Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1601 Anthropology'

My participatory photography and video project with a First Nations teen drop in center in Northern British Columbia has revealed the benefits of viewing cameras as toys through which community-based research projects can actively engage the world rather than as tools for authoritative observers. The interactive play between the instant feed back of digital cameras placed in youths’ hands creates relationships that allow for the exploration of delicate subjects and intimate moments captured on video. The display of meanings constructed through visual images reveal powerful possibilities for visual research methodologies used in collaborative research.

This thesis is concerned with how the Bunun, an Austronesian speaking indigenous people of Taiwan, deal with changing historical conditions brought about mainly, but not solely, by colonialism. I explore how the Bunun engage and negotiate with the state, the Han-Chinese and Christianity; how a colonised people like the Bunun sustain an active role in their relationships with powerful others; and how they 'cope' with - read, endure, work through, break apart and transcend - the predicaments of marginality. I do not approach these questions by reconstructing a bounded Bunun tradition, and see how this tradition is influenced and transformed by the impact of external forces. Instead, I examine the subtle and complex ways in which the past, the state, and the Bunun culture itself are constructed in the present. I also criticize the romanticized notion of resistance which has dominated the studies of marginality, and the implicit assumption that we can only find the agency of the colonized under the rubric of resistance. Rather, I explore the various possible ways in which the Bunun can create 'agentive moments', a shift in the sense of oneself being acted upon by the world to a subject acting upon the world, for themselves. In attempting to understand how the Bunun can play an active role in making and transforming the world in which they live, I do not forget that their effort may fail and at times they experience themselves as powerless, displaced and lost. To exclude or erase such experiences is to adopt an anodyne view of history which denies the violent and destructive aspects of colonialism. The studies of death and the decline of spirit mediumship demonstrate vividly how the Bunun cope with the loss of life and power, and how such experiences contribute to the ways in which they understand and comment on their own existence at a particular historical moment. By taking into serious account the sense of powerlessness, loss, and displacement, I aim to convey the affective qualities of the Bunun's living experience which give the sense of a period, that is, what Raymond Williams (1977) calls 'structures of feeling'. I suggest that 'structures of feeling' are powerful expressions and evocations of how the Bunun experience the history of their colonisation, which give shape to local historical consciousness.

Cette étude cherche à mettre en lumière un moment décisif dans l’élaboration du genre picaresque espagnol, à travers l’écriture du corps malade et la réflexion anthropologique sur le modèle masculin du gueux colérique. Notre corpus se compose de cinq textes : les deux parties de Guzmán de Alfarache de Mateo Alemán, la suite apocryphe de Mateo Luján de Sayavedra, El Guitón Onofre de Gregorio González et El Buscón de Francisco de Quevedo. Il s’agira de montrer la nouveauté du regard alémanien sur le corps : le gueux de l’autobiographie fictive évoque de nombreuses pathologies spécifiques dans une double dimension descriptive et introspective, littérale et morale. L’écriture médicale fait des émules et les auteurs suivants, quoiqu’ils s’inscrivent en rupture avec la dimension morale de la démonstration alémanienne, s’évertuent à reproduire l’imaginaire médical construit autour de l’anthropologie masculine du colérique. La cohérence de ce système fondé sur la pensée humorale et la notion de microcosme, s’organise autour d’une représentation plus complexe de l’homme dans l’univers : par son tempérament, l’homme subit physiologiquement et psychologiquement des influences astrales et cosmiques. Francisco de Quevedo qui annule toute dimension psychologique dans son récit, remet en question le fondement de l’écriture nosologique à laquelle il adhère par ailleurs. Nous avançons l’idée que l’adhésion à l’imaginaire médical alémanien est paradoxalement le moyen par lequel les auteurs de récits picaresques de première génération font imploser le modèle de l’écriture morale de leur prédécesseur, condamnant le reste de la production à évoluer vers une littérature de divertissement
The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on a decisive moment in the development of the Spanish picaresque genre, through the writing about the sick body and anthropological reflection on the masculine model of the angry picaro. Our corpus consists of five texts: the two parts of Guzmán Alfarache by Mateo Alemán, the apocryphal second part by Mateo Luján de Sayavedra, El Guitón Onofre by Gregorio González and El Buscón by Francisco de Quevedo. It demonstrates the new approach of the body proposed by Mateo Alemán: the picaro of the fictional autobiography mentiones many specific diseases in a descriptive and introspective, literal and moral, double dimension. The medical writing is emulated and although the following authors depart from the moral dimension of Mateo Alemán’s demonstration, they strive to reproduce the medical imaginary built around the male anthropology of the angry. The coherence of this system based on the humoralthought and the concept of microcosm, is organized around a more complex representation of man in the universe: by his temperament, the man undergoes physiologically and psychologically astral and cosmic influences. Francisco de Quevedo, negating any psychological dimension in his narrative, calls into question the basis of nosological writing to which he adheres elsewhere. We put forward the idea that joining the medical imaginary proposed by Mateo Alemán is paradoxically the means by which the authors of picaresque first generation narratives are imploding the model of moral writing of their predecessor, condemning the rest of the production to evolve into entertainment literature

In Deutschland hat ein kleiner Anteil der deutschtürkischen UnternehmerInnen in letzter Zeit vielerlei wirtschaftliche Kontakte zu verschiedenen Ländern hergestellt und weltweit transnationale Firmen gegründet. Die vorliegende qualitative Studie zeigt, dass es nicht im Wesentlichen ethnische Netzwerke waren, auf die sie dabei gebaut haben, sondern dass sie aufgrund ihrer eigenen Voraussetzungen (hoher Bildungsstand, Fachwissen, Erfahrung, Unternehmergeist) in der Lage sind, die Möglichkeiten zu nutzen, die sich aus dem globalen Wandel ergeben. Im Gegensatz zu transnationalen Aktivitäten, die frühere Studien für die Amerikas dokumentieren, sind deutschtürkische transnationale UnternehmerInnen vielseitiger und globaler. Zum einen handeln Sie mit Textilien, Elektronik, Technologie, Unterhaltung, Tourismus und Lebensmitteln. Zum anderen unterhalten sie Geschäftsbeziehungen zu KundInnen aus der ganzen Welt, aus Asien, Afrika, Europa, Australien und den Amerikas. Grundsätzlich kann man sagen, dass deutschtürkische transnationale UntermehmerInnen vielseitige Verbindungen in den verschiedensten Länder der Welt pflegen und dass ihr unternehmerischer Erfolg nicht maßgeblich von Verbindungen zur Türkei abhängt.
In Germany, a minority of Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs recently have developed multiple economic linkages with different countries, and set up transnational firms across the globe. This qualitative research finds that they have not relied heavily on the ethnic networks but draw on sufficient human capital to exploit resources and opportunities arising from the globalising changes. Compared to the transnational activities in previous studies conducted in the Americas, the Turkish transnational entrepreneurs are more diverse and global. First, their ventures include textiles, electronics, technology, entertainment, tourism and food production. Second, their clientele is worldwide covering Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia and the Americas. In essence, the Turkish transnational entrepreneurs have developed multiple ties that span different countries all over the world, and their economic success is not largely dependent on ties with their home country.

