Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic '1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)"

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Lee, J. M., H. H. L. Edwards, C. A. Pereira, and S. I. Samii. "Crosslinking of tissue-derived biomaterials in 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 1996): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00122176.

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Goyal, Navneet. "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Hydrochloride (EDCI×HCl)." Synlett 2010, no. 02 (January 2010): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1219043.

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Miao, Yanming. "Application of BSA-bioconjugated phosphorescence nanohybrids in protein detection in biofluids." RSC Advances 5, no. 94 (2015): 76804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11691k.

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In this study, a cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) was used to link QDs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form a nanohybrid BSA–Mn-ZnS Room-Temperature Phosphorescence (RTP) biosensor.
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Coelho, Beatriz Serrato, Flávia Sens Fagundes Tomazinho, Denise Piotto Leonardi, Fabrício Scaini, Marilisa Carneiro Leão Gabardo, Rafaela Mariana de Lara, and Flares Baratto-Filho. "Effects of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide on Adhesion of Posts in Teeth Obturated With Different Sealers." Brazilian Dental Journal 31, no. 4 (August 2020): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202002897.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) on bond strength of fiberglass posts in root canals obturated with different endodontic sealers. Seventy-eight mandibular premolars were obturated with three sealers (n=26): Endofill (END), AH Plus (AHP), and Endosequence BC Sealer (EBS). After preparation of the post space, two subgroups were formed according to the cementation of the posts (n=13): with EDC (EDC), and without EDC (control - CON). The specimens were submitted to a pull-out test, failure mode classification, and root canal surface evaluation by scanning electron microscopy after post displacement. Regarding the bond strength, a significant difference between the EDC and CON subgroups occurred only in the END (p=0.001). No difference was detected among the CON subgroups (p=0.339). However, among the EDC subgroups, AHP presented significantly higher values (END versus AHP: p=0.001; AHP versus EBS: p=0.016). Upon classification of failure modes, score 1 (≥ 50% of cement) was the most commonly observed, except for the END + EDC. Remains of endodontic sealers and resin cements were found in the cervical third, but without statistical difference (p=0.269), while in the middle third, difference occurred (p=0.004). In conclusion, EDC decreases bond strength when associated with END sealer, without changing the failure mode between the resin cement and fiberglass post. The best performance was observed when EDC was combined with AHP sealer.
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Wang, Delong, and Hui Shi. "An Unexpected Reaction of Isodehydracetic Acid with Amines in the Presence of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Hydrochloride Yields a New Type of β-Enaminones." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092131.

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The reaction of isodehydracetic acid with amines was serendipitously found to afford β-enaminones in the presence of the coupling agent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Under the optimal reaction condition, 23 examples of α-aminomethylene glutaconic anhydride were obtained at approximately 30−80% yields. This is a concise, operationally simple method to expediently synthesize a new type of β-enaminone-containing compound.
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Ahn, Jong-Ju, Hyung-Joon Kim, Eun-Bin Bae, Won-Tak Cho, YunJeong Choi, Su-Hyun Hwang, Chang-Mo Jeong, and Jung-Bo Huh. "Evaluation of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Cross-Linked Collagen Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration in Beagle Dogs." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 4599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204599.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration efficacy of an 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-cross-linked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration (GBR). A non-cross-linked collagen membrane (Control group), and an EDC-cross-linked collagen membrane (Test group) were used in this study. In vitro, mechanical, and degradation testing and cell studies were performed. In the animal study, 36 artificial bone defects were formed in the mandibles of six beagles. Implants were inserted at the time of bone grafting, and membranes were assigned randomly. Eight weeks later, animals were sacrificed, micro-computed tomography was performed, and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens were prepared. Physical properties (tensile strength and enzymatic degradation rate) were better in the Test group than in the Control group. No inflammation or membrane collapse was observed in either group, and bone volumes (%) in defects around implants were similar in the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of new bone areas (%) analysis also showed similar values in the two groups (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that cross-linking the collagen membranes with EDC is the method of enhancing the physical properties (tensile strength and enzymatic degradation) of the collagen membranes without risk of toxicity.
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Stankova, Ivanka, Stoyan Schichkov, Kalina Kostova, and Angel Galabov. "New Analogues of Acyclovir – Synthesis and Biological Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2010): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-1-205.

