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1
Jayasinghe, Priyangi, S. Denise Allen, Gary Q. Bull, and Robert A. Kozak. "The status of forest certification in the Canadian value-added wood products manufacturing sector." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 1 (2007): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83113-1.
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With forest certification on the rise in Canada, a nation-wide mail survey was implemented in 2004 to gain insight into the attitudes of value-added wood products manufacturers towards certification. The majority of firms in this sector (64.8%) were not interested in forest certification, and only 17.6% were involved with forest certification at the time of the survey. Another 17.6% did express interest in becoming involved within the next five years. Low levels of knowledge and awareness regarding forest certification and a perceived lack of consumer demand for certified forest products were identified as factors contributing to the significant lack of interest in adopting certification. Although uptake remains limited, a cluster analysis identified a sizeable segment of manufacturers (43.5%) that has a "wait and see" attitude towards forest certification pending future developments in consumer markets. Logistic regression indicated that manufacturer interest in forest certification is linked to both awareness of chain of custody certification and a belief that certification can act as a competitive differentiation tool. Canadian value-added wood products manufacturers that are currently engaged or interested in forest certification tend largely to be ethically motivated and expressed concerns about the future health of forests and sustainable forest management. However, these same respondents were generally doubtful about the ability of forest certification to provide short-term financial gains. Key words: forest certification, chain of custody, value-added wood products manufacturers, Canada
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Chen, Jiaojiao, Lanhui Wang, Lingchao Li, et al. "Effect of Forest Certification on International Trade in Forest Products." Forests 11, no. 12 (2020): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121270.
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Forest certification plays an important role in the global trade of legal, sustainably harvested timber. There is no accurate definition of how international forest certification systems impact international trade from a global perspective. This paper is intended to evaluate the influence of forest certification on international trade, so that it can provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the international forest certification systems and for the development of relevant forestry industries in different countries. First, the influence of forest certification on international trade of forest products is explained in the economic model; hence, four hypotheses are put forward. Second, to test these hypotheses, we verify the panel data of bilateral trade and forest certification of all forest products among 67 economies from 2009 to 2018 by incorporating forest certifications into the gravity model. Finally, tests by country groups and product groups were further analyzed, respectively. The results show that: (1) The extended Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation solves the problem of the heteroscedasticity and zero trade value problems of the gravity model well in the forest industry. (2) Forest certification has an export competitive effect, a trade barrier effect, as well as common language effect. (3) Forest certification has asymmetric trade effects. The export competitive effect of forest certification in developing countries is greater than that in developed countries. Forest certification has become a trade barrier for developing countries, especially in the process of trade with developed countries. The common language effect is higher during the trade between developed and developing countries. The export competitive effect of wood products is higher than that of furniture products. Forest certification has trade barrier effect on wood products in developing countries, while it has trade barrier effect on furniture products in developed countries.
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Ptichnikov, A. V. "Market based forest conservation opportunities." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019697-106.
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Forests of Russia have global ecological significance. They include huge massive of boreal forests, almost a quarter of global area of intact forest landscapes. The global role of Russian forests in inhibition of aridization and land degradation is well known. Development of representative system of forest protection is one of the main tasks of Russian Federation in implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity obligations. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 and the Aichi Strategic Goals plan protection of no less than 17% of terrestrial ecosystems area to the 2020, especially the sites of high significance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The main forest protection mechanisms are protected natural areas (PNA), forests with protective functions, and protective sites (PS). PNA contains around 7% of forest covered area. Forests with protective functions make up around 16% of forest covered areas, but the management regimes of many types of such forests are not conforming to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Many of forests with protective functions are under lease for forest management. Since recently the significance of voluntary Forest Stewardship council (FSC) certification for biodiversity conservation is increasing. The standards of FSC certification require from forest companies to implement protection and appropriate use of high conservation value forests (HCVF). Totally there are 46 mln ha of FSC certified forests in Russia, from them around 56 mln ha of HCVF received additional protection from certification. One of the most important categories of HCVF are intact forest landscapes (IFLs). Around 1 mln ha of IFLs are protected as the result of forest certification, providing significant input into Convention on Biological Diversity. For 35 FSC certified companies the share of identified HCVFs with nature conservation regimes in their leased forests is comparable with the average share of PNAs (without certification) on the regional or district level. The main output of the research is that the role of voluntary forest certification for enhancing the system of forest protection in Russia is increasing, which receives worldwide recognition.
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Gullison, R. E. "Does forest certification conserve biodiversity?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000346.
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Forest certification provides a means by which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry standards can identify their products in the marketplace, allowing them to potentially receive greater market access and higher prices for their products. An examination of the ways in which certification may contribute to biodiversity conservation leads to the following conclusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification generates improvements to management with respect to the value of managed forests for biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not sufficient to attract the majority of producers to seek certification, particularly in tropical countries where the costs of improving management to meet FSC guidelines are significantly greater than any market benefits they may receive; available incentives are even less capable of convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and produce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At present, current volumes of certified forest products are insufficient to reduce demand to log high conservation value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, particularly in tropical countries, significant investments will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce the costs of certification. Conservation investors will need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that will be generated from such investments, versus the benefits generated from investing in more traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation.
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Staddon, W. J., L. C. Duchesne, and J. T. Trevors. "The role of microbial indicators of soil quality in ecological forest management." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 1 (1999): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75081-1.
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Ecological management is gaining acceptance as an encompassing philosophy in forest resource management. In keeping with this new paradigm, the Canadian Standards Association is creating a forest certification process to ensure that forest products are generated through sustainable forestry. However, a great deal of research is needed to develop and assess soil indicators of ecological sustainability. This paper discusses the role and usefulness of microbial indicators of soil quality in the ecological management of forests and the forest certification process. Suitable microbial indicators of soil conservation should be closely linked to critical ecological processes, should be documented properly across various ecosystem types, should be easy to use, and must evolve with new scientific knowledge. Key words: ecological management, soil quality, criteria and indicators, Canadian Standards Association, soil microorganisms, fire
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Pitri, Rina Muhayah Noor. "PREMIUM PRICE PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN PRODUKSI BERSERTIFIKASI." EnviroScienteae 12, no. 2 (2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v12i2.1687.
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Forest certification is a key issue in relation to the forest products industry. It's also a new trend market of forest products. Forest certification is a guarantee that the products resulting from the forest management process in accordance with the standard of sustainable forest resources management. Certification will be increasing the cost of management as an impact of fulfilling requirement on the criteria of the certified forest. The fundamental question whether the award of certified products has been accompanied by an increase in premium price for forest estate or only becoming as the cost that reducing profit for the forest estate. The aims of this research are: 1) to know the difference between the sales price of certified and non-certified wood, 2) to know the premium price on certified forests, 3) to identify the factors that influence the amount of premium price of the certified forest. Data collection were used by searching the document and literature reference on forest certification. The results showed that the premium price received from the certified timber is higher than non-certified timber. Certified wood with high quality has a premium price that is greater than the low-quality wood. The percentage of premium price received varied forest estate. Premium price sometimes unsignificantly received by small-scale of timber estate. The revenue of premium price of certifies forest is influenced by the following factors: 1) The forest area to be certified, 2) Organizations that perform assessments, 3) Company / bodies / organizations that filed the certification, 4) he The country as a buyer of certified timber product 5) the facilitator in the market activities, 6) post-certification fee, and 7) the sales price.
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Carlson, Kimberly M., Robert Heilmayr, Holly K. Gibbs, et al. "Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704728114.
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Many major corporations and countries have made commitments to purchase or produce only “sustainable” palm oil, a commodity responsible for substantial tropical forest loss. Sustainability certification is the tool most used to fulfill these procurement policies, and around 20% of global palm oil production was certified by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in 2017. However, the effect of certification on deforestation in oil palm plantations remains unclear. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of RSPO-certified and noncertified oil palm plantations (∼188,000 km2) in Indonesia, the leading producer of palm oil, as well as annual remotely sensed metrics of tree cover loss and fire occurrence, to evaluate the impact of certification on deforestation and fire from 2001 to 2015. While forest loss and fire continued after RSPO certification, certified palm oil was associated with reduced deforestation. Certification lowered deforestation by 33% from a counterfactual of 9.8 to 6.6% y−1. Nevertheless, most plantations contained little residual forest when they received certification. As a result, by 2015, certified areas held less than 1% of forests remaining within Indonesian oil palm plantations. Moreover, certification had no causal impact on forest loss in peatlands or active fire detection rates. Broader adoption of certification in forested regions, strict requirements to avoid all peat, and routine monitoring of clearly defined forest cover loss in certified and RSPO member-held plantations appear necessary if the RSPO is to yield conservation and climate benefits from reductions in tropical deforestation.
