Dissertations / Theses on the topic '14-37'

Whereas Cx43 expression has no effect on proliferation of Rin cells, Cx37 exerts a potent growth suppressive effect on these cells. To determine how Cx37 suppresses growth and whether coexpression of Cx43 altered the suppressive effects of Cx37, two cell lines were created. 43tet/37 C4 cells constitutively express Cx43 and the tet-on transcription factor, which supports tetractycline inducible Cx37 expression in these cells. i43/i37 D6 cells constitutively express the tet-on transcription factor, which supports inducible expression of both connexins. The 43tet/37 C4 cells exhibit high Cx43:Cx37 expression ratio, whereas the i43/i37 D6 cells have a low Cx43:Cx37 expression ratio. In both cell lines, Cx37 and Cx43 appear (by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments) to form heteromeric channels. The proliferative properties of the co-expressing cell lines show that Cx37 growth suppression in Rin cells is relieved in a dose dependent manner by the presence of Cx43. In contrast, we demonstrate that 14-3-3σ may play a role in the growth suppressive mechanism of Cx37 in Rin cells as it is upregulated in cells expressing Cx37 and has the capability of binding to Cx37, presumably at the consensus binding motif in the C-terminus.

O objetivo desta tese é defender que o afastamento do Imperador Tibério César Augusto em 26 d.C. representou um importante momento de inflexão política em seu governo (14 - 37 d.C.). Augusto, seu antecessor, lhe deixou como legado um novo sistema político que, embora tenha agregado precedentes republicanos, constituiu-se como um conjunto de experimentações processuais sem uma consolidação definitiva. Tibério deu continuidade a este sistema, uma delicada relação de manutenção do prestígio aristocrático, os precedentes de seu antecessor e a ascensão da corte imperial, novo cerne do poder em Roma. Todavia, uma vez que a autonomia e participação do Senado já não possuíam a mesma efervescência republicana, a definição dos limites de atuação e influência entre o Imperador e a instituição senatorial tornou-se cada vez mais complexa e conflituosa. A esta condição somou-se o ambiente de intrigas e disputas sucessórias entre os núcleos familiares Júlio-Claudianos, cuja rede de interesses ampliou-se com a participação de indivíduos oriundos da aristocracia, principalmente pelo desmantelamento do esquema sucessório concebido por Augusto com as sucessivas mortes dos jovens príncipes candidatos ao poder. Esta conjuntura de tensão politica agravou-se com a ascensão de Sejano, prefeito da guarda pretoriana, que exerceu uma influência inédita sobre os desígnios de Tibério e contribuiu para que este finalmente se retirasse de Roma. A ilha de Capri, na costa da Campânia, além de um retiro aprazível das preocupações políticas da capital, tornou-se também o novo cerne do poder decisório, percepção surpreendente e acrimoniosa para a opinião pública deste período. O Império continuou a ser administrado sem a presença cotidiana do Princeps em Roma, não obstante seu deslocamento tenha se constituído como um filtro que passou a condicionar a dinâmica das interações entre Tibério, a corte e o restante da aristocracia. Igualmente, a ausência do Imperador deu margem à exploração indiscriminada das condenações por traição à majestade (maiestas), um novo elemento ao tradicional contexto de competividade que marcou a história do Senado, o acirramento de disputas entre membros da família imperial em Roma e a interferência desmesurada de Sejano nos rumos da sucessão dinástica, em que inúmeros membros da aristocracia foram posicionados variadamente no interior deste conflito. A eliminação de Sejano não atenuou esta situação, e seu sucessor Névio Sutório Macro continuou a influenciar senadores e equestres, que nos últimos anos de vida de Tibério se viram divididos entre o receio de continuar ou não apoiando um Imperador distante conquanto ciente de suas prerrogativas de comando ou um potencial sucessor, Calígula.
The main purpose of this thesis is to assert that the departure of Tiberius Caesar Augustus in 26 AD characterized an important moment of political inflexion in his government (14 - 37 AD). As a legacy, his antecessor Augustus left him a new political system that had constituted as a set of processual experimentations without a definitive consolidation, although had he aggregated republican precedents. Tiberius had to give continuity to this system through a delicated relationship of maintenance of the aristocratic dignity, his antecessors precedents and the accession of the imperial court, the new source of political power in Rome. However, once the autonomy and Senates participation do not longer have the same republican effervescence, the definition of the boundaries of procedure and influence between the Emperor and the senatorial body became more and more complex and conflictuous. To this, it has added the ambience of gossip and sucessory struggles between the Julian-Claudian households, whose network of interests has expanded of the participation of individuals arising from aristocracy, mostly by the dismantlement of the sucessory scheme previously conceived by Augustus due to the successive deaths of the young princes as potential candidates to the supreme power. This conjuncture of political tension has aggravated with Sejanus accession, prefect of the Praetorian Guard, who has exercised an unparalleled influence over Tiberius designs and had finally contributed to his departure of Rome. The island of Capri on the Campanian shore, besides being an agreeable retreat from the political concerns of the Capital, also became the new core of decisory power, a surprising and acrimonious perception to the public opinion of this period. The empire continued to be administrated without the daily presence of the Princeps in Rome, despite his departure has constituted as a filter that started to conditionate the dynamic of interactions between Tiberius, the imperial court and the rest of the aristocracy. Likewise, the emperors absence gave rise to an indiscriminate exploitation of prosecutions for majesty treason (maiestas), a new element to the traditional context of competitiveness that has marked the Senates history, the worsening of the familiar struggles in roman imperial family and the immoderated interference of Sejanus on the path of dynastic succession, in which several aristocracy members were variously positionated whitin this conflict. Sejanus removal does not appeased this mood and his successor Naevius Sutorius Macro continued to influence senators and eques, that in the last years of Tiberius life found themselves divided between the fear to keep supporting or not a distant emperor although he was aware of his command prerrogatives or to support a potential successor, Caligula.