Diese Dissertation untersucht die Rolle der Massenmedien am Anfang der politischen Transformationsprozesse in den vormals realsozialistischen Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas am Fallbeispiel der DDR und Ungarn in vergleichender Perspektive. Obwohl existierende Forschungsstudien von einem Zusammenhang zwischen Medien und Demokratisierung ausgehen, fehlten bislang empirisch überzeugende Nachweise über die Rolle der Medien auf die Demokratisierungsprozesse in der Region. Somit wurde ein zentraler – jedoch bislang weitgehend vernachlässigter – Aspekt der Transformationsforschung von dieser Arbeit aufgegriffen. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Rolle der Printmedien in der Region, und geht insbesondere der Frage nach, ob die Medien eher als „Katalysator“ der Demokratisierungsprozesse oder doch als „Mitläufer“ zu betrachten sind. Anhand einer vergleichenden Inhaltsanalyse von jeweils zwei offiziellen Tageszeitungen in beiden Ländern zwischen 1989 und 1990, wird in der Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Medien eine aktive und positive Rolle während den unmittelbaren Transformationsprozessen hatten, also als „Katalysatoren“ zu betrachten sind. Die Arbeit kommt zum Ergebnis, dass die Medien die jeweiligen Transformationen zwar selber nicht einzuleiten vermochten, sie jedoch die Ereignisse und die Dynamik, unmittelbar als die jeweilige „Wende“ eingeleitet wurde, verstärkten.
This thesis examines the role played by the mass media at the beginning of the political transformation of the former socialist states of central and eastern Europe, through a direct comparison of the GDR and Hungary. Although existing studies have suggested a casual relationship between the media and democratization, a lack of empirical evidence on the role of the media in democratization processes in the region still existed. Here, a central - but up to now largely neglected - aspect of the research on democratic transformation processes is thus analysed. The thesis attempts to answer the question of whether the media led or followed the democratization processes that were underway in the region by concentrating on print media. Through a comparative content analysis of two official newspapers in each country of analysis between 1989 to1990, it is suggested that the media assumed an active and positive role during the immediate transformation processes. Although the media were not able to initiate the respective transformations, they did act as a catalyst on the unfolding events as soon as the beginning of the demise of the socialist state systems were initiated.

La première partie de ce travail a traité de l'étude des caries dentaires en général et médiévales en particulier. Nous avons étudié d'une part, la prévalence et la distribution carieuse sur des restes d'individus masculins et féminins adultes, et d'autre part, l'environnement carieux des pertes dentaires antemortem. Nous avons comparé notre échantillon de 272 individus avec deux échantillons plus petits (58 et 54 individus), issus de précédents travaux: Notre échantillon de 272 individus a montré une prévalence carieuse de 14. 5%, sans différence significative entre les hommes et les femmes. En revanche, dans l'échantillon de 58 individus, la fréquence carieuse était de 17. 2%, et la prévalence carieuse était significativement supérieure chez les hommes. Notre étude a également montré de manière significative que les dents bordant directement l'édentement antemortem des dents étaient atteintes par les caries, aussi bien dans notre échantillon (272 individus) que dans l'échantillon plus petit (54 individus). La deuxième partie est une synthèse sur l'usure dentaire en général et au moyen-âge en particulier, en relation avec l'alimentation. L'analyse de la littérature montre que cette usure était rapide, intense, généralisée et vraisemblablement liée à l'alimentation, avec une consommation importante de pain et d'aliments abrasifs d'origine végétale. En conclusion, ce travail sur les caries et l'usure a fourni des données exploitables pour la paléoanthropologie et la paléopathologie dentaires médiévales. Ces données pourront être comparées à celles d'autres populations médiévales françaises et européennes, permettant de mieux comprendre l'influence des conditions de vie et de l'alimentation sur l'état bucco-dentaire des populations au Moyen-âge
The aims of this research were to evaluate the carious lesions and tooth wear in a sample of a medieval rural population from Vilarnau d'Amont (Eastern Pyrenees) The first part of the work considers caries in general and during the medieval period in particular. We first studied the prevalence and distribution of caries in male and female skeletons and also the carious environment of antemortem tooth loss. We compared a sample of 272 individuals with smaller samples (58 and 54 individuals) selected from previous works. Our sample of 272 individuals showed a caries prevalence of 14. 5%, without significant difference between males and females. On the other hand, in the sample of 58 individuals, the frequency of caries was 17. 2% and was significantly higher in males. Our study also reflects the fact that teeth directly next to the teeth lost antemortem were significantly carious, in both the large (272 individuals) and small (54 individuals) samples. The second part is a synthesis about tooth wear in general, and especially in the medieval period, in relation with diet. Litterature analysis showed that tooth wear was intense, fast and generalized. Wear was probably linked to diet, in which large quantities of bread and abrasive food of plant origin were consumed. In conclusion, this work about caries and tooth wear gives interesting data that can be exploited for medieval dental paleopathology and paleoanthropology. These data can be compared to those of other French and European medieval populations, allowing us a better comprehension of the influence of lifestyle and diet on the dental health of populations from the past

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The present work was constructed in the line of Written Culture Research: languages and learning, in the Post-graduation Program in Education from the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, inside the Group of Studies and Research about Imaginary, Education and Memory (GEPIEM). It has as its main objective to look into the symbolic value ascribed to the reading in the trajectory (as readers) of the participant subjects of this study; that is, the principal focus of this research is directed to the symbolic nuclei that come up when in (auto)biographical processes each person narrates himself (or herself). The study which was carried out for this thesis is supported by a triple theoretical referential: Educational (Auto)Biography as a Formation Trajectory related to Reading, Imaginary Anthropology and Reading Anthropology. The methodological anchorage, of a qualitative social-phenomenological character, is linked, especially, to the methodology of convergences, proposed by Gilbert Durand, tied to the Anthropology of the Imaginary. The thesis that emerges is that the reading, inserted in the quotidian, may act as a bio-psycho-social balancer, helping in the formation of the subject and in the internalization of values during the life path, reaching indirectly his individual impasses, leading to self-knowledge, to the knowledge of the other and to the knowledge of the world. Investigation was performed on eighteen (18) letters written by teachers readers that live and work in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul (Pelotas and neighbor counties: Rio Grande, Canguçu e São Lourenço do Sul). The symbolic nuclei perceived in the narratives were grouped (by symbolic affinities) in three mythemes: Adventure Discovery Construction, Tool, Refuge Cure Support. Such symbolic nuclei, joined in mythemes, show different polarizations referring to Regimes (Daily and Nightly) studied by the obliquity of the Anthropology of the Imaginary. The results of the research show that each person attributes a symbolic value to the reading and this varies from individual to individual. Reading is for pleasure and for necessity. Avid‟ readers find ways to reach their reading objects, independently of their life conditions. It was also found out that the process of writing an (a) (auto)biography unleashes (both in the one who writes as in the one who reads) a process of contemplation of life. Under the perspective of looking into the reading phenomenon, entwining different theoretical perspectives, but convergent at the same time, this process is an important experience of formation, which shows that the reading, as a technology of Imaginary, really constitutes an important bio-psycho-social balancer.
O presente trabalho construiu-se na linha de Pesquisa Cultura Escrita: linguagens e aprendizagem, no Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no interior do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Imaginário, Educação e Memória (GEPIEM). Tem como objetivo principal investigar qual é o valor simbólico atribuído à leitura nos trajetos (como leitores) dos sujeitos participantes deste estudo; ou seja, o foco principal desta pesquisa é dirigido aos núcleos simbólicos que afloram quando em processos (auto)biográficos cada pessoa se narra. O estudo efetuado para esta tese sustenta-se em um tríplice referencial teórico: (Auto)Biografia Educativa como Trajeto de Formação relacionado à Leitura, Antropologia do Imaginário e Antropologia da Leitura. O aporte metodológico, de caráter qualitativo sócio-fenomenológico, vinculou-se, em especial, à metodologia de convergências proposta por Gilbert Durand, ligada à Antropologia do Imaginário. A tese que emerge é a de que a leitura, inserida no cotidiano, pode atuar como um equilibrador biopsicossocial, auxiliando na formação do sujeito e na internalização de valores no decurso do trajeto de vida, abrangendo, de modo indireto, seus impasses individuais, conduzindo ao autoconhecimento, ao conhecimento do outro e ao conhecimento do mundo. A investigação foi realizada a partir de dezoito (18) cartas escritas por leitores professores que vivem e trabalham na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul (Pelotas e municípios vizinhos: Rio Grande, Canguçu e São Lourenço do Sul). Os núcleos simbólicos percebidos nas narrativas foram agrupados (por afinidades simbólicas) em três mitemas: Aventura Descoberta Construção, Ferramenta, Refúgio Cura Esteio. Tais núcleos simbólicos, reunidos em mitemas, denotam polarizações referentes aos Regimes (Diurno e Noturno) estudados pelo viés da Antropologia do Imaginário. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que cada pessoa atribui um valor simbólico à leitura e que esse varia de indivíduo para indivíduo. Lê-se por prazer e por necessidade. Os leitores ávidos‟ encontram maneiras de conseguir seus objetos de leitura, independentemente de suas condições de vida. Também foi constatado que o processo de se (auto)biografar desencadeia (tanto em quem escreve quanto em quem lê) um processo de contemplação da vida. Na perspectiva de investigar o fenômeno da leitura, entrelaçando perspectivas teóricas diferentes, mas ao mesmo tempo convergentes, esse processo é percebido como uma importante experiência de formação, o qual demonstra que a leitura, como uma tecnologia do Imaginário, de fato se constitui em um significativo equilibrador biopsicossocial.