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Lukashevich, Victor, Ilya Shegelman, Aleksey Vasilyev, and Mariia Lukashevich. "Forest certification in Russia: development, current state and problems." Forestry Journal 62, no. 1 (2016): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0006.
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Abstract The article analyzes the development of voluntary forest certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) system in Russia. The article is based on the review of diverse information sources, analysis of the reports of timber processing enterprises, personal observations during certification audits, discussions in workgroups, and information collected at training courses. We evaluated the present state of voluntary forest certification in Russia, analyzed non-compliances of the activity of Russian wood processing enterprises with the national standard FSC-STD-RUS-V6-1-2012 and indicated possible reasons for non-fulfillment of the requirements. We also presented problems in the development of forest certification in Russia and possible ways for its further development. By the end of 2015, about 40 million hectares were certified, approximately 160 certificates were issued on forest management and 440 certificates on chain of custody. The 6th principle of the national forest management standard is the most problematic for logging enterprises. The principle concerns the requirements on the evaluation of impact of enterprise’s activity on the environment. About 40% of non-compliances identified by auditors referred to the indicators of the 6th principle. We argue that the main problems of forest certification development in Russia are contradictions between the principles and the criteria of FSC and the requirements of Russian forest legislation, retention of biodiversity and high conservation value forests, lack of economic incentives for introduction and implementation of certification requirements, and high cost of audits. Despite the existing problems, the certification remains one of the most important instruments for achieving sustainable forest management in Russia.
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Bourgeois, Laurence, Daniel Kneeshaw, Louis Imbeau, Nicolas Bélanger, Stephen Yamasaki, and Suzanne Brais. "How do Alberta's, Ontario's and Quebec's forest operation laws respect ecological sustainable forest management criteria in the boreal forest?" Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 1 (2007): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83061-1.
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In order to receive forest certification and to respond to societal desires, many forest companies are attempting to demonstrate that their forest activities are «sustainable». The main objective of this paper is to qualitatively evaluate the ways in which forestry-related provincial regulations in the three provinces (Alberta, Ontario and Quebec) that contain most of the Canadian boreal forest help forest companies achieve certification with respect to ecological criteria. In the process of continually evolving towards sustainable forest management, we evaluate how these provincial regulations governing forest operations can be helpful in maintaining three criteria: biodiversity, the aquatic environment and soils. This study shows that the regulations evaluated have varied in their approach and thus have different strengths that must be underlined: (1) Ontario's approach is the strongest in terms of biodiversity, (2) Alberta and Ontario provide measures to abandon roads after harvesting, (3) Quebec provides the greatest specific measures for protecting waterways and aquatic species, (4) Alberta shows the greatest consideration for maintaining the most soil properties and functions. Better links between different regulations are necessary in all jurisdictions. The continual improvement of Canadian forest rules is often slow and advances at a different pace depending on regulators but it should be supported in all provinces. Key words: sustainable forest management, biodiversity, aquatic environment, soils, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec
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Lattimore, Brenna, Tat Smith, and Jim Richardson. "Coping with complexity: Designing low-impact forest bioenergy systems using an adaptive forest management framework and other sustainable forest management tools." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 1 (2010): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86020-1.
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Forest fuel production is a growing industry in Canada and elsewhere, as governments strive to increase energy security and find alternatives to the use of fossil fuels. While forest bioenergy can provide environmental benefits such as renewability and carbon emissions reductions, the industry can also pose environmental risks through increasing pressure on forest resources. Because large-scale forest bioenergy production is relatively new to Canada, much is still unknown about how such an industry might evolve and impact forest ecosystems. These unknowns, along with the cross-sectoral, multistakeholder nature of the industry, make planning for sustainable forest bioenergy systems quite challenging. In this paper, we introduce some of the challenges to creating sustainable systems, and we discuss how sustainable forest management frameworks like Adaptive Forest Management and Sustainable Forest Management Certification can help to meet these challenges. We also discuss the importance of technology transfer to ensuring that the best available knowledge forms the basis for effective standards and management plans. Sustainable forest management frameworks can help to organize, distil and communicate the growing body of research on forest bioenergy production, link policy to practice through the creation of standards, and incorporate provisions for continual learning and system adaptation, all of which are key to the long-term sustainability of the rapidly evolving forest bioenergy sector. Key words: bioenergy, sustainable forest management frameworks, adaptive forest management, certification, standards, technology transfer
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Debkov, Nikita. "ALLOCATION OF REPRESENTATIVE SITES OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS WITHIN FSC CERTIFICATION." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/3.
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Voluntary forest certification is a widespread mechanism of a market economy aimed at balancing economic, environmental and social interests. The article provides a methodology for identifying representative areas of forest ecosystems when forming a network of protected areas that form the ecological framework of the leased area. As an example, we took a logging company that leases two forest plots in Chebulinsky forestry of the Kemerovo region with different characteristics of the forest fund and the history of forest use. Based on the basic requirements of the current FSC forest management standard, a methodology for identifying representative sites has been developed. As a result of its application, it was found that in the area with more intensive forest management, 41% of the forest types present in the entire forestry area are found, despite its smaller area (3837 hectares). It is 21% on a larger, but less transformed and fragmented plot (5224 ha). It was revealed that the share of the frequent forest types (with the occurrence above 1%), which is 18%, is common for both leased plots. The area of representative plots is also approximately the same - 4.16 and 3.79%, respectively. It is noteworthy that frequent types of forests are already present in sufficient quantities in the network of protective forests and especially protective areas in production forests. But rare forest types, as a rule, are slightly represented in them. It enables us to conclude that it is important to form a network of representative sites in forest certification. It has been established that both coniferous and deciduous stands fall into rare forest ecosystems. The average area under allotment in the older cultivated leased plot is 8.8 hectares (with a variation from 0.8 to 55.0 hectares), and in less cultivated - 13.3 hectares (with a variation from 1.8 to 28.7 hectares), which is quite logical. However, in the first leased area, only 9%, and in the second - 6% of representative areas have an area of over 20 ha, which is accepted as a threshold in several countries
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Spinazze, Maria C., and Shashi Kant. "Market potential for certified forest (wood) products in Ontario, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 1 (1999): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75039-1.
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This study, conducted in the fall of 1997, documents: i) consumer perceptions regarding environmental marketing; ii) consumer willingness to purchase certified forest (wood) products and to pay a premium for such products; iii) variations in premium across products and prices; and, iv) levels of awareness and acceptance of certification within the forest industry. Analysis indicates that Ontario consumers are environmentally conscious. The mean response of consumers indicates that they are willing to pay a 10% premium for nearly all certified products. In some cases, premium varies with the price of certified products; low-price furniture items command a higher premium than do high-price furniture products. Approximately 90% of consumers prefer to purchase certified furniture and lumber products over non-certified, and 73% of consumers prefer to purchase recycled paper products over certified paper products. Generally, awareness and acceptance of certification among primary producers and re- manufacturers are low. Only 39% of respondents indicate a willingness to pay a 10% premium for certified products, but almost all respondents are willing to purchase certified forest products if all other aspects, such as price and quality, are equal. Separation of certified and non-certified wood and wood products may pose a problem for many companies. Key words: forest certification premium, green premium, market segmentation, niche markets
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Wiyono, Wiyono, Silvi Nur Oktalina, and Rochmat Hidayat. "Analisis Rantai Pemasaran Kayu Sertfikasi FSC Di Kabupaten Kulon Progo." Jurnal Nasional Teknologi Terapan (JNTT) 2, no. 1 (2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jntt.39167.
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Forest certification is a market-based policy instrument aimed to ensuring that any traded timber is legal and derived from sustainably managed forests. Forest certification is not only applied to large scale forest management but also small scale such as community forest. This study aims: (1) to know the pattern of marketing chain of certified timber; (2) to know the actors involved in the marketing of certified timber; (3) to know the marketing constrains of certified timber faced by farmers. This research was conducted at Wana Lestari Menoreh Cooperative (KWLM) in Kulon Progo Regency. KWLM is a community forest cooperative that has successfully obtained a certificate of sustainable forest management with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard since 2011. Data collection is done by: (1) in-depth interviews to actors involved in marketing of certified wood; (2) observation of each stage of certified timber marketing chain; (3) study documents related to marketing chain of certified timber. Data then analyzed descriptive method. The results show that: (1) the pattern of marketing chain of certified wood is simpler than non certified timber; (2) The actors involved in the marketing chain of certified timber are farmers, harvester, cooperation, PT SOBI, wood processing industry; (3) The major constraint faced by farmers in marketing of certified timber is a payment that do not made in cash as done by non-certified timber trader.
