Relevant bibliographies by topics / 10-15 C

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '10-15 C'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "10-15 C"

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Mezhevych, S. Yu, A. T. Rudchik, A. A. Rudchik, K. W. Kemper, K. Rusek, O. A. Ponkratenko, E. I. Koshchy, and S. B. Sakuta. "\(^{14}\)C(\(^{11}\)B,\(^{10}\)B)\(^{15}\)C Reaction at \(E_{\mathrm {lab}} =\) 45 MeV and the \(^{10}\)B+\(^{15}\)C Optical Potential." Acta Physica Polonica B 52, no. 2 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolb.52.109.

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Лякаев, Д. В., А. В. Маркин, Е. В. Хабарова, Н. Н. Смирнова, А. В. Князев, В. В. Шарутин, and О. К. Шарутина. "Термохимические свойства Ph 4 Sb(OC(O)C 10 H 15 ) и Ph 3 Sb(OC(O)C 10 H 15 ) 2." Журнал физической химии 92, no. 9 (2018): 1384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0044453718090170.

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Pettit, George R., Yoshiaki Kamano, Cherry L. Herald, Youichi Fujii, Haruhisa Kizu, Michael R. Boyd, Fred E. Boettner, et al. "Isolation of dolastatins 10–15 from the marine mollusc." Tetrahedron 49, no. 41 (January 1993): 9151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4020(93)80003-c.

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&NA;. "10:45 AM???12:15 PM Free Communication Session C-1." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 21, no. 5 (September 2001): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200109000-00012.

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&NA;. "10:45 am-12:15 pm Scientific Free Communication Session C-1." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 23, no. 5 (September 2003): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200309000-00011.

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Song, B., Y. Yong, J. Hou, and P. He. "Density-functional study of Si n C n (n = 10–15) clusters." European Physical Journal D 59, no. 3 (May 19, 2010): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2010-00139-y.

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Tam, LE, P. Bahrami, O. Oguienko, and H. Limeback. "Effect of 10% and 15% Carbamide Peroxide on Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin In Situ." Operative Dentistry 38, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/12-127-c.

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SUMMARY Purpose Although damage to the structural integrity of the tooth is not usually considered a significant problem associated with tooth bleaching, there have been some reported negative effects of bleaching on dental hard tissues in vitro. More studies are needed to determine whether the observed in vitro effects have practical clinical implications regarding tooth structural durability. Objectives This in situ study evaluated the effect of 10% and 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) dental bleach, applied using conventional whitening trays by participants at home, on the fracture toughness of dentin. Methods Ninety-one adult volunteers were recruited (n ≈ 30/group). Compact fracture toughness specimens (approximately 4.5 × 4.6 × 1.7 mm) were prepared from the coronal dentin of recently extracted human molars and gamma-radiated. One specimen was fitted into a prepared slot, adjacent to a maxillary premolar, within a custom-made bleaching tray that was made for each adult participant. The participants were instructed to wear the tray containing the dentin specimen with placebo, 10% CP, or 15% CP treatment gel overnight for 14 nights and to store it in artificial saliva when not in use. Pre-bleach and post-bleach tooth color and tooth sensitivity were also evaluated using ranked shade tab values and visual analogue scales (VASs), respectively. Within 24–48 hours after the last bleach session, the dentin specimens were tested for fracture toughness using tensile loading at 10 mm/min. Analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, χ2, Tukey's, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 for all tests, except for the Mann-Whitney U tests, which used a Bonferroni correction for post hoc analyses of the nonparametric data (p<0.017). Results The placebo, 10% CP, and 15% CP groups contained 30, 31, and 30 participants, respectively. Mean fracture toughness (+ standard deviation) for the placebo, 10% CP, and 15% CP groups were 2.3 ± 0.9, 2.2 ± 0.7, and 2.0 ± 0.5 MPa*m1/2 respectively. There were no significant differences in mean fracture toughness results among the groups (p=0.241). The tooth sensitivity VAS scores indicated a significantly greater incidence (p=0.000) and degree of tooth sensitivity (p=0.049 for VAS change and p=0.003 for max VAS) in the bleach groups than in the placebo group. The color change results showed generally greater color change in the bleach groups than in the placebo group (p=0.008 for shade guide determination and p=0.000 for colorimeter determination). Conclusions There were no significant differences in in situ dentin fracture toughness results among the groups. The results of this study provide some reassurance that dentin is not overtly weakened by the bleaching protocol used in this study. However, the lack of a statistically significant difference cannot be used to state that there is no effect of bleach on dentin fracture toughness.
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Oddon, G., and D. Uguen. "Toward a total synthesis of an aglycone of spiramycin; preparation of a C-10/C-15 fragment." Tetrahedron Letters 39, no. 10 (March 1998): 1153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(97)83164-4.