Recent attempts at developing an environmental education agenda in public schools emphasize the need to foster greater public awareness about environmental rights, issues, and solutions, while producing citizens with the knowledge and skills needed to address the ecological challenges of contemporary society. However, some scholars have argued that the attempt to integrate environmental principles into the school curricula has created a conflict between the politically-oriented goals of environmental education and the more passive practices of uncritical assimilation and reproduction found in many schools today (Stevenson 2007). Moreover, although there is a need for public schools to take on the challenge of prioritizing environmental education, they may not be ready to do so. Ideological conflicts, structural constraints and perceptions about the urgency of the problem seem to affect the ways in which implementation of these new philosophies and practices take place. One approach that the environmental movement in Puerto Rico is utilizing to fulfill what they perceive as their responsibility to the new generations of Puerto Ricans and society at large is to partner with local elementary public schools in an effort to develop activities and knowledge relevant to local ecological issues and environmental principles. To better understand this complex articulation, I set out to conduct an ethnographic case study of Conuco, a youth-led activist group working in collaboration with four elementary schools in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. Utilizing an eco-critical approach, this study looks at the multiple-levels in which Conuco intersects as a public organization and a transformative space for its individual members. By caring for and working with elementary school children, the young people in the study learn to behave in ways that are ecologically conscious while, at the same time, fulfilling their perceived social responsibility as mentors and environmental activists. However, while these practices might improve the performance of individual teachers and the level of awareness and participation of particular groups of students, they raise questions about the ability of the school system to confront these new challenges systematically by transforming the system of instruction and improving its commitment to the environment. How effective these strategies are and what they mean for all involved-teachers, students, and activists-are the primary questions being explored in this study.

Die Meinungen über die Chancen einer Demokratisierung im Nahen und Mittleren Osten sind geteilt. Diese Arbeit versucht für Ägypten eine Einschätzung zu geben. Als bevölkerungsreichstes und eines der politisch bedeutsamsten Länder der Region könnte es eine Vorbildfunktion einnehmen. Die Dissertation untersucht an einem Fallbeispiel, den Ausschreitungen zwischen Muslimen und Christen in einem oberägyptischen Dorf 1999/ 2000, in welcher Form und in welchem Ausmaß sich staatliche Akteure, religiöse Institutionen und die Bürger zum heiklen Thema der Gefährdung der Rechte von Minderheiten im öffentlichen Diskurs zu Wort melden und dabei das Kriterium des Pluralismus, im Sinne von Toleranz und Ablehnung von Gewalt, erfüllen. Pessimistische Stimmen versagen dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten insbesondere wegen der dort vorherrschenden Religion eine Reformierbarkeit der politischen Kultur und stigmatisieren den Islam als Demokratisierungshindernis. Diese Arbeit beobachtet jedoch, dass es empirisch bereits einige Merkmale gibt, die auf eine Zunahme von Pluralismus in der ägyptischen Gesellschaft hindeuten. Sie zeigt die Anzeichen für die Herausbildung einer freien Öffentlichkeit und einer Zivilgesellschaft auf, die langfristig auf die Konsolidierung von Demokratie und nicht auf deren Zerstörung hinarbeitet. Gleichzeitig ist diese Arbeit eine Art in Szene gesetztes, lebendiges „Who is who?“ der gegenwärtigen Minderheiten- und Menschenrechtsbewegung in Ägypten. 1
The current status of democratization and civil society development in Egypt through the example of the discourse on the indigenous Christian minority of the Copts. Opinions regarding the chances of democratization in the Middle East are divided. The thesis attempts to give an evaluation in the case of Egypt. As the most populous and one of the politically most influencing countries of that region Egypt could take the function of a role model. The dissertation investigates, on the basis of a case study – the clashes between Muslims and Christians in an Upper Egyptian village in 1999/ 2000 - in what form and to what extent state actors, religious institutions and citizens take a stand in public discourse on the sensitive issue of endangering the rights of minorities and thereby meet the criteria of pluralism in the sense of tolerance and rejection of violence. Pessimistic voices deny the Middle East a reformability of its political culture particularly with regard to the predominating religion there and stigmatize Islam as an obstacle to democratization. This study however, shows empirically that there are already some indications that point towards an increase of pluralism in Egyptian society and towards the development of a free public sphere and a civil society that in the long term can lead to the consolidation of democracy and not to its destruction. At the same time this study is a kind of status report and “Who’s who?” of the current minority – and human rights movement in Egypt.

Kumano, situé dans le sud de la péninsule de Kii, est un lieu sacré du Japon qui apparaît au VIIIe siècle dans les recueils de mythes du Kojiki et Hihnon-shoki. Lors du passage du premier empereur mythique, Jinmu, cette région est décrite comme un lieu sauvage, peuplée de divinités mauvaises, d'où l'on peut rejoindre l'autre monde. En outre, Izanami y aurait été enterrée. A partir de l'époque de Nara, Kumano est connu comme un centre de pratiques ascétiques où se rendent de nombreux moines et religieux proches du shugen. Parallèlement au rapprochement des trois sanctuaires, Hongû, Shingû et Nachi, les divinités célébrées se lient aux bouddhas et un important panthéon de nature syncrétique, résumé par le dieu Kumano-sansho-gongen (ou Kumano-jûnisho-gongen^) voit le jour. A compter de 1090 - jusqu'aux troubles de Jôkyû en 1221 qui marquent la fin du système politique des Empereurs Retirés (insei-ki) - ces trois sanctuaires deviennent le principal lieu de pèlerinages lointains de la cour et surtout des empereurs après avoir abdiqué. Pour comprendre, à travers le temps, la place de Kumano dans la société japonaise, et ses liens avec la maison impériale, une double problématique sert de fil conducteur : 1)l'analyse de la fonction symbolique de cette région dans les mythes confrontée aux données de l'histoire jusqu'au VIIIe siècle, 2) la présentation de l'histoire de Kumano à partir du IXe siècle, notamment la naissance des trois sanctuaires, la formation des différentes routes de pèlerinage qui y mènent, la description des formes pèlerines pratiquées par les moines. Sur la base de des conclusions, le regard se porte sur les représentations du geste pèlerin de ces moines, à travers le témoignage de Zôki dans l'Iwonushi, suivi d'une analyse du Kumano-gongen-gosuijaku-engi (Xe siècle env. ) et du Shozan-engi (début Kamakura) dans lesquels la logique religieuse de ces pratiques et leur place dans la société ancienne ressortent clairement.

