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Journal articles on the topic '11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hassenberg, Christoph, Florian Clausen, Grete Hoffmann, Armido Studer та Jennifer Schürenkamp. "Investigation of phase II metabolism of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite verification by chemical synthesis of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide". International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, № 6 (2020): 2105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02387-w.

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Abstract (−)-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((−)-Δ-9-THC) is the main psychoactive constituent in cannabis. During phase I metabolism, it is metabolized to (−)-11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((−)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC), which is psychoactive, and to (−)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((−)-Δ-9-THC-COOH), which is psychoinactive. It is glucuronidated during phase II metabolism. The biotransformation of (−)-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide ((−)-Δ-9-THC-Glc) and (−)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide ((−)-Δ-9-THC-COOH-Glc) is well understood, which is mainly due to the ava

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Franz, Thomas, Gisela Skopp, Gerlinde Schwarz, and Frank Musshoff. "Proof of active cannabis use comparing 11-hydroxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol with 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations." Drug Testing and Analysis 10, no. 10 (2018): 1573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2415.

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Goodwin, Robert S., Richard A. Gustafson, Allan Barnes, Wesenyalsh Nebro, Eric T. Moolchan, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "??9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy-??9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-??9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Plasma After Controlled Oral Administration of Cannabinoids." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 28, no. 4 (2006): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200608000-00010.

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4

Tynon, Marykathryn, Marcellino Porto, and Barry K. Logan. "Simplified Analysis of 11-Hydroxy-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Carboxy-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Meconium: Method Development and Validation." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 1 (2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bku107.

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5

Maralikova, Barbora, та Wolfgang Weinmann. "Simultaneous determination ofΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry 39, № 5 (2004): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.616.

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6

Abraham, T. T., R. H. Lowe, S. O. Pirnay, W. D. Darwin, and M. A. Huestis. "Simultaneous GC-EI-MS Determination of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-9-Carboxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Urine Following Tandem Enzyme-Alkaline Hydrolysis." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 31, no. 8 (2007): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/31.8.477.

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7

Yamamoto, Ikuo, Kazuhito Watanabe, Shizuo Narimatsu, Koichi Hamajima та Hidetoshi Yoshimura. "Cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol 11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol and chlorpromazine in the mouse". European Journal of Pharmacology 111, № 2 (1985): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(85)90752-6.

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8

Turkanis, S. A., and R. Karler. "Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11 -hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neuromuscular transmission in the frog." Neuropharmacology 25, no. 11 (1986): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(86)90147-4.

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Manno, J. E., B. R. Manno, P. M. Kemp, et al. "Temporal Indication of Marijuana Use Can Be Estimated From Plasma and Urine Concentrations of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-Nor- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25, no. 7 (2001): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/25.7.538.

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Holland, Michael G., David M. Schwope, Robert Stoppacher, Shane B. Gillen та Marilyn A. Huestis. "Postmortem redistribution of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH)". Forensic Science International 212, № 1-3 (2011): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.028.

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WATANABE, Kazuhito, Tamihide MATSUNAGA, Shizuo NARIMATSU, Ikuo YAMAMOTO, and Hidetoshi YOSHIMURA. "Mechanism of Hepatic Microsomal Oxidation of 11-Hydroxy-.DELTA.8-tetrahydrocannabinol to 11-Oxo-.DELTA.8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Evidence for Hydration of the Aldehyde Formed." Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics 15, no. 6 (1992): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb1978.15.311.

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12

Klein, T. W., C. A. Newton, R. Widen, and H. Friedman. "The Effect of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Hydroxy-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on T-Lymphocyte and B-Lymphocyte Mitogen Responses." Journal of Immunopharmacology 7, no. 4 (1985): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923978509026487.

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13

Watanabe, K., S. Narimatsu, I. Yamamoto та H. Yoshimura. "Cross-tolerance development to the prolongation of pentobarbitone-induced sleep by Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 39, № 11 (1987): 945–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1987.tb03136.x.

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14

Lowe, Ross H., Erin L. Karschner, Eugene W. Schwilke, Allan J. Barnes та Marilyn A. Huestis. "Simultaneous quantification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in human plasma using two-dimensional gas chromatography, cryofocusing, and electron impact-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A 1163, № 1-2 (2007): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.069.

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15

Lambert, Graham, Charles Cullison та Amina Sadik. "A Proposal for the Standardization of Drug Screening Using Blood Samples for the Detection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC)". Journal of Legal Medicine 37, sup1 (2017): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2017.1479113.