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Bull, James R., Jan L. M. Dillen, and Mark A. Sefton. "Conformational deformation of ring C in 14β-estra- 1,3,5(10) 15-tetraen-17-ones." Tetrahedron 46, no. 24 (1990): 8143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81470-8.

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Ehlers, Dirk. "EuGH, 20. 9. 2016 – verb. Rs. C-8/15 P – C-10/15 P Ledra Advertising Ltd. u. a. ./. Kommission, Europäische Zentralbank mit Anmerkung von." JuristenZeitung 72, no. 1 (2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/002268817x14798173713618.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "10-15 C"

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Boumazouza, Djamila. "Étude du magnétisme réentrant dans les alliages métalliques amorphes (FE : :(x) cr::(1-x))75 p::(15) c::(10)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10027.

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Étude réalisée autour de la concentration critique d'apparition du ferromagnétisme X::(FE)=0,60, par des mesures magnétiques moyennes et des mesures de diffusion de Neutrons. Détermination du diagramme de phases magnétiques du système. Rôle du champ démagnétisant dans les mesures magnétiques moyennes. Comparaison des résultats aux modèles théoriques de champ moyen décrivant le comportement de réentrance magnétique dans les alliages présentant une distribution d'intéractions positives et négatives
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Kim, Kyu Han, 伯禄 金, 広. 森脇, H. Kim, Hiroshi Moriwaki, K. Kimura, 友希夫 石塚, et al. "白頭山火山の10世紀における巨大噴火の高精度 AMS^<14>C年代測定(第15回名古屋大学タンデトロン加速器質量分析計シンポジウム(平成14(2002)年度)報告)." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13572.

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第15回名古屋大学タンデトロン加速器質量分析計シンポジウム(平成14年(2002年度)報告 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Researches Using the Tandetron AMS System at Nagoya University in 2002 日時:平成15 (2003)年1月30日(木)､31日(金) 会場:名古屋大学シンポジオン Date:January 30th and 31st,2003 Place:Nagoya University Symposion Hall
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Rigo, Victor Henrique Bittar. "Influência do resveratrol na qualidade e na fertilidade do espermatozoide suíno refrigerado entre 15-17°C por 72 horas para inseminação artificial intrauterina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-21032017-093141/.

