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1
Cross, John A. "Dairy Woes in Wisconsin: What about the Amish?" Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities 1, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/jpac.v1i2.7935.
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Wisconsin has steadily lost dairy farms for decades, yet the number of Amish dairy herds grew both numerically and proportionately into early 2018. Facing low milk prices, the overall rate of loss of dairy farms in Wisconsin accelerated since then. During 2019, the state lost over 1% of its dairy herds monthly, losing two to three herds daily. The expansion of Amish dairying also ended. Between April 1, 2018, when Wisconsin had 1,160 Amish dairy herds or 12.9% of the state's total, and November 1, 2019, the state lost 165 Amish herds. Losses are continuing.This paper focuses on the impact of the departure of many Amish farms from dairying, relying on examination of dairy producer licenses and a survey of bishops and ministers in Wisconsin's Amish church districts. The loss of Amish herds of dairy cows is greater than the overall departure of the Amish from dairying, inasmuch as the Amish have nearly doubled their milk goat herds over the past five years. Those settlements producing milk transported in cans have been more likely to leave dairying unless their community operates its own cheese factory. Yet dairying is declining in most Amish communities, other than in several recently established settlements. Expanding involvement in growing produce and in woodworking were seen.
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Shober, Stephen F., Gary C. Whited, and Kevin W. McMullen. "Wisconsin Department of Transportation's Asphaltic Pavement Warranties." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1543, no. 1 (January 1996): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154300114.
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The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), the Wisconsin Asphalt Pavement Association, and FHWA have joined together to develop a comprehensive warranty specification that can be incorporated into highway construction contracts for asphaltic concrete pavements. The warranty specification is expected to reduce WisDOT's project delivery costs, lower total project construction costs, enable contractors to use innovative construction methods and materials, and result in equal or greater quality construction. The development of Wisconsin's warranty specification is briefly discussed, and the unique features of the warranty specification are outlined, including the warranty period, bonding requirements, pavement performance characteristics, performance thresholds, pavement evaluation methods, required pavement remedial actions, and use of a conflict-resolution team. The specification has been used successfully to bid and construct three highway projects in Wisconsin. WisDOT has evaluated projected costs over 5 years to determine the impact of warranties on total costs. Other types of projects that may be suitable for use of warranties have been identified and several will be tried in 1996. Distress evaluations from the first year indicate that the warranty projects yield a good ride, no significant rutting, and low distress. No distress thresholds were exceeded, thus no remedial actions (warranty work) are required after 1 year.
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Adams, Teresa M., and P. Robert Sianipar. "Sensitivity of Network-Level BMS MR&R Policies to Variations in Cost, Transition Probability, and Discount Factor." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1642, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1642-01.
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A sensitivity analysis of the recommendations obtained from the maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR&R) optimization model of the Pontis bridge management system (BMS) to changes in Wisconsin’s estimates of MR&R costs, transition probabilities, and discount factor is presented. The scope includes the MR&R actions for 25 bridge elements in Wisconsin. The analysis is based on scenarios of cost and transition probabilities that represent a range of low- to high-cost projects and slow to fast element deterioration. The potential cost savings per element from adopting special policies on extreme high- and low-cost projects were estimated. The analysis identified the MR&R actions that are sensitive to changes in cost or transition probability, the MR&R actions that are never recommended, and the cost and transition scenarios for which the optimal policy is to do nothing until failure. The optimal policies recommended by the BMS and the current practice at Wisconsin District 1 were compared. Recommendations for improving Wisconsin’s MR&R cost database are presented.
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Muzzall, Patrick M., Bradley T. Eggold, and Robert J. Fahey. "Helminths of Pond-Reared Walleye From Wisconsin." Journal of Parasitology 92, no. 2 (April 2006): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3529rn.1.
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PURNELL, T. C. "THE VOWEL PHONOLOGY OF URBAN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN." Publication of the American Dialect Society 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/-94-1-191.
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Harms, Jan C., James E. Johnson, Peter W. Johnson, Jeffrey C. Stier, and Raymond P. Guries. "Market Assessment and Economic Potential of the Red Pine Utility Pole Industry in Wisconsin." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.4.189.
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Abstract Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin electric and telephone utilities use an estimated 278,000 distribution poles annually, of which 180,000-245,000 are 35 or 40 ft long and in pole Class 1, 2 or 3. Most poles are southern pine, Douglas-fir or western red cedar. Red pine's current market share is only 7%. Most utilities surveyed expressed a willingness to use red pine poles if they could be purchased at the same or at a slightly lower price than they currently pay for southern pine poles. A local pole production facility would benefit from Wisconsin's lower stumpage prices and transportation costs relative to those in the Pacific Northwest and the South. Wages are somewhat higher in Wisconsin than in competing regions, but on balance Wisconsin producers should initially enjoy a net cost advantage of $18-$38 per pole. As pole production expands, some of this cost advantage is expected to be passed on to timber growers in the form of higher stumpage prices. A single pole-treatment facility could treat 10,000-15,000 poles annually, and retain an additional one to two million dollars per year in the state economy. The regional demand appears to be sufficient to support several such plants. Whether sufficient pole material supply would be forthcoming from Wisconsin forests to support such plants is a crucial question that remains to be addressed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:189-193, December 1990.
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Nomellini, Vanessa, and K. Craig Kent. "The Department of Surgery at the University of Wisconsin." American Surgeon 79, no. 11 (November 2013): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481307901111.
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Education is deeply embedded in the Wisconsin state history. When Wisconsin became a state in 1848, the legislature soon after founded a university with the understanding that scholarship would contribute to its success. The close connection between the state and the university came to be known as “The Wisconsin Idea,” a philosophy that all teaching, research, outreach, and public service conducted by the University of Wisconsin should be carried out for the good of citizens throughout the region.1 Although service to the state and its people still remains integral to the fiber of our university, the University of Wisconsin has since become a national leader among academic institutions.
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SILVERMAN, JENNIFER. "Loss of Cap Worries Wisconsin Doctors." Internal Medicine News 38, no. 18 (September 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(05)71877-1.
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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "Newborn SCID Screening Launches in Wisconsin." Pediatric News 42, no. 5 (May 2008): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(08)70226-1.
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Ford, James H., Aaron Gilson, and David A. Mott. "Systematic Analysis of the Service Process and the Legislative and Regulatory Environment for a Pharmacist-Provided Naltrexone Injection Service in Wisconsin." Pharmacy 7, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7020059.
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Community pharmacists are viewed by the public as convenient and trustworthy sources of healthcare and pharmacists likely can play a larger role in addressing the major public health issue of the opioid epidemic affecting Wisconsin residents. Approved medications, including long-acting injectable naltrexone, can transform the treatment of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Due to shortages of behavioral health providers in the U.S., and pharmacists’ knowledge about the safe use of medications, pharmacists can be a significant access point for treating OUD with naltrexone. Wisconsin’s pharmacy practice laws authorize pharmacists to administer medications via injection, and a small number of pharmacists currently are using this authority to provide a naltrexone injection service. This exploratory study had two objectives: (1) describe the pharmacist injection service process and identify barriers and facilitators to that service and (2) analyze the legislative/regulatory environment to ascertain support for expanding naltrexone injection service. Semi-structured pharmacist interviews (n = 4), and an analysis of Wisconsin statutes/regulations governing public health and social services, were undertaken to explore the objectives. Findings suggest that the service process requires considerable coordination and communication with practitioners, patients, and pharmacy staff, but many opportunities exist to broaden and sustain the service throughout Wisconsin.
