析の実践的な方法について示すものである。内容分析は、テキストデータを 効果的に解釈し、結論の導出に役立つ一方、特に海外留学研究において、内容分析 の方法に関する詳細を説く文献は限られている。そこで本文では、内容分析の 4 段 階（データの分割、コードの作成、カテゴリー化、そしてメインテーマの見極め） について、留学に関連する実際のサンプルデータを活用して説明を行う。尚、サン プル研究は、イギリスでの英語研修に関する一人の参加者の見解を調査したもので ある。
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SOH, K. G., K. L. SOH, Mohd Sofian O. F., S. L. ONG, and O. O. "Body Fat and Somatotype among Malaysian School Netball Players by Playing Performance." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151749.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This research was to detennine the anthropometric profile among Under-18 year old Malaysian School Sports Council (MSSM) netball players. The anthropometric measures taken were height, body mass, body fat, and somatotype. It also investigated the differences in the anthropometric profile by playing performance. The subjects were all the 150 netball players who represented their states in the Under-18 MSSM Netball Competition in 2006・ They were divided into three categories by their playing performance - good, medium and fair. The body fat was measured using the skinfold method, and the somatotype using the Heath and Carter Somatotyping method. A significant difference was found in height by playing performance, with f-value of f(2, 147)=4.82, (p<.01). However, there were no significat differences in body mass, body fat and somatotype. The mean parameter values were height (164.79 ± 6.40 cm), body mass (58.76 ± 922 kg), body fat (1223+3.49%) and somatotype (3.29±0.99-3.52±1.48-2.69±1.18). The best players were the tallest, heaviest and had the highest body fat. They also had meso-endomorphic bodies while the lesser players were endo-mesomorphic.
此研究是測定馬來西亞體育學校理事會18歲以下投球球員的外型人體測量。人體測量度是以球員的高度、體質量、體脂和體型分類來判斷。藉此從表現狀況調查外型人體測量的差別。150名受試者都是代表各州參加2006年18歲以下馬來西亞體育學校理事會投球賽的球員，把她們的比賽表現分為三組--優良、中等和一般。研究運用測量皮膚表層的方法來固定體脂與Health-Carter人體測量方法測定體型調查。依據比賽的表現，發現球員的高度有顯著的差別(2, 147)=4.82, (p<.01)。可是，體質量、體脂和體型分類卻沒有明顯的差異。調查結果顯示各平均參數如下：高度(164.79 ± 6.40 cm)，體質量(58.76 ± 9.22 kg)，體脂(12.23±3.49%)和體型分類(3.29+0.99-3.52± 1.48-2.69± 1.18)。最優秀的球員身材較高大，擁有較高的體脂，她們多具有中胚層-內胚層體型而少數的球員是屬內胚層-中胚層體型。
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GU, Liyan, Guijie YOU, Yiming ZHANG, and Lan ZHANG. "The Effect of Distance Running on the Anthropometry and Body Functions for the Elderly." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2000): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.61240.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Because of the population of the old people is increasing remarkably in today's society, due to the development of the standard of medical science and technique, there is the positive significance in improving old people's physique and health by understanding their present constitutional situation and health condition, and in studying in aging regulations and the function of anti-aging by doing exercise. The article has tested the function and sports quality of the subjects, part of whom are the retired staffs in some universities in Beijing, and others are the members of the Jogging Club of Old People. It is manifested that Most of the indexes in function and sports quality were significant better in aerobic exercise group than in common group no matter of males or females. It is concluded that longterm regular aerobic exercise can slow down the declining speed of cardio-pulmonary function, and maintain and improve the sports quality of old people.隨著人類社會進步和醫療科技的發展，人口老齡化已成為世界人口發展的必然趨勢。所以瞭解老年人的身體機能和素質，對研究衰老規律和運動抗衰老的作用，全面提高中國老年人體質與健康水平具有積極的意義。本文將227名北京部分高校退休敎職工和北京市老年長跑俱樂部的隊員，按受試者鍛煉和訓練情況劃分為普通組和有氧運動組，對他們進行了形態、身體機能和運動素質的測試。結果顯示，有氧組和普通組在形態、身體機能和運動素質的大多數指標上存在明顯差異，表現為，有氧運動組的形態、身體機能和素質等指標明顯優於普通組。這就説明長期堅持有氧運動對於減緩心肺功能下降的速度，維持和提高老年群體身體素質有積極的促進作用。