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A preservação do sêmen suíno refrigerado para fins de inseminação artificial é a forma mais utilizada no mundo. Para tal, os espermatozoides são diluídos em meios que forneçam substratos para nutrir e proteger estas células. Porém, a faixa de temperatura de armazenamento do sêmen suíno refrigerado não é capaz de cessar completamente os mecanismos metabólicos dos espermatozoides, que em ambiente aeróbico da dose inseminante, produzem e liberam continuamente produtos do metabolismo do oxigênio. A ação das espécies reativas de oxigênio sobre o espermatozoide é uma das razões do declínio na população de células espermaticas estrutural e funcionalmente aptas à fertilizarem os gametas femininos. Portanto, a adição de um composto antioxidante ao meio diluidor poderia melhorar ou manter constante o número de espermatozoides viáveis ao longo do período de conservação da dose inseminante. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou verificar se a adição do antioxidante resveratrol geraria modificações positivas em parâmetros celulares relacionados à qualidade do sêmen suíno refrigerado à 15-17°C avaliados por sistema computadorizado da motilidade espermática e citometria de fluxo (experimento in vitro), e se este antioxidante melhoraria os índices de fertilidade na inseminação artificial intrauterina (IAIU) através da recuperação, contagem e identificação dos embriões (experimento in vivo). As concentrações testadas no experimento in vitro não superaram os resultados do tratamento controle (p<0,05), sendo a concentração de 1,0 mM prejudicial ao espermatozoide suíno (p<0,05). A utilização da concentração de 0,01 mM de resveratrol para inseminação das fêmeas suínas no experimento in vivo não apresentou efeito positivo nos índices de taxa de prenhez e fertilidade ajustada total (p>0,05), além de ter resultado em uma baixa taxa de embriões viáveis (p<0,05), quando comparados ao tratamento controle. Deste modo, pode concluir que não é indicado a adição do antioxidante resveratrol ao meio diluidor para inseminação artificial, uma vez que compromete a qualidade das células espermáticas do reprodutor suíno e impacta negativamente na fertilidade das fêmeas.
The preservation of chilled boar semen for artificial insemination is the most performed worldwide. For this, the sperm are extended in medium that provides substrates to nourish and protect these cells. However, the storage temperature range of chilled semen is not able to completely stop the metabolic mechanisms of sperm, which keeps producting and releasing oxygen reactive products in aerobic environment of insemination doses. The action of reactive oxygen species on the sperm is one of the reasons for decreasing sperm population with structural and functional capacity to fertilize the female gamete. Therefore, the addition of antioxidant compound to the extender medium could improve or maintain the number of viable spermatozoa throughout the conservation time of insemination doses. In this context, this work aimed to determine whether addition of antioxidant resveratrol would generate positive changes in cell parameters related to the quality of boar semen cooled to 15-17 °C assessed by computered analysis of sperm motility and flow citometry (in vitro experiment) and whether this antioxidant would improve fertility rates using intrauterine insemination (IUI) by the recovery, counting and embryos identification (in vivo experiment). The concentrations tested in vitro experiment have not exceed control treatment results (p <0.05), with the concentration of 1.0 mM being detrimental to the boar spermatozoa (p <0.05). The concentration of 0.01 mM of resveratrol used for gilts insemination in experiment in vivo has not shown positive effect on pregnancy rate and the total adjusted fertility (p> 0.05) and have resulted in a low rate viable embryos (p <0.05) compared to control. Thus, we conclued that the addition of resveratrol antioxidant in boar extender medium is not suitable for artificial insemination, once it compromises the quality of boar sperm cells and impairs on female fertility.
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Han, Sihui. "Le comportement d'hystérésis des solides et sa description par un schéma à mémoire discrète : le cas des aciers inoxydables." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00319507.

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Étude du comportement d'un acier inoxydable 316L et d'un Inconel 718 dans le cadre d'un schéma thermomécanique à mémoire discrète constitué d'une équation multivoque, d'un critère d'inversion et d'un algorithme. Analyse détaillée des propriétés du comportement d'hystérésis pure. Etude des modules tangents aux courbes de charge. Mise en évidence de la restauration des propriétés du matériau après inversion et de la non-existence d'une discontinuité elastique-plastique dans le diagramme contrainte-déformation. Description de l'écrouissage en déformation à partir d'une analyse de la microstructure
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Books on the topic "10-15 C"

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1930-, Kostka Vladimír, and International Congress of Biochemistry (14th : 1988 : Prague, Czechoslovakia), eds. Proteases of retroviruses: Proceedings of the Colloquium C 52, 14th International Congress of Biochemistry, Prague, Czechoslovakia, July 10-15, 1988. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1989.

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N, Findikakis Angelos, and Stauffer Fritz, eds. Groundwater: An endangered resource : proceedings of theme C : the 27th Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research : San Francisco, California, August 10-15, 1997. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1997.

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New York (State). Legislature. Joint Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation. Legislative hearing on status of recycling in New York State: Held at the Legislative Office Building Roosevelt Room, Hearing Room C, 3 Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, April 28, 1999, 10:15 a.m. [Albany, N.Y.]: Associated Reporters Int'l, 1999.

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Williams, Christopher. Christopher Williams 97: For example: die Welt ist schön (final draft) : [catalogue of an exhibition held] 15 March-26 May 1997 [at the] Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, [and] 6 September-10 November 1997 [at the] Kunsthalle Basel. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, 1997.

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Kostka, Vladimir. Proteases of Retroviruses: Proceedings of the Colloquium C 52 14th International Congress of Biochemistry Prague, Czechoslovakia July 10-15, 1988. Walter De Gruyter Inc, 1989.

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Nóra, Wellmann, Winkler Gerhard J, and Burgenländisches Landesmuseum, eds. Carl Goldmark: (1830-1915) : Opernkomponist der Donaumonarchie : Ausstellung des Burgenländischen Landesmuseums 10. Juli-15. September 1996 /c[Konzeption, Objektbeschreibung und Texte, Nóra Wellmann, Gerhard Winkler]. Eisenstadt: Burgenländisches Landesmuseen, 1996.