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PURNELL, T. C. "THE VOWEL PHONOLOGY OF URBAN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN." American Speech Supplement 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-supplement_94-1-191.
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Stewart, Christopher N., Lily Wood, and Ruth Jo Barta. "Validation of the “Wisconsin Criteria” for Obtaining Dedicated Facial Imaging and Its Financial Impact at a Level 1 Trauma Center." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 13, no. 1 (March 2020): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1943387520910020.
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Introduction: According to national trauma databases, 25% of all people injured have some type of facial injury. The gold standard for diagnosing bony trauma of the facial skeleton has been computed tomography (CT) scan. In 2011, the “Wisconsin criteria” were established and subsequently validated as a method to predict which patients truly have a facial fracture and warrant further imaging. The purpose of this study is to externally validate these criteria and determine the economic impact they might have on avoiding unnecessary CT scans. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review. We collected 1000 patients who had undergone facial CT related to trauma and retrospectively applied the “Wisconsin criteria” based on physical exam documentation. Results: Of the 1000 facial CT scans obtained, we identified 408 fractures, 12% of which required operative intervention. The “Wisconsin criteria” applied to our patient population had a sensitivity of 90% and a negative predictive value of 93%. Using these criteria resulted in a missed fracture rate of 2.8%. Finally, had these criteria been used to determine when a facial CT scan was indicated, our institution could be saving over US$300 000 annually. Conclusion: The “Wisconsin criteria” are a reliable method to screen for facial fracture in trauma patients. Using a validated instrument tool to guide decision-making, we can avoid obtaining low-value imaging studies. This can have a large economic impact while maintaining safety and reliability in accurate diagnosis.
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Briner, Jason P., Terry W. Swanson, and Marc Caffee. "Late Pleistocene Cosmogenic 36Cl Glacial Chronology of the Southwestern Ahklun Mountains, Alaska." Quaternary Research 56, no. 2 (September 2001): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2255.
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AbstractThirty-two cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure ages constrain the timing of two late Pleistocene glacial advances in the western Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska. Boulders were sampled from one early Wisconsin (sensu lato) and six late Wisconsin moraines deposited by ice-cap outlet glaciers and local alpine glaciers. Four moraine boulders deposited during an extensive early Wisconsin ice-cap outlet glacier advance have a mean surface exposure age of 60,300±3200 yr. A moraine deposited by an ice-cap outlet glacier during the restricted late Wisconsin advance has a mean surface exposure age of 19,600±1400 yr. Five moraines deposited by late Wisconsin alpine glaciers have mean ages that range between 30,000 and 17,000 yr. The 36Cl ages are consistent with limiting 14C and thermoluminescence ages from related deposits and indicate that Ahklun Mountains glaciers reached their most extensive position of the last glaciation early during the late Pleistocene, in contrast to the deep-sea isotopic record of global ice volume.1
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Dykstra, Cheryl R., William H. Karasov, Michael W. Meyer, and D. Keith Warnke. "Daily Energy Expenditure of Nestling Bald Eagles in Northern Wisconsin." Condor 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.1.175.
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Abstract We measured field metabolic rate of nestling Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in northern Wisconsin, using doubly-labeled water. In inland northern Wisconsin and along the Wisconsin Lake Superior shore, eaglets aged 39–60 days, weighing 3.08–4.85 kg, expended an average of 2,427 ± 100 kJ day−1. Nestling field metabolic rate was weakly correlated with nestling age, but not with mass. Field metabolic rate of eaglets can be used to estimate the biomass of food that adult eagles must provide from their environment, a datum that is important for determination of habitat suitability.
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Diola, Valdir, Afonso I. Orth, and Miguel P. Guerra. "Reproductive biology in monoecious and gynoecious cucumber cultivars as a result of IBA application." Horticultura Brasileira 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362008000100006.
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The understanding of both the reproductive biology and the regulation of the sexual expression of cucumber flowers (Cucumis sativus) makes crop management easier and can improve fruit yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological answer of cucumber floral verticils to the application of IBA. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in completely randomized blocks, with four replications of 4-plant plots, and treatments applied to a 5 x 2 factorial (0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µmol of IBA, and two cultivars: Wisconsin MR28, gynoecious, and Caipira, monoecious). Cultivar Wisconsin MR28 produced in average 7,636 pollen grains (PG) per flower, with a positive linear response to the increase in IBA concentration. Instead, in cultivar Caipira (5,160 PG) all IBA concentrations reduced PG production. Cultivars did not differ from each other in relation to PG viability (average in vitrogermination of 75.4 and 79.9% to cultivars Wisconsin MR28 and Caipira, respectively) and in both PG viability increased linearly with the increase in AIB concentration. Cultivars Wisconsin MR28 and Caipira presented in average 71.6 and 70.6 seeds per fruit respectively, and responded with an increase in seed number and improvement in fruit general aspect to the rise in IBA concentration. The ratio male:female flowers was significantly different between cultivars (4.2:1 and 3.5:1, respectively to cultivars Wisconsin MR28 and Caipira) and responded in a distinct way to IBA concentrations. While in cultivar Caipira, IBA concentrations near to 100 µmol increased the number of male flowers; in cultivar Wisconsin MR28 the same IBA concentration reduced it. The two cultivars had a similar number of female flowers. However, whereas it remained relatively stable in cultivar Caipira in spite of the increase in IBA concentration, there was an increase in the number of female flowers in cultivar Wisconsin MR28, as a result of the rise in IBA concentration.
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Koerner, R. M., D. A. Fisher, and W. S. B. Paterson. "Wisconsinan and pre-Wisconsinan ice thicknesses on Ellesmere Island, Canada: inferences from ice cores." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-031.
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Study of two cores through an ice cap on northern Ellesmere Island suggests (1) during the Wisconsin Glaciation the ice near the crest was never more than about 200 m thicker than at present; (2) in a preceding glaciation, the ice was thicker than this, and the local ice divide near the boreholes was eliminated; (3) early in the Sangamon Interglacial, basal melting occurred in a deep bedrock valley south of the borehole site; and (4) the change in δ18O at the Wisconsinan–Holocene transition is 11‰, of which at least 8‰ results from climatic warming.
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Pfitzner, Artur J. P., Ursula M. Pfitzner, and Howard M. Goodman. "Nuckeitude sequences of two PR-1 pseudogenes fromNicotianatabacum cv. Wisconsin 38." Nucleic Acids Research 18, no. 11 (1990): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.11.3404.
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Munkvold, G. P., W. M. Carlton, E. C. Brummer, J. R. Meyer, D. J. Undersander, and C. R. Grau. "Virulence of Aphanomyces euteiches Isolates from Iowa and Wisconsin and Benefits of Resistance to A. euteiches in Alfalfa Cultivars." Plant Disease 85, no. 3 (March 2001): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.3.328.