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New acyclovir esters with peptidomimetics were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against the replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The infl uence of peptidomimetics containing oxazole and thiazolyl-thiazole moieties on the antiviral activity is also reported. The esters were synthesized using the coupling reagents N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst.
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Hitchcock, Shawn, Sayed Gafur, Stephanie Waggoner, Eric Jacobsen, and Christopher Hamaker. "Efficient Synthesis of Sulfinate Esters and Sulfinamides via Activated­ Esters of p-Toluenesulfinic Acid." Synthesis 50, no. 24 (August 21, 2018): 4855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610254.

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Sulfinate esters were prepared by the process of activating p-toluenesulfinic acid with either cyanuric chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HCl). Activation of p-toluenesulfinic acid with cyanuric chloride led to the formation of sulfinate esters that were accompanied by the formation of the corresponding sulfones. The use of methanesulfonyl chloride for activation via methanesulfonic p-toluenesulfinic anhydride afforded mixtures of sulfinate esters and methanesulfonates. The use of the carbodiimide EDC proved to yield the best results with the highly selective formation of the target sulfinate esters. The use of trimethylacetic p-toluenesulfinic anhydride or cyanuric chloride to achieve the synthesis of sulfinamides proved to be ineffective due to poor chemoselectivity of the nucleophilic attack on the activated p-toluenesulfinic acid anhydride. Ultimately, the use of EDC-HCl to form the sulfinamides proved to be the best pathway for synthesis.
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Sunarso, Sunarso, Sutarno Sutarno, Kanji Tsuru, Ika Dewi Ana, and Kunio Ishikawa. "EFFECT OF CROSSLINKING TO THE MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF APATITE GELATIN HYBRID FOR BONE SUBSTITUTION PURPOSES." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 3 (December 20, 2011): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21391.

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The clinical success of current generation of synthetic bone substitute relies on bio-inspired design which has a performance level close to that of natural one. In this context, biomedical approaches are considered very important to result bio-functional hybrid for bone substitution purposes. In this study, effect of cross-linking to the mechanical properties of apatite gelatin hybrid has been investigated. Cross-linking was employed by 1-ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide (EDC) agent. The EDC agent creates a peptide bond between gelatin molecules inside the hybrid to the cross-linked structure. Cross-linked structure of gelatin increases physical property of the hybrid since it can hold the outer forces longer than that of without cross-linking.
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Kazenwadel, F., H. Wagner, B. E. Rapp, and M. Franzreb. "Optimization of enzyme immobilization on magnetic microparticles using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as a crosslinking agent." Analytical Methods 7, no. 24 (2015): 10291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02670a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)"

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Lampinen, Salomonsson Matilda. "Chemical Derivatization in Combination with Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection and Structural Investigation of Glucuronides." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8670.

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This thesis presents novel approaches for structural investigation of glucuronides using chemical derivatization in combination with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MSn).

Today, LC-ESI-MSn is the dominant technique for quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of metabolites, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. However, for compounds without an easily ionizable group, e.g., steroids, the sensitivity is limited. In the work presented in this thesis, a derivatization procedure forming a basic oxime significantly increased the detection sensitivity for the altrenogest glucuronide.

Furthermore, in structural evaluations of glucuronides, the limitation of LC-MSn becomes evident due to the initial neutral loss of 176 u, i.e. monodehydrated glucuronic acid, which often makes it impossible to elucidate the structures of the conjugates. To solve this problem, the main part of the work described in this thesis was devoted to chemical derivatization as a means of facilitating the determination of the site of conjugation.

For the first time, the isomeric estriol glucuronides were evaluated using a combination of three reagents 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl- aminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC), and 2-picolylamine (PA). Interestingly, the derivatization gave a selective fragmentation pattern leading to differentiation of the isomers.

Another derivatization reagent, 1,2-dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl chloride (DMISC), was also tested for the first time in structural investigations. The isomeric glucuronides of morphine, formoterol, and hydroxypropranolol were evaluated. They can all be conjugated in aliphatic as well as aromatic positions. DMISC was proven to be useful in two ways. Firstly, the morphine and formoterol glucuronides that contained a free phenol could be differentiated from those that were conjugated in the aromatic position based on different reactivity. Secondly, for the aromatic O-glucuronide of 4’-hydroxypropranolol, DMISC was proven to react with the amine. This product gave a different fragmentation pattern compared to the corresponding derivative of the aliphatic glucuronide.