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier quelques problèmes de mathématiques financières dans un marché incomplet avec incertitude sur les modèles. Récemment, la théorie des équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades du second ordre (2EDSRs) a été développée par Soner, Touzi et Zhang sur ce sujet. Dans cette thèse, nous adoptons leur point de vue. Cette thèse contient quatre parties dans le domain des 2EDSRs. Nous commençons par généraliser la théorie des 2EDSRs initialement introduite dans le cas de générateurs lipschitziens continus à celui de générateurs à croissance quadratique. Cette nouvelle classe des 2EDSRs nous permettra ensuite d'étudier le problème de maximisation d'utilité robuste dans les modèles non-dominés. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions ce problème pour trois fonctions d'utilité. Dans chaque cas, nous donnons une caractérisation de la fonction valeur et d'une stratégie d'investissement optimale via la solution d'une 2EDSR. Dans la troisième partie, nous fournissons également une théorie d'existence et unicité pour des EDSRs réfléchies du second ordre avec obstacles inférieurs et générateurs lipschitziens, nous appliquons ensuite ce résultat à l'étude du problème de valorisation des options américaines dans un modèle financier à volatilité incertaine. Dans la quatrième partie, nous étudions des 2EDSRs avec sauts. En particulier, nous prouvons l'existence d'une unique solution dans un espace approprié. Comme application de ces résultats, nous étudions un problème de maximisation d'utilité exponentielle robuste avec incertitude sur les modèles. L'incertitude affecte à la fois le processus de volatilité, mais également la mesure des sauts
The main objective of this PhD thesis is to study some financial mathematics problems in an incomplete market with model uncertainty. In recent years, the theory of second order backward stochastic differential equations (2BSDEs for short) has been developed by Soner, Touzi and Zhang on this topic. In this thesis, we adopt their point of view. This thesis contains of four key parts related to 2BSDEs. In the first part, we generalize the 2BSDEs theory initially introduced in the case of Lipschitz continuous generators to quadratic growth generators. This new class of 2BSDEs will then allow us to consider the robust utility maximization problem in non-dominated models. In the second part, we study this problem for exponential utility, power utility and logarithmic utility. In each case, we give a characterization of the value function and an optimal investment strategy via the solution to a 2BSDE. In the third part, we provide an existence and uniqueness result for second order reflected BSDEs with lower obstacles and Lipschitz generators, and then we apply this result to study the problem of American contingent claims pricing with uncertain volatility. In the fourth part, we define a notion of 2BSDEs with jumps, for which we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions in appropriate spaces. We can interpret these equations as standard BSDEs with jumps, under both volatility and jump measure uncertainty. As an application of these results, we shall study a robust exponential utility maximization problem under model uncertainty, where the uncertainty affects both the volatility process and the jump measure

En aquesta recerca ens hem qüestionat que la lectura i l’escriptura siguin tan sols eines que es poden adquirir o a les quals podem accedir per comprendre un text, si no que constitueixen, en si mateixes, autèntiques experiències de mediació simbòlica de l’ésser humà. Considerant això, l’objectiu de la recerca ha estat: comprendre l’experiència d’aprendre a llegir i a escriure, principalment en l’àmbit escolar, com sendes que constitueixen l’elaboració de la identitat personal en termes narratius, fonamentada en les categories filosòfiques de l’obra de Paul Ricoeur. Hem escollit Paul Ricoeur com a autor de referència perquè en els seus plantejaments filosòfics ens ofereix idees molt suggeridores per a pensar el fenomen d’investigació, ja que ens situa en un paradigma fenomenològic hermenèutic que ens obre la porta a una teoria de l’acció en l’acte de lectura, que també ens permet articular una teoria de l’escriptura en relació a la configuració de la identitat en termes narratius. De manera que ens aporta les idees necessàries per articular l’experiència d’aprendre a llegir i a escriure a l’escola com a experiències que incideixen, finalment, en la comprensió d’un mateix. El paradigma fenomenològic hermenèutic travessa tota la fonamentació teòrica i, també, l’itinerari de la investigació, que no és més que una ‘posada en pràctica’ d’aquesta perspectiva. Per tant, hem treballat amb relats: 32 escrits i 22 orals, procedents de 16 mestres i 16 estudiants universitaris. Per a interpretar-los hem establert una dialèctica amb el món dels textos que engloba tres nivells: explicació, interpretació i comprensió. A partir d’aquesta interpretació hem establert cinc dimensions rellevants en l’experiència de llegir i escriure a l’escola: filiació, apropiació o inscripció simbòlica, ruptures, experiència escolar i petjades. Això ens ha permès entendre la lectura i l’escriptura com a experiències fenomenològiques hermenèutiques, més enllà de la didàctica de les llengües i els processos d’adquisició de les competències bàsiques de la lecto-escriptura pròpies del sistema escolar. Això implica replantejar la manera d’aproximar-se a l’experiència escolar quan es tracta de què els alumnes penetrin en la legitimitat com a manera de comprendre’s a sí mateixos.