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HUNG, Chang Hung. "Association between Body Mass Index and Body Fat in College Students." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.171883.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study explored the association between BMI and body fat assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in college students. Cross-sectional studies of 2,531 college students were measured. BIA was used to quantify body fat mass (BFM), percentage of body mass (%BF) and visceral fat area (VFA). Significant correlations between BMI and BFM, %BF, VFA were fund, respectively (r=0.923, 0.836, 0.912 in male, p<0.001; r=0.920, 0.741, 0.920 in female, p<0.001). Regression analysis revealed that 85.3%, 69.9%, and 83.1% of the variance for BFM, %BF, and VFA could be explained by BMI in male students (p<0.001); and 84.7%, 54.9%, and 84.6% of the variance for BFM, %BF, VFA could be explained by BMI in female students (p<0.001). BFM and VFA were highly associated with BMI in college students, suggesting that BMI serves as a good surrogate marker for obesity in college students aged 18-24 years. However, a significantly medium correlation existed in BMI and %BF, which may be a limitation for BMI, when used to study risk factors for cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. 本研究主要探討大學生身體質量指數 (BMI) 與體脂肪之關連性。總共有2,531位大學生進行測量。以生物電阻分析(BIA) 身體脂肪量 (BFM)、身體脂肪百分比 (%BF) 與內臟脂肪 (VFA)，結果顯示: BMI與BFM、%BF、VFA均達顯著相關 (p<0.001)。本研究結果顯示大學生族群BMI與BFM、VFA有高度的關連性。因此，建議BMI可以做為18–24歲大學生族群評估肥胖之替代指標。然而，由於BMI與%BF僅存著中等的關連性，如果以BMI作為研究心血管或代謝疾病的危險因子，可能會成為研究之限制。
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FAN, Ruiping. "導論: 生命倫理與文化自覺." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.121559.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese生命倫理學同文化的關係是一個複雜的問題。顯然，文化有不同的定義，人們有不同的理解；每一種文化都通過具體的語言、藝術、物品和技術來表達、傳達、發展和轉化。然而，人們有理由相信，文化的核心其實是人們所持的信念、態度和習俗的總和；正是這些不同的觀念及其實踐，把世界上的人群分屬為不同的文化，諸如基督教文化、自由主義文化、儒家文化，等等。儘管文化也可以粗略分為較大的文化（如“中華文化”）、或者細分為較小的文化（如“儒家文化”），但其負載一套價值觀念以及體現在一定的實踐活動中的本質，則是相同的。由此說來，每位學者都不免帶有雙重身份。一重是學術身份，由所研究的對象來決定，如自然科學家，社會科學家，人文學家，等等。在這種意義上，研究生命倫理學的學者當然是生命倫理學家（我這裡所說的“家”並非專指“大學者”而言）。另一重則是文化身份，由學者所持的價值觀念來決定：如基督教學者、世俗的自由主義學者、儒家學者，等等。相對而言，自然科學家的學術身份與文化身份較易分開。例如，我們讀一篇分子生物學論文，大概無法（也沒有必要）察覺作者的基督徒身份。但就生命倫理學研究而言，學者的兩重身份則是很難分得清楚的，因為生命倫理學的問題本身以及對於它們的分析、判斷和解決方案，都負荷著明顯的價值觀念。想要撇開自己的價值觀念來論述一套生命倫理，大概只會雲遮霧罩、不知所云。也就是說，生命倫理學研究是無法同文化脫了關係的，因為處於文化核心地帶的東西正是價值觀念。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 35 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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LI, Yaming. "人類的尊嚴、人權和自主性." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.171667.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.人的尊嚴概念是一個包含多重含義的概念。其首要含義是作為一個整體的人類所具有的尊嚴。人類整體的尊嚴的來源是人類物種特有的本質，其道德要求在於維護人類本質並促進其發展。在生命倫理研究中，人的尊嚴概念常被視為同人權、自主相似的概念，甚至被認為可以被人權和自主的概念所替換。通過分析作為一個整體的人類所具有的尊嚴及其道德要求，可以論證，人的尊嚴不等同於人權，其更重要的角色是人權的基礎；人的尊嚴也不等同於自主，尊重人的尊嚴在很多情境下要求我們對自主行為進行限制。面對當代科學技術發展帶來的倫理挑戰，人類整體的尊嚴將在生命倫理研究中發揮更重要的作 用。