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Quaresma, Ana Cristina de Azevedo. "Isolamento e modificação de xilanas da pasta branca." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13274.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Química
A remoção de xilanas na pasta branca kraft pode ser uma prática convencional para a produção de materiais celulósicos para uso não papeleiros, tais como derivados de celulose, celulose microfibrilada, entre outros. As xilanas têm uma ampla gama de aplicações nas indústrias farmacêuticas, papeleiras e alimentares. Na indústria da pasta e papel, a xilana pode ser utilizada como revestimento dos papéis substituindo polissacarídeos utilizados normalmente, como o amido. Para a aplicação das xilanas nesta área, a sua massa molecular tem de ser muito superior à das xilanas existentes na pasta celulósica, pelo menos 50 𝑘𝐷𝑎. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste no estudo da possibilidade de extração e isolamento de xilanas de pasta branca kraft de eucalipto, elucidar a possibilidade de aumento do peso molecular das mesmas para posterior utilização na indústria papeleira. A xilana foi extraída com soluções aquosas de NaOH a 10% durante 1 hora, sendo posteriormente acidificada e isolada sob a forma de precipitado. Aditivamente, as xilanas foram purificadas por diálise contra água destilada. As xilanas obtidas foram caracterizadas por teor de cinzas, composição de açúcares, estrutura e peso molecular. O teor de cinzas foi avaliado recorrendo ao método termogravimetrico, a análise de açúcares por cromatografia gasosa com alditol-acetato, a estrutura da xilana foi elucidada recorrendo às técnicas de 1H RMN e 13C RMN em estado sólido e o peso molecular foi utilizada a técnica de cromatografia por permeação de gel. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as xilanas não purificadas apresentam teor de cinzas elevado (55−81%), o peso molecular médio ponderal das xilanas extraídas estavam compreendidos no intervalo dos 26,3 – 28,2 kDa. Pela análise dos monossacarídeos e 1H RMN podemos concluir que as xilanas isoladas são 2−𝑂−metil−𝛼−𝐷− glucurono − 𝐷− xilanas. A modificação das xilanas foi efetuada utilizando os métodos de bioconjugação em soluções aquosas num sistema acidificado de ADH na presença de EDC e através de derivados de metilol em dimetilsulfóxido. Os produtos derivatizados foram caracterizados por teor de cinzas, estrutura e peso molecular. O teor de cinzas foi avaliado recorrendo ao método termogravimetrico, a estrutura da xilana foi elucidada recorrendo às técnicas de FTIR, 1H RMN e 13C RMN em estado sólido e a massa molecular foi utilizada a técnica de cromatografia por permeação de gel. O peso molecular médio ponderal através do método de bioconjugação chegou quase aos valores desejados para este tipo de compostos.
The removal of xylan in kraft bleached pulp can be a conventional practice for the production of non-cellulosic materials papermakers use, such as cellulose derivatives, microfibrillated cellulose, among others. The xylan have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, paper and food industries. In the pulp and paper industry, the xylan can be used to coat papers replacing normally used polysaccharides such as starch. For the application of xylan in this area, its molecular weight must be much higher than the existing xylan in pulp, at least 50 kDa. The objective of this work is to study the possibility of extraction and isolation of xylan from kraft bleached eucalyptus pulp, to elucidate the possibility of increasing the molecular weight of these for later use in the paper industry. Xylan was extracted with aqueous solution of NaOH 10% for 1 hour and subsequently acidified and isolated in the form of precipitate. Additively, the xylan were purified by dialysis against distilled water. The xylan obtained were characterized by ash content, sugar composition, structure and molecular weight. The ash content was evaluated using the thermogravimetric method, the analysis of sugars by gas chromatography with alditol acetate, the structure of xylan was elucidated using techniques 1H NMR and solid state 13C NMR and for molecular mass was used chromatography technique. The results showed that the non-purified xylan show a high ash content (55-81%), the weight average molecular weight of the extracted xylan were in the range of 26.3 to 28.2 kDa. Form the analysis of monosaccharides and 1H NMR we can conclude that isolated xylans are 2-O-methyl-α-D-glucurono - D-xylan. The modification of xylan was carried out using the methods of bioconjugation in aqueous solutions in a acidified system with ADH in the presence of EDC and via methylol derivatives in dimethylsulphoxide solutions. The derivatized products were characterized by ash content, structure and molecular weight. The ash content was evaluated using the thermogravimetric method, the xylan structure was elucidated using FTIR techniques, 1H NMR and 13C NMR in solid form and the technique of molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography was employed. The average molecular weight of the compounds obtained by the method of bioconjugation reached almost the desired values.
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Book chapters on the topic "1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)"