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Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, and chest X-ray. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, chest X-ray, and more recently also lung ultrasound. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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Whittle, Ian. Head injury. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0589.

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Head injury or traumatic brain injury is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all societies and affects up to 2 per cent of the population per year (Bullock et al. 2006). Although the causes of head injury and its distribution within populations vary, it can have devastating consequences both for the patient and family (Tagliaferri et al. 2006). In some countries severe traumatic brain injury is the commonest cause of death in people under 40 years (Lee et al. 2006), and it is estimated that the sequelae of head injury cost societies billions of dollars per year. Understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management have all improved dramatically in the last few decades (Steudel et al. 2005). However within western society, perhaps one of the greatest benefits has been the reduction in severe craniocerebral injuries following motor vehicle accidents. This has arisen because of increased safety in car design, seat-belt legislation, the introduction of air-bags, enforcement of speed limits, and the societal conformity to drink-driving legislation. For instance, because of these changes, in the last 15 years the number of severe head injuries managed in the Clinical Neuroscience unit in Edinburgh has decreased by around 66 per cent. Unfortunately in some developing countries one legacy of increased traffic, particularly of motor cycles, is an epidemic of head injuries amongst young adults (Lee et al. 2006). With the number of severe head injuries declining in many countries the challenge will be to provide better care for patients with minor head injury, about 10 times more common than severe injury (Steudel et al. 2005).Ageing patients who tend to fall over, falls associated with increased alcohol consumption, and domestic or social assaults probably now contribute to the majority of head injuries (Flanagan et al. 2005; Steudel et al. 2005; Tagliaferri et al. 2006). Sporting injuries are fortunately uncommon as a cause of severe craniocerebral injury, although horse riding accidents can sometimes be devastating particularly in teenage girls. In some countries injuries from hand guns and other missiles are common (Aryan et al. 2005), but in European countries many such injuries are self-inflicted. Prompt management of intracranial haematoma, which occurs in 25–45 per cent of severe head injuries, 3–12 per cent of moderate injuries, and 0.2 per cent of minor injuries, and the rehabilitation of patients with head injury are now important areas in clinical neuroscience (Flanagan et al. 2005; Bullock et al. 2006b, c).
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Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.

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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.
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Book chapters on the topic "10-15 C"

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Nagamiya, Shoji. "Energy Flow and Particle Spectra in 10–15 A GeV/c Heavy-Ion Collisions at BNL." In XXIV International Conference on High Energy Physics, 1355–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74136-4_165.

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Taber, Douglass. "C-H Functionalization to Form C-O, C-N, and C-C Bonds." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0015.

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A classic example of C-H functionalization is the familiar NBS bromination of a benzylic site. Recent updates of this approach allow for direct alkoxylation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7824) and net amination (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1863). For the amination of simple aliphatic H’s, Holger F. Bettinger of Ruhr-Universität Bochum developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4744) the boryl azide 2. The insertion with 1 proceeded to give a statistical mixture of the nitrene insertion products 3 and 4. The tethered C-H functionalization devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7247) by Phil S. Baran of Scripps-La Jolla is selective, as in the conversion to 5 to 6, but appears to be limited to tertiary and benzylic C-H sites. Michael P. Doyle of the University of Maryland established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4317) an elegant protocol for the oxidation of an alkyne such as 7 to the ynone 8. Note that the oxidation did not move the alkyne. Marta Catellani of the Università di Parma reported (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2008, 350, 565) the intriguing Pd-catalyzed conversion of 9 to 10. Under mild conditions, it might likely be possible to hydrolyze the vinyl ether to reveal the phenol 11. Another way of looking at this overall transformation would be to consider the ether 10 to be a protected form of the aldehyde 12. C-H activation can also lead to C-C bond formation. Irena S. Akhrem of the Nesmeyanov Institute, Moscow, described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1399) a hydride-abstraction protocol for three-component coupling of a hydrocarbon 13 , an amine 14 , and CO, leading to the homologated amide 15. Hua Fu of Tsinghua University, Beijing, showed (J. Org. Chem. 2008 , 73, 3961) that oxidation of an amine 16 led to an intermediate that could be coupled with an alkyne 17 to give the propargylic amine 18. Products 15 and 18 are the result of sp2 and sp coupling, respectively. C-H functionalization leading to sp3 -sp3 coupling is less common. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7190) that activation of the N-methoxy amide 19 in the presence of the alkyl boronic acid 20 gave smooth coupling, to 21.
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Taber, Douglass. "C-C Single Bond Construction." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0019.