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Aphanomyces euteiches has become recognized as an important root rot pathogen of alfalfa in the north-central United States, and resistant cultivars are now commonly planted. Recent evidence indicates the existence of A. euteiches strains, designated as race 2, that are virulent on resistant cultivars, but there is little information on the prevalence of such strains or their impact on the performance of A. euteiches-resistant cultivars. The purpose of this study was to assess the virulence of A. euteiches isolates obtained from Iowa and Wisconsin soils and to determine the frequency of isolates virulent on race 1-resistant alfalfa populations. In addition, the yield performance of susceptible and resistant alfalfa populations was compared in four Iowa locations and one Wisconsin location. Fourteen isolates of A. euteiches from different Iowa locations were used to challenge two race 1-resistant cultivars (Paramount and Quantum), a susceptible cultivar (Agate or Vernal), and two resistant breeding populations (WAPH-1 and WAPH-2). Fifty-nine isolates of A. euteiches from one location in Wisconsin were used to challenge one susceptible cultivar (Saranac) and WAPH-1 and WAPH-2. Every isolate was virulent to one or more alfalfa cultivars or populations. Emergence of seedlings in growth chamber experiments did not differ significantly among isolates or alfalfa populations. Alfalfa population and A. euteiches isolate had significant effects on disease severity index (DSI, 1-5 scale), but there were significant interactions (P < 0.05) between these two effects. All 14 Iowa isolates of A. euteiches were virulent (DSI ≥ 3.0) on Agate (mean DSI = 4.4, range 3.8 to 4.9), WAPH-1 (mean DSI = 3.9, range 3.0 to 4.4), and the two commercial resistant cultivars (mean DSI = 3.9 and 4.1, range 3.2 to 4.4). On WAPH-2, only three isolates were virulent (mean DSI = 2.5, range 1.8 to 3.2). Of 59 Wisconsin isolates, all were virulent on Saranac (mean DSI = 4.6, range 3.9 to 5.0), 21 were virulent on WAPH-1 (mean DSI = 2.9, range 1.8 to 4.8), and only four were virulent on WAPH-2 (mean DSI = 2.3, range 1.8 to 3.4). In field studies, we compared yield performance of alfalfa cultivars that were resistant or susceptible to A. euteiches or Phytophthora medicaginis at four Iowa locations for one to three harvest years, and one Wisconsin location for two harvest years. Mean yields of cultivars with resistance to one or both pathogens were significantly higher than those of susceptible cultivars in only one of the four Iowa locations. In Wisconsin, WAPH-4, a Race 2-resistant alfalfa population, expressed a significant yield advantage when compared with both WAPH-1, a Race 1-resistant alfalfa population, and Columbia 2000, a cultivar susceptible to both race 1 and 2 of A. euteiches. These results indicate that race 2 of A. euteiches is prevalent in Iowa and Wisconsin soils and may be limiting the yield benefits of currently available race 1-resistant alfalfa cultivars. Incorporation of race 2 resistance is likely to improve the performance of alfalfa cultivars in A. euteiches-infested soils.
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Elbehairy, Mohamed A., Sunil K. Khattar, and Siba K. Samal. "Recovery of Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Type-3 Strain Wisconsin by Reverse Genetics and Its Evaluation as a Vaccine Vector for Chickens." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020316.
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A reverse genetic system for avian paramyxovirus type-3 (APMV-3) strain Wisconsin was created and the infectious virus was recovered from a plasmid-based viral antigenomic cDNA. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was cloned into the recombinant APMV-3 genome as a foreign gene. Stable expression of GFP by the recovered virus was confirmed for at least 10 consecutive passages. APMV-3 strain Wisconsin was evaluated against APMV-3 strain Netherlands and APMV-1 strain LaSota as a vaccine vector. The three viral vectors expressing GFP as a foreign protein were compared for level of GFP expression level, growth rate in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells, and tissue distribution and immunogenicity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) day-old chickens. APMV-3 strain Netherlands showed highest growth rate and GFP expression level among the three APMV vectors in vitro. APMV-3 strain Wisconsin and APMV-1 strain LaSota vectors were mainly confined to the trachea after vaccination of day-old SPF chickens without any observable pathogenicity, whereas APMV-3 strain Netherlands showed wide tissue distribution in different body organs (brain, lungs, trachea, and spleen) with mild observable pathogenicity. In terms of immunogenicity, both APMV-3 strain-vaccinated groups showed HI titers two to three fold higher than that induced by APMV-1 strain LaSota vaccinated group. This study offers a novel paramyxovirus vector (APMV-3 strain Wisconsin) which can be used safely for vaccination of young chickens as an alternative for APMV-1 strain LaSota vector.
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Ebert, Dave. "Mathematical Lens: Playground Icosahedron." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 3 (October 2009): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.3.0180.
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In spring 2007, the Lions Club of McFarland, Wisconsin, built a unique playground in Lewis Park that includes the climbing structure seen in photograph 1. This structure is made up of a number of metal bars of the same length that form equilateral triangular regions. The play system was supplied by Lee Recreation in Cambridge, Wisconsin, and built by community volunteers.
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Ebert, Dave. "Mathematical Lens: Playground Icosahedron." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 3 (October 2009): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.3.0180.
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In spring 2007, the Lions Club of McFarland, Wisconsin, built a unique playground in Lewis Park that includes the climbing structure seen in photograph 1. This structure is made up of a number of metal bars of the same length that form equilateral triangular regions. The play system was supplied by Lee Recreation in Cambridge, Wisconsin, and built by community volunteers.
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Kates, Ashley, Nathan Putman-Buehler, Lauren Watson, Tamara LeCaire, Kristen Malecki, Paul Peppard, Ajay Sethi, et al. "Multidrug-Resistant Organism Carriage in Wisconsin Children." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s324—s325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.925.
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Background: Children attending daycare are at increased risk of carrying multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) compared to children not attending daycare. Carriage of MDROs greatly increases the risk of infection, not only in the child but also for others living in the household. Understanding the epidemiology of MDRO carriage in children is essential to devising effective containment strategies. Here, we present the findings from a cross-sectional study assessing MDRO carriage in daycare-attending and nonattending children in Wisconsin. Methods: We applied the following enrollment criteria: Children aged between 6 months and <6 years and not enrolled in kindergarten; children who did not have an MDRO infection in the previous 6 months and did not receive any antimicrobials in the previous month; and children who did not have a gluten allergy, asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, cystic fibrosis, or an immunodeficiency. Children were enrolled by a parent or guardian who filled out a questionnaire on MDRO risk factor history and diet. Samples were collected from the nares, axilla or groin (pooled swab), and stool. Nasal samples were cultured for H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Skin samples were cultured for MRSA, and stool samples were cultured for MRSA, C. difficile, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Gram-negative bacilli (ie, ESBL GNR). Results: In total, 44 children were enrolled in this study. The average age was 2.6 years and 50% were girls. Furthermore, 30 (68.2%) were identified by their parents as white, 9 (20.5%) as black, and 5 (11.3%) as other or multiracial. Incidentally, 23 children (52.3%) were enrolled in daycare. Overall, 18 children were positive for at least 1 organism, 9 of which had daycare exposure, and 5 children (1 in daycare) were positive for >1 organism (11.4%). From stool samples, 6 children (13.6%, 2 in daycare) were C. difficile carriers, 3 were VRE carriers (6.8%, 1 in daycare), 8 carried an ESBL GNR (18.2%, 4 in daycare), and 3 carried MRSA (6.8%, 1 in daycare). One child was positive for H. influenzae (2.3%, not in daycare) and 2 were positive for S. pneumoniae (4.6%, 1 in daycare) from nares swabs. One child was positive for MRSA (2.3%, not in daycare) from a skin swab. We detected no significant differences between children with and without daycare exposure for any organism. Conclusions: Children in this population had higher than expected rates of ESBL GNRs and MRSA for a community population. Daycare exposure was not correlated with increased carriage in this small pilot study, though larger longitudinal studies are needed.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Godinez, Detre A., Naomi P. Friedman, Soo Hyun Rhee, Akira Miyake, and John K. Hewitt. "Phenotypic and Genetic Analyses of the Wisconsin Card Sort." Behavior Genetics 42, no. 2 (September 28, 2011): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9502-1.