The Lake Atitlan Basin of highland Guatemala boasted fertile soils and was rich in natural resources, making it an attractive area for permanent settlement. However, the region lacked a number of important items, such as salt, cotton, and obsidian, all of which had to be obtained through trade. Good agricultural land was also scarce in certain parts of the lake and the steep hillslopes were easily eroded, making it necessary for communities to maintain access to emergency supplies of corn. Lake Atitlan’s communities were therefore highly dependent on exchanges with neighboring groups who occupied contrasting ecological zones, especially those in the Pacific Coast. However, the Pacific piedmont was a corridor of interregional trade and a source of valuable goods such as cacao; factors which made it a focus of political contestation and instability. Additionally, the lower coast appears to have been vulnerable to episodes of drought, prompting periodic migrations to higher altitudes. All of these factors must have made it challenging for the communities of Lake Atitlan to maintain access to the resources they needed, and therefore to sustain their way of life. And while there is currently no evidence to suggest a collapse or abandonment of the lake, the majority of the existing data comes from a small number of sites concentrated near the southern shore and the lack of rural settlement data makes it impossible to assess the impact that broad scale political, economic, and environmental changes had on the general population of the lake and their internal organization. The Lake Atitlan Archaeological Project (PALA) set out to rectify this situation by generating systematic settlement and ceramic data for an important sub-region of the lake, namely the southwestern shore. The current dissertation combines the data generated by this project with data from previous investigations, to provide a more comprehensive synthesis of the cultural-historic development of the lake and to place this development in its broader Mesoamerican context. Drawing on resilience and world systems concepts, the two main questions that I set out to answer in this dissertation are: How did Lake Atitlan’s socio-cultural systems adapt to broad scale fluctuations in the Mesoamerican world system, and, did these adaptations succeed in producing a more resilient society?

The Sardinian Bronze Age (Nuragic period) and the factors which created and maintained an island-wide identity as seen through the presence of its distinctive nuraghi have received considerable attention; however the amount of research directly related to the stone tools of the era has been relatively limited despite the wealth of knowledge it is capable of yielding. This thesis hopes to contribute to Sardinian archaeology through the study of ancient technology, specifically obsidian lithic technology, by combining typological information with source data gleaned from the use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). These data are integrated with statistical analyses breaking down the spatial distribution of nuraghi across the island through the use of distance-based methods, including k-means and kernel density analyses, which create a more comprehensive understanding of the island-wide political and social structure. This research will test the hypothesis that changes in the acquisition of obsidian raw materials were coupled with corresponding changes in how the obsidian was used. The results provide precedence for future work in Sardinia and create a model for integrating two types of analyses, sourcing and typological. By combining these results, it is possible to investigate how obsidian influenced the ancient economy as well as assess its cultural significance for people of the past.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Anthropology Fisheries is a social science research subfield born in a context has put in question the guidelines of their own Social Anthropology, acquiring the discipline status or scientific research field only from the 1980s. Discipline built elements epistemological that allow us to uderstand the existing social relations among fishermen, putting into play important data for analysis and knowledge of the peculiarities of life of these social groups whose way of life is related to the fishing resources. Artisanal fishing in the mucipality of Penalva, in Maranhão Lowlands, presents itself as one of the main economic activities and livelihoods of families who depend on fishing activity to stay. This thesis aims to make a study on the daily life and practice of fishing activity carried out by a group of penalvenses fisherfolk, analyzing how these socially organized in practical and symbolic terms. Thus, from the report and the fishermen's social memory, I try to analyze how is constructed and reconstructed the way of life of this group. The Work in Fishing gives fisherfolk Penalva construction, over the years, knowledge which are inherent to the craft, which are acquired and passed on orally from one generation to another, offering subsidies to interact fishermen with the environment in which they live in the development to the fishing activity. Fishing favors the relationship established between the various actors involved in the production of fish, allowing a set of actions that are resignified by the group in a sociability marked by the marketing of fish.
A Antropologia da Pesca é um subcampo de investigação das ciências sociais que nasceu em um contexto que colocou em questão as orientações da própria Antropologia Social, adquirindo o status de disciplina ou campo de investigação científica somente a partir da década de 1980. A disciplina construiu elementos epistemológicos que permitem entender as relações sociais existentes entre os pescadores, colocando em cena importantes dados para análise e conhecimento das particularidades da vida desses grupos sociais, cujo modo de vida está relacionado com os recursos pesqueiros. A pesca artesanal no município de Penalva, na Baixada Maranhense, apresenta-se como uma das principais atividades econômica e de sustento das famílias que dependem da atividade pesqueira para se manter. Esta Tese visa fazer um estudo sobre o cotidiano e prática da atividade da pesca desenvolvida por um grupo de pescadores e pescadoras artesanais penalvenses, analisando como estes se organizam socialmente em termos práticos e simbólicos. Dessa forma, a partir do relato e da memória social dos pescadores, busco analisar como é construído e reconstruído o modo de vida deste grupo. O trabalho na pesca confere aos pescadores e pescadoras artesanais de Penalva a construção, ao longo dos anos, de conhecimentos que são inerentes ao ofício, os quais são adquiridos e repassados oralmente de uma geração à outra, oferecendo subsídios para os pescadores interagirem com o meio em que vivem no desenvolvimento da atividade da pesca. A pesca favorece as relações que se estabelecem entre os diversos agentes envolvidos na produção do pescado, viabilizando um conjunto de ações que são ressignificadas pelo grupo em uma sociabilidade marcada pela comercialização do pescado.

Cette thèse cherche à mettre en lumière un moment de la pensée anthropologique et littéraire de l'Espagne renaissante. Il s'agira d'établir comment, au sein de la tradition chrétienne d'inspiration augustinienne, qui conçoit l'homme comme un composé d'un corps et d'une âme aux natures antagoniques, et ne voit dans les passions qu'un danger pour la raison et l'humanité, s'effectue un renversement de perspective radical. Ainsi, après la belle réponse poétique qu'Ausiàs March apporte au déchirement ontologique de l'homme, Vivès s'attache, par une réhabilitation des passions et de leur valeur, à penser une coexistence harmonieuse des deux natures de l'homme. Cette revalorisation des modalités corporelles de l'existence est le point de départ de l'Examen de ingenios où Huarte conçoit un homme qui ne l'est plus que par son corps et ses passions. En même temps, et comme une conséquence directe de cette évolution, la conception de la littérature change, passant de l'exigence d'exemplarité encore présente chez un Vivès attentif néanmoins au plaisir de l'expérience littéraire, à être conçue comme un langage directement adressé aux passions, ce qui est le propre de la Philosophía antigua poética du Pinciano, et marque la naissance de notre propre conception de la littérature
The purpose of this dissertation is to shed light on a moment of literary and anthropological thought in Renaissance Spain. It establishes how a dramatic change of perspective happens within a Christian tradition inspired by Augustinian theology in which man is but the compound of a body and a soul of antagonistic natures and passions are but a danger for reason and humanity. Thus, after the beautiful poetic answer given by Ausiàs March to man's ontological rift, Vives' assignment is to reassert the value of passions, to think out a harmonic coexistence of both of man's natures. Such a vindication of the corporal aspects of existence is the starting point of the Examen de ingenios, wherein Huarte conceives a man who is such only through his body and passions. Simultaneously, and as a direct consequence of this evolution, the conception of literature changes from required exemplarity to a language which is directly directed to the passions, as typified in Pinciano's Philosophía antigua poética. This marks the birth of our own conception of literature