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16

Park, Yu Ri, Allison L. Mackie та Graham A. Gagnon. "A critical review of the occurrence, detection, and treatment of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in aquatic environments". Environmental Reviews 25, № 3 (2017): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0061.

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The main psychoactive compound in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its metabolites are emerging organic contaminants that have been detected in waste and surface waters around the globe. This paper aims to review the recent literature regarding the detection, occurrence, and treatment of THC and its main metabolites, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Detection methods for THC, THC-OH, THC-COOH, and other cannabinoids have advanced in recent years with the development of sensitive analytical techniques (e.g., gas c

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Brenneisen, Rudolf, Pascale Meyer, Haithem Chtioui, Martial Saugy та Matthias Kamber. "Plasma and urine profiles of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol after cannabis smoking by male volunteers to estimate recent consumption by athletes". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396, № 7 (2010): 2493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3431-3.

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18

Karschner, E. L., E. W. Schwilke, R. H. Lowe, et al. "Implications of Plasma 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC Concentrations in Chronic Cannabis Smokers." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 33, no. 8 (2009): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/33.8.469.

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COLASANTI, BRENDA K. "Intraocular Pressure, Ocular Toxicity and Neurotoxicity in Response to 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 1-Nantradol". Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1, № 2 (1985): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.1985.1.123.

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20

Fuchs, Nino, Alena Miljanić, Anja Katić, et al. "Optimisation of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in rat urine." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 70, no. 4 (2019): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3352.

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AbstractIn order to evaluate the effect of irinotecan (IRI) on urinary elimination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a rat experimental model, we developed an analytical method for the determination of the mass concentration of THC and its metabolites [11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH)] in the urine of rats treated only with THC and treated simultaneously with THC and irinotecan. For this purpose, hydrolysis and solid phase extraction conditions of the investigated analytes were optimised and a gas chromatograph

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Kraemer, Michael, Cornelius Hess, Alexandra Maas, Burkhard Madea, Andras Bilkei-Gorzo, and Prakash Nidadavolu. "Follow up: palmitic acid ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and palmitic acid diester of 11-hydroxy-THC – unsuccessful search for additional THC metabolites." Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 36, no. 3 (2021): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2020-0151.

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Abstract Objectives In a previous investigation we searched for the occurrence of palmitic acid ester compounds of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC (11-OH-THC) in human body fluids and tissues (THC palmitic acid monoester [THC-Pal] and 11-OH-THC palmitic acid diester [11-OH-THC-DiPal]). As those esters could not be detected in various human body fluids (e.g. blood) or tissues (e.g. adipose tissue) we extended the investigation analyzing adipose tissue samples of mice previously given synthetic THC or a cannabis extract. Methods In total, 48 adi

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Meneses, Vanessa, and Dani Mata. "Cannabinoid Stability in Antemortem and Postmortem Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 2 (2019): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz073.

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Abstract In toxicological testing, drug stability is important when providing quantitative results and interpretation of findings, as well as when collecting correlation data. The goal of this study was to expand on previous stability studies and to evaluate other cannabinoids encountered in forensic toxicology. In this 6-month study, the stability of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, Cannabinol and Cannabidiol in antemortem and postmortem blood was evaluated in refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (−4°C) storage conditions. Pooled antemortem and postmortem bloods

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de Fonseca, Fernando Rodríguez, José Luis Martín Calderón, Raphael Mechoulam та Miguel Navarro. "Repeated stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors enhances (-)-11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl-induced catalepsy in male rats". NeuroReport 5, № 7 (1994): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199403000-00006.

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Turkanis, Stuart A., Ralph Karler, and Lester M. Partlow. "Differential effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its 11-hydroxy metabolite on sodium current in neuroblastoma cells." Brain Research 560, no. 1-2 (1991): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91239-w.

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ElSohly, Mahmoud A., Waseem Gul та Larry A. Walker. "Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Δ9-THC-Hemisuccinate in a Suppository Formulation as an Alternative to Capsules for the Systemic Delivery of Δ9-THC". Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids 1, № 1 (2018): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489037.

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The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-hemisuccinate (THC-HS) after rectal administration as suppositories in male volunteers; and (2) to compare the pharmacokinetics of oral administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) with an equivalent amount of Δ9-THC delivered as THC-HS via the suppository formulation. In support of the pharmacokinetic evaluations, an analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of Δ9-THC and for its major circulating metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ

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Bissell, M. G. "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-Hydroxy-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC Plasma Pharmacokinetics during and after Continuous High-Dose Oral THC". Yearbook of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2011 (січень 2011): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1077-9108(10)79457-3.