Human dignity is a concept with multiple dimensions. Its primary dimension should be the dignity of the human species as a whole. The basis of the dignity of the human species rests on certain essential characteristics of the species, and the moral demand of the dignity of the human species is to maintain and promote these characteristics. In bioethical research, human dignity has often been equated with human rights or autonomy. Some people have even suggested that the concept of human dignity can be replaced with the concept of human rights or autonomy. However, the analysis of the dignity of the human species and its moral demand shows that human dignity cannot be equated to human rights or autonomy. Instead, it is the basis for human rights and requires restrictions on autonomous behaviors in certain situations. In the face of the ethical challenges posed by new technologies, the dignity of the human species will play a more crucial role in bioethical research.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 52 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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LI, Chung, and Alberto CRUZ. "Learning and Teaching Experiences of Sport Education." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151771.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This paper aims to report a collaborative study project between a teacher training institute and two secondary schools in Hong Kong. It involves the initiation of an innovative curriculum model titled “sport education”. The study attached to the practice-referenced and interpretive research perspective with interviewing and video-taping of lessons as tools for data collection. It inquires how 2 experienced PE teachers and 12 secondary 4 students with “high-”, “average-” and “low-level” sports skill proficiency articulated their teaching and learning experiences with sport education. The findings revealed that both teachers accepted sport education for providing positive learning experiences for promoting students' generic skills and all round development. Students' active learning, motivation, self initiation, creativity and team cohesiveness were also enhanced. Most students satisfied with experiences of taking roles, performing duties, affiliating with teams, collaborating with others and accomplishing tasks. However, both teachers experienced difficulties of increase in workload. 3 students encountered unpleasant experiences of injury, unfair judgment of the referees and completing assignment after school illustrating their differences in expectation on physical education. Recommendations are made for overcoming these difficulties. The findings of this study provide qualitative insights on how sport education can better be implemented to enhance students' learning in physical education.
本文旨在報告一所師資培訓學院與兩所香港中學的一項協作研究計劃，該計劃涉及推展名為「競技運動教育」創新課程模式的研究。研究以實踐為本及詮釋理念為依據和利用訪談及課堂錄影為資料搜集工具，探討了2位資深體育教師和12位運動技能水平被介定為「高」、「中」及「低」學生對競技運動教育的教與學經歷。研究結果顯示2位體育教師接納此課程模式並提供學生正面的學習經驗，促進他/她們的共通能力和全人發展。此模式也能培養學生的主動學習、應激、自我驅動、創意和團隊內聚力。大部份學生對參與承擔角式、執行職責、加入團隊、與人合作和完成被指派工作等學習經歷也是正面的。但是，兩位老師均 經歷工作量增加的困難，其中3位同學也遇上不愉快的經驗如受傷、不公平的裁判判決和完成家課等。研究結果對推展競技運動教育以促進學生學習作出建議及質性啓示。
