Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1689-1755'
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Barria, Eleonora. "La documentation italienne de Montesquieu." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN1559.
Full textHaskins, Gonthier Ursula. "Montesquieu and England : enlightened exchanges in the public sphere (1689-1755)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439732.
Full textSpector, Céline. "Economie et politique dans l'oeuvre de Montesquieu." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100122.
Full textKingston, Rebecca. "Montesquieu and the parlement of Bordeaux." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41638.
Full textAumeran, Marie-Françoise. "Le dessein historique de l'oeuvre de Montesquieu." Lyon 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO33029.
Full textThrough montesquieu's work and "l'esprit des lois" in particular one thinks about the place of history in the thoughts of writer. We must understand how his work of historian is specific and the link between history and politics
Kis, Zsuzsa Eszter. "L' Orient dans les contes philosophiques de Montesquieu et de Voltaire." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0081.
Full textPhilosophical tales by Montesquieu and Voltaire most often take place in the “Orient. ” The goal of this thesis is to underline and explain the “oriental” aspect of both authors’ short stories. How do Montesquieu and Voltaire use both the Orient’s image and aesthetic? Is it mere decoration—an exotic bit of local color—or are there other functions? How might the idea of the “Orient” emerge as a vehicle of philosophical thought? During European Enlightenment, the “Orient” was a relatively unknown space, thus making it amenable to themes of escape and dreaming—themes that are also inherent to the short story genre. The “Orient” as a magical, distant space, coupled with the short story genre itself guarantees a certain freedom for authors. In the following thesis, I show the articulation between the image of the “Orient” and the short story, and specifically how the “Orientalness” of the short story allows writers to transform traditional short stories into philosophical tales. The “Orient”, thanks to its geographical distance, alleviates the harshness of criticism, but at the same time, the lack of a concrete location is a way for writers to universalize, to generalize principles for all of humankind. Philosophical tales, however, do not mirror France—they evoke it through metaphor. Montesquieu and Voltaire take on vital problems from the period, including despotism, fanaticism, and injustice—these are the exact subjects that both interested authors and emerged as the most paramount of the period. The philosophical tale educates and amuses the reader, influenced public opinion at the time, and perhaps most importantly, continues to amuse and teach us at present
Barrera, Guillaume. "L'homme à définir : recherches sur la figure de l'homme dans l'oeuvre de Montesquieu en général, et dans l'Esprit des lois en particulier." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0116.
Full textDrei, Henri. "Le mot et le concept de vertu chez Machiavel et Montesquieu." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR2007.
Full textThe thesis proposes to study the word and the concept of "virtu" in Machiavelli, and of "vertu" in Montesquieu. It examines the traditional opposition between these two authors. We accept, as major political texts, Ii principe (1515-1516) and the Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito-Livio (1517), the Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur decadence (1734) and De l'esprit des lois (1748). In both considered corpus, "virtu" or "vertu" indicate a central political principle, and a selection of steering statements. For each corpus, we proceed in three stages. Initially, "virtu" or "vertu" form, mostly, the subject of a study of the meaning according to their contexts but, in accordance with distinct adapted modes for each of the two authors. This first study is relieved by the one of Machiavelli's argumentation and also by the one of Montesquieu's "tactics" and "strategy". We are in this manner and at last, led to examine the correspondences between political concept and conception of the politics. The "virtu" is, essentially, the principle of the republic and, secondarily, the one of the "princedom". The "vertu" is, fundamentally, the principle of the democracy. In conclusion, we reject the antithesis between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. Both are friends of freedom and what is developing, thanks to them, is a modern conception of the politics and of the political - of the citizen and of the power. In other words, the constitution of the possibility of acceptance of a government seen to have legitimacy
Dos, Santos Antonio Carlos. "La voie double : l'éclipse de la tolérance et l'inviabilité politique chez Montesquieu." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100049.
Full textTolerance in Montesquieu's work has a double meaning : on the one hand, the religious field, on the other hand the political one. In order to exist effectively, tolerance requires the control of the first and a more effective action of the second. But political power needs also the religious one to justify a fairly large part of its actions, especially as regards morality. How to condense these powers, to a certain antagonistic extent - but interconnected - without each loses its force or the character of its specificities ? How to manage this conflict without exposing oneself to the abuse of one side's power, by considering the objective of politics - public peace - and the aiming of religion - the good of its worshippers ? Now, what is tolerance for Montesquieu ? Roughly speaking, it is the way of treating the Other, especially when this other thinks differently. But who is this Other ? Somebody who is prepared to have a dialogue, because it is impossible that there is tolerance without the opening up to the Other because, in that case, tolerance would become assent or compassion, what would indeed be far from the thought at Montesquieu
Prevautel, Patricia. "Le chevalier de Jaucourt : ses idées politiques et sociales." Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40015.