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27

Fraser, Albert D., та David Worth. "Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC: cannabinoid metabolites to creatinine ratio study IV". Forensic Science International 143, № 2-3 (2004): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.034.

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Schwilke, Eugene W., David M. Schwope, Erin L. Karschner та ін. "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-Hydroxy-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC Plasma Pharmacokinetics during and after Continuous High-Dose Oral THC". Clinical Chemistry 55, № 12 (2009): 2180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.122119.

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Abstract Background: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis and an active cannabinoid pharmacotherapy component. No plasma pharmacokinetic data after repeated oral THC administration are available. Methods: Six adult male daily cannabis smokers resided on a closed clinical research unit. Oral THC capsules (20 mg) were administered every 4–8 h in escalating total daily doses (40–120 mg) for 7 days. Free and glucuronidated plasma THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) were quantified by 2-dimensional GC-MS during and after d

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Costa, José F. S., Júlio C. S. Santos, Sebastião M. S. Cordeiro та Antonio M. J. C. Neto. "Theoretical UV, DOS and Circular Dichroism of THC, CBD, CBN, 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-THC Under Solvents Effect". Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, № 7 (2019): 606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2405.

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Al-Asmari, Ahmed I. "Method for Postmortem Quantification of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites Using LC–MS–MS". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, № 9 (2019): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz065.

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Abstract A specific, sensitive, fast and simple method for analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in routine postmortem cases using LC–MS–MS was developed and validated. Prior to solid phase extraction, urine, stomach contents and bile were pretreated using alkaline hydrolysis, while blood and vitreous humor were pretreated with protein precipitation. The distribution of THC, THC-OH and THC-COOH were investigated in 31 postmortem cases that tested positive for cannabinoids. This revealed new information regarding the

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Milman, Garry, David M. Schwope, Eugene W. Schwilke та ін. "Oral Fluid and Plasma Cannabinoid Ratios after Around-the-Clock Controlled Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration". Clinical Chemistry 57, № 11 (2011): 1597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.169490.

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BACKGROUND Oral fluid (OF) testing is increasingly important for drug treatment, workplace, and drugged-driving programs. There is interest in predicting plasma or whole-blood concentrations from OF concentrations; however, the relationship between these matrices is incompletely characterized because of few controlled drug-administration studies. METHODS Ten male daily cannabis smokers received around-the-clock escalating 20-mg oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, dronabinol) doses (40–120 mg/day) for 8 days. Plasma and OF samples were simultaneously collected before, during, and after dosing. O

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Järbe, Torbjörn U. C., Raphael Mechoulam, and Jamal Zahalka. "Discriminative stimulus- and open-field effects of the enantiomers of 11-hydroxy-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol in pigeons and gerbils." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 47, no. 1 (1994): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(94)90119-8.

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Lemos, Nikolas P., Alexander C. San Nicolas, Justin A. Volk, Eric A. Ingle та Chinyere M. Williams. "Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana Versus Driving and Dying Under the Influence of Marijuana: A Comparison of Blood Concentrations of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannabinoids in Arrested Drivers Versus Deceased Drivers". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, № 8 (2015): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv095.

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Martı́n-Calderón, Jose Luis, Raúl M. Muñoz, Marı́a Angeles Villanúa та ін. "Characterization of the acute endocrine actions of (−)-11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210), a potent synthetic cannabinoid in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology 344, № 1 (1998): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01560-4.

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Schwope, David M., Garry Milman, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection and Semiquantification of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 6 (2010): 1007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.141754.

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Abstract Background: Oral fluid (OF) is gaining prominence as an alternative matrix for monitoring drugs of abuse in the workplace, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs programs. It is important to characterize assay performance and limitations of screening techniques for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in OF. Methods: We collected OF specimens by use of the Quantisal™ OF collection device from 13 daily cannabis users after controlled oral cannabinoid administration. All specimens were tested with the Immunalysis Sweat/OF THC Direct ELISA and confirmed by 2-dimensional GC-M

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Spindle, Tory R., Edward J. Cone, Evan S. Herrmann та ін. "Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis Brownies: A Controlled Examination of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites in Blood and Oral Fluid of Healthy Adult Males and Females". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, № 7 (2020): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa067.