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Nirayani, Luh Meilinda, Ni Nengah Suartini, and I. Wayan Sadyana. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN LINTAS BUDAYA PADA BUKU NIHONGO KIRA-KIRA 1." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Undiksha 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpbj.v5i2.18689.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek dan model perbandingan lintas budaya pada buku teks bahasa Jepang. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah buku Nihongo Kira-kira 1 dari The Japan Foundation. Objek penelitiannya adalah aspek dan model perbandingan lintas budaya yang ada dalam buku Nihongo Kira-kira 1. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode pustaka dan kartu data, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) aspek budaya yang diperkenalkan dalam buku yaitu materi budaya yang berkaitan dengan sistem kemasyarakatan, sekolah, pekerjaan dan kemahiran. Aspek budaya yang lebih banyak diperkenalkan pada buku Nihongo Kira-kira 1 adalah budaya yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekolah. (2) model perbandingan lintas budaya yang diperkenalkan yaitu menggambarkan model active construction, making connection, dan responsibility. Perbandingan lintas budaya tersebut diperkenalkan secara eksplisit dengan mengintegrasikan materi budaya melalui empat keterampilan berbahasa dalam bentuk informasi, ilustrasi gambar dan lembar kerja siswa. Kata Kunci : perbandingan lintas budaya, buku Nihongo Kira-kira 1, budaya 本研究の目的は、日本語教科書における異文化比較の角度と模型を説明する。研究の対象は日本の国際交流基金によって出版された日本語キラキラ1である。研究の対処は日本語キラキラ1の教科書にある異文化比較の角度と模型である。データー収集はデーターカードである。また、本研究は定性的で記述的という研究方法を利用する。結果は (1)紹介された文化は、社会システムと学校と仕事と趣味である。日本語キラキラ1の教科書にある学校の文化活動をもっと紹介された。(2)紹介された模型は、Active constructionとMaking connectionとResponsibilityである。日本語キラキラ1という教科書の異文化比較紹介は、情報と挿絵と及び学習者質問用紙が四技能と組み合わせされ、紹介された。keyword : 異文化比較、日本語キラキラ1、文化
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Collett, Paul. "Graphical Data Analysis." JALT Postconference Publication - Issue 2020.1; August 2021 2020, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2020-01.
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Limitations in statistical significance testing are an issue of ongoing debate in many academic disciplines. Moving away from a reliance on their use in quantitative research is seen as an important step towards improving the quality of such research. One area that can help here is graphical data analysis, both as an exploratory and explanatory tool. This paper presents an overview of graphical techniques for quantitative data analysis. After outlining the rationale for the use of graphical data analysis, consideration of the appropriate types of graphs to use is provided. A number of useful graphs, created using the R statistical package, are introduced, along with a link to the full code to reproduce the examples. Suggestions are presented for how graphical techniques can help with both the exploration and conformation stages in research. 統計的有意差検定の限界は、多くの学術分野で継続的に議論されている問題である。量的研究における統計的有意差検定への使用依存から脱却することは、研究の質を向上させるための重要なステップであると考えられる。ここで役立つのが、探索的・説明的なツールとしてのグラフデータ分析である。本稿は、定量的なデータ分析のためのグラフ技術の概要を説明する。グラフィカルなデータ分析を使用する理由を説明した後、使用するグラフの適切な種類について検討する。R統計パッケージを用いて作成された便利なグラフの数々を紹介し、例題を再現するための完全なコードへのリンクも掲載する。本稿は、研究における探索と適合の両方の段階で、グラフ技術がどのように役立つかを提案するものである。
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Walters, Jason. "Senpai: Learner Responses to a Near-Peer Role Modeling Intervention." JALT Postconference Publication 2019, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2019-14.