Full textWho is the chevalier of jaucourt ? what are his political and social ideas ? simple compiler for the posterity, the collaborator of diderot has not only made a useful work of erudition in the encyclopedie. His contribution popularize the lofty thoughts of montesquieu about decline of the old regime. The immorality of men make clear the degeneration of government. The monarchy is despotic because the elite of kingdom let the common possessions for satisfaying his selfishness. The king thinks the state as his property, the nobility takes profit of the privilege, fights against new ideas and new talented men, the administrators take advantage of the incoherency of fiscal system. Law, tax, justice become instruments of the tyranny, enslave freedom, deny equality between all men. The church reinforces the tyranny by his intolerance, dictates the religious behaviours, controls all writings. The political and social picture of society of the xviiith century designed by jaucourt is without complaisance but does not incite to the revolution, he only proposes the reformation of the institutions. Man of the enlightenment, this encyclopedist is a moralist who rise against immorality and ignorance of his contemporaries
Mansuy, Huerta Daniel. "Montesquieu lecteur de Machiavel : enquête sur les fondements de la liberté des modernes." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G004.
Full textOur research aims at following the dialogue established between Montesquieu and Machiavelli. This dialogue is indeed hidden as Montesquieu rarely mentions his Florentine predecessor. However, it can be viewed as a fundamental exchange when it comes to the articulation of modern political philosophy. The thesis is divided in three sections. The first section –titled “The art of writing and the art of reading: Machiavelli and Montesquieu”- proposes to justify the perspective used in the research, which is indebted to Leo Strauss’s works on esoteric writing. The second section, with its title: “Montesquieu’s Machiavellian moment: Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline” aims at showing the deep Machiavellian traces present in this text published in 1734. As a matter of fact Montesquieu supports his thoughts relating to the history of Rome on the ideas expressed in Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius. We look particularly into the analysis of the “Rome” phenomenon and the religious predicament in its relation with politics. In our third section –titled “Presence and Distance of Machiavelli: The project of “The spirit of the laws”, our objective is to understand Montesquieu’s political and philosophical project, having as its starting point its relation with Machiavelli. It is true that, at moments, Montesquieu’s liberal design attempts to refute some Machiavellian paradigms, but this refutation is always conducted in Machiavelli’s territory. We seek, then, to show how Montesquieu intends to provide an answer to the issues raised by Machiavelli accepting the latter’s terms: He thus sets the ground for what will become the liberty of the moderns
Casabianca, Denis de. "Le sens de l'esprit : les sciences et les arts : formations du regard dans "L'Esprit des lois"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10045.
Full textMartins, Adilton Luis 1978. "O espírito do medo : Roma de Montesquieu." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280820.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campionas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Doutorado
Historia Cultural
Doutor em História
Brice, Benjamin. "La fin de la guerre ? : les ambiguïté de la « paix démocratique » : intérêts, passions et idées." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0041.
Full textThe most salient feature of contemporary international relations is probably the state of peace between liberal democracies across the globe: for almost two centuries, these have not waged war against one another. On the basis of this observation, "democratic peace" theorists - or more precisely "liberal peace" theorists - have tried to identify the "mechanisms" which explain this statistical correlation, and upon which a real international peace could be imagined, providing each political unit adopts the different aspects of the "liberal regime" (market economy, representative democracy and individual rights). Three main "mechanisms" are offered to support these theories: (1) national interests converge through trade and economic interdependence, (2) representative democracy tames the most warlike passions and (3) shared principles of justice in liberal democracies are likely to bring an end to the conflicts of ideas. We can recognize here the three main causes of war: interests, passions and ideas. These "mechanisms" have been discussed by political thinkers from the 18th century. Montesquieu for instance, usually dismissed by the "tradition" as the promoter of « doux commerce », is of great help to think through the ambivalence of the three different "mechanisms" at work: (1) alongside reconciling interests, modern trade gives rise to oppression and conquest, (2) pride in ruling and the desire to dominate do not disappear thanks to the revaluation of human passions, and (3) universal principles of justice, expected to establish an agreement between clashing ideas, easily transform into one form or another of imperialism. The purpose of this thesis is thus to understand what is changing and what is not in international affairs following the birth and the expansion of what we call the "liberal regime"
Jackson, Valérie. "Montesquieu, Rousseau et la modernité politique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/44704.
Full textToudic, Hugo. "Inventer la république. L'héritage de Montesquieu dans la controverse constitutionnelle entre Antifédéralistes et Fédéralistes (1787-1789)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUL033.pdf.