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Several remarkable one-carbon homologations have recently appeared. André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal reported (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 8097) the alkylation of diiodomethane with alkyl iodides such as 1, to give the diiodoalkane 2. Carlo Punta and the late Ombretta Porta of the Politecnico di Milano effected (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 5063) reductive condensation of an amine 3 with an aldehyde 4 in the presence of methanol, to give the amino alcohol 5. Timothy S. Snowden of the University of Alabama showed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 3853) that NaBH4 reduced the carbinol 7, easily prepared from the aldehyde 6, to the acid 8. Ram N. Ram of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi found (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 5633) that CuCl reduced 7 to the chloro ketone 9. Kálmán J. Szabó of Stockholm University extended (Chem. Commun. 2008, 3420) his elegant work on in situ borinate formation, coupling, in one pot, the allylic alcohol 10 with the acetal 11 (hydrolysed in situ) to deliver the alcohol 12 as a single diastereomer. Samir Z. Zard of the Ecole Polytechnique developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8898) the 6-fluoropyridyloxy ether of 13 as an effective radical leaving group, enabling efficient coupling with 14, activated by dilauroyl peroxide, to give 15. Shu Kobayashi of the University of Tokyo established (Chem. Commun. 2008, 6354) that the anion of the sulfonyl imidate 17 participated in direct Pd-mediated allylic coupling with the carbonate 16. The product sulfonyl imidate 18 is itself of medicinal interest. It is also easily converted to other functional groups, including the aldehyde 19. Jianliang Xiao of the University of Liverpool found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10510) that Pd-mediated coupling of an aldehyde 21 in the presence of pyrrolidine led to the ketone 22. The reaction is probably proceeding via Heck coupling of the aryl halide with the in situ generated enamine. Alois Fürstner of the Max Planck Institut, Mülheim observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8773) that in the presence of the simple catalyst Fe(acac)3 a Grignard reagent 24 coupled smoothly with an aryl halide 23 to give 25.
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Taber, Douglass F. "C–C Bond Construction: The Zhu Synthesis of Goniomitine." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0023.

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Non-enolizable β-keto esters such as 3 are fragile and difficult to prepare. Karl J. Hale of Queen’s University Belfast devised (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 370) soft enolization con­ditions for methoxycarbonylation of 1 with 2. Zheng Huang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry coupled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1144) 4 with 5 under Ir catalysis to make 6. Tomoya Miura and Masahiro Murakami of Kyoto University combined (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3883) the diazo precursor 8 with the allylic alco­hol 7 to give 9, the product of Claisen rearrangement. Tsuyoshi Satoh of the Tokyo University of Science showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 2533) that the combina­tion of the carbenoid 10 with a ketone enolate 11 led to the cyclopropanol (not illus­trated). Jin Kun Cha of Wayne State University found (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1780) that such cyclopropanols coupled with an acid chloride 12 under Pd catalysis to give the diketone 13. Christopher J. O’Brien of Dublin City University established (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 5854) conditions for the catalytic Wittig reaction of 14 with 15 to give 16, with in situ reduction of the phosphine oxide. Amir H. Hoveyda of Boston College showed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1414) that the allene of 17 underwent selective borylation, lead­ing after coupling with 18 to the triene 19. Damian W. Young of the Broad Institute demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1218) that ring-closing metathesis gave the alkenyl silane 20 with high geometric control. Halogenation to give 21 could then proceed with either retention or inversion of alkene geometry. Jianwei Sun of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Zigang Li of the Shenzen Graduate School of Peking University condensed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4680) the alkyne 22 with 23 to give the trisubstituted alkene 24 with high geometric control. The condensation worked equally well with medium and large ring ethers. Hua-Jian Xu of the Hefei University of Technology combined (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1472) the bromo alkyne 25 with the carboxylate 26 to give the nitrile 27.
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Lambert, Tristan H. "Asymmetric C–C Bond Formation." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0040.