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Wilson, Malcolm A. "Alberta Research Council: Providing innovation from the forest to the finishing line." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 1 (2002): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78074-1.
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The Alberta Research Council (ARC) delivers public good research and development (R&D), contract services and technology commercialization to the forest sector. Alberta's forest sector has identified three major research and technology thrusts: sustainable forest management, adding value to the forest resources, and enabling technologies for improved management, resource processing and environmental protection. Issues such as fibre supply and utilization, energy conservation, certification and technology transfer are priorities. ARC's Forest Technologies Division addresses these priorities by providing public and private sector customers with applied research and technology services via its three business units: Forest Resources, Forest Products, and Pulp and Paper. Key words: Alberta Research Council, public good applied research and development, contract services, technology commercialization, sustainable forest management, agrifibres, pulp and paper, forest products, engineered wood composites
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Yadav, Manmohan, and D. Dugaya. "Non-timber forest products certification in India: opportunities and challenges." Environment, Development and Sustainability 15, no. 3 (2012): 567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9393-1.
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Sánchez-Almendro, Antonio, Pablo Hidalgo, Rosario Galán, José Carrasco, and Javier López-Tirado. "Assessment and Monitoring Protocols to Guarantee the Maintenance of Biodiversity in Certified Forests: A Case Study for FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) Forests in Southwestern Spain." Forests 9, no. 11 (2018): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110705.
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(1) Biodiversity, sustainable development and nature conservation are fundamental issues nowadays. All companies, administrations, governments and international organisations take these issues into consideration. Sustainable forest management always requires a compromise between profitability and conservation and in this fragile equilibrium, forest certification plays a key scheme. This sustainable management is of great importance in the European Union (EU), with the Forest Stewardship Council playing a fundamental role in forest certification. This certification forms the basis of the ecosystem conservation and improvement strategy in Ence, Energía y Celulosa, the leading company dedicated to the production of eucalyptus in Spain; (2) A three-phase protocol (identification of High Conservation Values, assessment of conservation areas and monitoring program), has been developed, providing clear, objective criteria, particularly concerning FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) Principle 9, the primary goal being the development and application of these objective criteria in the Ence conservation areas in the province of Huelva (Spain). One of the main criteria for habitat classification was correspondence with the habitats listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive. The compatibility between forest exploitation management and conservation proposed by the Natura 2000 network encouraged us to use this methodology for the identification, classification and assessment of High Conservation Values considered in FSC forest certification: Principle 9; (3) The study encompasses 183 forest management units covering 52,022 ha, with a total of 11,847.45 ha being identified as High Conservation Value Areas. Through the identification and assessment of the conservation areas, the described methodology played a crucial role in demonstrating the positive impact of Ence’s certified forest management on the conservation of biological diversity; (4) This study demonstrates that an objective and reliable identification, assessment and monitoring methodology, with a proven high degree of accuracy in the location and characterisation of interesting and representative habitats in the region, can be implemented. Due to its objectivity, this strategy can be easily applied to other European sustainable forest management sites and possibly to other countries outside the EU.
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Dara Tri Puspita Purbasari, Dinar, Mahawan Karuniasa, and Yuki Mahardhito Adhitya Wardhana. "Constrain of smallholder forest management on timber legality assurance system (SVLK) certification: A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari, Ponorogo District, East Java Province." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021105009.
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Timber Legality Assurance System or Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) is implemented and recognized as a certification for timber products exported from Indonesia. SVLK applied to all the forest product chains included the smallholder Forest Management Unit (FMU). It has been a particular concern to smallholder FMU on achieving the compliance of SVLK at least at two points: 1) the capability and knowledge for the technical process; and 2) the challenges to meet the certification cost. Researches have been done on the capability, challenges and opportunity, cost and benefit, strategies, and how the absence of smallholders FMU certification on supply chain affected timber product legality uncertainty. Meanwhile, a concern on smallholder FMU’s willingness to pay (WTP) certification as one of the main constraints of SVLK implementation is still unseen. A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari aims to reveal the actual willingness to pay to fulfill the SVLK certification cost. Research conducted by Focus Group Discussion followed by a questionnaire. This study’s findings illustrate that the WTP of smallholders FMU is still under the certification costs minimum standard stipulated on regulation. Some partnerships with the wood industries, local government and non-government organizations are suggested in this article.
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Burgess, Darwin. "Forests of the Menominee — a commitment to sustainable forestry." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 3 (1996): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72268-3.
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Menominee Tribal Enterprises (MTE Ltd., Keshena, WI) forest products were certified as sustainably managed in 1992 in recognition of their past performance and commitment to sustained-yield, community based forestry. Their forestry operations are planned and coordinated at the Menominee Forestry Center and represent the cooperative efforts of three agencies: (1) Menominee Tribal Enterprises, (2) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and (3) the Bureau of Indian Affairs. After 140 years of harvesting, about 63% of the productive forest land (55,850 ha) within the Menominee reservation is thought to be fully stocked today and includes many impressive stands of large white pine, sugar maple and red oak. In October 1995, Menominee foresters organized a tour of the Reservation forests and explained their forest management practices. In this paper, some highlights of what was observed and learned during the tour are described, including the Menominee's approach to forest management and their main forest management activities. Key words: Menominee, partial cutting, forest sustainability, forest certification
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Sugiura, Katsuaki, Takuyuki Yoshioka, and Kouki Inoue. "Effects of acquiring FSC forest management certification for Japanese enterprises using SmartWood Audits." Journal of Forestry Research 23, no. 1 (2012): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-012-0249-1.
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Tittler, Rebecca, Christian Messier, and Philip J. Burton. "Hierarchical forest management planning and sustainable forest management in the boreal forest." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 6 (2001): 998–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77998-6.
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In keeping with international efforts to encourage sustainable forest management, new legislation, regulations, and certification criteria have been brought into effect across boreal regions of the world in the past decade or less. These initiatives have established hierarchical systems of forest management planning that consider multiple uses of the forest and various aspects of sustainable forest management at different scales. We describe the systems established in Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, Russia, Finland, and Sweden. Most jurisdictions employ some form of three-level planning framework, in which strategic, tactical, and operational plans and considerations are presented with successively greater detail and spatial explicitness. However, planning scales and time horizons vary considerably, as does the level of consideration given to biodiversity and social concerns. We examine these systems in the context of sustainable forest management, raising a number of questions to be addressed in future research, adaptive management, and policy reform. In particular, we note (1) a need of new landscape and regional planning tools to evaluate the long-term and large-scale impacts of various land uses and (2) a general lack of responsiveness to global carbon and climate change concerns. Key words: forest management planning, sustainable forest management, boreal forest, forest policy, planning hierarchies, hierarchical planning
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Rugo, L. G. "Silviculture worker certification in Canada?" Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 3 (1994): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70242-3.
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This paper begins by identifying constraints faced by the silviculture industry when making decisions on human resource development. It identifies market failures that may result in an underinvestment in silviculture training. The paper then provides evidence of underinvestment in training and discusses the role of government in influencing investments in silviculture training, particularly its intervention through regulatory measures such as silviculture worker certification.Part 1 presents theory and evidence concerning certification, which is defined both as an act and a process. It acts on the quality of education and training provided and ultimately on the quality of labor employed. Some functional and dysfunctional aspects of certification are touched upon. The process of certification includes the objectives of certification, intended target groups, certification and training standards, and certification structure. Assessing the human resources employed in the silviculture industry is an important step.The merits and shortcomings of certification are presented in Part 2. Key issues related to forest management are addressed to provide a balanced portrait of silviculture worker certification. The merits range from increasing product quality to reducing on-site injuries. Shortcomings include the transaction costs of certification, a phenomenon called the "generation gap," and jurisdictional control. Issues between the merits and shortcomings of certification are also included.Part 3 discusses alternatives to silviculture worker certification. Taxation, subsidies, and the dissemination of information on the benefits of training are other forms of intervention influencing decision making in the private market.