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Bøggild, Carl Egede, Hans Oerter, and Tapani Tukiainen. "Increased ablation of Wisconsin ice in eastern north Greenland: observations and modelling." Annals of Glaciology 23 (1996): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013367.
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In Kronprins Christian Land at 80° N in eastern north Greenland, it has been observed that the surface of the Wisconsin ice is significantly darker than the Holocene ice found immediately upstream from a transition located 710 m from the ice margin. δ 18O analysis has shown the dark surface is of Wisconsin origin. Deep ice cores from the Greenland ice sheet all indicate that the Wisconsin ice contains orders of magnitude more microparticles which could he the reason for the dark appearance of the Wisconsin surface. Photographic documentation, spectral surface-albedo measurements and satellite-image analysis all indicate a reduced albedo of Wisconsin ice. The effect of this reduced albedo is not confirmed by the ablation measurements. However, measurements of ablation variability within small test sites has documented that large errors will arise if only one stake per measuring point is used. Energy-balance calculations show ablation rates should be 10–70%, i.e. 1.8–8.4 mm d−1, respectively, less than experienced. Additionally, a satellite-image analysis shows even higher albedo contrasts 20–30 km to the south of our transect locality. Immediately after the termination of the ice age, most of the surface in the ablation zone consisted of this low-reflectance ice. So, in the early Holocene, the dark ice of Wisconsin origin is likely to have resulted in higher ablation rates than previously considered. This may probably partly explain the fast rate of retreat/disintegration of the ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, after the termination of the Wisconsin ice age.
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Bøggild, Carl Egede, Hans Oerter, and Tapani Tukiainen. "Increased ablation of Wisconsin ice in eastern north Greenland: observations and modelling." Annals of Glaciology 23 (1996): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013367.
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In Kronprins Christian Land at 80° N in eastern north Greenland, it has been observed that the surface of the Wisconsin ice is significantly darker than the Holocene ice found immediately upstream from a transition located 710 m from the ice margin. δ18O analysis has shown the dark surface is of Wisconsin origin. Deep ice cores from the Greenland ice sheet all indicate that the Wisconsin ice contains orders of magnitude more microparticles which could he the reason for the dark appearance of the Wisconsin surface.Photographic documentation, spectral surface-albedo measurements and satellite-image analysis all indicate a reduced albedo of Wisconsin ice. The effect of this reduced albedo is not confirmed by the ablation measurements. However, measurements of ablation variability within small test sites has documented that large errors will arise if only one stake per measuring point is used. Energy-balance calculations show ablation rates should be 10–70%, i.e. 1.8–8.4 mm d−1, respectively, less than experienced. Additionally, a satellite-image analysis shows even higher albedo contrasts 20–30 km to the south of our transect locality.Immediately after the termination of the ice age, most of the surface in the ablation zone consisted of this low-reflectance ice. So, in the early Holocene, the dark ice of Wisconsin origin is likely to have resulted in higher ablation rates than previously considered. This may probably partly explain the fast rate of retreat/disintegration of the ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, after the termination of the Wisconsin ice age.
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de Bruijn, Arjan, Eric J. Gustafson, Daniel M. Kashian, Harmony J. Dalgleish, Brian R. Sturtevant, and Douglass F. Jacobs. "Decomposition rates of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) wood and implications for coarse woody debris pools." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 12 (December 2014): 1575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0270.
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Observations of the rapid growth and slow decomposition of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) suggest that its reintroduction could enhance terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. A suite of decomposition models was fit with decomposition data from coarse woody debris (CWD) sampled in Wisconsin and Virginia, U.S. The optimal (two-component exponential) model was integrated with generic growth curves and documented longevity and typical stem density to evaluate how CWD and biomass pools relate to decomposition. CWD decomposed faster in Wisconsin (4.3% ± 0.3% per year) than in Virginia (0.7% ± 0.01% per year), and downed dead wood decomposed faster (8.1% ± 1.9% per year) than standing dead wood (0.7% ± 0.0% per year). We predicted considerably smaller CWD pools in Wisconsin (maximum 41 ± 23 Mg C·ha–1) than in Virginia (maximum 98 ± 23 Mg C·ha–1); the predicted biomass pool was larger in the faster growing Wisconsin trees (maximum 542 ± 58 Mg C·ha–1) compared with slower growing trees in Virginia (maximum 385 ± 51 Mg C·ha–1). Sensitivity analysis indicated that accurate estimates of decomposition rates are more urgent in fertile locations where growth and decomposition are rapid. We conclude that the American chestnut wood is intermediate in resistance to decomposition. Due to the interrelatedness of growth and decomposition rates, CWD pool sizes likely do not depend on species alone but on how the growth and decomposition of individual species vary in response to site productivity.
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Schroeder, N. E., D. J. Gerhardt, A. Phibbs, and A. E. MacGuidwin. "First Report of Cactodera milleri in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0656b.
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During the summer of 2005, lemon-shaped cysts and second-stage juveniles of a cyst nematode were recovered from soil at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station in Hancock, WI. Samples were collected on multiple dates from a plot (61 × 12 m) in continuous potato production for 20 years with significant weed pressure. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region using restriction enzyme HhaI indicated Cactodera spp. (2). Morphological observations and morphometrics made on cysts, males, J2s, and eggs were consistent with Cactodera milleri Graney and Bird, 1990 (1). Host range studies were conducted in a growth chamber. Soybean, potato, and beet did not support nematode development and reproduction. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), a known host of C. milleri, was an excellent host. No obvious aboveground disease symptoms were evident on lambsquarters in the growth chamber assay. This detection represents the first record of C. milleri in Wisconsin. Unless detailed morphological or molecular measurements are made, C. milleri may be easily confused with the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. The presence of lambsquarters in fields planted with glyphosate-resistant soybeans makes the recovery of both nematode species in a single soil sample possible. References: (1) L. S. O. Graney and G. W. Bird. J. Nematol. 22:457, 1990. (2) A. L. Szalanski et al. J. Nematol. 29:255, 1997.
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Sussman, Michael R., Richard M. Amasino, Jeffery C. Young, Patrick J. Krysan, and Sandra Austin-Phillips. "The Arabidopsis Knockout Facility at the University of Wisconsin–Madison: Fig. 1." Plant Physiology 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.4.1465.
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Schroepfer, Tracy A., Angela Waltz, Hyunjin Noh, Jacqueline Matloub, and Viluck Kue. "Seeking to Bridge Two Cultures: The Wisconsin Hmong Cancer Experience." Journal of Cancer Education 25, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13187-010-0102-1.
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Stanosz, G. R., R. F. Patton, and R. N. Spear. "Structure of Armillaria rhizomorphs from Wisconsin aspen stands." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-292.