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Andrew G. Myers at Harvard reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 4568) the alkylation of the pseudophenamine amide 1 selectively setting the quaternary stereogenic center of 2. This is an effective replacement for his previously reported pseudoephedrine, now a controlled substance. Amine catalysis has enabled numerous methods for the asymmetric α-functionalization of aldehydes, although α-alkylation remains a significant challenge. David W.C. MacMillan at Princeton developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 9090) an α-vinylation of aldehydes 3 with vinyliodoniums 5, which relied on the “synergistic combination” of the amine catalyst 4 and copper(I) bromide. The stability of the β,γ-unsaturated aldehyde products under the reaction conditions is notable. A procedure for the asymmetric β-vinylation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes such as 7 was developed (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 2774) by Claudio Palomo at the Universidad del Pais Vasco in Spain. Amine 8 catalyzed the enantioselective Michael addition of β-nitroethyl sulfone 9 to 7 followed by acetalization and elimination of HNO2 and SO2Ph furnished products such as 10 in high enantiomeric excess. In a conceptually related reaction, a surrogate for acetate as a nucleophile was reported (Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 148) by Wei Wang at the University of New Mexico and Jian Li of the East China University of Science and Technology. In this case, amine 13-catalyzed Michael addition of pyridyl sulfone 11 to unsaturated aldehyde 12, followed by acetalization and reductive removal of the sulfone, gave rise to the ester product 14 with very high ee. Asymmetric hydroformylation offers a powerful approach for the synthesis of carbon stereocenters, but controlling the regioselectivity of the reaction remains a challenge with many substrate classes. Christopher J. Cobley of Chirotech Technology Ltd. (UK) and Matthew L. Clarke at the University of St. Andrews showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2477) that the mixed phosphine-phosphite ligand “bobphos” 16 (bobphos = best of both phosphorus ligands) provided significant selectivities for the branched hydroformylation products, up to 10:1 b:l in the case of 15. Another major challenge for hydroformylation is to control the regioselectivity of internal olefin substrates.
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Dyer, Christopher. "Migration in Rural England in the Later Middle Ages." In Migrants in Medieval England, c. 500-c. 1500, 238–64. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266724.003.0009.

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This chapter surveys research on rural migration in medieval England and investigates the frequency of migration, length of journeys, mechanisms which enabled migration, migrants’ motives for movement, and their reception in their new places of settlement. Evidence comes from tax and manorial record from the West Midlands. Migration seems to have been normal and commonplace, and mostly within 10 miles (15 km), but with a significant range of longer movements. Different types of migrant appear to have had as a common characteristic an aspiration to betterment, and tended to confine journeys to the landscapes with which they were familiar. Movements had positive social results such as exposing villages to external influence. The precise geographical knowledge of people in medieval England probably extended c. 50 miles (80 km), but they did not lead such narrow and ignorant lives as is sometimes imagined.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Metal-Mediated C–C Ring Construction: The Carreira Synthesis of (+)-Asperolide C." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0073.

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Djamaladdin G. Musaev and Huw M. L. Davies of Emory University effected (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2844) enantioselective cyclopropanation of ethyl acrylate 2 with the α-diazo ester 1 to give 3 in high ee. Philippe Compain of the Université de Strasbourg used (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 6751) SmI2 to cyclize 4 to the cyclobutanol 5. Jianrong (Steve) Zhou of Nanyang Technological University effected (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11758) enantioselective Heck addition of 7 to the prochiral ester 6 to give the cyclopentene 8. Liu-Zhu Gong of USTC, Hefei added (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3958) the Rh enolate from the enantioselective ring expansion of the α-diazo ester 9 to the nitroalkene 10, to give 11 in high de. Stephen P. Fletcher of the University of Oxford set (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7995) the cyclic quaternary center of 14 by the enantioselective conjugate addition to 12 of the alkyl zirconocene derived from 13. Alexandre Alexakis of the University of Geneva reported (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 15226) high ee from the conjugate addition of alkenyl Al reagents (not illustrated) to 12. Paultheo von Zezschwitz of Philipps-Universität Marburg prepared (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 2651) the silyl enol ether 17 by trapping the intermediate from the conjugate addition of 16 to 15. Stefan Bräse of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology effected (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 7110) conjugate addition to the prochiral dienone 18 to give the highly substi­tuted cyclohexenone 19. Ping Tian and Guo-Qiang Lin of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry cyclized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11700) 20 to the kinetic, less stable epimer of the diketone 21. Rh-mediated intramolecular C–H insertion has been a powerful tool for the con­struction of cyclopentane derivatives. Douglass F. Taber of the University of Delaware found (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 9772) that the Rh carbene derived from 22 was dis­criminating enough to target the more nucleophilic C–H bond, leading to the cyclohexanone 23. Kozo Shishido of the University of Tokushima observed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 3666) high diastereoselectivity in the intramolecular Heck cyclization of 24 to 25.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Enantioselective Organocatalytic C-C Ring Construction." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0070.