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Edwin, Boby T., H. Dhanya, Prabha D. Nair, and Moustapha Kassem. "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of 1-(3 Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-Ethyl Carbodiimide (EDC) Cross-Linked Gum Arabic–Gelatin Composite as an Ideal Porous Scaffold for Tissue Engineering." In Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration, 131–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9977-0_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)"

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Wang, Wei-Jhen, Chia-Hwa Lee, Chin-Wen Li, Stephen Liao, Fuh-Jyh Jan, and Gou-Jen Wang. "Direct Label Free Detection of Orchid Virus Using a Micro/Nano Hybrid Structured Biosensor." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97198.

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Abstract In this study, a label-free detection approach for effective detection of the odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) infected orchids has been developed. We used semiconductor fabrication process to fabricate 1,810 micro/nano hybrid structured sensing electrodes on a 8 inch reclaimed wafer. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) process was then employed to sequentially modify the electrode surface with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), anti-ORSV, and ORSV. EIS was conducted for the ORSV concentration detection. Experimental results demonstrated that the ORSV concentration in a virus infected orchid leaf could be effectively detected. When compared with the ELISA kit, our device possesses a wider linear detection range (0.5–50,000 ng/mL) and a higher sensitivity. The specificity of our device on ORSV detection was also confirmed. Our sensing device retains advantages, such as label-free, lower amounts of the antibody and target sample required, low detection time, and a wider linear detection range. Those results imply the feasibility of our sensing device in field applications.
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Holloway, D. S., L. Summaria, R. C. Wohl, and J. A. Caprini. "MODIFICATION OF GLUTAMIC AND ASPARTIC ACID RESIDUES OF PLASMINOGEN INHIBITS ITS ABILITY TO FORM AN ACTIVE PLASMINOGEN-STREPTOKINASE COMPLEX." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643600.

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Plasminogen binds to streptokinase in a 1:1 molar complex that has activity as a plasminogen activator. This function of plasminogen, as a cofactor for streptokinase conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, was studied after treatment of Glu-, Lys-, and Mini-plasminogens with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide (EDC). Amino acid analysis showed that both aspartic and glutamic acid residues were modified by EDC. Activity of the complex formed between streptokinase and the modified plasminogen was measured using the cfhromogenic substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA. Plasminogen, 2.8 uM, was incubated with 40 mM EDC in 50 mM MES buffer, pH 6.0, at 25°C. At various times while reacting plasminogen with the EDC, aliquots were removed for assay. Plasminogen function was assayed by mixing with a slight molar excess of streptokinase for 1 min at 37 C, followed by reaction with 0.1 M substrate, and absorbancy monitored at 405 nm. Modifications of 20% of the glutamic and aspartic acid residues occurred after treatment of plasminogen with EDC. This resulted in 80 to 90% inhibition of activation in all three types of plasminogen. Glu- and Lys-plasminogens reacted more quickly with the EDC than did Mini-plasminogen, with 50% inhibition occurring after 16 ± 5, 16 ± 4, and 67 ± 13 min reaction time with EDC for Glu-, Lys-, and Mini-plasminogens, respectively. Maximum inhibition of activation occurred within 1 hr reaction with EDC for Glu- and Lys-plasminogens but required 2.5 hr for Mini-plasminogen. The time courses for activation inhibition and the modification of the glutamic and aspartic acids of treated Mini-plasminogen were compared. A significant decrease in activation occurred (52%) concomitant with modification of only one or two glutamic acids, followed on further reaction with EDC by more loss of activatability as more glutamic and aspartic acids were modified. The inability of plasminogen to form an active plasminogen-streptokinase complex after modification with EDC indicates that glutamic and aspartic acid residues are involved in the binding site of plasminogen for streptokinase.
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Li, Shuangyan, Lijuan Hao, Yong Yang, Lei Han, Peng Yao, Jie Huang, and Jin Chang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Lysine Modified Chitosan Magnetic Microspheres: A Novel Gene Delivery System." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21141.