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Examination of Armillaria rhizomorphs collected from the soil of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata Michx.) sprout stands in northern Wisconsin revealed a complex structure consisting of four distinct zones. The innermost area (zone 4) consisted of interspersed fiber hyphae and broader, tubelike hyphae and was surrounded by a region composed of fiber hyphae only (zone 3). In thick (usually > 2 mm in diameter) rhizomorphs, zone 4 appeared as a distinct, dense central core that was darker than zone 3. In all rhizomorphs zones 2 and 1 were continuous to the exterior. Several layers of broad, thin-walled cells comprised zone 2. Toward the outside of zone 2 these cells gradually became thicker walled and merged with a zone of fused, thick-walled cells with very small lumens (zone 1). Zone 2 was less distinct in thicker rhizomorphs, probably as a result of gradual thickening of cell walls and addition of these to zone 1. The types of hyphae observed and their organization are discussed in relation to previous descriptions of rhizomorphs attributed to Armillaria mellea.
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Bhutani, Surabhi, Dale A. Schoeller, Matthew C. Walsh, and Christine McWilliams. "Frequency of Eating Out at Both Fast-Food and Sit-Down Restaurants Was Associated With High Body Mass Index in Non-Large Metropolitan Communities in Midwest." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 1 (August 28, 2016): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116660772.
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Purpose: We investigated the associations between frequency of eating at fast-food, fast-casual, all-you-can-eat, and sit-down restaurants and the body mass index (BMI) in non-large metro Wisconsin communities. To inform prevention efforts, we also analyzed the socioeconomic/environmental and nutrition attitudes/behavior variables that may drive the frequent eating away from home. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of an ancillary data set from the Survey of Health of Wisconsin collected between October 2012 and February 2013. Setting: Six Wisconsin counties: 1 classified as rural, 1 as large fringe metro, and 4 as small metro. Subjects: Adults ≥18 years (N = 1418). Measures: Field staff measured height and weight and administered a survey on the frequency of eating away from home, and socioeconomic and nutritional behavior variables. Analysis: Multivariable regression. Results: The BMI of respondents averaged 29.4 kg/m2 (39% obese). Every 1-meal/week increase in fast-food and sit-down restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in BMI by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/m2, respectively. Unavailability of healthy foods at shopping and eating venues and lack of cooking skills were both positively associated with consumption of fast-food and sit-down meals. Individuals who described their diet as healthy, who avoided high-fat foods, and who believed their diet was keeping their weight controlled did not visit these restaurants frequently. Conclusion: Obesity prevention efforts in non-large metro Wisconsin communities should consider socioeconomic/environmental and nutritional attitudes/behavior of residents when designing restaurant-based or community education interventions.
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Schaetzl, Randall J., and John W. Attig. "The loess cover of northeastern Wisconsin." Quaternary Research 79, no. 2 (March 2013): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.12.004.
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AbstractWe present the first study of the distribution, genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of late Pleistocene loess in northeastern Wisconsin and adjacent parts of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Loess here is commonly 25–70 cm thick. Upland areas that were deglaciated early and remained geomorphically stable preferentially accumulated loess by providing sites that were efficient at trapping and retaining eolian sediment. Data from 419 such sites indicate that the loess was mainly derived from proglacial outwash plains and to a lesser extent, hummocky end moraines within and near the region, particularly those toward the east of the loess deposits. Most of the loess was transported on katabatic winds coming off the ice sheet, which entrained and transported both silt and fine sands. The loess fines markedly, and is better sorted, distal to these source regions. Only minimal amounts of loess were deposited in this area via westerly winds. This research (1) reinforces the observation that outwash plains and end moraines can be significant loess sources, (2) provides evidence for katabatic winds as significant eolian transport vectors, and (3) demonstrates that the loess record may be variously preserved across landscapes, depending on where and when geomorphically stable sites became available for loess accumulation.
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Ali, Nawab, Robert Skirvin, Walter E. Splittstoesser, and William L. George. "Germination and Regeneration of Plants from Old Cucumber Seed." HortScience 26, no. 7 (July 1991): 917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.7.917.
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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds of `Marketer', `Marketmore', `Wisconsin SMR-18', `Tablegreen', `Spotfree', and `China' were stored at 3C and 38% relative humidity for up to 26 years. Seed older than 13 years did not germinate. Cultivars stored 10 years gave 80% germination, except Wisconsin SMR-18' (40%). Ten-year-old seeds were separated from their seedcoats, and cotyledons were excised into six segments. Explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium with all combinations of BAP (0, 1,2, and 3 mg·liter-1) and NAA (0, 0.1,0.2, and 0.3 mg·liter-1). Plants were obtained from culture for all cultivars grown on medium containing NAA and 1 mg BAP/liter. No plants were regenerated when BAP or NAA was lacking. Chemical names used: benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
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Frelich, L. E., J. G. Bockheim, and J. E. Leide. "Historical trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality gradient in Wisconsin." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-015.
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Basal-area increment and chemical composition of xylem wood were measured in three old-growth (ca. 75–100 years) white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) and three sugar maple (Acersaccharum) Marsh.) stands across a pH and SO4 gradient in precipitation in Wisconsin. In 1986 the volume-weighted mean pH and SO4 content of precipitation ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 and from 21 to 11 kg • ha−1, respectively, from southeastern to northwestern Wisconsin. With one exception (a white pine site at Point Beach in eastern Wisconsin), basal-area increment increased from the 1890s until the 1950s (sugar maple) or 1970s (white pine), then levelled off. Growth efficiency, estimated as the ratio of basal area to exposed crown area or crown volume for the 1980–1985 period, was similar for sugar maple across the gradient; however, growth efficiency of white pine was lower at Point Beach than at the two northern Wisconsin sites. Lead concentrations in xylem wood of both species have increased with time, except at Crotte Creek in northwestern Wisconsin, and Pb concentrations in xylem wood of both species were significantly greater in southeastern than in northwestern Wisconsin. Sulfur concentrations in xylem wood of white pine have increased since the 1960s at Point Beach and at one site in north central Wisconsin; S concentrations are significantly greater for both species in southeastern than in northern Wisconsin. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K in xylem wood of sugar maple have decreased over the past century. Whereas xylem wood concentrations of Mn and Zn generally show no age-related trends, Fe and P concentrations have increased markedly at all sites, particularly during the past decade. Although additional research is needed to determine the potential of dendrochemistry in evaluating the consequences of environmental pollution, the age- and site-related trends in chemical composition of xylem wood of white pine and sugar maple appear to be related to vehicular emissions (Pb), air pollution (S), migration along ray paths during conversion of sapwood into heartwood (P, Fe, Ca, K, Mg), and possibly reallocation of nutrients from the labile soil pool to perennial tree tissues during stand development (Ca, K, Mg).
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Beck, Michael W. "On discerning the cause of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016043.
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I examine the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions by testing the only extinction model with strong a priori predictions, the blitzkrieg model (Martin 1973; Mosimann and Martin 1975). I first test an assumption of the blitzkrieg and other extinction models that the megafaunal extinctions occurred in the terminal Wisconsin (12-10 Ka). This assumption has been disputed by Grayson (1989, 1991), but I find that both a reanalysis of Grayson's data and an analysis of new reliable data support a terminal Wisconsin extinction.The blitzkrieg model predicts that the ranges of megafauna in North America were constricted as the semicircular front of hunters moved southeastward; hence the extinctions should be time-transgressive from northwest to southeast. I test this prediction in three separate analyses that examine (1) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other late Wisconsin fossil sites, (2) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other reliably dated late Wisconsin fossil sites, and (3) the spatio-temporal pattern of all the reliably dated terminal Wisconsin sites without regard to taxonomy. The geographic distribution of the megafaunal remains does not support the blitzkrieg hypothesis in any of the three analyses. Moreover, all of the patterns in the data are in a direction opposite to that predicted by the blitzkrieg hypothesis. I examine how these conclusions affect both climatic and predation models, particularly in relation to the testability of other extinction hypotheses.