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Though Japanese learners often express a preference for so-called “native” English teachers, a growing body of research indicates that their development of multilingual identity is more positively influenced by those with whom they readily identify—other successful Japanese learners. This mixed methods study, conducted in tandem with an existing communication strategy curriculum, explored university students’ responses to a “near-peer role modeling” intervention combining prerecorded video with reflective practice. Participants included two groups, both majoring in Japanese, enrolled in a compulsory 1st-year English conversation tutorial course. Results indicate that less confident students may experience positive belief changes and increased classroom participation following exposure to near-peer role models. More confident learners did not exhibit these changes to a significant degree. Moreover, following this intervention, lower-performing students responded more positively to statements expressing self-efficacy. Participants’ use of Japanese respect language may illuminate to what extent near-peers are valued as role models. 日本の学習者達は「英語母語話者」である英語教師から指導を受ける事が理想的だという意見をよく示すが、近年の研究調査では、学習者にとって最もお手本となる人物は自身の身近に存在する英語を使いこなす日本人英語学習者(NPRM)であると主張されている。本研究では、混合研究法を用い1学期間のNPRM活動を通して学習者の信念の変化を探究した。映像と反省的実践を用いた実験的手法は、既存の会話手法習得の為のカリキュラムと並行して導入された。結果として、英語能力に自信のない学習者達は模範的な日本人から受ける自己効力感について肯定的な変化を示し、学習活動への参加が増加した。一方で、英語能力に自信のある学習者達は明確な変化を示さなかった。量的な結果は面談調査と映像を見た後の学習者による感想文を用いた質的データにより解釈が可能となった。参加者たちが使用する日本語の尊敬語である先輩という表現はどの級友がロールモデルであると理解されているかの程度を示している。本研究は独特な教育環境によって行われた為、更なる詳細な研究調査が必要となるだろう。
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CHAN, Kuei Hui, Ya Hsin HSIAO, and Chean Chean HUANG. "Physiological Effects of Power Fitness Yoga Course in Community University." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.151773.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the power fitness yoga course of Community University intervention on basic physiological parameters, anthropometric parameters as well as muscular and cardiopulmonary fitness. Fifteen females were participated this study. Subjects took a 90-minutes power fitness yoga course once a week for 12 weeks. The resting heart rate, blood pressure, body weight, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, back strength, sit-up test as well as 3-minutes step test of subjects were tested before and after the course. Paired t-tests were used to compare the variables. The results showed that after 12 weeks of power fitness yoga course, the resting heart rate, diastolic pressure, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio had significant decreased. The cardiopulmonary index of 3-minutes step test was significantly increased. There were no differences on the other variables (p>.05). The results indicate that 12-week power fitness yoga course in Community University can improve the resting heart rate, diastolic pressure, waist- to-hip ratio and body fat percentage as well as promote cardiovascular fitness.
本研究旨在探討社區大學之強力適能瑜珈課程對基礎生理值、體位值、肌肉及心肺適能等生理值的影響。研究以15名女性學員為對象，進行為期12週的研究，研究期間受試者在老師的指導下每週從事一次90分鐘的強力適能瑜珈運動。在實驗前、後均測量受試者之安靜心跳率、血壓、體重、體脂率、腰臀比、身體質量指數、背肌力、1分鐘屈膝仰臥起坐及體力指數，並以相依樣本t考驗比較前、後測各項數值之差異。結果顯示：經過12週的課程後，受試者之安靜心跳率、舒張壓、體脂率與腰臀比均顯著下降，且體力指數有顯著之提升，其他數值則無差異。本研究結果證實社區大學所開設之強力適能瑜珈課程能有效降低安靜心跳率、舒張壓、腰臀比與體脂率，並提升心肺適能。
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Okada, Yusuke. "Repairing "Failed" Questions in Foreign Language Classrooms." JALT Journal 32, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj32.1-3.