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Myers, Heather. "From fur to fir: Lessons for the BC forest industry from the anti-fur campaign." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 1 (2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77077-1.
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BC's forest industry is feeling internal and international pressure to change its practices, and there is an increasing move to certification, amidst debates about preferred certification modes. This reflects changes in the economies of many of Canada's rural and northern communities, which have traditionally been dependent upon natural resources, but are now coming under pressure from the global community – not only in economic terms, but in terms of social values. As demography changes, and with it, social and economic values, this pressure is likely to continue. The Canadian North first felt such pressure as a result of the European boycott of the Newfoundland seal hunt, and then anti-trapping boycotts that have occurred periodically since then. These campaigns have had a profound effect on the lifestyles, cultures and sustainability of the northern communities. Over almost three decades, the government, non-government organizations and people of the North have had to learn to deal with and respond to these external campaigns that threaten them. The lessons they have learned about the nature of these campaigns could be useful to the province of British Columbia, which is now coming under increasing pressure from Europe and the US regarding its forestry practices. This paper outlines the evolution and characteristics of the international campaigns against sealing and trapping, as well as the experiences of northerners in dealing with them. It goes on to apply these lessons to the BC situation, with some recommendations for appropriate responses. Fundamentally, these campaigns reflect changing demographic and social characteristics and values in North America and Europe, and the changing relationship of people to natural resources, but they also raise questions about fair reflection of the variety of stakeholder interests in resource decision-making, and the limits on definition of "stakeholders." Key words: Boycotts, resource use
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Xu, Yixin. "An Analysis of China’s Legal and Policy Framework for the Sustainability of Foreign Forest Carbon Projects." Climate Law 7, no. 2-3 (2017): 150–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00702004.
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China’s policymakers regard forest carbon sequestration as one of the most cost-effective ways to combat climate change. Yet, scholars argue that foreign forest carbon projects in developing countries are environmentally and socially unsustainable. This paper explores China’s policy and legal framework for the sustainability of forest carbon projects that utilize international carbon-certification schemes. It finds that while China’s government has set ambitious climate goals for the forest sector, the applicable regulations are not comprehensively developed, and risks of unsustainability exist in practice. The government should undertake comprehensive institutional reform, including reform to establish implementation regulations for redd projects, adjust laws on forest and land to address climate risks, set up regulatory social-impact assessments, and create a greater demand for private forest sustainability assessments. 1
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Sulistyowati, Sri, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "The existence of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) in Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal to support Implementation of FSC Certification." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108019.
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High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) is the identification of High Conservation Values that are important and need to be protected. Under FSC certification mechanism, HCVF becomes one of Principles and Criteria to attain certification. In this study, we identify the existence of HCVF in Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal to support implementation process of FSC certification. Qualitative method was conducted through observation and secondary data from Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal. Data analysis showed through ecolabel certification, Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal has been identified HCVF area covering 2,715.5 hectares consists of HCV 1 until 6. Secondary Natural Forest (HAS) Subah and Kaliwungu for Ulolanang and Pagerwunung Nature Reserve buffer zone include as HCV 1.1, conservation area of leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Pangolin (Manis javanica).for HCV 1.2, conservation area of lutung (Trachypiyhecus auratus) as endemic species for CITES App I and Critically Endangered species include as HCV 1.3, Goa kiskendo for bats species habitat include as HCV 1.4, regions of interest species for Deer (Cervus timorensis) and Kepodang (Oriolus chinensis) as HCV 2.3, Germplasm Protection Region/ KPPN area with high biodiversity include as HCV 3, river border area and water springs for HCV 4. While, utilization of firewood, grass for cattle fodder include as HCV 5 and 14 cultural sites include as HCV 6. From monitoring and evaluation of HCVF data, showed that in 2011-2015 the level of diversity for flora and fauna were increased.
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Curran, Mike, Doug Maynard, Ron Heninger, et al. "Elements and rationale for a common approach to assess and report soil disturbance." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 6 (2007): 852–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83852-6.
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Soil disturbance from forest practices ranges from barely perceptible to very obvious, and from positive to nil to negative effects on forest productivity and / or hydrologic function. Currently, most public and private land holders and various other interested parties have different approaches to describing this soil disturbance. More uniformity is needed to describe, monitor, and report soil disturbance from forest practices. We describe required elements for attaining: (1) more uniform terms for describing soil disturbance; (2) cost-effective techniques for monitoring or assessing soil disturbance; and (3) reliable methods to rate inherent soil susceptibility to compaction, rutting, mechanical topsoil displacement, and erosion. Visual disturbance categories are practical for describing soil disturbance. Soil disturbance categories for the Pacific Northwest are described in detail to illustrate essential elements for attaining Element One. A number of potential products are listed to meet the other elements. Completion of these will facilitate collecting comparable data and sharing research and training information. Coordinated efforts will also ensure a more seamless process for assessing and reporting for sustainability protocols, and responding to third-party certification protocols. Additionally, these products will improve operational relevance of research results. Key words: soil disturbance, forest productivity, hydrologic function, monitoring, Montréal Process, risk ratings for soils, soil compaction, soil displacement, soil erosion, sustainability protocols, third-party certification
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Purwanto, Edi, Hery Santoso, Idsert Jelsma, Atiek Widayati, Hunggul Y. S. H. Nugroho, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120531.
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With 15–20% of Indonesian oil palms located, without a legal basis and permits, within the forest zone (‘Kawasan hutan’), international concerns regarding deforestation affect the totality of Indonesian palm oil export. ‘Forest zone oil palm’ (FZ-OP) is a substantive issue that requires analysis and policy change. While spatial details of FZ-OP remain contested, we review literature on (1) the legal basis of the forest zone and its conversion, (2) social stratification in oil palm production (large-scale, plasma and independent growers), and (3) environmental consequences of forest conversion to FZ-OP, before discussing policy options in a range of social and ecological contexts. Policy options range from full regularization (as FZ-OP stands could meet international forest definitions), to conditional acceptance of diversified smallholder plantings in ‘agroforestry concessions’, to gradually phasing out FZ-OP and eviction/destruction. A nuanced and differentiated approach to FZ-OP is needed, as certification of legality along supply chains is vulnerable to illegal levies and corruption. Corporate actors trading internationally can avoid use of uncertified raw materials, effectively shifting blame and depressing farmgate prices for domestic-market palm oil, but this will not return forest conditions or stop further forest conversion. We discuss an agenda for follow-up policy research.
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Amateis, Ralph L., Mahadev Sharma, and Harold E. Burkhart. "Using miniature-scale plantations as experimental tools for assessing sustainability issues." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 3 (2003): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-163.
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Decisions concerning ecosystem management, forest certification, and sustainable management require stand- and tree-level information that reflects current silvicultural and management practices. Typical forest stands, however, take years to mature making timely data collection, analyses, and reporting difficult. Further, collecting and evaluating certain forest stand information that affects sustainability such as belowground biomass response or response to changing climatic factors is often intractable. One modeling tool that may be useful for supplying future informational needs at the tree and stand level is the use of miniature scale plantations. Data from a miniature scale spacing trial for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) that was established at 1:16 scale to an operational study suggest that important stand characteristics associated with forest productivity develop similarly at the two scales. Once models are formulated that relate the size of trees (spatially scaled models) and the rates of growth (temporally scaled models) grown at miniature scale to their operational scale counterparts, it may become feasible to conduct experimentation in miniature and make inferences to operational scales.
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Duangsathaporn, K., P. Prasomsin, N. Laemsak, Y. Omule, K. Palakit, and P. Lumyai. "Formulating policy recommendations for potential rubber plantation owners and rubber wood consumers in Thailand to obtain international forest management certification." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 526 (August 8, 2019): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/526/1/012040.
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Duangsathaporn, K., P. Prasomsin, Y. Omule, K. Palakit, and P. Lumyai. "Development of a manual for rubber plantation owners and rubber wood consumers in Thailand for obtaining international forest management certification." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 773 (March 5, 2020): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/773/1/012050.
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Van Damme, Patrick. "The Forest Certification Handbook, Second Edition Ruth Nussbaum, Markku Simula . 2005.The Forest Certification Handbook, Second Edition. Earthscan, London and Stylus Publishing. LLC, 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA. 20166-2012; styluspub.com. xvi +. 300 (hardcover). US$ 75.00. ISBN: 1-8807-123-5." Economic Botany 61, no. 3 (2007): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[305b:tfchse]2.0.co;2.