L’étude explore comment l’État royal français institue au cœur de son dispositif de pouvoirs des structures spécialisées dans le maniement, la projection et la réception de l’écrit politique pour éteindre les troubles des guerres de Religion, gagner des positions politiques face aux corps et aux communautés, armer stratégiquement, politiquement et théoriquement les luttes et les contacts militaires et cérémoniels à l’échelle européenne. Les acteurs de ces structures nouvelles, secrétaires d’État et secrétaires, contribuent à forger dans ce contexte de crise politique d’une exceptionnelle intensité une nouvelle gouvernementalité qui prépare et annonce l’avènement de la monarchie administrative et des pré-bureaucraties du second XVIIe siècle. Cœur de l’État, matrice du vouloir royal, les secrétaires mobilisent leurs compétences professionnelles au service du souverain. Leur position fonctionnelle dans l’État croît jusqu’à en faire la pointe avancée d’une société politique en intense recomposition. Ils forment alors une société administrative aux codes, usages et pratiques parentes à ceux de leurs homologues européens, espagnols et anglais, au gré de la progressive internationalisation des guerres de Religion. Le concept heuristique de république européenne des bureaux pose à nouveaux frais les problèmes des circulations transnationales des savoirs administratifs et des transferts de modèles de gouvernement. L’attention redoublée à la matérialité du travail des bureaux à l’échelle européenne confère à l’étude la dimension d’histoire culturelle de l’État, ouverte et potentielle, centrée sur les jeux d’acteurs, d’échelles, la résolution des conflits, la collaboration et les liens au sein des réseaux d’information
This study explores how the French Royal State establishes at the heart of its apparatus of power structures specialized in the manipulation, projection, and reception of political writing. These structures are intended to end the troubles of the Wars of Religion, to win political positions against corps and communities, and to strategically, politically, and theoretically arm both battles as well as military and ceremonial contacts across Europe. The actors in these new structures are secretaries of State and secretaries. From this exceptionally intense political crisis, they help bring about a new governmentality that prepares and announces the coming of the administrative monarchy and the pre-bureaucracies of the second part of the 17th Century. As the heart of the state and the conduit of royal desire, secretaries mobilize their professional skills in the service of the sovereign. Their functional position in the state grows into the cutting edge of a political society undergoing intense restructuring. They thus form an administrative society with codes, uses, and practices closely related to their Spanish and English European counterparts, following the increasing internationalism of the Wars of Religion. The heuristic concept of the European “Republic of bureaus” once more asks questions regarding the transnational circulation of administrative knowledge and the transfers of government models. The increased attention to the materiality of the work of government bureaus on the European scale gives this study the dimension of a cultural history of the State, centered on the games of actors and scales, the resolution of conflicts, and the collaboration and connections at the heart of networks of information

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese trata da circulação de pessoas, objetos e saberes entre a América Portuguesa e os Países Baixos durante o século XVII. O problema que se procura entender é o processo de formação de um conjunto de conhecimento sobre o Novo Mundo na Holanda seiscentista. Iniciado já no século XVI, quando mercadores flamengos e holandeses faziam comércio nas costas da América Portuguesa, este processo ganhou enorme impulso a partir do estabelecimento da colônia holandesa no nordeste do Brasil em 1630. Para entender como os encontros coloniais e as trocas de objetos naquele período geraram um conjunto de saberes coloniais, tomamos como objeto de estudo a coleção de curiosidades do conde Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604-1679), que foi governador do Brasil holandês entre 1637 e 1644. Neste período, Nassau montou uma coleção particular que incluía espécies naturais, artefatos e representações visuais da natureza, paisagem e dos habitantes da colônia. Buscou-se, desta forma, identificar quais objetos faziam parte da coleção, descobrir como Nassau os adquiriu e, mais importante, entender qual sentido e quais usos ele dava a ela. As fontes utilizadas foram os próprios objetos que fizeram parte da coleção nassoviana e que hoje ainda existem e estão dispersos por museus e bibliotecas européias, bem como livros publicados na Holanda sobre o Novo Mundo; diários e relatos de pessoas que estiveram no Brasil a serviço de Nassau ou da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais; correspondência e relatos de membros da corte holandesa. As conclusões desta tese dizem respeito à maneira como o conde de Nassau construiu sua carreira política na Europa depois e a partir de sua experiência no Brasil, assim como à natureza dinâmica da construção dos saberes coloniais, compostos por camadas de experiências dos mais diversos sujeitos.
Abstract: The theme of this dissertation is the circulation of people, objects and knowledge between Portuguese America and The Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Its aim is to understand how knowledge about the New World was assembled in seventeenth century Holland. This process of assembling colonial knowledge had already begun in the sixteenth century, when Flemish and Dutch merchants traded sugar and other goods in South American coasts. It gained momentum, however, after the establishment of a Dutch colony in the northeastern coast of Brazil in 1630. In order to understand how the colonial encounters and the exchange of objects helped to create and shape Dutch knowledge about the New World, this dissertation presents an analysis of the collection of curiosities owned by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604-1679), who was governor-general to the Dutch colony in Brazil between 1637 and 1644. In that period, Nassau assembled a private collection that included natural species, artifacts, and visual representations of the colony's natural world, landscape, and inhabitants. Therefore, in this dissertation we attempted to identify, as far as possible, which objects composed the collection, how Nassau acquired them and, more importantly, the meanings and usages ascribed to the count's collection. This research relied on the remaining objects that comprised Nassau's collection, which are today scattered in European museums and libraries. Likewise, books about the New World published in Holland; journals and reports written by people who were in Brazil in the service of Nassau or of the Dutch West India Company; and correspondence and narratives by members of the Dutch court were used as sources. The conclusions presented in this dissertation refer to the way through which Nassau conducted his political carrier in Europe after and because of his experience in Brazil, as well as to the dynamic nature of the construction of colonial knowledge, composed of layers of experiences.
Doutorado
Antropologia
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Creatine is nitrogen-containing organic acid which naturally occurs in the human body. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal dose of creatine in combination with vitamin C and magnesium for male respondents aged 18-26 years. They were divided into two groups differing in the creatine dosage. Group 1 took smaller dose of creatine (3 g per day) and group 2 higher dose of creatine (10 g per day). Both groups took both magnesium and vitamin C at constant doses throughout the study. The effects of significantly different dose of creatine in the individual groups were compared with each other in terms of the performance of individuals in the powerlifting, the anthropological changes and the overal metabolism of the intakes. In all disciplines of powerlifting, group 1 recorded higher average weight gains, which were not found to be statistically significant at a significance level of alpha 0,05. Anthropological changes were measured using the InBody 160 and a diagnostic measuring tape. In both cases, group 1 recorded better results than group 2, but these results were not statistically significant at a significance level of alpha 0,05. The total metabolism of the accepted dietary supplements was investigated through analytical methods. The urine of each respondent was regularly collected and subsequently analyzed during the research. Determination of creatinine, a creatine waste product, was performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry using the Jaffe reaction. Vitamin C was analyzed by RP-HPLC. Magnesium was determined by the ICP-OES method. After creatine suplemantion of 3 per day, group 1 showed a slight increase in creatinine in the urine, but still in the physiological range. At the significance level alpha 0,05 there was no statistically significant difference. Group 2 showed an increase above the physiological limit which was already a statistically significant difference. Overall, creatine supplementation of 3 g per day has been found as a sufficient intake of creatine needed to build up muscle mass, increase energy metabolism and overall physical performance. The metabolization itself works very well and within the physiological values.

