Academic literature on the topic '1604-1683'

Abstract Tree-ring width standard chronologies were created from Juniperus przewalskii Kom data collected in the southern Three-River Headwaters (TRH) region. Statistical analysis results showed high correlation between the first primary component (PC1) of the four chronologies and instrumental precipitation records during the annual September–August interval. Precipitation of the region was reconstructed for the past 461 years. It was verified that the reconstruction model was stable by split-sample calibration-verification statistics. The reconstruction series revealed 22 extremely dry years and 9 extremely wet years. Results showed relatively dry periods occurred during 1567–1597, 1604–1614, 1641–1656, 1684–1700, 1734–1755, 1817–1830, 1913–1932, 1953–1971, 1990–2005. Relatively wet periods occurred during 1615–1630, 1657–1683, 1701–1733, 1756–1786, 1798–1816, 1844–1855, 1864–1875, 1885–1912, 1933–1952, 1977–1989. Comparison with tree-ring based precipitation reconstructions, and chronologies from surrounding areas provided a high degree of confidence in our reconstruction, and correlated well with the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA) dataset in the public section of corresponding grids. The empirical mode decomposition analysis suggests the existence of significant periods with intervals of 2–5, 6–10, 11–18, and 28–60 years. This research contributes to a better understanding of historical variations in precipitation and will aid in future plans to address climate change of the TRH region.

Roger Williams (1604-1683) es considerado uno de los principales autores que fundamentó el camino para ideas constitutivas de la vida política moderna como la libertad de conciencia, la tolerancia y la neutralidad del Estado en materia religiosa. Varias de ellas quedaron plasmadas en su famosa obra El sangriento dogma de la persecución por causa de conciencia (1644). Sin embargo, lo distintivo de Williams no reside únicamente en el hecho de su modernidad, sino en que sostuvo estas ideas recurriendo a la amplitud de la tradición bíblica como de pensamiento cristiano. Por lo anterior, la propuesta de este ensayo consiste en rescatar la dimensión cristiana de Williams y mostrar su continuidad con el pensamiento político de San Agustín en lo que refiere al orden y paz de la ciudad, mediante un análisis comparado de sus ideas. Para ello, se definirán los contornos de la tolerancia religiosa propuesta por Williams en relación con el problema de la libertad de conciencia en El sangriento dogma, a fin de compararlo con algunos rasgos generales del pensamiento agustiniano contenido en La ciudad de Dios. Por último, se mostrará cómo esta noción de tolerancia puede contrastarse con proposiciones de origen liberal, en específico tomando como ejemplo la Carta sobre la tolerancia de John Locke. Esto permitirá ilustrar la distancia que existe entre la posición cristiana y la liberal.

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-16 at the Instructional cum Research Farm, IGKV, Raipur to study the effect of different irrigation scheduling and nitrogen levels on growth, yield attributes, yield, water and nitrogen productivity of linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping four irrigation schedules viz., come-up (I1), one (I2), two (I3) and three irrigation (I4) in main plots and four levels of nitrogen viz., control (N0), 30 kg (N1), 60 kg (N2) and 90 kg N ha-1 (N3) in sub plots with three replications. Results revealed that highest seed yield was obtained with linseed provided two irrigations (1683 kg ha-1) and application of 90 kg N ha-1 (1604 kg ha-1). Moreover, crop supplied with two irrigations in combination with 90 kg N ha-1 (I3×N3) gave significantly (P=0.05) highest seed yield (2097 kg ha-1) compared to rest of the treatment combinations. The excessive use of irrigation and fertilizers also affects farmer’s economy, as the crop is relatively low yielder. Two irrigations are better than three irrigations in terms of seed yield and water productivity; and application of 60 kg N is better than 90 kg N ha-1 in view of nitrogen productivity. The WP and IWP were decreasing as increasing the number of irrigation, but increasing with increasing the levels of nitrogen, while NP was highest with two irrigations (11.09 kg, kg-1 N) and application of 60 kg N ha-1 (8.90 kg, kg-1 N).

Roger williams, le fondateur du rhode island, est la personnalite du dix-septieme siecle sur laquelle on a le plus ecrit. Les presents travaux s'attelent a repondre a des questions suscitees par la vie de williams : les causes de son refus du poste de teacher de l'eglise de boston, son attitude controversee vis-a-vis des amerindiens, son soi-disant manque de tact, ce qu'il entendait par peuple, et son eventuelle influence sur la pensee americaine. Les exemples de bunyan, penn et paine montrent que williams s'etait converti au puritanisme des l'age de neuf ans, et c'est son separatisme qui explique sa fuite en amerique, ou sa defense de la separation de l'eglise et de l'etat, basee sur la primaute du nouveau testament sur l'ancien, les enseignements du christ et un discours "plebsbyterien" le firent bannir du massachusetts, l'obligeant a fonder une colonie protegeant les principes de la separation de l'eglise et de l'etat, la liberte religieuse et la democratie, placant le rhode island bien en avance sur son temps. Malgre une certaine inconsequence, williams fut l'un des rares blancs de nouvelle-angleterre a tolerer la presence des amerindiens. Grace a son tact, williams reussit a eviter de nombreuses guerres entre la nation "indienne" et les colons anglais. Des ressemblances troublantes penser que williams a pu influencer william penn. Mais il est etabli qu'il a influence isaac backus et stephen hopkins, deux geants de la propagande de la guerre d'independance
Roger williams, the man who founded rhode island, is the seventeenth century american personality whose life has become familiar to many twentieth century intellectuals. Despite their relevance, the analyses by contemporaries, biographers and historians have not thrown full light on a number of points. Historical evidence, supported by the cases of bunyan, penn, and paine concludes that williams became a puritan when aged nine. His separatism explains his flight to america, where his advocacy of separation of church and state, based on the paramount value of the new testament and christ's teachings, together with his "plebsbytarian" inclinations, provoked his bannishment from massachusetts, forcing him to found a colony nurturing the separation of church and state, religious freedom, and democracy, thereby placing rhode island far in advance of its times. Despite inconsistencies, williams became one of the rare new england whites who did not really hate the american indians. Thanks to his tact, willimas avoided many wars between the "indian" nation and britain. Striking resemblances with penn's thought suggest that williams may have influenced william penn. Yet, there is evidence that he had influenced isaac backus and stephen hopkins, two giants of the propaganda fo the american revolution