En este trabajo de investigación cuestionamos que la lectura y la escritura sean solamente herramientas que, en cierta manera, se pueden adquirir, o a los que podemos acceder para comprender un texto, sino que constituyen en sí mismas auténticas experiencias de mediación simbólica del ser humano. Teniendo esto presente, el objetivo de la investigación ha sido: comprender la experiencia de aprender a leer y a escribir, principalmente en el ámbito escolar, como sendas que constituyen la elaboración de la identidad personal en términos narrativos, fundamentando dicha experiencia en las categorías filosóficas de la obra de Paul Ricoeur. Hemos escogido a Paul Ricoeur como autor de referencia porque en sus planteamientos filosóficos ofrece ideas muy sugerentes para pensar el fenómeno de investigación, ubicándonos en el paradigma fenomenológico–hermenéutico que abre la puerta a una teoría de la acción en el acto de la lectura que también permite articular una teoría de la escritura en relación a la configuración de la identidad en términos narrativos. Así pues, nos otorga las ideas necesarias para articular la experiencia de aprender a leer y a escribir en la escuela como experiencias que inciden, finalmente, en la comprensión de uno mismo. El paradigma fenomenológico hermenéutico atraviesa toda la fundamentación teórica y, también, el itinerario de la investigación, que no es más que una ‘puesta en práctica’ de esta perspectiva. Teniendo esto presente, hemos trabajado con relatos: 32 relatos escritos y 22 relatos orales de 16 de maestros y 16 de estudiantes universitarios. Para interpretar los relatos hemos establecido una dialéctica con el mundo de los textos en tres niveles: explicación, interpretación y comprensión. Con esto hemos establecido cinco dimensiones relevantes en la experiencia de leer y escribir en la escuela: filiación, apropiación o inscripción simbólica, rupturas, experiencia escolar y huellas. Esto nos ha permitido entender la lectura y la escritura como experiencias fenomenológico-hermenéuticas, más allá de la didáctica de las lenguas y los procesos de adquisición de competencias básicas en lecto-escritura característicos del sistema escolar. Ello implica replantear el modo de aproximarse a la experiencia escolar cuando se trata de que los alumnos penetren en la legibilidad como modo de comprenderse a sí mismos.
In the present research work we question the assumption that reading and writing are tools that can simply be acquired, or access to them can be gained, in order to instrumentally interact with and understand texts. Instead, we argue that both reading and writing themselves constitute true symbolic mediation experiences of the human being. Within this perspective the objective of this work is to understand the experiences of learning to read and write, mostly within the context of formal schooling, as constitutive pathways for the development of personal identity in narrative terms. We base said approach in the philosophical categories presented in the work of Paul Ricoeur. We chose Ricouer`s thought as our frame of reference because his philosophy offers significant concepts to think about the researched phenomena, placing us within the paradigm hermeneutic phenomenology. This paradigm allows both for a theory of action applicable to the act of reading and for the articulation of a theory of writing that relates to the configuration of identity in narrative terms. Thus, it provides the necessary ideas to articulate the school experiences of learning to read and write as experiences that have an impact in one’s comprehension of the self. The above-mentioned paradigm hermeneutic phenomenology underlies our whole theoretical foundation and therefore of our research program, which accordingly is a “practical” application of this perspective. With this in mind we have worked with personal self-stories: 32 written and 22 oral ones, from 16 teachers and 16 college students. In order to interpret the self-stories, we have stablished a dialectic relation with the world of those texts on three levels: explanation, interpretation and comprehension. Thus, we have stablished five relevant dimensions of the experience of reading and writing in school: filiation, symbolic appropriation or inscription, ruptures, traces. This process allows us to understand reading and writing as phenomenological-hermeneutical, beyond the didactics of language acquisition and those of basic reading and writing competences that typically characterize school systems. This demands a reconfiguration of the way we approach the school experience, as it requires that students go into reading and writing as a way of understanding themselves.

This thesis is a literary study of how the life and works of Marcus Tullius Cicero were received in the century that followed his death. There are two ways of understanding the importance of such a study: the first is to think of it as a vital first step in assessing Cicero's impact on European thought and literature; the second is to see it as a study of how the people of early imperial Rome interacted with their Republican past. In order to provide a broad overview of this subject, I have chosen to focus on three separate areas of imperial literature which together provide a representative snapshot of Roman literary activity in this period. The period in question is essentially an extended Augustan age: beginning with Cicero's death ending in the reign of Tiberius. The first area of imperial literature under consideration is historiography. This section begins with a consideration of Sallust's decision to downplay Cicero's role in defeating the Catilinarian Conspiracy, ultimately concluding that this is authorial posturing on Sallust's part, a reflection of Cicero's importance in the years immediately following his death. This is followed by a chapter on the presence of Ciceronian allusions in Livy, arguing that they were a key means by which he enriched his narrative of the Hannibalic war. It concludes with two chapters on historiographical descriptions of Cicero's death, noting that these treatments become markedly more hagiographic the further one progresses into Tiberius' Principate. The second area under consideration is rhetoric, specifically focussing on the prominence of the declamation hall in this era. The three chapters in this section study the testimony of Valerius Maximus and Seneca the Elder, both of whom bear witness to Cicero's fundamental importance to this institution. The section concludes that the world of declamation was the prime motor for the hagiographic treatments of Cicero that was noted in the later historical accounts of his death. The third and final section considers the poetry of the Augustan era, demonstrating that a process of declining sophistication is not the whole story in Cicero's reception. By looking at Virgil and Ovid's intertextual relationships with Cicero, this section demonstrates that he was a rich source of inspiration for some of the ancient world's most erudite authors.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska betydelsen av Logos-begreppet hos två nytestamentliga författare, och sedan ta ställning till om det finns någon koppling mellan texternas användning av begreppet. Vid jämförelsen av Logos-begreppet kommer jag fram till att de båda författarna använder sig av Logos, dels på liknande sätt, men att de skiljer sig på vissa saker. Det skiljer sig även inom Johannesevangeliet, där det sker en förflyttning från att tro på det inkarnerade Logos till att höra Jesu talade Logos, som en premiss för att uppnå frälsning/räddning. Min slutsats om Jakobsbrevet är att åhörarna aktivt ska både höra och göra Logos, vilket liknar förekomsten av Logos-begreppet i Joh 4, 5 och 8 dock inte i Joh 1.