Vergleichsweise wenige Texte in den Printmedien beschäftigen sich mit Allergie als Gegenstand öffentlichen Interesses. Deshalb untersucht die Dissertation die Darstellung von Allergien in Lifestyle-Magazinen im englisch- und amerikanischsprachigen Raum. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Verbreitung von medizinischem Wissen durch die Medien. Sie zeigt, ob und wie die Medien zu Aufklärung und Information über Krankheiten, deren Relevanz, Diagnostik und Therapie, beitragen. Sie geht dabei besonders auf den Bedeutungsbereich von Wörtern ein, die als Metaphern benutzt werden. Das Fundament der Überlegungen bildet der Essay „Illness as Metaphor“ von Susan Sontag, in dem sie die Darstellung von Krankheiten und die Benutzung von Stereotypen abhandelt und Fragen, die im Zusammenhang mit Krankheit als sozialer und kultureller Angelegenheit stehen, aufwirft. Um den populärwissenschaftlichen Diskurs der analysierten Artikel in dieser Arbeit zu verstehen, wurde die von Jürgen Link entwickelte Diskursanalyse herangezogen, die sich eng an die Diskurstheorie Foucaults anlehnt. Die semiotischen Deutungsansätze werden mit Hilfe der Untersuchungen von Roland Barthes erklärt. Ziel der Arbeit ist es zu zeigen, wie die verschiedenen Diskurse ineinander greifen, welcher Mechanismus sich dahinter verbirgt und wo Ansatzpunkte für eine sachgerechte publizistische Behandlung des Themas liegen. Der Nutzen von Metaphern in der Beschreibung von Krankheiten liegt darin, dass sie kollektive Gefühlslagen ansprechen und den Denkraum des Möglichen erweitern. Dieser Aspekt ist besonders wichtig, da das Wort Allergie zu einer praktischen und populären Metapher für eine Reihe persönlicher, beruflicher oder politischer Antipathien geworden ist. Obwohl allergische Erkrankungen in der modernen Welt immer häufiger auftreten, räumen ihnen die Medien noch nicht den Platz ein, den sie -- auch ausgehend von der volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Erkrankungen -- dringend haben müssten.
Only a few print media focus on allergies as a matter of public interest. For this reason the dissertation analyzes the presentation of allergies in English and American lifestyle magazines. This thesis examines the propagation of medical knowledge via the media. It shows if and how the media contribute to health education and information about illness, its relevance, diagnostic investigation as well as therapy. The main focus is on those words which are used as metaphors. They represent an important subject of Susan Sontag''s essay „Illness as Metaphor“ which demonstrates the presentation of illness, the use of stereotypes and thus raises issues about illness being a social and cultural matter of interest. To understand the popular scientific discourse of this dissertation Jürgen Links'' discourse analysis is being used which follows closely Foucault''s theory. The semiotic interpretation is supported by the theories developped by Roland Barthes. This dissertation aims to show how the different discourses intertwine, to bring to fore the underlying mechanisms as well as an appropiate journalistic approach. The benefit of using metaphors when describing illness is that the collective state of mind is addressed and thus the range of thinking will be broadened. This aspect is especially important because the word allergy became a convenient and popular metaphor for a number of personal, professional or political aversions. Although allergies are dramatically on the raise in the modern world, their significance is not recognized yet by the media in their complexity as it should be the case, especially against the backdrop of the economic relevance of that illness

Par le biais d’une analyse du discours des personnages excentriques que nous retrouvons dans deux comédies et dans un roman comique français des décennies 1630-1640, Les Visionnaires (1637) de Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, Le Menteur (1643) de Pierre Corneille et Polyandre (1648) de Charles Sorel, nous nous intéressons aux liens qu’entretiennent illusion et folie au milieu du XVIIe siècle. Nous examinons plus précisément les procédés discursifs et rhétoriques caractéristiques du discours des personnages de fous comiques de cette période, afin de dégager des tendances révélatrices de la pensée d’une période de transition marquée par les questions de l’illusion et des apparences, mais aussi par celles de la raison, de la vraisemblance et de la juste mesure. Nous adoptons ainsi, en parallèle, une approche anthropologique de la littérature nous permettant d’envisager la parole de l’extravagant à partir des rapports étroits qui liaient les différents savoirs à cette époque.

Almost 20 years ago, Vietnam introduced doi mai ('renovation') reforms that opened the economy and the society to new possibilities. Among the new possibilities were increasing opportunities for young, unmarried women in the urban labour market, opportunities which drove a 'third wave' of mass urban migration in the 1990s. Ho Chi Minh City has long been the most desired destination for migrants in Vietnam. Opportunities for professional work, further education, and leisure lifestyling lure young migrants, particularly those with education, to post-doi mai Ho Chi Minh City, where, so long as they remain single, they are able to realize aspirations for betterment that affect not only their own lives, but those of their families and communities. The thesis, firstly, aims to clarify what it means to be middle-class in post-doi mai urban Vietnam; and secondly, aims to consider the possibilities of postsocialism in Vietnam, especially in urban social life.