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Ager, Thomas A. "Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the central Bering land bridge from St. Michael Island, western Alaska." Quaternary Research 60, no. 1 (July 2003): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(03)00068-1.
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AbstractPollen analysis of a sediment core from Zagoskin Lake on St. Michael Island, northeast Bering Sea, provides a history of vegetation and climate for the central Bering land bridge and adjacent western Alaska for the past ≥30,000 14C yr B.P. During the late middle Wisconsin interstadial (≥30,000–26,000 14C yr B.P.) vegetation was dominated by graminoid-herb tundra with willows (Salix) and minor dwarf birch (Betula nana) and Ericales. During the late Wisconsin glacial interval (26,000–15,000 14C yr B.P.) vegetation was graminoid-herb tundra with willows, but with fewer dwarf birch and Ericales, and more herb types associated with dry habitats and disturbed soils. Grasses (Poaceae) dominated during the peak of this glacial interval. Graminoid-herb tundra suggests that central Beringia had a cold, arid climate from ≥30,000 to 15,000 14C yr B.P. Between 15,000 and 13,000 14C yr B.P., birch shrub-Ericales-sedge-moss tundra began to spread rapidly across the land bridge and Alaska. This major vegetation change suggests moister, warmer summer climates and deeper winter snows. A brief invasion of Populus (poplar, aspen) occurred ca.11,000–9500 14C yr B.P., overlapping with the Younger Dryas interval of dry, cooler(?) climate. During the latest Wisconsin to middle Holocene the Bering land bridge was flooded by rising seas. Alder shrubs (Alnus crispa) colonized the St. Michael Island area ca. 8000 14C yr B.P. Boreal forests dominated by spruce (Picea) spread from interior Alaska into the eastern Norton Sound area in middle Holocene time, but have not spread as far west as St. Michael Island.
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McManus, P. S. "First Report of Early Rot of Cranberry Caused by Phyllosticta vaccinii in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 82, no. 3 (March 1998): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.3.350a.
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Phyllosticta vaccinii Earle causes early rot of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) and previously was reported in fruit and leaves from Massachusetts and New Jersey, but not Wisconsin or Washington (2). This fungus previously was introduced into Wisconsin, apparently on planting stock, but did not persist in the field (2). In the present study, rotted fruit were collected in central Wisconsin in September 1997 from research plots adjacent to a commercial planting that had been started from field cuttings from New Jersey. P. vaccinii was isolated from 12 of 31 symptomatic berries, and its identity was verified by cultural and morphological characteristics (3). P. vaccinii was not isolated from rotted fruit from five other sites in central and northern Wisconsin. In three separate experiments, 10 to 25 cv. Stevens or Searles cranberry fruit were punctured with a needle, inoculated with 2 to 4 × 105 conidia from sporulating cultures of P. vaccinii, and incubated at 28°C in a moist chamber. After 5 to 14 days, soft, watery spots developed at the inoculation point on 8 to 22% of the fruit in different experiments, and P. vaccinii was reisolated from the lesions. Fruit that were punctured but not inoculated neither developed symptoms nor yielded P. vaccinii. Previous attempts at fulfilling Koch's postulates by inoculating mature fruit were unsuccessful (1). P. vaccinii is one of approximately 15 species of fungi involved in the cranberry fruit rot complex in the eastern U.S. where fungicides are applied to greater than 95% of cranberry acreage, usually three times per year, primarily to control preharvest fruit rots. In Wisconsin, however, preharvest fruit rots are insignificant; less than 25% of the acreage is treated with fungicides. The occurrence of early rot in Wisconsin and the threat of introducing pathogens on cranberry cuttings are troublesome in light of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, which threatens registration of fungicides used to control cranberry fruit rots. References: (1) D. M. Boone. Pages 35-36 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. American Phytopathological Society, 1995. (2) G. J. Weidemann and D. M. Boone. Plant Dis. 67:1090, 1983. (3) G. J. Weidemann et al. Mycologia 74:59, 1982.
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Mulcahy, Ben, and Ben Ient. "Meeting report: 2010 Caenorhabditis elegans Neurobiology Meeting, University of Wisconsin, USA." Invertebrate Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (November 11, 2010): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10158-010-0110-1.
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Gevens, A. J., and A. C. Seidl. "First Report of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-24 on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0825-pdn.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops are grown on over 25,090 ha in Wisconsin annually. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, is a potentially devastating disease that affects tomato and potato crops in Wisconsin every few years when inoculum is introduced and weather conditions favor disease. Incidence and severity of late blight are highly variable in these few years due to differences in pathogen clonal lineages, their timing and means of introduction, and weather conditions. Prevention of this disease through prophylactic fungicide application can cost producers millions of dollars annually in additional chemical, fuel, and labor expenses. Populations of P. infestans in the U.S. have recently undergone significant genetic change, resulting in isolates with unique clonal lineages and epidemiological characteristics (1). In 2010, late blight epidemics were of low severity in discrete portions of a few fields and were seen exclusively on potato in two counties of central Wisconsin. Symptoms included water-soaked to dark brown circular lesions with pale green haloes accompanied by white fuzzy pathogen sporulation typically on leaf undersides in high humidity conditions. Infected plants were collected by professional crop consultants and submitted to the authors at the University of Wisconsin Vegetable Pathology Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin. Eight isolates of P. infestans were generated from individual leaf samples, representing separate fields, by removing sporangia from sporulating lesions and placing onto Rye A agar amended with rifampicin and ampicillin. Axenic, single zoospore-derived cultures of isolates were generated from parent cultures and maintained on Rye A agar for further characterization. Mycelium was coenocytic with hyphal diameter of 5 to 8 μm (n = 50). Sporangia were limoniform to ovoid, semi- to fully papillate, caducous, had short pedicels, and were 36.22 × 19.11 μm (height × width; n = 50). The average length-width ratio was 1.91. Allozyme banding patterns at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) locus indicated a 100/100/111 profile, consistent with the US-24 clonal lineage (3,4). Mating type assays confirmed the isolates to be A1 and intermediate insensitivity to mefenoxam was observed in vitro (4). Genomic DNA was extracted with a phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol solution and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed using the RG-57 probe on a representative isolate and resulted in banding patterns consistent with US-24 (2,3). Clonal lineages of P. infestans documented in Wisconsin in previous epidemics included US-8 in the mid-1990s and US-1 in the 1970s. The US-24 (A1) clonal lineage was very widespread in the U.S. in 2010 and its presence in Wisconsin in the same year as identification of US-22 (A2) posed great concern for potential sexual recombination, oospore production, and soil persistence. Fortunately, the opposite mating types were separated spatiotemporally. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the P. infestans clonal lineage US-24 causing late blight on potato in Wisconsin. References: (1) K. Deahl. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 100:S161, 2010. (2) S. B. Goodwin et al. Curr. Genet. 22:107, 1992. (3) Hu et al. Plant Dis. 96:1323, 2012. (4) A. C. Seidl and A. J. Gevens. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 101:S162, 2011.
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Sturtevant, Brian R., and David T. Cleland. "Human and biophysical factors influencing modern fire disturbance in northern Wisconsin." International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, no. 4 (2007): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06023.