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While the pedagogical value of teachers’ questioning in classrooms has been well studied, what exactly teachers do if a question fails to obtain an adequate response has not yet been sufficiently addressed from an interactional perspective. This study examines how and why foreign language teachers deal with this problem and how they pursue a response. Conversation analysis of EFL classroom interactions demonstrated that teachers employed three strategies to repair a question: a modification of the failed question in the target language, codeswitching into L1 as a further step of the modification, and proffering candidate responses to the failed question. Teachers do not merely simplify and sharpen the focus of the original question successively to pursue a response, but they teach English in interaction by trying to help students understand the meaning of the questions in English. Implications for teachers who face the problem of failed questions are discussed. これまで教師による「質問」の教育上の価値はよく研究されてきたものの、「質問」が学生の回答を得ることに失敗した場合に教師はどうするのかということは相互行為的視点からは十分に研究されてこなかった。本稿は外国語教室の中で教師が、失敗となった質問をどのようにそしてなぜその方法で扱い回答を求めていくのかを研究するものである。外国語としての英語教室での相互行為の会話分析により、教師は次の３つの方略を取ることが分かった。失敗となった質問の目標言語による改良、そしてその次の段階としての学生の第１言語へのコードスイッチイング、回答例の提案である。教師はターン毎に質問を易しくしたり焦点を絞ったりするだけでなく、目標言語である英語で「質問」を理解させようと試みることによって、英語を相互行為の中で教授していることが明らかとなった。最後に失敗となった質問という問題に直面する教師への示唆を議論し、本稿の結びとする。
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GRADY, Christine. "預防艾滋病病毒疫苗的研究: 若干倫理問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.11351.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文探討了三個具有特殊意義的問題，它們對開發和試驗預防艾滋病病毒的疫苗提出了獨特的倫理學質疑。這些問題是：在大範圍內推進疫苗的效力試驗時，怎樣把行為干預結合到疫苗效力的研究之中，怎樣制定出計劃以對付與參與某項艾滋病病毒疫苗試驗相關的社令傷害，以及怎樣減少這些傷害。必須仔細地和日益地關注這些決策的倫理學意義。本文所提出的解決辦法包括：設計一種更複雜的預防試驗，這種試驗會把對行為干預與疫苗效力的評價結合起來；對個人的知情同意和社區的參與子以審慎的考慮；嚴肅而周密地設法制定出對付社會傷害的計劃，并使人們了解這些傷害，同時使這些傷害降低到最低程度。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 16 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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YANG, Fang. "軍醫生命倫理探析." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.91496.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.生物技術在軍事領域中的應用構成了軍醫生命倫理生成的實踐基礎，對生命的本體追問和醫學人道反思則是軍醫生命倫理生成與發展的理論依歸。儘管東西方異質文化的道德差異使得中外軍醫倫理研究各有側重，但在論及軍醫生命倫理時並無本質差異。本文認為，國內軍醫倫理學不能只局限於研究內在品德的培育，而必須要探討不同境遇的倫理抉擇以及倫理困境的道德剖析。注重德性修養的中國傳統倫理與深入考察具體案例的當代西方倫理或許可以在方法論上互相借鑒、互相補充。當下軍醫生命倫理研究的視域主要涵蓋戰地安樂死、戰場器官移植、軍事醫學科研、疫苗使用、突發公共衞生事件、生態倫理等倫理問題。The modern world faces various military bioethical problems. A series of prominent issues – such as battlefield euthanasia, battlefield organ transplants, military medical research, the use of vaccines, emergent public health crises, and ecological ethical problems – challenge our moral conscience and our cultural commitments, both in the West and in China. Chinese bioethical scholars need to turn their attention to these important but thorny issues and provide ethically appropriate solutions by drawing on their intellectual and ethical resources.The recent history of military bioethical research in China shows that the character of such research is culture-laden. Influenced by the long-standing Confucian tradition that emphasizes virtue-cultivation, Chinese military bioethical studies have focused on issues such as to how to educate and promote the moral character of military physicians. However, they have overlooked – or at least have not given sufficient attention to – analyses of military bioethical dilemmas and contexts that are needed to develop adequate and feasible ethical solutions to the new problems facing today’s military. This academic situation should be improved to ensure that Chinese military bioethical research moves forward.It is true that Confucianism is a central moral tradition in China. It is also true that theoretical Confucian morality can be taken as virtue ethics, which emphasizes moral cultivation. However, it is not true that Confucian virtue ethics only focuses on issues of character development, ignoring specific ethical problems or conflicts. This essay takes the perspective that traditional Chinese Confucian ethics (which emphasizes moral cultivation) and modern Western ethics (which focuses on the application of general principles to particular