Dissertations / Theses on the topic '13C isotope labeling'

Fatty acyl-Coenzyme As are metabolites of lipid anabolism and catabolism. A method was developed for their quantitation in extracts of cultured mammalian cells using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Palmitoyl-CoA (C16:0-CoA) is utilized for de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis catalyzed by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which condenses palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine. After reduction to form sphinganine (Sa), dihydroceramide synthase (CerS) can N-acylate the Sa using a second fatty acyl-CoA molecule, forming dihydroceramide (DHCer). The CerS enzyme family utilizes different acyl chain lengths of fatty acyl-CoAs in an isoform-specific manner, resulting in DHCer with N-acyl chains ranging from C16 to C26 [and even longer] in mammalian tissues. DHCer is trans-4,5-desaturated to yield ceramide, which is further metabolized by the addition of moieties at the 1-O-position, forming sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramide monohexose (CMH). The rates of fatty acyl-CoA and sphingolipid biosynthesis were determined using stable isotope-labeling and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the analyte isotopologues and isotopomers. Isotopic labeling of palmitoyl-CoA with [U-13C]-palmitate in HEK293 and RAW264.7 cells was robust and rapid (~ 60% labeling of the metabolite pool in 3 hr). Isotopic labeling of sphingolipids indicated utilization of [M + 16]-palmitoyl-CoA by SPT and CerS isoforms in both cell types. Metabolic flux modeling was applied to the data for [U-13C]-palmitate activation to [M + 16]-palmitoyl-CoA and its subsequent utilization in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, and this analysis indicated rapid turn-over rates for palmitoyl-CoA and ceramide in both cell types. Palmitate treatment of cultured cells alters their metabolic status and gene expression, therefore labeling of palmitoyl-CoA by treatment with [1-13C]-acetate was employed. A distribution of mass-shifted palmitoyl-CoA species (isotopologues) is observed based on the number of incorporations of [1-13C]-acetate during de novo biosynthesis, requiring computational analysis to derive two parameters: the isotopic enrichment of the precursor pool, and the fraction of palmitoyl-CoA that was biosynthesized during the experiment. Previous reports by others describe mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) and isotopomer spectral analysis (ISA) for this purpose, and both calculation approaches indicated concurrent results. In summary, the quantitation of fatty acyl-CoAs and their isotopic enrichment during stable isotope-labeling studies of lipid metabolism can provide data that significantly change the interpretation of analyte quantitation in these experiments, as demonstrated here for investigations of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis.

A Galactosemia é um erro inato do metabolismo da galactose que ocorre em consequência da deficiência de uma das três principais enzimas envolvidas em seu metabolismo. O tratamento da doença se faz por meio de intervenção dietética. Com a necessidade de melhorar nosso conhecimento acerca do metabolismo da galactose, isótopos estáveis estão sendo usados para mostrar o perfil de oxidação da mesma. O parâmetro bioquímico claramente correlacionado com os resultados clínicos e com o genótipo da GALT é o da oxidação da galactose em dióxido de carbono. A capacidade de determinar a oxidação com administração oral ou endovenosa de isótopos marcados (1-13C-galactose) de galactose fez deste um meio prático de se determinar a oxidação da galactose. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: 1. Avaliar a capacidade de oxidação de galactose em crianças brasileiras com o diagnóstico de galactosemia. 2 Avaliar a capacidade de oxidação da galactose em crianças brasileiras saudáveis. 3 Verificar a possibilidade de definir um ponto de corte para a detecção da galactosemia através do teste respiratório com a construção de uma curva ROC de maior sensibilidade e especificidade. A metodologia empregada foi a seguinte: Amostragem: 21 crianças saudáveis e 7 crianças com galactosemia com idade variando de 1 a 7 anos. Teste Respiratório: O teste respiratório de todas as crianças foi quantitativo para o enriquecimento de 13CO2 em ar expirado antes e depois da administração oral de 7mg/kg de uma solução aquosa de 1-13C-Galactose. As amostras foram colhidas antes da administração da solução e 30,60 e 120min após. Mensuração do 13CO2 no ar: Em cada amostra de ar duplicada a razão molar do 13CO2 e 12CO2 foi quantificado pela razão de massa/carga (m/z) dos isótopos gasosos através de um espectrômetro de massa. Análise estatística: Construção de uma curva ROC para determinar o melhor ponto de corte das diferenças em porcentagem da 1-13C-galactose recuperada em 13CO2 que forneça um teste respiratório positivo para detecção da galactosemia de maior sensibilidade e especificidade. As crianças doentes tiveram uma % acumulativa de 13C no ar expirado proveniente da galactose marcada (CUMPCD) variando em média de 0,03% no tempo de 30 minutos a 1,67% no tempo de 120 minutos. Em contrapartida, os indivíduos saudáveis apresentaram enriquecimentos e uma CUMPCD maiores, com valores de 0,4% no tempo de 30 minutos a 5,58% no tempo 120 minutos. Portanto, nesse estudo ficou evidente que há uma diferença marcante na oxidação da galactose em crianças com e sem galactosemia, logo teste respiratório é útil em discriminar crianças com deficiência na GALT.<br>Galactosemia is an inborn error of galactose metabolism that occurs as an outcome of an enzyme deficiency. The current treatment is based on dietary intervention. Stable isotopes have been used to assess galactoses oxidation profile due to an urgency to improve our knowledge on its metabolism. The biochemical parameter clearly correlated to clinical outcomes and to GALT genotype is the galactose oxidation process into carbon dioxide. The ability to assess galactoses oxidation after galactose labeled isotope administration (1-13C-galactose) has become a practical way of determining the metabolism of galactose. The aims of the study were: 1 Assess the galactose oxidation ability in Brazilian galactosemic children. 2 Assess the galactose oxidation ability in healthy Brazilian children. 3 Set a cut off point for detecting galactosemia through breath test by constructing a ROC curve. The methodology employed was: Sampling: 21 healthy children and 7 children with galactosemia with age ranging from 1 to 7 years. Breath test: the breath test of all the children was quantitative for 13CO2 enrichment in exhaled air before and after oral administration of 7mg/kg of 1-13C-Galactose aqueous solution. Samples were collected at baseline time, 30, 60 and 120 min after solution administration. Measurement of the 13CO2 in the air: molar ratio 13CO2 and 12CO2 were quantified by the mass/charge ratio (m/z) of stable isotopes through a mass spectrometer in every air sample. Statistical analysis: ROC curve construction in order to determine the best cutting point of differences in percentage of 1-13C-galactose recovered in 13CO2 that provides a positive breath test for galactosemia detection. Therefore, as a result, sick children had some percentage of cumulative 13C in the exhaled air from labeled galactose (CUMPCD) ranging from 0.03% in 30 minutes time to 1.67% in 120 minutes. In contrast, healthy subjects showed a CUMPCD much more expressive, with values ranging from 0.4% in 30 minutes to 5.58% in 120 minutes. Therefore, in this study has shown that there is a great difference in galactose oxidation in children with and without galactosemia, hence the breath test is useful in discriminating children with GALT deficiencies.