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Silva, Douglas Marques, Marlyete Chagas De Araújo, Victor Farias Silva, and Enrico Bernard. "CONTRADIÇÕES NO COMÉRCIO DE MADEIRA CERTIFICADA EM UMA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL." FLORESTA 44, no. 3 (2014): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i3.32022.
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A exploração ilegal de madeira é forte agente de desmatamento, comprometendo biodiversidade e serviços ambientais. A certificação florestal é uma forma de oposição ao mercado ilegal de madeira, e vendedores e compradores responsáveis e bem informados são fundamentais no comércio dessa madeira. O comércio de madeira certificada na Região Metropolitana de Recife, Pernambuco, foi investigado de forma a 1) avaliar o conhecimento dos vendedores sobre a certificação de produtos madeireiros, 2) acessar o estado do mercado local e 3) identificar dificuldades e perspectivas sobre o consumo desse tipo de produto na região. Em entrevistas em 33 empresas, foi identificado que o comércio local de madeira certificada é marcado por contradições. Cerca de 75% dos vendedores não sabem indicar corretamente o produto certificado e quase metade desconhece os selos e as informações de identificação. De maneira geral, vendedores não dominam conceitos, marcos legais e instrumentos de certificação. Embora declarem-se sensíveis ao impacto da extração madeireira, as empresas pouco se engajam em projetos ambientais ou campanhas sobre o uso de madeira certificada. Apesar das contradições, há um ambiente favorável para a disseminação da certificação e comercialização desses produtos, mas ajustes – sobretudo no fluxo de informação – são necessários nesse processo.Palavras-chave: Certificação florestal; Conselho Brasileiro de Manejo Florestal; FSC. AbstractContradictions in the certified wood trade in a metropolitan area in northeastern Brazil. Illegal timber extraction is an important driver of deforestation, compromising biodiversity and its environmental services. Certification is a strategy to oppose illegal market, and responsible and well-informed sellers and buyers are crucial players. Here, the trade of certified wood in the Metropolitan Area of Recife, Pernambuco, is investigated in order to a) evaluate the level of knowledge from local sellers on the certification process, b) access the status of the certified market, and c) identify difficulties and perspectives for certified timber in the region. Based on 33 interviews, we identified that the local certified wood trade is marked by contradictions. About 75% of salespeople do not know how to correctly indicate a certified product, and almost half ignore certification seals and how to correctly identify certified wood. In general, sellers are unaware of basic certification concepts, legal frameworks and certification protocols. Although declaring some environmental concern, selling companies are rarely engaged in environmental projects or campaigns on the use of certified wood. Despite the contradictions, there is a favorable environment for the spread of the certification concept and marketing of these products, but adjustments – especially on the information flow – are necessary in this process.Keywords: Conselho Brasileiro de Manejo Florestal; forest certification; FSC.
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Niang-Diop, Fatimata, Steen N. Christensen, Anders S. Barfod, et al. "Trees on farmlands in the western central part of Senegal: implications for a carbon project." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (2020): 1294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.11.
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Trees are rapidly disappearing from agrarian landscapes in many tropical countries, a severe problem to rural populations, who depend on wood and non-timber forest products (NTFP) for their livelihoods. The aim of this study was to determine tree density, diversity, biomass and carbon stock in farmlands in Senegal and to gain insight in the socio-economic determinants of the tree cover. An allometric model was developed to estimate the average above ground biomass (AGB) based on field investigations of 235.5 ha of agricultural fields. In total, 25 tree species were recorded with an average density of 1.6 tree ha-1 and a canopy cover of 1%. The AGB was 8.9 t. ha-1 corresponding to 4.45 t C ha-1. A single species, Cordyla pinnata, accounted for 50% of all the trees censured. Investigations of google Earth images showed considerable change in tree density during the investigated periods (2004, 2009 and 2013). The tree density decreased at the rate of 3% per year-1 from 2004-2009 and 6.4% per year-1 from 2009-2013. Based on these results, all the trees would be lost in 30 years from 2009 and in 16 years from 2013 if this trend continues. Informants were generally interested in increasing the number of fruit trees. On average, they were willing to allocate 19% of their land for planting of new trees. Tree planting, however, has not been traditionally considered an option by the landowners, since livestock damage on young trees was too big and fencing not an option, but the recent years tree planting with certification for carbon sale has been initiated with support from outside.Keywords: Africa, forest resources, deforestation, local management, woody biomass.
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Karp, Anna. "Tapping the green market: certification and management of non-timber forest products by Abraham Guillen, Sarah A. Laird, Patricia Shanley and Alan R. Pierce, 2002. Earthscan, 480 pp, ISBN 1 85383 38713 1(hbk), 1 85383 8101 1(pbk)." European Environment 14, no. 1 (2004): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.334.
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Muench, Stephen T., Amit Armstrong, and Brian Allen. "Sustainable Roadway Design and Construction in Federal Lands Highway Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2271, no. 1 (2012): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2271-03.
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The Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Program is a $1 billion annual program administered by FHWA. The program provides financial resources and technical assistance for public roads that give access to a variety of federal and Indian lands, including those administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs. Much of this work is dedicated to the design and construction of roadway projects, which must incorporate the strategic sustainability values of these agencies and FHWA. This paper identifies key FLH sustainability values and uses the Greenroads rating system taxonomy and Greenroads scores on seven case study projects to draw conclusions about FLH project-level sustainability practices. Findings are that (a) projects scored in the 21- to 26-point range and none achieved certification, (b) 14 identifiable sustainability practices are well integrated into project delivery, (c) 12 practices can be considered potential areas of improvement for little additional effort, and (d) 15 practices could be considered priorities based on FHWA and partner agency values.
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Schuit, Pascale, Justin Moat, Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, et al. "The potential for income improvement and biodiversity conservation via specialty coffee in Ethiopia." PeerJ 9 (February 9, 2021): e10621. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10621.
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The specialty coffee sector represents opportunities for coffee farmers and other actors due to increased value within the supply chain, driven by elevated consumer purchase prices. We investigated these relationships up to the export stage, as well as the potential for specialty coffee to improve stakeholder participation in biodiversity conservation. Household data was collected from a sample of 272 coffee farmers belonging to five primary cooperatives, in the heavily forested area of Yayu, in the Illubabor administrative zone of Oromia regional state in south-western Ethiopia, for the 2017/2018 harvest season. Qualitative and quantitative data, gathered between 2015 and 2019, from focus group discussions, was used to supplement the survey and to explain the empirical findings. We show that the income from coffee (and thus household income) can be increased, in some cases substantially, via participation in the specialty coffee market. The unit price for coffee was much higher than standard market prices and those including certification premiums. Whilst quality is a key factor for specialty coffee, income increases via the specialty market are caveat bound. In particular, there is a critical requirement for efficient and effective cooperative management, and we provide suggestions for improvements. In the long-term, more focus is needed to increase the financial and human capacities of Ethiopian coffee cooperatives, to make them more effective partners in the specialty coffee value chain. The high conversion rates from harvested to clean exportable specialty coffee (8:1, or higher) is identified as a major constraint on profitability. We show that specialty coffee can bring about positive environmental benefits. Elevating coffee prices and farm profitability to bring household income levels to around or above the global poverty line may ensure the continuation of forest coffee production, and thus the retention of forest. The increases in income via specialty coffee production, reported in the study, were achieved without increasing land use or the application of environmentally costly inputs. Moreover, analysis of satellite data shows that a large proportion of the coffee farms surveyed retain a level of forest cover and quality approaching primary (undisturbed) forest, and that the coffee production area at Yayu has not experienced any significant deforestation (since 2000). We recommend that coffee premiums linked to environmental benefit should demonstrate clearly defined and appropriate metrics, as we have demonstrated here for forest (canopy) quality and coverage (area).
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Golay, Datendra Kumar, Mahamad Sayab Miya, and Sachin Timilsina. "Chiuri (Aesandra butyracea) and Beekeeping for Sustainable Livelihoods of Chepang Community in Raksirang-6, Makawanpur, Nepal." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 2, no. 1 (2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v2i1.200.