Este trabajo de tesis doctoral “Análisis y características del potencial cognitivo de producciones escolares matemáticas con alumnos de 11 a 14 años” contribuye al anàlisis de un ambiente especial de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas (llamado de inspiración lakatosiana) mediante el anàlisis de textos producidos por los estudiantes. Para dar respuesta a cómo este ambiente consigue promover potencial cognitivo y caracterizarlo, se plantean dos objetivos principales: (1) Identificar a partir de textos escritos, elementos constitutivos de una cultura matemática distintiva de un grupo de alumnos sobre el “que-hacer” matemático en clase en donde se construye matemáticas socialmente, en un periodo largo de tiempo en la vivencia escolar. Y (2) desvelar algunas variables o elementos que otorgan legitimidad al “que-hacer” matemático de los alumnos en vías a negociar significados matemáticos. Para el análisis de los textos en cuanto su potencial matemático se realiza un análisis textual y del discurso, así como el análisis de la idoneidad epistémica e interaccional. Se analizan características del ambiente ante tres tareas paradigmáticas. Posteriormente se analizan textos correspondientes a cuatro años de trabajo de dos estudiantes de un mismo grupo, que trabajó con ese ambiente, para caracterizar los elementos cognitivos desarrollados. Se adaptan herramientas propias del llamado enfoque ontosemiótico para el análisis de prácticas matemáticas, así como herramientas del llamado enfoque de Scott y Mortimer para el análisis de interacciones. El análisis muestra que se establece una negociación de significados matemáticos en donde la legitimación del conocimiento matemático está muy en poder del alumnado, y no sólo del docente o de la tarea. Se genera una comunidad de investigación e indagación (en el sentido de Wenger), que resalta producciones de alto nivel matemático en cuanto a procesos y contenidos incorporados. Los textos producidos no sólo se muestran eficaces para evaluar el proceso desarrollado, sino que son evidencias de la construcción colectiva realizada, en una negociación y concepción matemática de tipo falibilista (en el sentido de Lakatos). Se reconocen características que han sido estudiadas recientemente en textos de trabajos a distancia, pero que se producen en el dia a dia escolar de las experiencias analizadas. Con ello, se reconoce que es posible mejorar las prácticas matemáticas, con un contrato didáctico en que el alumnado queda empoderado y legitimado en sus conclusiones, mientras no se produce una refutación que haga cambiar las hipótesis consideradas, como resulta propio en un ambiente de inspiración lakatosiana. El análisis de los textos de dos alumnas a lo largo de 4 años parecen ser evidencias suficientes de que se generó una cultura grupal colaborativa como la de pequeños matemáticos, El alumnado consigue generar definiciones, discutir conjeturas en la resolución de problemas, y las verdades y acuerdos del alumnado quedan provisionales y legitimadas por el docente en la óptica falibilista. Con ello se contribuye a reforzar un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el que los constructores de significados matemáticos son el propio alumnado y el grupo desde una perspectiva dialógica no autoritaria.
This dissertation work “Analysis and characteristics of cognitive potential of school mathematical productions with 11 to 14 years old students” contributes to the analysis of a special environment of teaching and learning mathematics (called lakatosian inspirative environment) through the analysis of mathematical texts produced by the students. To analyze how such an environment promote cognitive mathematical potential and characterize it, we use two main objectives: 1) identify from written texts, constituent elements of a mathematical culture distinctive from a group of students as builders of mathematics in class where mathematics is constructed socially, for a long period of time in the school experience. And (2) to reveal some variables or elements that give legitimacy to the process of doing mathematics when students negotiate mathematical meanings in a collaborative way. For the analysis of texts in terms of their mathematical potential it was done a textual and discourse analysis of speech, as well as analysis of the suitability of epistemic and cognitive demands and the analysis of the classroom interactions. The characteristics of the environment are analyzed first of all, in three paradigmatic tasks. Subsequently a set of texts by two students of the same group were analyzed, corresponding to four years of work which worked with such atmosphere, to characterize the developed cognitive elements. We adapt tools of the so-called ontosemiotic approach for the analysis of school mathematical practices, as well as tools of the so-called focus of Scott and Mortimer for the analysis of interactions. The analysis shows that it was established a negotiation of mathematical meanings where the legitimization of the mathematical knowledge is very much in the power of students, and not only by the teacher or the task. The environment generates a community of research and inquiry (in the sense of Wenger and Jaworski), which emphasizes high-level mathematical processes and embedded content productions. Texts produced not only are effective for assessing the process developed itself, they are evidence of the collective construction carried out, in a negotiation and mathematical conception of falibilistic approach (in the sense of Lakatos). Such features have been recently studied in texts of distance learning, but they appear regularly in the mathematical practices studied. Therefore, it is recognized that it is possible to improve the general school mathematical practices, with a teaching contract in which students become empowered and legitimized in its conclusions, while there is a refutation that does change the scenarios considered, as it is observed in an environment of lakatosian inspiration. The analysis of the texts of two students over 4 years appear to be sufficient evidence of generating collaborative group culture, in which students act as a small mathematicians: get generate definitions, discuss conjectures in the resolution of problems, and the truths and agreements of the students remain provisional and legitimized by the teacher. This helps to reinforce a teaching-learning process in which builders of mathematical meanings are the own students and the group from a non-authoritative dialogic interactions.