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This paper describes a new formulation of magnetic nanoparticles coated by a novel polymer lysine modified chitosan (CS-lys) as gene carrier. Lysine modified chitosan was synthesized by performing carboxyl of lysine and amido of chitosan in the presence of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The absolute chemistry of the Lysine modified chitosan obtained were characterized using IR and 1H NMR, respectively. The results indicated that many amines of chitosan were modificatied with lysine, and optimized the correlation conditions. The lysine modified chitosan magnetic microspheres were preprated by co-precipitation method. The characterizations of microspheres were measured by TEM, XPS, Dynamic Laser Light Scattering, Vibrating Samples Magnetometer, and X-ray diffraction. The resultes indicated the average particle size was about 100nm and have good superparamagnetic property. The cytotoxicity of CS-lys MNPs was investigated with U293 cells. The results showed that the CS-lys MNPs retained of low toxicity; additionally, combination of DNA and CS-lys MNPs was observed from agarose gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the CS-lys MNPs could be a novel magnetic targeting gene carrier. We also studied the ability of complexes of CS-lys MNPs and DNA crossing BBB in rats by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
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Bau, I.-Jiuan, and Gou-Jen Wang. "A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Impedimetric Nanobiosensor for Dust Mite Antigen Der p2 Detection." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47123.

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The group 2 allergen, Der p2, has been reported to activate innate toll-like receptors (TLRs) on respiratory epithelial cells and thus aggravate respiratory diseases. In this study, a high sensitive nanobiosensor based on a 3D sensing element that has uniformly deposited gold nanoparticles for the detection of the dust mite antigen Der p2 is proposed. The barrier layer of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film is used as the template in this highly sensitive nanobiosensor fabricated with a reducing agent and stabilizer-free method. Electrochemical deposition is utilized to synthesize uniformly distributed gold nanoparticles on the surface of the barrier layer. The size and the distribution density of the nanoparticles can be well controlled by the potential applied during electrochemical deposition. Following this procedure, monoclonal antibodies were immobilized against the dust mite antigen Der p2 by the gold nanoparticles through the 11-MUA (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid), EDC (1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide)/NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) self-assembled monolayer approach. The proposed nanobiosensor was successfully used to examine the Der p2 down to a concentration of 1pg/mL through the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The high sensitivity of the proposed 3D nanobiosensor can be attributed to the high intensity and uniformity of the Au nanoparticles on the sensor. The proposed nanobiosensor would be useful for the fast detection of rare molecules in a solution.
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Gee, Albert O., Brendon M. Baker, and Robert L. Mauck. "Mechanics and Cytocompatibility of Genipin Crosslinked Type I Collagen Nanofibrous Scaffolds." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193220.

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Collagen is a principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such, defines the microenvironmental milieu in which cells reside. In fiber-reinforced musculoskeletal tissues, collagen fibers are highly organized and generate the direction-dependent mechanical properties critical to the function of these structures. Given its primary role, collagen is particularly attractive for tissue engineering (TE) applications where scaffolds are coupled with cells to repair or regenerate damaged tissues. One method for producing collagen-based scaffolds is through electrospinning. This technique yields nano- to micron-scale fibers similar in diameter to those of the native ECM. Towards engineering orthopaedic tissues, methods have been devised to electrospin fibers into aligned arrays that can recapitulate the anisotropy of fiber-reinforced tissues [1]. While a number of polymers have been electrospun, collagen-based scaffolds are especially promising as they provide a biomimetic interface for cell attachment [2]. Numerous investigators have electrospun collagen [3], one major drawback is their inherent instability in aqueous environments. To address this, various crosslinking agents including glutaraldehyde (GA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, and N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistries have been used, but these chemicals often prove cytotoxic or excessively laborious in application [4]. Even with crosslinking, dry as-formed nanofibrous collagen scaffolds with moduli greater than 50MPa diminish by 100-fold with rehydration [5].
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