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Abstract Oral cannabis products (a.k.a. “edibles”) have increased in popularity in recent years. Most prior controlled pharmacokinetic evaluations of cannabis have focused on smoked cannabis and included males who were frequent cannabis users. In this study, 17 healthy adults (8 females), with no cannabis use in at least the past 2 months, completed 4 double-blind outpatient sessions where they consumed cannabis brownies containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses of 0, 10, 25 or 50 mg. Whole blood and oral fluid specimens were collected at baseline and for 8 h post-brownie ingestion. Enzym

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Lee, Dayong, Ryan Vandrey, Damodara R. Mendu та ін. "Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic Cannabis Smokers during Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Therapy and Smoked Cannabis Challenge". Clinical Chemistry 59, № 12 (2013): 1770–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.207316.

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BACKGROUND Oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective for attenuating cannabis withdrawal and may benefit treatment of cannabis use disorders. Oral fluid (OF) cannabinoid testing, increasing in forensic and workplace settings, could be valuable for monitoring during cannabis treatment. METHODS Eleven cannabis smokers resided on a closed research unit for 51 days and received daily 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg of oral THC in divided doses for 5 days. There was a 5-puff smoked cannabis challenge on the fifth day. Each medication session was separated by 9 days of ad libitum cannabis smoking. OF wa

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Barakauskas, Vilte E., Rebecka Davis, Matthew D. Krasowski, and Gwendolyn A. McMillin. "Unresolved Discrepancies between Cannabinoid Test Results for Infant Urine." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 9 (2012): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.190090.

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Abstract BACKGROUND False-positive drug screen results for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been observed. This study investigated the rate of unconfirmed positive screen results in infant and noninfant urine samples and evaluated possible reasons for differences. METHODS The rate of unconfirmed positive THC screen results for urine samples was determined retrospectively in 2 independent data sets (n = 14 859, reference laboratory; n = 21 807, hospital laboratory) by comparing positive immunoassay-based drug screen results with the associated results of confirmation tests. We then assessed the

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Al-Asmari, Ahmed I. "Method for Postmortem Tissue Quantification of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites Using LC–MS-MS". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, № 7 (2020): 718–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa087.

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Abstract A method for analyzing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in postmortem solid specimens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. A Stomacher instrument was used to prepare these tissues before extraction. Prior to solid phase extraction, liver, kidney, stomach, lung, brain, muscle, bladder and intestine tissues were pretreated with alkaline hydrolysis. All calibration curves were found to be linear with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The limit of quantificat

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Schwilke, Eugene W., Erin L. Karschner, Ross H. Lowe, et al. "Intra- and Intersubject Whole Blood/Plasma Cannabinoid Ratios Determined by 2-Dimensional, Electron Impact GC-MS with Cryofocusing." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 6 (2009): 1188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.114405.

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Abstract Background: Whole-blood concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) are approximately half of those in plasma due to high plasma protein binding and poor cannabinoid distribution into erythrocytes. Whole blood is frequently the only specimen available in forensic investigations; controlled cannabinoid administration studies provide scientific data for interpretation of cannabinoid tests but usually report plasma concentrations. Whole-blood/plasma cannabinoid ratios from simultaneously collected authentic specimens are

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Schwope, David M., Erin L. Karschner, David A. Gorelick, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Identification of Recent Cannabis Use: Whole-Blood and Plasma Free and Glucuronidated Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Smoked Cannabis Administration." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 10 (2011): 1406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.171777.

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BACKGROUND Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most frequently observed illicit drug in investigations of accidents and driving under the influence of drugs. THC-glucuronide has been suggested as a marker of recent cannabis use, but there are no blood data following controlled THC administration to test this hypothesis. Furthermore, there are no studies directly examining whole-blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, although this matrix is often the only available specimen. METHODS Participants (9 men, 1 woman) resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libit

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Desrosiers, Nathalie A., Sarah K. Himes, Karl B. Scheidweiler, Marta Concheiro-Guisan, David A. Gorelick, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 4 (2014): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.216507.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) have been reported in blood from frequent cannabis smokers for an extended time during abstinence. We compared THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, cannabidiol, cannabinol, THC-glucuronide, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC-glucuronide (THCCOO-glucuronide) blood and plasma disposition in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers. METHODS Frequent and occasional smokers resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. Blood and plasma cannabinoids were quantified o

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Siegel, Craig, Patrick M. Gordon, and Raj K. Razdan. "An optically active terpenic synthon for .DELTA.9-cannabinoids: synthesis of (-)-11-hydroxy-.DELTA.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its 1',1'-dimethylheptyl analog." Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, no. 23 (1989): 5428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00284a011.