En l'IES Narcís Monturiol de Figueres l'any 1997 es va endegar l'experiència pedagògica de "la travessa del riu Fluvià", que consistia precisament en una ruta en el medi natural que anava resseguint el riu Fluvià en tot el seu recorregut. La pretensió inicial dels professors era que aquesta experiència pedagògica fos el marc per tal de treballar l'educació en valors com ara la cooperació, el respecte pel medi ambient, l'autoestima... No obstant això, en cap moment es va analitzar ni decidir quines pràctiques motrius eren les més idònies per al projecte pedagògic.
Aquesta investigació mostra com es pot millorar una experiència pedagògica a partir de criteris praxiològics i d'una eina tan simple, però alhora tan significativa, per la quantitat d'informació que aporta, com és el diari de l'alumne. Es tracta per tant d'una investigació naturalista que utilitza la metodologia qualitativa / constructivista i que posa l'èmfasi a descriure i comprendre els fets estudiats, tenint en compte la perspectiva dels diferents implicats com a premissa per al seu desenvolupament.
La primera fase de la investigació es centra en l'anàlisi praxiològica de la primera edició de l'experiència pedagògica, i comprova si les pràctiques motrius desenvolupades es mostren congruents amb els objectius pedagògics pretesos. A partir d'aquesta anàlisi es proposa una modificació o ratificació de les pràctiques motrius, amb l'objectiu de realitzar una nova experimentació i comprovar-ne la millora efectuada.
Per tal de constatar la millora educativa pretesa es realitza una comparació entre les dues edicions de l'experiència pedagògica (1997 i 2003). Per realitzar l'esmentada comparació s'efectua una anàlisi de contingut a partir dels diaris dels alumnes, tot tenint en compte els valors que es pretenen fomentar en l'experiència pedagògica: adaptació, cooperació, respecte cap al medi ambient, relativització del temps i autoestima.
En el IES Narcís Monturiol de Figueres el año 1997 se emprendió la experiencia pedagógica de "la travesía del río Fluvià", que consistía precisamente en una ruta en el medio natural que iba siguiendo el río Fluvià por todo su recorrido. La pretensión inicial de los profesores era que esta experiencia pedagógica fuera el marco para poder trabajar la educación en valores como por ejemplo la cooperación, el respeto hacia el medio ambiente, la autoestima. Sin embargo, en ningún momento se analizó ni decidió qué prácticas motrices eran la más idóneas para el proyecto pedagógico.
La presente investigación muestra cómo se puede mejorar una experiencia pedagógica a partir de criterios praxiológicos y de una herramienta tan simple, pero al mismo tiempo tan significativa, por la cantidad de información que aporta, como es el diario del alumno. Se trata por consiguiente de una investigación naturalista que utiliza la metodología cualitativa/constructivista y que pone el énfasis en describir y comprender los hechos estudiados, teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de los diferentes implicados, como premisa para su desarrollo.
La primera fase de la investigación se centra en el análisis praxiológico de la primera edición de la experiencia pedagógica, y comprueba si las prácticas motrices desarrolladas se muestran congruentes con los objetivos pedagógicos establecidos. A partir de este análisis se propone una modificación o ratificación de las prácticas motrices, con el objetivo de realizar una nueva experimentación y poder comprobar la mejora efectuada.
Para poder constatar la mejora educativa pretendida se realiza una comparación entre las dos ediciones de la experiencia pedagógica (1997 y 2003). Para realizar dicha comparación se efectúa un análisis de contenido a partir de los diarios de los alumnos, teniendo en cuenta los valores que se pretenden fomentar con la experiencia pedagógica: adaptación, cooperación, respeto por el medio ambiente, relativización del tiempo y autoestima.
At the IES Narcís Monturiol of Figueres, a pedagogical experience called "The crossing of the river Fluvià" was started in 1997. This experience consisted of a route in the natural environment that followed the river Fluvià along its course. The teachers' initial expectations were that this experience became the frame where to work on values such as cooperation, respect for environment, self-esteem. However, it was never analysed nor it was decided what motor practices were the most suitable for the pedagogical project.
This research shows how a pedagogical experience can be improved by applying the praxiological criteria and using a simple tool, but at the same time a very powerful one, for the amount of information it provides, as is the student's diary. Therefore, it is a naturalist research that uses the qualitative/constructivist methodology and that places the emphasis in the description and understanding of the facts that are being studied, taking into account the views of all the implied ones as a premise for its development.