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Humans cause most wildfires in northern Wisconsin, but interactions between human and biophysical variables affecting fire starts and size are not well understood. We applied classification tree analyses to a 16-year fire database from northern Wisconsin to evaluate the relative importance of human v. biophysical variables affecting fire occurrence within (1) all cover types, and (2) within forest types in each of four different fire size groupings (all fires; fires ≥0.4 ha (1 acre); fires ≥4 ha (10 acres); fires ≥16 ha (40 acres)). Housing density was the most important indicator of fire observations. Increasing minimum fire size increased the relative importance of biophysical variables. Key biophysical variables included land cover type, soil moisture indicators, and an index of presettlement fire rotation associated with glacial landforms. Our results indicate the likelihood of fire starts is primarily influenced by human activity in northern Wisconsin, whereas biophysical factors determine whether those fire starts become large fires. Important interactions between human and biophysical variables were observed for nearly all fire types and size thresholds examined. Our results have implications for both ecological restoration and the management of fire risk within historically fire-prone systems currently experiencing rapid rural development.
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Bauer, Kurt W., and Earl F. Burkholder. "Simplified Transformation between NAD27 and NAD83 in Southeastern Wisconsin." Journal of Surveying Engineering 122, no. 1 (February 1996): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(1996)122:1(26).
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Walker, John F., Susan A. Pickard, and William C. Sonzogni. "SPREADSHEET WATERSHED MODELING FOR NONPOINT‐SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN A WISCONSIN BASIN 1." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25, no. 1 (February 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05674.x.
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Harrison, Helen C. "146 The Master Gardener Program in Wisconsin." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 467A—467. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.467a.
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The Master Gardener Program in the state of Wisconsin is growing rapidly and has been in existence since the late 1970s. There are several aspects of our program(s) that make us unique. First, we are one of the very few states to service all counties within the state, not just our heavily metropolitan areas. Second, we have two major program types along with some unique county programming. We have the basic Master Gardener Program, which covers the major aspects of horticulture—this gives the learner 36 h of training with an expectation of 36 h of volunteer work in return. We now offer the general program in districts (extension has six clusters of counties in Wisconsin)—such that the counties within a district (usually around 16) will have the chance to offer the course at least once every 3 years. That is because the general course is offered once a week (3 h in the evening) for 12 weeks; and thus the basic course is offer spring and fall. If some of the counties within a particular district do not choose to participate, then other counties around the state can take part. Most of the 12 programs are high quality 2-h video productions followed by a 1-h ETN program, which is like a big conference call—everyone has an interactive session with the specialist who developed the video. The specialized program is a series of four 36-h (six 6-h days) training over a 4-year period, which covers flowers, fruit, vegetables, and turf, along with trees and shrubs. This program is offered in our four largest metropolitan areas and is still done all by live lecture. Finally, we require update training for our MGs if they want to continue to be members in good standing (wallet-size cards are issued). This involves 10 h of specified educational opportunities and 10 volunteer hours per year. We also have a day-long educational conference each spring as well as cooperating with Iowa and Minnesota to offer a 2-1/2 day workshop on the alternating years of the international conference. This is hands-on training, held usually the end of June, and rotates among the three states. We now have a stong MG association which has nonprofit status and is an integral partner with us here at the university. Not only do MGs receive members in good standing cards annually, they also receive certificates for 150, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 h of service as well as a 10-year certificate.
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Stanosz, G. R., and J. Cummings-Carlson. "Chrysomyxa weirii on Colorado Blue Spruce in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 86, no. 9 (September 2002): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.9.1051c.
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In early June 2002, yellow spots and bands with erumpent telia on previous year's needles of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) were noted in landscape tree nurseries in both northern (Sawyer County) and southern (Dane County) Wisconsin. Many 1 to 2 m tall trees were symptomatic at each location. Based on the age of affected needles, time of year of telium development, and telial characteristics including the size and shape of teliospores, the pathogen was identified as Chrysomyxa weirii, the cause of Weir's cushion rust (1,2). Identification of the pathogen was confirmed by Dale Bergdahl, (School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont), who also observed basidiospores. C. weirii is an autoecious microcyclic rust pathogen known to affect P. englemanii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. pungens, and P. sitchensis. Although this fungus has been reported in the western United States from the Black Hills of South Dakota to Washington State, in the eastern United States from the southern Appalachian Mountains (Tennessee and West Virginia) to Vermont, and in most Canadian provinces and territories (1,2), to our knowledge, this is the first report from the Great Lakes Region of the United States. The occurrence of Weir's cushion rust in Wisconsin has direct implications for the economically important nursery and Christmas tree industry in this region. References: (1) D. Bergdahl and D. Smeltzer. Plant Dis. 67:918, 1983. (2) W. Ziller. The Tree Rusts of Western Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, BC, 1974.
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Crick, Julia. "Record of the fifteenth conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (Madison, Wisconsin), 1–5 August 2011." Anglo-Saxon England 41 (July 10, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367511200004x.
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I The general theme of the conference was ‘Anglo-Saxon England and the Visual Imagination’.Three keynote addresses were delivered.Michelle P. Brown, University of London, ‘Imagining the Exotic: Insular Attitudes to the Cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East’.Anna Gannon, University of Cambridge, ‘A Debt and an Honour: New Approaches to Coin Studies’.Leslie Webster, British Museum, ‘Image, Identity, and the Staff ordshire Hoard’.The following thirty-seven papers were delivered.
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Smith, D. L., C. Fritz, Q. Watson, D. K. Willis, T. L. German, A. Phibbs, D. Mueller, J. D. Dittman, E. Saalau-Rojas, and S. A. Whitham. "First Report of Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease Caused by Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus in Wisconsin and Iowa." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1096-pdn.
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Several viral diseases of soybean (Glycine max) have been identified in the north-central U.S. soybean production area, which includes Wisconsin and Iowa (2). Previously, Soybean vein necrosis disease (SVND) caused by Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus was reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and other southern states (4). In September 2012, soybean plants with symptoms similar to those reported for SVND (4) were observed in fields across Wisconsin and Iowa. Symptoms included leaf-vein and leaf chlorosis, followed by necrosis of the leaf veins and eventually necrosis of the entire leaf. Six samples with symptoms indicative of SVNaV were collected from research plots located at the West Madison Agricultural Research Station located in Madison, WI. An additional three samples were collected from three locations in central Iowa. Total RNA extracted from each sample using the Trizol Plus RNA purification kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) following the manufacturers' suggested protocols. The resulting cDNA was used as template in a PCR with SVNaV-specific primers, SVNaV-f1 and SVNaV-r1 (3). PCRs of two of the six Wisconsin samples and two Iowa samples were positive. Amplification products were not detected in the other five samples. The amplification products from the four strongly positive samples were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI) following the manufacturer's suggested protocol and were subjected to automated sequencing (University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center or Iowa State University, DNA Sequencing Facilities). BLASTn (1) alignments of the 915-bp consensus sequence revealed 98% and >99% identity of the Wisconsin and Iowa samples, respectively, with the ‘S’ segment of the SVNaV ‘TN’ isolate (GenBank Accession No. GU722319.1). Samples from the same leaf tissue used above, were subjected to serological tests for SVNaV using antigen coated-indirect ELISA (3). Asymptomatic soybeans grown in the greenhouse were used as a source of leaves for negative controls. These tests confirmed the presence of SVNaV in eight symptomatic soybean leaflets collected in Wisconsin and Iowa. The asymptomatic control and one Iowa sample, which was also PCR-negative, were also negative by serological testing. Six additional samples from soybean fields in as many Wisconsin counties (Fond Du Lac, Grant, Green, Juneau, Richland, Rock) tested positive for SVNaV using specific primers that amplify the ‘L’ segment (4). The sequenced amplification products (297-bp) showed 99 to 100% homology to the L segment of the TN isolate (GU722317.1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SVNaV associated with soybean and the first report of SVND in Wisconsin and Iowa. Considering that little is known about SVNaV, it is assumed that it is like other Tospoviruses and can cause significant yield loss (4). Soybean is a major cash crop for Wisconsin and Iowa, and infection by SVNaV could result in potential yield loss in years where epidemics begin early and at a high initial inoculum level. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990. (2) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed, 1999. (3) B. Khatabi et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 133:783, 2012. (4) J. Zhou et al. Virus Genes 43:289, 2011.