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Ming Yan of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, optimized (Synlett 2010, 266) the organocatalyzed addition of 2 to a cyclic enone 1, establishing the cyclopropane 3 with high diastereo- and enantiocontrol. Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4136) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective methanolysis of the anhydride 4. Other ring sizes worked as well. Hisashi Yamamoto of the University of Chicago reported (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2476) the organocatalyzed addition of the ketone silyl enol ether 6 to the aldehyde 7, to give the syn aldol product 8 in high ee. Gang Zhao of the University of Science and Technology, Hefei, established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4467) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of the allene ester 10 to 9. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii uncovered (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8266) conditions for the enantioselective Nazarov cyclization of 12 to 13. Karl A. Scheidt of Northwestern University devised (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2830) an easily scaled protocol for the cyclization of the prochiral diketone 14 to the β-lactone 15. Thermolysis then converted 15 to the corresponding cyclopentene. Yixin Lu of the National University of Singapore showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2278) that the simple combination of commercial cinchonidine with (+)-camphorsulfonic acid gave a catalyst that effected the room-temperature conjugate addition of 16 to 1. Hiyoshizo Kotsuki of Kochi University combined (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1616) 1,2-diaminocyclohexane with cyclohexane-1,2-bis carboxylate to give a similarly simple catalyst system, that effected Robinson annulation of 18 to 20. Binding an organocatalyst to a polymer simplifies recovery and reuse. Tore Hansen of the University of Oslo reported (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75 , 1620) a bottom-up approach to such polymer-bound catalysts. The bound proline worked well for the condensation of 21 with 22. The corresponding polymeric diphenyl OTMS (Jørgensen-Hayashi) catalyst was sluggish, but it effected the three-component coupling of 24, 25, and 26 in high ee. Two cascade cyclizations warrant particular mention. The racemic cyclization of 28 is expected to be facile in the presence of HCl.
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Lambert, Tristan H. "C–O Ring Formation." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0044.

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The enantioselective bromocyclization of dicarbonyl 1 to form dihydrofuran 3 using thiocarbamate catalyst 2 was developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 8597) by Ying-Yeung Yeung at the National University of Singapore. Access to dihydrofuran 5 from the cyclic boronic acid 4 and salicylaldehyde via a morpholine-mediated Petasis borono-Mannich reaction was reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5944) by Xian-Jin Yang at East China University of Science and Technology and Jun Yang at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry. Chiral phosphoric acid 7 was shown (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13593) by Jianwei Sun at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology to catalyze the enantioselective acetalization of diol 6 to form tetrahydrofuran 8 with high stereoselectivity. Jan Deska at the University of Cologne reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5998) the conversion of glutarate ether 9 to enantiopure tetrahy­drofuranone 10 by way of an enzymatic desymmetrization/oxonium ylide rearrange­ment sequence. Perali Ramu Sridhar at the University of Hyderabad demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4474) the ring-contraction of spirocyclopropane tetrahydropyran 11 to produce tetrahydrofuran 12. Michael A. Kerr at the University of Western Ontario reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4838) that cyclopropane hemimalonate 13 underwent conver­sion to vinylbutanolide 14 in the presence of LiCl and Me₃N•HCl under microwave irradiation. Eric M. Ferreira at Colorado State University developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17266) the platinum-catalyzed bisheterocyclization of alkyne diol 15 to fur­nish the bisheterocycle 16. Chiral sulfur ylides such as 17, which can be synthesized easily and cheaply, were shown (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11951) by Eoghan M. McGarrigle at the University of Bristol and University College Dublin and Varinder K. Aggarwal at the University of Bristol to stereoselectively epoxidize a variety of alde­hydes, as exemplified by 18. The amine 20-catalyzed tandem heteroconjugate addition/Michael reaction of quinol 19 and cinnamaldehyde to produce bicycle 21 with very high ee was reported (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2828) by Jeffrey S. Johnson at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Quinol ether 22 underwent facile photorearrangement–cycloaddition to 23 under irradiation, as reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17978) by John A. Porco, Jr. at Boston University and Corey R. J. Stephenson, now at the University of Michigan.
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Naoumov, N. V. "Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 610–15. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.070521_update_001.