The first part of this research focuses on the praxiological analysis of the first occasion that the pedagogical experience was held, and checks whether the motor practices developed in it are congruous with the established pedagogical aims. From this analysis a modification or ratification of the motor practices is suggested with the aim to carry out a new experimentation so as to be able to check the implemented improvement.
So as to establish the alleged educational improvement, a comparison is carried out between the two pedagogical experiences (1997 and 2003). So as to make this comparison, a contents analysis is carried out from the students' diaries taking into account the values that the pedagogical experience seeks to encourage: adaptation, cooperation, respect for environment, relativization of time and self-esteem.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Entwurf von Funkempfängern für digitale Modulation betrachtet. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtungen beim Finden einer geeigneten Empfängerarchitektur, der Spezifikation der einzusetzenden Bausteine, der Auswahl einer geeigneten Arbeitsfrequenz und eines passenden Modulationsverfahrens sowie der Festlegung einer dem Einsatzzweck angepaßten Datenrate. Ein wesentlicher Punkt ist die der Empfangsaufgabe angepaßte gewichtete Bekämpfung der auftretenden Störbeiträge. Dafür werden zunächst Grundlagen, wie wichtige Modulationsverfahren, Empfängerarchitekturen sowie Bestimmungsgleichungen für Parameter eingeführt. Darauf aufbauend wird eine allgemeingültige Methode zum Entwurf von Funkempfängern für digitale Modulation entwickelt. Diese Methode kann stets angewendet werden, wenn ein Empfänger für digitale Modulation entworfen werden soll. Wesentliche zu berücksichtigende Einsatzparameter und Randbedingungen werden an passender Stelle in den Entwurf einbezogen und eine entsprechend angepaßte Lösung wird weiterverwendet. Die Entwurfsmethode eignet sich sowohl für den freien Empfängerentwurf als auch für Entwürfe, die sich an der Einhaltung von Standards orientieren müssen. Der Kerngedanke besteht darin, das alle Störeinflüsse einen gleichgroßen Beitrag zur Signalverfälschung liefern sollen. Um dies zu erreichen, werden potentielle Störeinflüsse analysiert und entsprechend ihres Einflusses gewichtet zur weiteren Bestimmung der notwendigen Eigenschaften der Empfängerbaugruppen herangezogen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird hauptsächlich der allgemeine Anwendungsfall des freien nicht standardbezogenen Empfängerentwurfes betrachtet. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie durch die Analyse und entsprechende Berücksichtigung einer variablen Anzahl von Störeinflüssen die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Empfängerkomponenten jeweils bestmöglich eingestellt werden können. Diese Methode wird anschließend anhand von verschiedenartigen Beispielen weiter illustriert und ihre erfolgreiche Anwendbarkeit veranschaulicht. Anhand einer Mischerschaltung wird beispielhaft auf grundlegende Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Linearitätseigenschaften eingegangen. Dabei werden spezifische Unterschiede zwischen einer Superhet- bzw. einer Direktmischarchitektur hervorgehoben. Weiterhin wird eine Methode zur Wiederverwendung (Re-Use) von analogen Schaltungen oder ähnlichen Objekten vorgeschlagen. Dabei werden die Schaltungen anhand einer Vorgabe bewertet, und es wird eine Rangfolge aufgestellt. Damit ist gewährleistet, daß die der Vorgabe am besten entsprechende Schaltung gefunden werden kann, auch wenn eine 100%ige Übereinstimmung nicht gegeben ist. Die hierfür notwendigen Bewertungsalgorithmen werden ausführlich dargestellt und ihr jeweiliger Einsatz wird erläutert. Abschließend erfolgt eine überblicksweise Darstellung von Simulationswerkzeugen und -verfahren, die für den Empfängerentwurf bedeutsam sind. Dabei wird hauptsächlich auf die Verbindung von System- und Schaltungsentwurf eingegangen, und es werden bestehende Probleme dargelegt sowie vorhandene Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Einige im Zusammenhang mit der Simulation interessante Modellierungsgesichtspunkte werden ebenfalls dargestellt.

Electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of strong sources of radiation (e.g. radar and broadcasting) can exceed the limits mentioned in the national standards for the exposition of persons. Field probes are needed to warn personnel if they are going too close to the RF-sources. For acceptance reasons the field probes should be universal in such a way that no user adjustment of frequency is required. The limits for power density, electric and magnetic field strength depend on the frequency. In contrast, field probes covering a large frequency range, e.g. 1 MHz to 18 GHz or even larger, normally have a flat frequency response. Therefore, the person using the field probe has to know the frequency of the electromagnetic field and to evaluate fieldstrength with respect to the frequency dependent limit value defined by law. Human mistakes while making that evaluation can lead to expositions above the limit value. On the other hand, the evaluation of the power density in the presence of multiple strong sources of radiation at different frequencies with different limit values also leads to measurement problems. A new approach has been undertaken to overcome these difficulties in the development of a rectifying field probe. It consists in shaping the antenna factor of the probe inversely proportional to the limit value. The isotropic response of field probes can be achieved, if three dipole antennas are arranged perpendicular to each other. The presence of dielectric supporting material leads to degradation of the isotropic response of such a field probe. The effect will be investigated. For typical substrates the isotropic response is degraded by up to 3.8 dB. An compensation for this effect will be proposed that leads to a residual unisotropic response of less than 0.2 dB.

Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der gekoppelten Simulation von Klimaanlage, Regelung und Gebäude mit Hilfe des Simulationssystems TRNSYS. Während für das Gebäude ein vorhandenes TRNSYS Modul verwendet wird, wurden für Klimaanlage und Regelung neue Simulationsmodule entwickelt. Der Klimaanlagensimulator ist seinerseits modular aufgebaut enthält sowohl geometrisch physikalische und empirische als auch kombinierte Modelle für die Simulation von Ventilatoren, Lufterhitzern, Feuchtluftkühlern, Befeuchtern, Regeneratoren, Plattenwärmeüberträgern, Kreislaufwärmerückgewinnern, Ventilen, hydraulischen Schaltungen usw., die für die Simulation sehr variabel miteinander verschaltet werden können. Es wurden optimierte Regelstrategien für konventionelle und DEC-Anlagen entwickelt und entsprechende TRNSYS-Module zur Umsetzung in die Simulation programmiert. Für die Sequenzregelung mehrerer Größen (z.B. Temperatur, Feuchte) wurde ein frei programmierbarer Mehrsequenzregler entwickelt, der den scheinbaren Reglerstillstand über Verknüpfungen blockierter Stellglieder einer Regelsequenz verhindert. Die Qualität der Regelsequenzen wurde mit Hilfe eines über das Rosenbrockverfahren und der dynamischen Optimierung ermittelten optimalen Vergleichsprozesses bewertet.

In der Dissertationsschrift wird ein neuartiges Konzept der Realisierung der Direkten Digitalen Frequenzsynthese (DDS) vorgestellt. Ausgehend von der analysierten Literatur werden das Wirkprinzip eines Standard-DDS-Synthesizer analysiert und Möglichkeiten zur Aufwandsreduktion untersucht. Ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Realisierung einer vollständig digitalen DDS ergibt sich in der Anwendung der Pulse-Output-DDS. Bei der Pulse-Output-DDS wird neben dem D/A-Wandler auch die Sinus-ROM-Tabelle aus dem prinzipiellen Aufbau der Standard-DDS entfernt. Ausgehend von einer derart modifizierten DDS-Struktur wird ein geeignetes DDS-Modell entwickelt, mit welchem alle auftretenden Synthesefehler systematisch erfaßt und bewertet werden können. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die prinzipbedingten Synthesefehler bilden die Grundlage für Erweiterungen der Pulse-Output-DDS mit deren Hilfe eine qualitative Verbesserung des synthetisierten Signals erreicht wird. Dabei steht vor allem die Anwendung von Verfahren der digitalen Signalverarbeitung im Vordergrund, die zu einer Verringerung bzw. Kompensation oder zu einer spektralen Veränderung des auftretenden DDS-Fehlersignals geeignet sind. Es werden die erreichbaren Verbesserungen, aber auch die theoretischen und praktischen Grenzen von folgenden Verfahren aufgezeigt: absolute Verringerung des DDS-Fehlersignals Dithering des DDS-Fehlersignals Rauschformung (Noise-Shaping) des Fehlersignalspektrums Insbesondere bei der Rauschformung werden unterschiedliche Ansätze untersucht und bewertet mit dem Ziel, ein optimales Verfahren für den Rauschformungsprozeß bei der Verwendung in einer Pulse-Output-DDS zu finden. Durch die echtzeitfähige Implementation eines erweiterten DDS-Systems in einem Standard-CMOS-Prozeß werden die gefundenen theoretischen Lösungen verifiziert.

The heart of Pentecostal practice has always been an experience of the Holy Spirit. These experiences are often claimed to have the direct guidance of the Spirit and form the decisions and actions that result in the ongoing of the development of practices and doctrine. It is my contention that the third and fourth so-called waves of the Spirit are not truly waves of the Spirit, neither are they new. They are the rebirth, albeit in a new manner, of three disappointing and tragic movements of past Pentecostal history, namely the (New) Latter Rain, the Shepherding Movement, and the Prosperity Movement. I maintain that these two waves do not follow a solid Pentecostal doctrinal stand of an experience in the Holy Spirit of separability and subsequence, neither do they draw their doctrinal stand from the book of Acts, but rather the Synoptic gospels. Unfortunately, even though Pentecostal scholarship is on the rise, the majority of the prolific writers of these last two waves are extremely eisegetical in regards to their dealing with the Word of God. They claim vision and direction from Heaven, as opposed to an exegesis of the canon of Scripture. I maintain that these two, so called waves of the Spirit are not Heaven sent but man conceived and thus dangerous heresy to the church. `I believe that courage is the most important virtue, the foundation that underlies and gives realty to all other virtues and personal values. Without courage we become conformists. Conformity is not the fibre good and courageous leaders are made of… Do not be frightened by the aloneness that may come with your holding unpopular positions. It is in aloneness that wisdom will visit you and smile upon you'. These are not, as a theologian might be entitled to expect, the words of Elijah or Jeremiah. They are quoted from a speech given in 1999 by Mamphela Ramphele, vice chancellor of the University of Cape Town. Her context was the silence that has so often fallen on African societies once liberation has taken place. It is just such silent acquiescence, she insists, that allow former `heroes of the struggle' to become despots and dictators. Her words are challenging to Pentecostal theologians for at least two reasons. The first and more mundane is that Pentecostalism is most vibrant today in precisely those countries, which can be termed `postcolonial'. The second, and to my mind the most relevant to the movement, is that Pentecostalism was at its beginning a powerful spiritual force because it inherited an ethos of radical difference and because its proponents were unflinching in refusing to be co-opted into any other agenda than the one for which they knew they had been empowered by the Spirit of Jesus Christ. In this sense it was a prophetic religion, a religion similar to that of Elijah and Jeremiah. It is my plea then in this presentation that the so-called `postcolonial' countries will not swallow this new error, which has been called the new Pentecostal rhema from Heaven, which stems, as do so many new theological trends from the Western world. The new emerging Pentecostal Charismatic churches, particularly of the Third World need to have the courage not to be conformists, for such is not the fiber good and courageous leaders