contexts) should learn from each other and offer more comprehensive arguments and appropriate solutions to military bioethical issues. Indeed, Confucian moral practices – rituals (li) – are embedded in the everyday lives of people in general and the activities of military physicians in particular. These rituals provide concrete guidance in particular contexts, but they are not absolute moral rules. Confucianism calls for moral deliberation by exercising the virtues achieved through observing rituals. However, a principle of the middle way is that we should function according to the Confucian way of life. These intellectual and moral resources could be drawn upon to explore Chinese military bioethics.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 139 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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CHIA, Michael. "Explaining the Maximal Intensity Exercise Performance of Young People." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.111302.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Explanations for children maximal intensity exercise fitness in the literature fluctuate between the incapacity of young children to generate energy anaerobically and a reduced need for the metabolic pathway. A number of propositions are advanced to explain young children's relative inaptitude in anaerobic performance in comparison with older children and adults. These range from a smaller quantity of active muscle mass to perform the anaerobic task, to the quality of the muscle which may not yet be energetically, chemically or neurogenically mature, in comparison to their older and more mature counterparts. No one single factor, whether quantitative or qualitative in nature, however, can account exclusively for the anaerobic fitness of young people. The other persuasive argument advanced is that children are less reliant than adults on the anaerobic energy pathway, for their energy supply. Arguments supporting such a contention include a swifter oxygen uptake response in children during high intensity exercise, a greater blood flow to muscle and greater oxygen extraction capability, and a blunted response to catecholamines during high intensity exercise. Either way, the evidence in the current literature is equivocal. Future research employing the use of non-invasive methods such as MRI to determine muscle fibre type, MRS to determine baseline energy substrates and utilisation rates during exercise, as well as mass spectroscopy to analyse oxygen uptake kinetics and other ventilatory responses during high intensity exercise, may help bring to the fore new knowledge to a most interesting area of research in children's exercise.有關兒童最大強度運動能力的文獻報導結果不一。有些學者認為兒童的無氧代謝的能力非常低下，而有些學者則認為是因為兒童對無氧代謝的需求較低。一些文獻闡述了年幼兒童無氧代謝能力較少年或成人低下的原因是由於肌肉的數量，尤其是無氧代謝能力較強的肌肉數量較少以及肌肉在能量代謝、生物化學和神經支配方面的成熟度較成年人低。而僅以某一單一因素，無論是肌肉數 量還是成熟度，都不足以解釋兒童無氧代謝能力的特點。另一些研究則表明兒童對無氧供能的需求量較成年人低，主要表現在兒童進行大強度運動時其攝氧量急劇上升，肌肉的血流量和氧攝取量明顯增加，以及運動中對兒茶酚胺的反應不敏感等。然而，迄今為 止對於兒童最大強度運動能力的特點仍不十分清楚，需作進一步的研究。應用無創傷性方法，如應用核磁共振成像法檢測肌纖維類 型、核磁共振光譜分析法測定運動中的能量物質及其利用率，以及質譜法分析大強度運動過程中攝氧量的動態變化和通氣量的變化 等，則將有助於提高和促進兒童體育科學研究。
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Byrne, Jason, and Robert Diem. "CALL SIG: A survey of mobile English language learners." Language Teacher 38, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt38.5-3.
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The purpose of this study was to use an app-embedded survey to profile language learner demographics. 3,759 EFL language learners from primarily eight L1 backgrounds (French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and Thai) responded to the survey embedded within a popular English grammar app that has 500,000 downloads and over 100,000 active users. While presently there is very little concrete research on autonomous mobile language learning, it is hoped that this research will provide a methodological foundation for more in-depth research into learner habits and preferences. 本論の目的は、携帯アプリに組み込まれた調査結果を使用することにより、アプリを使用した言語学習者の実態を明らかにすることである。3,759人のEFL学習者（L1の内訳はフランス語、ドイツ語、イタリア語、日本語、韓国語、ロシア語、スペイン語、タイ語の8カ国語）が、ダウンロード数50万、アクティブユーザー数10万以上の人気の英文法アプリに組み込まれた質問項目に解答した。現時点では携帯電話を使用した自主的な言語学習に関する具体的研究はあまり見受けられないが、本論が携帯を使用した言語学習者の特性や傾向についての更なる研究の方法論的基礎となることを期待する。