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Malvick, D. K., and C. R. Grau. "Characteristics and Frequency of Aphanomyces euteiches Races 1 and 2 Associated with Alfalfa in the Midwestern United States." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (July 2001): 740–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.740.
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Aphanomyces root rot of alfalfa, caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, kills seedlings and causes decline of established plants in slowly drained soils. Two races of A. euteiches that are pathogenic to alfalfa have been identified. Despite the contribution of race 1 resistance to establishment and yield of alfalfa, race 1-resistant alfalfa cultivars perform poorly in some fields infested with A. euteiches. Many isolates of A. euteiches obtained from the soils of problematic fields are of a race 2 phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine distribution, frequency, and pathogenic and genotypic characteristics of race 1 (R1) and race 2 (R2) isolates from 21 fields: 13 in Wisconsin, 7 in Minnesota, and 1 in Kentucky. A. euteiches was successfully isolated from the soil of 16 of the 21 fields; 405 isolates were obtained from Wisconsin, 4 from Minnesota, and 48 from Kentucky. Pathogenicity and race phenotype of isolates were characterized on Saranac (susceptible to R1 and R2 isolates) and WAPH-1 (resistant to R1 and susceptible to R2 isolates) alfalfa populations. One Wisconsin field with no recent history of alfalfa production had a high frequency (51%) of R2 isolates, and 43% of all isolates were R2 from fields with a history of alfalfa production. In a location that was planted continuously to pea for 30 years, 27% of the isolates were R2. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of three R1 and three R2 isolates with eight primers generated 43 total polymorphic bands; however, none of the bands were uniquely associated with race phenotype. Cluster analysis based on RAPD bands revealed no consistent genotypic distinctions between R1 and R2 isolates of A. euteiches. Evaluation of eight commercial alfalfa cultivars for resistance to two R1 and two R2 isolates demonstrated that most are susceptible to R2 isolates; however, those selected for R2 resistance express resistance to R2 isolates. The results suggest that R2 isolates represent a widespread risk to alfalfa cultivars having resistance only to R1 isolates in fields with varied cropping histories.
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Agrawal, Basheal M., Nathaniel P. Brooks, and Daniel K. Resnick. "Wisconsin Spine Outcome Study–Pilot: preliminary data." Neurosurgical Focus 33, no. 1 (July 2012): E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.4.focus1297.
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Object Given the pragmatic difficulties in developing randomized controlled trials in patients with disorders of the spine, the Wisconsin Spine Outcome Group has adopted the use of a prospective registry design to perform comparative effectiveness research on treatments for degenerative lumbar disorders. The goal of the Wisconsin Spine Outcome Study–Pilot (WISPOS-P) was to establish a Web-based, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant registry and to implement a patient registration paradigm that demonstrates at least 80% compliance in collecting pre- and posttreatment data in patients with lumbar disorders, regardless of the treatment they receive. The primary outcome measures were the percentage of patients with lumbar spine disorders who completed a Web-based survey preappointment, and at 1 and 3 months postappointment; the percentage of patients receiving a physician-assigned diagnosis in the registry; and the success of electronic data transition from the Web-based interface to a locally controlled registry. Methods The WISPOS-P uses a prospective, diagnosis-based registry design. A universally accessible and secure Internet-based data management platform was created that accrues self-entered patient data on validated disability indices, including the visual analog pain scale, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire. Data were obtained on patients, preappointment and at 1 and 3 months postappointment, regardless of the treatment rendered. A physician-entered diagnosis was assigned to each patient for data stratification. Results One hundred patients were invited into the WISPOS-P; 90 patients participated, and 10 withdrew for various reasons. Eighty-eight of 90 patients were assigned a diagnosis by the evaluating physician. Preliminary and qualitative assessment of the data shows that the major difference between patients who withdrew from the study and those who participated was the number of days between study invitation and clinic appointment (median 11 vs 20.5 days, respectively). In evaluating patients by mode of survey completion, the 2 largest groups were those who completed their intake forms electronically before their clinic appointment and those who used the paper format. The median age of patients electronically completing this survey was 14.34 years younger than those using the paper format. A significantly higher proportion of patients who completed their forms electronically had listed an email address. The 3 major diagnoses were disc disease (32 patients), stenosis (24 patients), and nonsurgical pain of spinal origin (14 patients). Patients with stenosis were older than those in the other 2 groups. Patients with nonsurgical pain of spinal origin had lower ODI scores compared with the other 2 groups. Conclusions A diagnosis-based registry design is effective in collecting pretreatment data for patients with lumbar disorders. When stratified by diagnosis, comparative effectiveness analyses can be performed to identify optimum treatments for lumbar disorders given individual patient characteristics. The WISPOS-P has established a mechanism and proof of principle for the participation of patients in an outcomes registry.
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Koepke, Ruth, Danielle N. Sill, Wajiha Z. Akhtar, Kailynn P. Mitchell, Sheila M. Guilfoyle, Ryan P. Westergaard, Stephanie L. Schauer, and James M. Vergeront. "Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Who Inject Drugs and Have Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection." Public Health Reports 134, no. 6 (September 20, 2019): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919874088.
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Objectives: Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. Results: Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. Conclusions: These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.
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Wagner, Tyler, James R. Bence, Mary T. Bremigan, Daniel B. Hayes, and Michael J. Wilberg. "Regional trends in fish mean length at age: components of variance and the statistical power to detect trends." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 968–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-068.
Full textAbstract:
We examined statewide time series (1940s–2002) of mean length at ages 2, 3, and 4 for seven fish species sampled from Michigan and Wisconsin inland lakes for temporal trends. We used a components of variance approach to examine how total variation in mean length at age was partitioned into lake-to-lake, coherent temporal, ephemeral temporal, trend, and residual variation. Using these estimated variance components, we simulated the effects of different variance structures on the power to detect trends in mean length at age. Of the 42 data sets examined, only four demonstrated significant regional (statewide) trends: age 4 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from Wisconsin lakes increased about 0.7 mm·year–1 in mean length at age, and ages 2, 3, and 4 walleye (Sander vitreus) from Wisconsin lakes decreased between 0.5 and 0.9 mm·year–1 in mean length at age. The structure of variation differed substantially among data sets, and these differences strongly affected the power to detect trends. Of particular note was that even modest levels of coherent temporal variation led to substantial decreases in power for detecting trends. To maximize trend detection capabilities, fisheries management agencies should consider variance structures prior to choosing indices for monitoring and realize that trend detection capabilities are species- and region-specific.