have. The hermeneutical pneumatology of the Pentecostal tradition has always been questioned. The early Pentecostals did not even bother to develop a theological hermeneutical position of a subsequent experience of the Spirit; they accepted their experience as from God . When they did begin to develop a Pentecostal theology it was often ridiculed as being primarily experiential, thus in the minds of most, devoid of Biblical theology. Fifty years after the outpouring of the Spirit at Azusa Street many Pentecostal scholars began to re-examine the pneumatology of Luke's writing. In the latter part of the 20th Century many Pentecostal scholars came into their own, examining and challenging many of the previously accepted conclusions of theologians, in regards to the Classical Pentecostal doctrinal position . Their position was that there was a separable and subsequent experience of the Spirit following salvation, which was accompanied by the initial evidence of speaking with other tongues. The initial evidence was for a few, and still is for some, questionable evidence. Such a position stood in opposition to those who declared that there was no second experience of the Holy Spirit for any person other than salvation. If those who believed in the `conversion-initiation, which included the baptism in the Holy Spirit' were indeed correct, then everything that Luke talks about in relation to pneumatology in his two-volume work is totally in relation to salvation. This was the theological pneumatological position prior to Classical Pentecostalism. It did and has resulted in many theological challenges. Scholars who take this position do so on the premise that Pentecost is more of a historical situation for the church. However scholars convinced of the Classical Pentecostal position are refusing to accept this position and have and are continuing to develop an exegetical position for a secondary work of the Holy Spirit in a person's life. This is my personal position made vitally real for me since I did not grow up in a Pentecostal church setting, but rather came into the Pentecostal experience in my early 20's. It is my contention that the theological impact of Christ's ascension prior to the public ascension witnessed in Acts 1 has not been fully examined. Few scholars have dealt with the typological fulfillment firstly, of the work of the High Priest as seen completed in the life of Jesus Christ, or secondly, of His fulfillment of the first four feasts which the Jews were commanded to keep. Both of these aspects very clearly enhance and form a clear indication that the classical Pentecostal theology was and is correct in speaking of a separable and subsequent work of the Spirit following a clear salvation experience. I will seek to elucidate this by an examining the historical background of the first two waves of the Spirit, followed by a preview of the work of the Holy Spirit as seen in the canon of Scripture with emphasis on the New Testament. I will follow this by the development of the idea of regeneration in the New Testament. Finally I will examine Lukan writing in regards to the experience known as the baptism of the Holy Spirit. These chapters will then serve as a base for comparison with the material, which will follow. In the late 20th and early 21st century the Classical Pentecostal doctrine has been challenged by the last two charismatic waves of the Spirit, both of which have spawned a plethora of writings. It is my contention first; that the traditional Pentecostal understanding of the authority of Scripture has been abandoned in that now experience takes precedence over Scripture. Secondly it is clear that these last two waves do not fall within the same parameters as the first two waves in their understanding of a doctrine of separability and subsequence, since they revert to a pre-Classical Pentecostal theological position of only one experience of the Holy Spirit. Thirdly, in a day when Pentecostal scholarship is seeking to become acceptable in their exegesis, the authors of these waves are almost totally eisegetical. The question needs to be asked `Have they subtly taken on a title to glean a following?' It is thus my contention that a survey of these waves shows that they have no common ground with the initial two waves of the Spirit. The indication is that they have deliberately chosen a different Biblical basis and thus disqualify themselves from the Pentecostal Charismatic stream. I will seek to elucidate this by examining the historical background of the last two waves of the Spirit, followed by an examination of the Pentecostal hermeneutic and their lack of hermeneutics, as seen so clearly in their writings. This will be done by pointing out the comparisons to the latter two waves of the Spirit both in theory and in the voluminous writing, which are largely based on eisegesis. The stated desire to `have church without making anyone sick' has broached and taken the movements far into left field. Finally, it is my contention that the third and fourth waves of the Spirit are not new at all. They are simply a rebirth of three disappointing and tragic movements in Pentecostal history. Thus I hope to clearly substantiate that the third and fourth wave of the Spirit are not really waves of the Spirit at all. They are not such in terms of their Biblical theological basis, neither are they such exegetically. They are simply the result of those desirous of the moving of the Holy Spirit who have reached back into the past and reintroduced past aspects of renewal, which unfortunately were man centered and resulted later in much havoc among Christians. I will seek to elucidate these facts by an examination of the history and practice of the (New) Latter Rain, which still haunts Saskatchewan, Canada where tragedies still exist, and the Shepherding movement out of Florida, which after a few years was denounced even by the leaders and finally totally disbanded. Then, finally the Prosperity Movement, which rose and fell as an unacceptable, illegitimate deduction of so called truth of the canon. One hopes and prays that the tragedies in lives will not live to haunt the church if Jesus tarries. We do not want the "heroes of spiritual struggles" to become the despots and dictators of the Pentecostal churches in the Third World.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Church History)