En 2015, il y aurait au Québec plus de 5 000 médecins diplômés à l’étranger, dont près de 2 500 travaillent comme médecins et possiblement autant qui ont emprunté d’autres voies professionnelles, momentanément ou durablement. Les migrants très qualifiés sont réputés faire face à de multiples barrières sur le marché du travail, particulièrement ceux membres de professions réglementées. Le cas des médecins est exemplaire compte tenu de sa complexité et de la multiplicité des acteurs impliqués au cours du processus de reconnaissance professionnelle. Ayant comme principal objectif de documenter les trajectoires d’intégration professionnelle de diplômés internationaux en médecine (DIM) et leurs expériences sur le marché du travail québécois, cette thèse s’attache à comprendre ce qui pourrait distinguer les trajectoires d’intégration en emploi pour un même groupe professionnel. En observant notamment les stratégies d’intégration et les ressources mobilisées, nous cherchons à mieux saisir les parcours des DIM qui se requalifient et qui exercent au Québec et ceux qui se réorientent vers d’autres secteurs d’activités. La démarche méthodologique est qualitative (terrain 2009 à 2012), le cœur des analyses étant basé sur 31 récits de vie professionnelle de DIM ayant migré au Québec principalement dans les années 2000. Les données secondaires incluent 22 entretiens non dirigés auprès d’acteurs clés de milieux institutionnels, communautaires ou associatifs ainsi qu’auprès de DIM très récemment immigrés ou ayant le projet d’immigrer. S’y ajoute l’observation ethnographique ponctuelle, telle que des activités associatives. La forme retenue pour cette thèse en est une par articles. Le fil directeur est l’exploration de l’interface entre les politiques, les pratiques et les individus au cœur des trajectoires d’intégration professionnelle. Les trois articles (chapitres 4 à 6) visent des focales complémentaires avec le même objectif : l’exploration de la complexité des trajectoires d’intégration professionnelle et la dialectique entre les niveaux micro, méso et macrosociaux. Ces derniers renvoient respectivement à la puissance d’agir des individus et leurs contraintes d’action, les relations sociales, les institutions et les pratiques organisationnelles et plus largement les structures sociopolitiques. Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en lumière des aspects complémentaires de l’intégration professionnelle et en interaction dynamique : 1) dimension macrosociale et politique; 2) dimensions institutionnelles et relations sociales; 3) identité professionnelle. Suite à l’introduction, la problématique (chap. 1) et la méthodologie (chap.2), le chapitre 3 expose les types des trajectoires d’intégration des DIM, leur hétérogénéité, et met en relief leurs récits de vie professionnelle. Le chapitre 4 soulève le paradoxe entre les politiques d’attraction de l’immigration déployés par les gouvernements canadien et québécois et les mécanismes de régulation opérant sur le marché du travail. Le chapitre 5 explore les stratégies et ressources mobilisées par les DIM et met en lumière l’effet positif des ressources symboliques. Les ressources institutionnelles de soutien, quoique élémentaires dans le processus de reconnaissance professionnelle, ne sont subjectivement pas considérées comme un élément central. Ce sont plutôt les ressources informelles qui jouent ce rôle d’appui significatif, en particulier les pairs DIM. Le chapitre 6 adopte une perspective microsociale et explore le caractère dynamique et relationnel de l’identité professionnelle, mais surtout, la puissance des conditions d’appartenance qui obligent à une flexibilité professionnelle et parfois au retrait de la profession ou du pays. Le chapitre 7 discute au plan théorique de l’intérêt d’une combinaison d’échelles analytiques et d’une ouverture disciplinaire afin de souligner les tensions et angles morts en ce qui concerne les mobilités de professionnels de la santé et leur intégration professionnelle. Cette thèse explore l’interrelation complexe entre les ressources économiques, sociales et symboliques, dans un contexte de fragmentation des ressources institutionnelles et de corporatisme.
Of the estimated 5000 immigrant physicians in Quebec in 2015, close to 2500 are employed as doctors while the rest work in other professions, either temporarily or permanently. Highly qualified immigrants are known to experience many barriers to employment, especially those who belong to regulated professions. This is especially true for medical doctors due to the complexity of the professional recognition process and the variety of institutional players involved. The main objective of this thesis is to document the professional integration trajectories of international medical graduates (IMG) and their experiences on the Quebec labour market. My aim is to better understand the wide variety of professional integration trajectories within this professional group. Paying close attention to the strategies and the resources mobilized by the participants IMGs, I document the situation between those who enter the medical profession and those who change careers. Using a qualitative methodology, I carried out 31 semi-structured interviews with IMGs focusing on their professional life stories pre- and post- immigration. Most of them immigrated to Quebec in the 2000s. The secondary data includes 22 non-directive interviews with different key social actors (11), as well as with IMGs (11) who had either immigrated very recently (less than two years) or were planning to. We also engaged in ethnographic observation; e.g. of associative activities. The common thread linking the three articles that comprise the thesis is the interface between policies, practices and individuals in the process of professional integration. The varying focal points of the articles have the same objective: the exploration of the complexity of professional integration trajectories and the dialectic that exists between the micro, mezzo and macro levels. In other words, what an individual can and cannot do professionally, taking into account the influence of social relationships, institutions, organizational practices, as well as sociopolitical structures. The results shed light on the complementary and dynamic interplay that affects professional integration on several levels: 1) the macrosocial and political dimension; 2) the institutional dimension and social relationships; 3) professional identity. Following the introduction, I present the research problem (chap.1) and the methodology (chap.2). Chapter 3 outlines the different types of integration paths of the IMGs, and presents their professional life stories. In Chapter 4 I examine the paradox that exists between immigration policies that aim to attract highly qualified migrants and regulatory mechanisms in the labour market that place limitations on many migrants. Chapter 5 presents the strategies and resources used by the IMGs and highlights the positive effect of symbolic resources. Institutional support resources, although basic to the professional recognition process, were not considered to be central by the IMGs. Instead, the informal resources were identified as playing a key role, especially IMG peers. Chapter 6 adopts a microsocial perspective and explores the dynamic character of the professional identity. It explores the importance of the conditions of belonging that may force an individual to be professionally flexible and sometimes to leave the medical profession or the country. Chapter 7 discusses the theoretical interest of a combination of analytical scales and disciplinary openness to highlight the tensions and blind spots in regard to the mobility of health professionals and their professional integration. Finally, this thesis explores the complex interplay of economic, social and symbolic resources in a context of highly fragmented institutional resources and corporate protectionism.

There has been a trend toward decreasing skeletal robusticity in the genus Homo throughout the Pleistocene, culminating in the gracile postcrania of living modern humans. This change is typically attributed to changing tool technologies and subsistence patterns among human groups. However, other mammalian groups also experience a similar change in their postcranial strength over the same time period. It is proposed in this dissertation that ecological variables are correlated with measures of postcranial strength and may be a better explanation for Holocene skeletal gracilization in humans, as well as in other mammalian genera. This hypothesis is investigated through a close examination of the scaling patterns in two extant genera, Canis and Ursus, and a comparison of scaling patterns and relative strength of different species of Canis, including a fossil species that provides information about temporal change. Measurements of limb length, joint surface area, bone diameter, and strength measurements derived from radiographic images of long bone midshafts of North American specimens of Canis, (including the fossil Canis dirus) and Ursus were collected. Scaling patterns of the cross-sectional variables on limb length and joint surfaces were analyzed for the interspecific and intraspecific samples.

The first hypothesis tested was that Canis scales with geometric similarity of cross-sectional variables on bone length and body mass, and the Ursus scales with elastic similarity. Larger Canis have relatively stronger postcrania than smaller Canis. The primary way in which this strength is achieved in larger individuals is through a relatively shortening of the bone length. The second hypothesis tested was that postcranial strength is correlated with ecological variables. To investigate this hypothesis, scaling patterns of different species of Canis were compared, including the fossil dire wolf. The results show that the dire wolf is relatively stronger than its living congenerics. There is also a strong relationship between the ratio of prey body mass to predator body mass and relative strength for these species. Carnivores that are hunting animals much larger than themselves must have postcranial skeletons that are strong enough to withstand the loading of the skeleton that occurs during hunting, taking down, and processing large herbivores.