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Karschner, Erin L., W. David Darwin, Robert S. Goodwin, Stephen Wright та Marilyn A. Huestis. "Plasma Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Oromucosal Cannabis Extract Administration". Clinical Chemistry 57, № 1 (2011): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.152439.

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BACKGROUND Sativex®, a cannabis extract oromucosal spray containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), is currently in phase III trials as an adjunct to opioids for cancer pain treatment, and recently received United Kingdom approval for treatment of spasticity. There are indications that CBD modulates THC's effects, but it is unclear if this is due to a pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction. METHODS Cannabis smokers provided written informed consent to participate in this randomized, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy institutional review board–approved stud

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Karschner, Erin L., Allan J. Barnes, Ross H. Lowe, Karl B. Scheidweiler та Marilyn A. Huestis. "Validation of a two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC in plasma". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 397, № 2 (2010): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3599-6.

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Kazuhito, Watanabe, Aarai Mayumi, Narimatsu Shizuo, Yamamoto Ikuo та Yoshimura Hidetoshi. "Effect of repeated administration of 11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, an active metabolite of Δ8tetrahydrocannabinol, on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system of mice". Biochemical Pharmacology 35, № 11 (1986): 1861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(86)90304-7.

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Scheidweiler, Karl B., David M. Schwope, Erin L. Karschner, Nathalie A. Desrosiers, David A. Gorelick, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "In Vitro Stability of Free and Glucuronidated Cannabinoids in Blood and Plasma Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis." Clinical Chemistry 59, no. 7 (2013): 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.201467.

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BACKGROUND Blood and plasma cannabinoid stability is important for test interpretation and is best studied in authentic rather than fortified samples. METHODS Low and high blood and plasma pools were created for each of 10 participants after they smoked a cannabis cigarette. The stabilities of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), THC-glucuronide, and THCCOOH-glucuronide were determined after 1 week at room temperature; 1, 2, 4, 12, and 26 (±2) weeks at 4 °C; and 1, 2, 4, 12, 26 (±2), and 52 (±4) weeks at

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Desrosiers, Nathalie A., Dayong Lee, Marta Concheiro-Guisan, Karl B. Scheidweiler, David A. Gorelick, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Urinary Cannabinoid Disposition in Occasional and Frequent Smokers: Is THC-Glucuronide in Sequential Urine Samples a Marker of Recent Use in Frequent Smokers?" Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 2 (2014): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.214106.

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Abstract BACKGROUND There is extended urinary excretion of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) in abstinent frequent cannabis smokers. We characterized THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, cannabidiol, cannabinol, THC-glucuronide, and THCCOOH-glucuronide disposition in urine of frequent and occasional cannabis smokers, and we propose a model to predict recent cannabis smoking. METHODS Frequent and occasional smokers resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. Urinary cannabinoids were quantified in each

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Hubbard, Jacqueline A., Breland E. Smith, Philip M. Sobolesky, et al. "Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to detect cannabinoids in whole blood and breath." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 5 (2020): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0600.

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AbstractBackgroundThe widespread availability of cannabis raises concerns regarding its effect on driving performance and operation of complex equipment. Currently, there are no established safe driving limits regarding ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in blood or breath. Daily cannabis users build up a large body burden of THC with residual excretion for days or weeks after the start of abstinence. Therefore, it is critical to have a sensitive and specific analytical assay that quantifies THC, the main psychoactive component of cannabis, and multiple metabolites to improve interpr

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Gasse, Angela, Marielle Vennemann, Helga Köhler та Jennifer Schürenkamp. "Toxicogenetic analysis of Δ9-THC-metabolizing enzymes". International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, № 6 (2020): 2095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02380-3.

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Abstract While the impact of genetic polymorphisms on the metabolism of various pharmaceuticals is well known, more data are needed to better understand the specific influence of pharmacogenetics on the metabolism of delta 9-tetrahydocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the potential impact of variations in genes coding for phase I enzymes of the Δ9-THC metabolism. First, a multiplex assay for genotyping different variants of genes coding for phase I enzymes was developed and applied to 66 Δ9-THC-positive blood samples obtained in cases of driving under the influ

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