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Chiuri trees and beekeeping are the major sources of livelihood among the Chepang community. The study was performed to assess the role of Chiuri on livelihood improvement of the Chepang community through beekeeping and to analyze the efforts of CFUGs to conserve the Chiuri in Silinge Community Forest User Group, Raksirang-6, Makawanpur district, Nepal. Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Survey and Individual interview in households were carried out for the study from January to March 2019. With the increasing demand for organic honey made from Chiuri, the locals of the Chepang village in Makawanpur have started generating a good income from beekeeping. The majority (63%) of the respondents reported that the trends of the status of beekeeping were increasing in households. The selling of honey was the main source of income for the people of Silinge CFUGs. 1/3 of households earned the money in the range of NRs 200,000 (US$ 1,720.83) - NRs 300,000 (US$ 2,581.24). Physical capital and financial capital have significantly increased, whereas human, social and natural capitals were in increasing trends. The relationship between Chiuri and honey bees was very positive for both. The marketing system of Chiuri is not well developed in the study area. The Chepang community will get more prices after certifying their products as organic. Organic Certification of Nepal (OCN) should conduct studies about organic honey.
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Stute, James K., and D. Esther Shekinah. "Planting Date and Biculture Affect Sunn Hemp Productivity in the Midwest." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n2p26.
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Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is recommended as a warm season cover crop in the Midwest due to its ability to produce high levels of biomass and fix atmospheric nitrogen. It can also be grown in biculture with other cover crops to enhance overall ecosystem services. Two field experiments were conducted over four growing seasons (2014 – 2017) in Wisconsin on a forest derived Fox silt loam (Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) under organic certification to determine the effect of planting date on sunn hemp dry matter yield, N and C addition and to determine the effect of species ratio in a biculture with sorghum-sudan [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] on the same output variables as well as seed cost and the related per unit cost of production. Planting dates significantly affected all biomass yield variables, which declined linearly from the initial date and appear related to growing degree accumulation. Regression analysis revealed a biomass yield decline of 1.3% per day (8.9% week-1) in relative yield, and 0.90 Mg day-1 (0.61 Mg week-1) in actual yield. In biculture, sunn hemp grown in a planting ratio of 50:50 with sorghum-sudan maximized N addition through nitrogen fixation and added N from dry matter, without a significant difference in the dry matter recorded. Analysis of seed cost data revealed that as the ratio of sunn hemp in the planting mixture decreased, the cost per hectare decreased. The cost of production per unit of DM, N, C and CO2 equivalent at this planting ratio were 7.08 $ Mg-1, 0.57 $ kg-1, 17.51 $ t-1 and 4.78 $ t-1 respectively. In pure culture, early planting dates (June 15th to July 15th) are recommended for sunn hemp, and in biculture, a planting ratio of 50:50 with sorghum-sudan could serve Midwestern producers well by reducing per unit cost of biomass production.
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Lautenschlager, R. A. "Science and certification." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 1 (2001): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77151-1.
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Rejekiningsih, Triana, Chatarina Muryani, and Diana Lukitasari. "STUDY OF THE HISTORY AND DYNAMICS OF THE AGRARIAN POLICY IN TRANSFORMING THE INDONESIA’S AGRARIAN REFORM." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 2 (2019): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v8i2.33610.
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This study was conducted to find out: (1) the agrarian history as a milestone of <br />the agrarian policy in Indonesia; (2) the dynamics of agrarian policy as a driving<br />factor for the agrarian reform; (3) agrarian policy as a means of transforming the<br />agrarian reform in Indonesia. This study is a normative juridical legal research<br />with a historical approach, in addition to use conjunctural approach to examine the<br />complex, historically specific, of various agrarian policies. The study concludes that:<br />(1) Agrarian history is an important part of the agrarian policy realization, beginning<br />from Dutch colonialism along with the dominated agrarian resources and the raise<br />of peasant resistance against imperialism, this condition gave rise to the spirit of<br />national movements and the birth of Law Number 5 of 1960 on The Agrarian Basic<br />Law (hereinafter abbreviated to UUPA) as the basis for agrarian policy in Indonesia;<br />(2) Not all the agrarian policies are oriented towards the objectives of the UUPA, often<br />time they cause problems in their application, among others its irrelevant to principles<br />of justice and people's welfare, land tenure disintegration, lack of certainty over the<br />land rights, stand for the capital owners, opening up of foreign investors controlling<br />agrarian sources, the designation of forest areas on people’s lands, nationalization of<br />the plantations, repressive resolution of agrarian conflicts, and land certification which<br />legalizes inequality land tenure structures; (3) agrarian policy is an important part<br />of the process of realizing the agrarian reform, especially in the context of agrarian<br />transformation towards the formation of a 'agrarian' society structure integrated into<br />economic pillars to improve people’s welfare.
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Descals, Adrià, Zoltan Szantoi, Erik Meijaard, Harsono Sutikno, Guruh Rindanata, and Serge Wich. "Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Mapping with Details: Smallholder versus Industrial Plantations and their Extent in Riau, Sumatra." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (2019): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212590.
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Oil palm is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia and represents one of the major drivers of deforestation in the region. This includes both industrial-scale and smallholder plantations, the management of which entails specific challenges, with either operational scale having its own particular social and environmental challenges. Although, past studies addressed the mapping of oil palm with remote sensing data, none of these studies considered the discrimination between industrial and smallholder plantations and, furthermore, between young and mature oil palm stands. This study assesses the feasibility of mapping oil palm plantations, by typology (industrial versus smallholder) and age (young versus mature), in the largest palm oil producing region of Indonesia (Riau province). The impact of using optical images (Sentinel-2) and radar scenes (Sentinel-1) in a Random Forest classification model was investigated. The classification model was implemented in a cloud computing system to map the oil palm plantations of Riau province. Our results show that the mapping of oil palm plantations by typology and age requires a set of optimal features, derived from optical and radar data, to obtain the best model performance (OA = 90.2% and kappa = 87.2%). These features are texture images that capture contextual information, such as the dense harvesting trail network in industrial plantations. The study also shows that the mapping of mature oil palm trees, without distinction between smallholder and industrial plantations, can be done with high accuracy using only Sentinel-1 data (OA = 93.5% and kappa = 86.9%) because of the characteristic backscatter response of palm-like trees in radar scenes. This means that researchers, certification bodies, and stakeholders can adequately detect mature oil palm stands over large regions without training complex classification models and with Sentinel-1 features as the only predictive variables. The results over Riau province show that smallholders represent 49.9% of total oil palm plantations, which is higher than reported in previous studies. This study is an important step towards a global map of oil palm plantations at different production scales and stand ages that can frequently be updated. Resulting insights would facilitate a more informed debate about optimizing land use for meeting global vegetable oil demands from oil palm and other oil crops.
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Shekinah, D. Esther, and James K. Stute. "Synergy and/or Antagonism in a Cover Crop Sequence: Rotational Effects on Rye in the Midwest." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n2p90.
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Cover cropping reduces soil erosion mainly by providing cover when the soil is left barren after a short season crop. It also improves nutrient cycling and prevents the loss of NO3-N by leaching especially during late fall and early spring season. When CCs are grown in a sequence, they are able to harvest both the benefits mentioned above and provide ecological services. However, there may be synergistic or antagonistic effects in action between CCs just as is the case of CC allelopathy in weed control. Field experiments were conducted over two cropping seasons (2016-16 and 2016-17) at Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, Wisconsin on a forest derived Fox silt loam (Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) under organic certification to determine the effect of sequential planting of CCs on Above Ground Biomass (AGB) yield, N and C addition and to determine the synergistic or antagonistic effect of the species grown in a sequence on each other. Ten different species of CCs were planted immediately after crop harvest in early August followed by winter rye in a sequence, after roll-crimping of the first cover. The cropping sequences significantly affected the cover crop yield and related parameters. Radish &ndash; winter rye sequence was the best performing one in both years of study with regard to the AGB yield (13.96 and 14.87 Mg ha-1 respectively), and large amounts of N and C added to the soil. Phacelia &ndash; winter rye followed close, with the sequence recording on par yields in 2015-16 (13.28 Mg ha-1). Winter rye performed better following a dicot compared to monocot; non-legume compared to a legume. The CC sequences also exhibited synergism and antagonism. The yield of winter rye was boosted when the biomass yield of the forage radish it followed increased, which we consider as synergy: while the yield of winter rye reduced whenever the yield of oat, barley or beseem clover it followed increased, which we consider as an antagonistic effect. The other CCs performed moderately and were greatly a reflection of the prevailing weather conditions. More research along this line is recommended to generate research based information on synergy and antagonism in CC sequence.
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Samokhvalova, V. L., A. O. Khristenko, L. O. Shedey, P. A. Samokhvalova, and O. V. Karatsuba. "Prediction of soil fertility considering their macronutrient status." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 18, no. 3-4 (2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041711.