Dissertation

Sachant que plusieurs maladies entrainent des lésions qui ne sont pas toujours observables à l’oeil, cette étude préliminaire en paléopathologie humaine utilise une approche complémentaire issue de l’imagerie médicale, le ct-scan, afin de fournir des diagnostics plus précis. L’objectif est donc de tester ici l’efficacité et les limites de l’analyse scanographique durant l’analyse de spécimens archéologiques. Un échantillon de 55 individus a été sélectionné à partir de la collection ostéologique provenant du cimetière protestant St. Matthew (ville de Québec, 1771 – 1860). Une analyse macroscopique et scanographique complète a alors été effectuée sur chaque squelette. Les observations macroscopiques ont consisté à enregistrer une dizaine de critères standardisés par la littérature de référence en lien avec des manifestations anormales à la surface du squelette. Les ct-scans ont été réalisés à l’Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique de la Ville de Québec avec un tomodensitomètre Somatom de Siemens (définition AS+ 128). Les données scanographiques ont permis d’enregistrer une série de critères complémentaires sur la structure interne de l’os (amincissement/épaississement de la corticale, variation de densité, etc.) Selon la méthode du diagnostic différentiel, des hypothèses ou diagnostics ont été proposés. Ils sont principalement basés sur les critères diagnostiques mentionnés dans les manuels de référence en paléopathologie, mais aussi à l’aide de la littérature clinique et l’expertise de médecins. Les résultats présentés ici supportent que: 1) Dans 43% des cas, les données scanographiques ont apporté des informations essentielles dans la diagnose pathologique. Cette tendance se confirme en fonction de certaines maladies, mais pas d’autres, car certains diagnostics ne peuvent se faire sans la présence de tissus mous. 2) La distribution spatiale de la plupart des lésions varie selon les régions anatomiques, aussi bien en macroscopie qu’en scanographie. 3) Certains types de maladie semblent associés à l’âge et au sexe, ce qui est conforté par la littérature. 4) Cette recherche démontre aussi que le processus de diagnose nécessite, dans 38% des cas, une analyse complémentaire (ex. histologie, scintigraphie, radiographie) pour préciser le diagnostic final.
Because some diseases produce lesions that cannot be seen macroscopically, this preliminary paleopathological study will use the ct-scan, as a complementary approach in order to improve diagnosis. This project will attempt to evaluate the efficiency of the ct-scan approach for the analysis of archaeological specimens in paleopathological study. Fifty-five individuals from St. Matthew’s protestant cemetery (Quebec City, 1771- 1861) were selected for the present study. Both macroscopic and scanographic analyses were performed on each skeleton. Macroscopic observations were recorded according to at least ten standard criteria based on the reference literature that reports abnormal phenomena on skeletal surfaces. Ct-scans were obtained at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique of Quebec City with a SOMATOM CT-scanner (Siemens model, Definition AS+ 128). Scanographic data provided a series of complementary criteria on internal bone structures (thinning/thickening of the cortical layer, density variation, etc.). According to the method of the differential diagnosis, diagnoses were proposed. Most of them were based on diagnostic criteria reported in the paleopathological literature as well as in clinical studies. The results presented support that: 1) For 43% of our sample (N=55), ct-scan data provided key information for the paleopathological diagnosis. The ct-scan provided additional information for some diseases only, partly because some diagnoses cannot be done without the presence of soft tissues. 2) The distribution of most lesions, both macroscopic and scanographic, did vary according to the anatomical regions. 3) Some types of diseases seem to vary according to age and sex, as supported by the literature. 4) Our research also shows that the diagnosis could be improved and refined in 38% of the cases with complementary analyses (histology, scintigraphy, radiography, etc.).

The study records narratives told by 11 black and coloured ex-pupils, who between 1992 and 1998 gained access to being educated at a private European school in the suburbs of Johannesburg. The contextualised stories of how they developed "texts of identity" for themselves within the multicultural setting of the school were used to explore a process called "rewriting the self". The identity of the school also is contextualised within its own socio-cultural community, as well as that of multiculturalism in schools. The study is placed within a postmodern Community Psychology epistemology, with a social constructionist "lens" attached to it. The excess of a social construction "lens" (such as "anything goes") is countered by defining the key notions of "texts of identity" - a "sense of self", "human diversity" and "multiculturalism" - within the collapsed boundaries of sameness and differences, global and local, as well as personal and collective notions of the self. The notion of transformation is contextualised as part of the process of "rewriting the self". This is illuminated by means of discourses of the past and human agency/empowerment as well as those related to the South African history of colonisation and apartheid. Narrative discourses also are introduced as a related epistemology and used to construct the ex-pupils' narratives within an Action Research mode, formulated in three ever-widening and interlocking phases. In the process of re-telling their stories the ex-pupils gained self-knowledge regarding how their schooling experiences allowed them to "stretch across (their) boundaries" and re-identify themselves anew. The vantage point was achieved by means of the ex-learners deconstructing their stories as part of a series of reflexive conversations. The insights yielded in this manner achieved the objective of the narrative research procedure. Viewed in a wider South African context, the ex-pupils' personalised stories highlight important issues that help or do not help South Africans make sense of their past and re-identify themselves within new boundaries. One issue that still hamstrings South Africans "rewriting the self" is the dominant discourses of the past regarding race and culture. It is suggested that a "common humanity" discourse (as well as that of "hybridity") be developed more fully as the way out.
Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Deux principaux événements colonisateurs ont apporté de nouvelles vagues de migration au Québec : La fondation de la Nouvelle France, de 1608 à 1763 et la conquête du territoire par les Britanniques après 1763. Afin d’étudier les différences et similarités entre ces dernières et les interactions possibles entre les migrants et les communautés locales déjà présentes sur le territoire, la morphologie dentaire, un outil permettant de proposer des interprétations d’ordre paléogénétique sur l’origine des populations passées, a été analysée pour les deux groupes suivants: 37 individus provenant du cimetière de la première église Notre-Dame à Montréal (1691-1796); et 61 individus provenant du cimetière de Saint-Matthew à Québec (1771-1860). À cette fin, le protocole de l’Arizona State University -Dental Anthropology System a été utilisé pour la collecte de données. La mesure moyenne de divergence et une analyse d’hétérogénéité des populations (Matrice R et Fst modifiés pour les données non-métriques) ont été ensuite calculées. Les valeurs de biodistance confirment que la majorité des individus observés pour les deux collections sont d’ascendance européenne. L’analyse intra-populationnelle a aussi permis d’identifier certains individus, probablement métis, qui s’approchent de la variation amérindienne. Il semble aussi, selon la matrice R et les valeurs Fst calculées pour les deux échantillons, que Notre-Dame est légèrement plus hétérogène et semble avoir incorporé une composante amérindienne un peu plus importante que Saint-Matthew, probablement par métissage, faisant suite, par exemple, à l’incorporation d’individus Amérindiens convertis dans les premières sociétés coloniales. Bien que nos résultats soient très préliminaires, la relation qu’ont entretenue ces deux populations d’origine européenne avec les populations locales, semble avoir varié au cours du temps, en fonction du contexte politique et économique des différentes vagues de migration européenne. Le degré de métissage plus élevé à Montréal au XVIIIe siècle qu’à Québec au XIXe siècle pourrait ainsi refléter un besoin plus pressant de la part des premiers migrants européens de se faire des alliés amérindiens en vue de la réussite du projet colonisateur.
Two colonisation events occurred in Quebec, from 1608 to 1763 (New France), and after 1763 (British Regime), providing new waves of immigrants. In order to examine differences and similarities between the latter waves and the possible interactions between the immigrants and the local communities already living on the territory, dental morphology, which allows us to propose paleogenetic interpretations on the ancestry of past populations, has been analysed for the following two groups: 37 individuals from the cemetery of the Première Église Notre-Dame in Montreal (1691-1796); and 61 individuals from the cemetery of Saint-Matthew in Quebec City (1771-1860). We used the Arizona State University’s -Dental Anthropology System protocol for the observation of dental traits. Mean measures of divergence and population heterogeneity analysis (R Matrix and Fst modified for non-metric data) were calculated. Biodistance values confirm that the majority of the analysed individuals from both collections were of European ancestry. However, intra-population analysis was able to identify certain individuals who were closer to Native American variation. Furthermore, results of R matrix and Fst tests showed that Notre-Dame sample was slightly more heterogeneous. It seemed to have incorporated more of a Native American component than Saint-Matthew, probably through admixture, which was a consequence of the assimilation of “Christianised” Native Americans within the early colonial society. Therefore, although our results are preliminary, interactions between Europeans and local groups seem to have changed through time as a result of colonisation. The higher levels of admixture in the 18th century Montreal (in comparison to the 19th century Quebec City) might reflect a rather urgent need from the first European migrants to set up alliances with Native Americans for the long-term viability of the colony.