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The group of hepatitis viruses includes five unrelated human viruses (A to E), which differ in their genome organization, biology, and epidemiology, while being united by their hepatotropism. About 10 to 15% of cases of viral hepatitis are considered as non-A to E hepatitis, whose aetiology is still unknown, but the search for which has led to the identification of several new viruses (e.g. HGV or GB virus-C, TT, and SEN viruses) of uncertain pathogenic significance....
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Conference papers on the topic "10-15 C"

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Dai, Yao, and Dietmar W. Siemann. "Abstract 1477: Co-targeting c-Met and c-Src pathways to inhibit metastatic cancer cell migration and invasion." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1477.

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Makino, Shigeki, Kazunori Shinoda, Takashi Shiota, Takeshi Kitatani, Toshihiko Fukamachi, Masahiro Aoki, Noriko Sasada, Kazuhiko Naoe, Kenji Uchida, and Hiroaki Inoue. "Wide Temperature (15°C to 95°C), 80-km SMF Transmission of a 1.55-¿m, 10-Gbit/s InGaAlAs Electroabsorption Modulator Integrated DFB Laser." In OFC/NFOEC 2007 - 2007 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2007.4348631.

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Ma, Liandong, Youzhi Tong, Qianxiang Zhou, Zhaohui Yang, Honghau Yan, Ye Chen, Ruo Xu, et al. "Abstract 1265: Discovery of GT19077, a c-Myc/Max protein-protein Interaction (PPI) small molecule inhibitor, and GT19506 a c-Myc PROTAC molecule, for targeting c-Myc-driven blood cancers and small cell lung cancers." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1265.

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Poria, Dipak Kumar, Namratha Sheshadri, Shikha Sharan, and Esta Sterneck. "Abstract 2031: ThePERKarm of the unfolded protein response inducesCXCL8andCCL20through C/EBPδ." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2031.

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Sridhar, Suganthi, Emily Brandes, Patrick Aller, and Eddie Barrie. "Abstract 2496: CD82 regulation of c-Met in metastatic prostate cells." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2496.

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Deabel, Rabab M. Al, Joyce Zhang, Anand Puaar, Avinash Kumar, and Anait S. Levenson. "Abstract 2582: Gnetin C inhibits reactivated AR signaling in advanced prostate cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2582.

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Tsegaye, Matyas Abel, Kyle McGeehan, Mati Nemera, and Zachary T. Schafer. "Abstract 1980: Non-canonical regulation and function of anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1980.

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Calvis, Carmen, Andreas Beier, Michael Feichtinger, Theresa Höfurthner, Miguel Moreno, Ramon Messeguer, Robert Konrat, Santiago Esteban, and Laura Nevola. "Abstract 2471: IDP-121, a first in class staple peptide targeting c-MYC." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2471.

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Laing, LG, DJ Burns, S. Khan, IA MacNeil, BE Rich, SM Kharbush, SM Soltani, and BF Sullivan. "Abstract P3-10-15: Evaluating contribution of hyperactive c-Met and ErbB signaling to tumor progression in mouse breast tumor xenografts: Anin vivostudy of c-Met and ErbB targeted therapies." In Abstracts: 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 4-8, 2018; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p3-10-15.

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Groothuis, Patrick, Danielle Jacobs, Inge Hermens, Desiree Damming, Ellen Mattaar, Myrthe Rouwette, Monique van der Vleuten, et al. "Abstract 926: BYON3521, a novel effective and safe c-Met targeting antibody-drug conjugate." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-926.

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Reports on the topic "10-15 C"

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Kiss, F., and M. Coyle. Residual total magnetic field, aeromagnetic survey of the Dawson area, NTS 116-C/9, 116-C/10 and parts of 116-B/11, 116-B/12, 116-C/15 and 116-C/16, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295111.

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Kiss, F., and M. Coyle. First vertical derivative of the magnetic field, aeromagnetic survey of the Dawson area, NTS 116-C/9, 116-C/10 and parts of 116-B/11, 116-B/12, 116-C/15 and 116-C/16, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295112.

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Dunn, C. D., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Nechako River area using outer back of Lodgepole pine (NTS 93 F/9, 93 F/10, 93 F/15, 93 F/16 and parts of 93 F/11, 93 F/14, 93 K/1 and 93 K/2), central British Columbia: digital data release for Open Files 3594a-c. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211478.

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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