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The method for prediction of productive functions of soils, according to their macronutrient status, is grounded on the example of the total concentrations of nitrogen as biogenic macronutrient in different soil types of Polesie, Forest-Steppe and Steppe climatic zones of Ukraine including soils contaminated by heavy metals and fertilized (organic-mineral, organic and mineral system of fertilizer) soils. In the elaborated methodical approach the productive function (fertility) of different genesis soils forecasts by establishing new relationships of total nitrogen content with a humus calorific value, the energy reserves of the soil in layer up to 20 cm, the application of mathematical-statistical analysis. For example, according to the total nitrogen content as a biogenic macronutrient in accordance with the fixed gradations, with a further extension of the method algorithm for different soil types of climatic zones by the influence of technogenic pollution and technological load. The technical result of the elaborated method is to improve the known method of soil fertility prediction, considering their macronutrient status, by the selective choice of the most correlation associated, diagnostics capable of integral indicators of the energy and nitrogen status of the soil, which enhances the informativeness, accuracy and quick speed forecasting of production and ecological functions of different genesis soils with the identification of differences in ecological condition of soils for prediction and regulation of their quality. The elaborated methodological approach may find application in the assessment and ecological standardization of soil quality by chemical elements content, regulation of loads (technogenic, technological) on a soil system, in agroecology by investigating the question of soil fertility monitoring, lands certification of different purpose and use; organic farming, bioenergy and energy of soil formation; diagnosis, evaluation, determination of quality of humus and the state of the chemical elements; in environmental management of soils both for background conditions and different anthropogenic impacts and in research practice – investigating the biogeochemistry and nutrient macronutrients of the soil cover. Distinctive features and advantages of the proposed elaboration in comparison with known methods and approaches are: 1) express obtain of the accurate by predicted levels of total nitrogen content as a nutrient in the soil with the improving of the soil diagnosis accuracy by establishing some interconnected diagnostically suitable indicators of soils humus substances and nitrogen systems functioning, the direction of the mobilization and immobilization of nutrients (C, N) processes, the humification-mineralization and energy intensity of soils, including the negative impacts of anthropogenic pressures and degradation processes; 2) providing the opportunity for increasing effectiveness of predicting data on the functioning of the nitrogen systems of different genesis soils, environmental and energy state of soil and level of their potential fertility due to the background conditions, the application of different fertilization systems, and risk the availability of heavy metals pollution while minimizing the consumption of material resources; 3) expansion of the user’s ability to determine the total nitrogen content in the soil without long-term chemical analytical research due to the choice of regression equations obtained on the basis of the use of baseline soil properties of a certain type and subtype, according to available information; 4) versatility due to suitability of installed dependencies of the proposed method for all soil types and subtypes, climatic zones and contaminants.
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Watt, Michael S., Hailong Wang, Carol A. Rolando, Morkel Zaayman, and Katrina Martin. "Adsorption of the herbicide terbuthylazine across a range of New Zealand forestry soils." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 7 (2010): 1448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-082.
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The growing importance of environmental certification in plantation forestry is increasing the pressure to discontinue the use of chemicals including herbicides classified as highly hazardous. One of these herbicides is terbuthylazine, a triazine used widely to control a broad range of weeds in plantation forests in New Zealand. Using soil samples obtained from a national trial series, the key objectives of this study were to (i) determine the variation in soil adsorption of terbuthylazine as measured by distribution constant (Kd) across a range of soil types and (ii) develop a multiple regression model to predict Kd from key soil chemical properties. Across the 34 sampled sites, Kd averaged 21.9 L·kg–1 and ranged 38-fold from 3.9 to 146.7 L·kg–1. There was a highly significant (P < 0.0001) relationship between organic carbon and Kd, which was best described by a power function, that explained 86% of the variance in Kd. Addition of pH to the model using an exponential decay function was significant and increased the R2 for the model to 0.99. Across soil orders, Kd varied significantly by 10-fold. Values of Kd were lowest on Raw and Recent soil orders, which have low soil organic carbon and a relatively high pH.
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Brusak, Vitaliy, and Diana Senychak. "THE MONUMENTS OF NON-LIVING NATURE OF THE BASINS OF PRUT AND LAZESHCHYNA RIVERS IN CHORNOHORA MOUNTAIN RANGE IN UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS, no. 09 (01) (September 20, 2019): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2019.1.2807.
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The classification of the monuments of non-living nature of the basins of Prut and Lazeshchyna rivers in Chornohora mountain range in Ukrainian Carpathians as well as map, tables and suggestions for further alternative use of objects are presented. In the research the monuments of non-living nature are categorized such as geological, geomorphological and hydrological based on the main object of their value for protection. The classification of the geological and geomorphological monuments according to different principles such as meaningful, scientific and cognitive significance, genetic, purpose and size is developed. According to the main object of their value for protection and the genesis objects are classified into types of monuments, and by morphological expression – into species of monuments. The other methods of the research of monuments of non-living nature such as cartographic inventory and comprehensive certification are also presented. The river basins of Prut and Lazeshchyna are located on the northeast macro-slope of the Chornohora mountain range in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the area of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and the Carpathian National Nature Park. On the territory of the studied river basins 11 geological monuments, 23 – geomorphological monuments, 7 – hydrological and hydrogeological monuments are identified. There are also 9 sites of fir forests and 14 sites of ancient forests protected in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve in the Lazeshchyna river basin. On the territory of the Prut river basin there are 81 sites of ancient forests and primeval forests in the area of the Carpathian National Nature Park. The monuments of non-living nature can be used not only as the conservation ones but also as the places for recreation and tourism, organization of research and environmental education of the region. In addition, 2 multi-day, 1 two-day and 9 one-day geotourism routes to promote the natural resources of the studied river basins with the purpose to reduce the recreational degression of the main eco-trail “To the Goverla Mountain” are developed. Key words: monuments of non-living nature; geological sites; Chornohora mountain range; Prut river basin; Lazeshchyna river basin; geotourism route.
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Humar, Miha, Rožle Repič, Davor Kržišnik, et al. "Quality Control of Thermally Modified Timber Using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) Analysis." Forests 11, no. 6 (2020): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060666.
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The importance of thermal modification is increasing worldwide. Increased use of thermally modified timber (TMT) has resulted in a need for reliable quality control, comprising control of variation of the production within defined limits, allowing third-party control in the case of certification and the regulation of customer complaints and claims. Techniques are thus needed to characterise the modification of quality in terms of improved target properties of TMT during industrial production, and of TMT products that have been in service for an arbitrary time. In this study, we aimed to utilise dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) for this purpose. Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) samples were thermally modified at different temperatures according to different heat treatment techniques: (1) the Silvapro process based on an initial vacuum; (2) an air heat treatment, whereby samples were wrapped in aluminium foil; (3) thermal modification of wood samples in the ambient atmosphere in a laboratory oven. Wood samples from closed processes were analysed for validation. TMT was characterised with respect to mass loss, colour and density. Mass loss of wood due to modification (MLTM) was correlated with factors derived from DVS analysis. The present DVS measurements suggest that the equilibrium wood moisture content (EMC95% RH), the time to reach 10% wood moisture content (t10% MC), and the elongation factor, c, derived from a logarithmic function, can serve as alternative parameters to characterise the quality of several thermal modification processes. Further studies are recommended using other wood species, different modification processes and further parameters gained from DVS measurements to understand the robustness and the predictive power of the applied technique.