Cette thèse aborde un point clé du couplage entre ces cycles: la dynamique des molécules azotées (AAs) des matières organiques du sol (MOS). Par des expériences d'incubation, nous avons estimé que les flux de biosynthèse des AAs par les micro-organismes du sol lors du processus de décomposition sont de l'ordre de 25% de la biomasse nouvellement formée. Le profil des AAs individuels biosynthétisés de novo est plus dépendant du type de sol que de la nature du substrat. Dans chaque sol, il est très similaire à celui des AAs des MOS. La biodégradation de matériaux végétaux marqués en 13C a révélé la transformation rapide des protéines végétales en matériaux microbiens. Ces résultats montrent que les AAs des MOS sont d'origine microbienne. Nous avons mesuré le renouvellement du C des AAs à long terme dans les horizons de surface de neuf sites présentant des végétations, climats et types de sol variés, en utilisant la technique de traçage par les abondances naturelles en 13C. L'âge moyen du carbone des AAs varie de 50 à 200 ans. Un modèle simple permet de discuter les hypothèses du recyclage des AAs des MOS par les micro-organismes. Les rapports isotopiques stables des AAs individuels ont été mesurés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse isotopique. À cette fin, nous avons développé une méthode d'étalonnage générique pour la détermination du rapport isotopique des composés spécifiques, par analyse de cultures microbiennes uniformément marquées. Au-delà des résultats présentés, l'étude apporte un large ensemble de données des AAs et examine les variations de l'abondance naturelle en 13C entre les AAs individuels<br>We analyzed the coupled dynamics of C and N in Soil Organic Matter (SOM) through the dynamics of N-containing soil organic compounds (amino acids (AAs)) by tracing their carbon atoms. Stable isotope ratios of individual amino acids were measured by gas chromatography coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. For this purpose, we developed a generic calibration method for compound-specific stable isotope ratio analysis, based on the analysis of uniformly labelled microbial cultures. We quantified the biosynthesis of AAs associated with the biodegradation process in four contrasted topsoils through short-term incubation experiments of 13C-labelled substrates. Amino acids-C accounts for ca. 25% of the newly-formed microbial biomass-C. The composition of the de novo biosynthesized individual amino acids was dependent on the soil type, and in each soil was similar to that of SOM amino acids. Biodegradation of 13C-labelled plant materials revealed the rapid conversion of plant proteins into microbial materials. These results together demonstrate that SOM amino acids are of microbial origin. We measured the dynamics of amino acids-C on the long term (decades to centuries) in nine sites using the natural 13C-labelling technique. On average, the age of AAs was equal or slightly inferior to that of bulk soil organic carbon, with mean ages ranging from 50 to 200 years. We built a conceptual model of AAs dynamics to discuss various hypotheses of AAs stabilization. Beyond these perspectives on C and N coupling in soil processes, the overall study brings a broad dataset of amino acids, as well as discuses variations of 13C natural abundance (δ13C) in-between individual amino acids