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Feder, Judy. "Commitment to Responsible Water Management in the Peruvian Amazon." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (2020): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0064-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 199429, “Road to the Blue Certificate for Production Activity in the Peruvian Amazon: Committed to Responsible Water Management,” by Carlos Ahumada Morales, Fernando Gutierrez Mesías, and Ruth Celina Zorrilla Salazar, Repsol, prepared for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 28-30 July. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper discusses the steps taken by Repsol in Peru in accordance with its environmental strategy to become certified for the Blue Certificate granted by the State National Water Authority (ANA) to companies that efficiently manage water in their operations and manage shared-value projects with their stakeholders. According to the authors, Repsol is the first company in Peru’s hydrocarbon sector to apply for this certification. The complete paper details the company’s methods of compliance with the three steps necessary to apply for the certificate, limitations of objectives and scope, results of the water-footprint assessment, and further steps toward certification. Background: Peru’s Blue Certificate Obtaining the certificate requires compliance with the three following steps: 1. Assessment of the water footprint for the area of operation 2. Reduction of water footprint in the area 3. Development of a shared-value project Benefits of holding the certificate include contribution to business sustainability and improved relationships with key stakeholders such as the State and the communities in the area of influence. As part of its candidacy for the certificate, the company stated that its main objective was to analyze the water footprint of the annual production of natural gas in Block 57 in the Urubamba River basin in the forests of the low jungle of southern Peru. Block 57 is located in the Department of Cusco. The company prepared a water-footprint report on the effect and amount of water consumption associated with the annual production of natural gas in the block. Block 57 is in an area of high biodiversity and overlaps the buffer zone of the Machiguenga Communal Reserve. It includes the following projects: Development project in the south area of the Kinteroni field Transport of multiphase gas/liquid flow from the production platform of the Kinteroni field through a 16-in., 14.5-km flow line to the facilities of the New World location Sagari field-development project Based on the results of the water-footprint assessment, Repsol intends to implement actions to reduce its water footprint and develop value-sharing projects to mitigate its effects.
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"Profitability of Forest Certification – Case Study Analysis." Economic Alternatives, no. 4 (December 2019): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/ea.2019.4.09.
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Forest certification plays an important role in supporting and ensuring sustainable forest management. By November 2017, the FM FSC certified state hunting and forestry enterprises are 72 in number, part of which are included in group certificates of the respective state-owned enterprises in whose territory they are located. Certified forest area in Bulgaria in November 2017 is 1 315 594 ha. These numbers are growing very fast at the moment. The main objective of the study is to analyze and evaluate the profitability of introducing the FSC certificate for sustainable forest management. In this respect a case study analysis is carried out at Yundola and Petrohan, which are Training forest enterprises at the University of Forestry - Sofia. These two forest enterprises and adjacent state forest and hunting forest enterprises are considered in this case as model forest areas, including certified and subject to certification forest enterprises and typical forest areas with coniferous and deciduous forests. The following research objectives were fulfilled in order to achieve the stated goal: 1.Analysis and estimation of the profitability of the implementation of the FSC certificate for sustainable forest management in Yundola Training forests. 2.Analysis and estimation of the profitability of the implementation of the FSC certificate for sustainable forest management in the Petrohan Training forests. Based on the study and the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations were made on the impact of FSC certification on the activities of certified FSC forest enterprises. On the basis of a developed model analysis of the profitability of State hunting enterprise Vitinya, a methodology for analysis and assessment of the profitability of forestry and hunting forest enterprises, certified and subject to FSC certification was developed.
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Lakyda, I. P., and V. O. Kutskyi. "Economic evaluation of use of unmanned aerial vehicles in Ukraine’s forest management planning." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 4 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.04.003.
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Today, unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly used in various sectors of economy, including forestry. Therefore, there is a need for rationing and economic evaluation of these types of activity. Technical standardization of labor is an important stage in the implementation of innovative approaches, technologies, techniques, engineering samples and appliances in all spheres of production. This study serves the purpose of assessing the economic performance of unmanned aerial vehicles at aerial field work during forest management planning activities. The separate unit of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine “Boiarka Forest Research Station” was identified as the base enterprise. The main analyzed means of technics within the scope of this research is the copter type unmanned aerial vehicle DJI Phantom 4. Based on the data of motion and time study of a quadcopter operator’s shifts, a rational balance of working time of a shift alongside with the normative indicators of labor productivity during aerial photographing activity were calculated. It is possible to adjust the production rate depending on the total travelled distance during a working shift. On the basis of the developed standards of labor productivity, the full prime cost of carrying out aerial photography on an area of 1 ha has been calculated. A comparison of the cost of carrying out aerial photography by means of an unmanned aerial vehicle with the cost of forest management planning and forest certification fieldwork has also been carried out. The results of the study suggest that provided the comparable qualitative and quantitative indicators of the collected data, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for local clarification of the situation is less expensive compared to surveys by field teams.
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Corrêa, Carla Maria Camargo, Renato Antônio Dedecek, and Gláucio Roloff. "SEDIMENTOS PROVENIENTES DE ESTRADAS DE USO FLORESTAL EM CONDIÇÃO DE RELEVO ONDULADO A FORTEMENTE ONDULADO." FLORESTA 40, no. 1 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v40i1.17113.
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Avaliaram-se, por um ano, as perdas de solos por enxurrada, em trechos de estradas secundárias e aceiros e a contribuição das áreas adjacentes, para estimar as perdas de solo em função da precipitação acumulada. Três tratamentos foram estabelecidos: num deles adotou-se medida de conservação, com implantação de barreiras de contenção de enxurrada a cada 50 m associadas a valas para deposição de sedimentos, adentrando nos talhões; os outros tratamentos compreendem trechos de estrada sem conservação e aceiros. Constataram-se os seguintes valores de perda de solo: 5,2 t.km-1 para o tratamento sem conservação, 4,1 t.km-1 em estradas com conservação e 1,4 t.km-1 em aceiros, totalizando 10,7 t.km-1 de perdas de solo acumulado no período. As medidas de conservação adotadas pela empresa reduziram as perdas de solo em 11,9% nas Unidades de Manejo Florestal Ruthes e Leonel, em Itaiópolis (SC). A densidade de estradas apresentou-se dentro do limite máximo recomendado para efeito de certificação florestal (59,92 m.ha-1). Associado às condições de perfil longitudinal, sistema de drenagem e revestimento do leito estradal, aponta-se a necessidade de melhor dimensionamento das medidas de conservação e manutenção mais frequente. O controle da precipitação apresentou-se estatisticamente confiável na estimativa de perda de solo por erosão nas estradas avaliadas. Palavra chave: Erosão hídrica; estrada florestal; perdas de solo; Pinus sp. Abstract Sediments proceeding from forest roads in wavy to strong waved relief conditions. For one year were evaluated, the soil losses by runoff proceeding to parts of fire breaks and secondary roads with it’s respectively contribution areas, for estimative equations for soil losses in function of the accumulated precipitation. Tree treatments were established: roads with conservation measure, using water bars for control the runoff equidistant in 50 meters, associated with drain into the stands; roads without conservation and fire breaks. The soil losses as follow: 5,2 t.km-1 for roads without conservation measure, 4.1 t.km-1 in roads with conservation measure and 1,4 t.km-1 in fire breaks, totalizing 10,7 t.km-1 soil losses in the period. The conservation measures adopted had reduced the soil losses in 11,9% in the Forest Management Units Ruthes and Leonel - Itaiopolis / SC. The road density with 59,92 m.ha-1 just about the maximum limit recommended for forest certification. Associated to the longitudinal profile conditions, draining system and covering of the stream bed road, had pointed with respect to the necessity of better sizing of the conservation measures and more frequent maintenance. The control of precipitation was presented confidence statistical information for estimative the soil losses procceding from erosive process in the evaluated forest roads. Keywords: Hydric erosion; forest road; soil loss and Pinus sp.
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Rana, Rumana, Günter Müller, Annette Naumann, and Andrea Polle. "FTIR spectroscopy in combination with principal component analysis or cluster analysis as a tool to distinguish beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees grown at different sites." Holzforschung 62, no. 5 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.104.
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Abstract FTIR spectroscopy was used to distinguish between beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees grown at five different sites; one in middle Germany close to Göttingen (forest district Reinhausen), three located in the southwest (two in Rhineland-Palatinate: forest districts Saarburg and Hochwald, and one in Luxembourg), and one in North-Rhine Westfalia. Detailed investigation of the spectra in the fingerprint region (1800–600 cm-1) revealed 16 distinct peaks and shoulders, most of which were assignable to wavenumbers previously shown to represent wood compounds. Differences in peak heights and peak ratios indicated differences in wood composition of beech trees from different sites. To determine if the wood of individual trees could be distinguished, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed using FTIR spectra as input data. With both PCA and cluster analysis, trees from four of the five different sites were separated. It was not possible to distinguish between trees from Saarburg and Hochwald, where similar edaphic and climatic conditions exist, while wood spectra from trees from all other areas clearly segregated. Wood collected at different positions in the stem (bottom, crown, center and outer year rings) of trees grown at the same site was not distinguishable. Therefore, FTIR spectral analysis in combination with multivariate statistical methods can be used to distinguish wood of trees from different growth habitats. Extension of this method to other species may be of great interest for wood certification, as it may be possible to distinguish wood, of a given species, originating from different regions.