Full textCould it be that the influence of Montesquieu on the Founding Fathers' ideas has been largely overlooked? That is what this dissertation aims at both proving and correcting. A mere historiographic study of influential philosophical thought in the late eighteenth century shows that the predominant importance of Montesquieu's philosophy is not met with extensive and careful academic works capable of finding and then analyzing the way in which the Founding Fathers borrowed from his philosophy. Yet, such an analysis would permit us to understand why Montesquieu was considered an authority and even, according to the very words of the Founding Fathers, an oracle of the science of politics. Furthermore, this research would finally allow to lend cachet within the European academic world to a masterpiece of political philosophy, the Federalist papers, whom no less than Tocqueville once praised and which remains the very secular bible of the American Republic
Pereira, Jacques. "Montesquieu et la Chine." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE2005.
Full textWe know the importance of China in the intellectual history of France for the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries : it has fueled the debate on the universal chronology, the religious tolerance, the purposes of good government, the new economic order that trying to prevail. While avoiding intervene in the battle raging between sinophiles and sinophobes, Montesquieu listens, learns, sorts, attempting to develop a personal position faced to these presentations of China that missionary literature and travel stories propose. It is that the stakes are high for him : this political and sociological model seems to resist its own criteria for assessing up to challenge its typology of Governments. This thinking is reflected long, upstream of L’Esprit des lois , Geographica, Pensées and Spicilège, it is nevertheless a representation actually the original in the World Chinese sidesteps the trap of assuming Manichaeism and some uncertainties contradictions. . . The task that first I set is to reconstruct as accurately as possible the representation of China, to confront the sources available to Montesquieu, to show that some deviations from these sources or from its first judgments can be explained to the internal structure of Esprit des lois. Finally, I try to assess the resonance that this representation has been reached among the first readers of the masterpiece
Coppieters, Bruno. "Kritik einer reinen Empirie : Hegels Jenaer Kommentar zu Montesquieus Theorie des Politischen /." Berlin : Akademie Verl, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374635142.
Full textJanvier, Marie-Hélène. "Une confrontation du discours missionnaire et philosophique : l'interprétation de l'image de la Chine par Montesquieu et Voltaire, 1721-1776." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25244.
Full textMoscateli, Renato. "Rousseau frente ao legado de Montesquieu : imaginação historica e teorização politica." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280007.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humansas
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Resumo: Ao se colocar Montesquieu e Rousseau lado a lado como pensadores políticos, costuma-se opô-los como se primeiro tivesse apenas estudado as leis tais como existiam para explicá-las segundo as situações reais que as geraram, e o segundo houvesse somente buscado o que as leis deveriam ser para corresponder às necessidades humanas. Assim, ter-se-ia de um lado um Montesquieu demasiadamente preocupado com a historicidade das instituições humanas para elaborar uma verdadeira teoria dos fundamentos do direito, e, de outro lado, um Rousseau avesso à história e dedicado à construção de formulações ideais acerca da política. Todavia, há boas razões para questionar essa oposição, o que pode ser feito pela aplicação de uma metodologia comparativa às reflexões de Montesquieu e de Rousseau sobre a história e a política, atentando-se para o diálogo por vezes aberto, mas freqüentemente implícito, empreendido pelo filósofo de Genebra com a corrente de pensamento político cujos problemas e proposições centrais estão configurados na obra de Montesquieu. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a obra de Rousseau frente ao legado de Montesquieu, para substanciar a tese de que é inadequado interpretá-la nos termos restritos de uma oposição ao tipo de abordagem praticado pelo autor d'O Espírito das Leis. Trata-se, portanto, de compreender como o sistema de causalidade atribuído pelo filósofo francês à história foi incorporado de algum modo por Rousseau em suas próprias reflexões, investigando-se nelas a existência dos princípios de um modelo interpretativo e discursivo a partir do qual se deveriam constituir representações de eventos interconectados de maneira coerente. Igualmente, busca-se visualizar como a teoria das formas de governo presente na obra rousseauniana, sua concepção acerca das instituições promotoras da liberdade civil, bem como sua visão sobre as razões que levam à corrupção moral e política ao longo da história dos Estados, devem algo à leitura dos textos do barão de La Brède. O que se pretende, enfim, é mostrar que há muito mais pontos comuns entre as idéias de Montesquieu e Rousseau do que se reconhece usualmente
Abstract: When Montesquieu and Rousseau are laid side by side as political thinkers, it is usual to oppose them as if the first had just studied laws as they existed in order to explain them according to the real situations in which they were generated, and the second had only looked for what laws should be in order to fulfill human needs. One would have, therefore, on the one side, a Montesquieu too concerned with the historicity of human institutions to be able to elaborate a true theory on the foundations of political right, and, on the other, a Rousseau hostile to history and dedicated to ideal formulations about politics. There are, however, good reasons to question that opposition, which can be done by applying a comparative methodology to Montesquieu's and Rousseau's reflections on history and politics, paying attention to the sometimes open, but often implicit, dialogue undertook by the Geneva's philosopher with the current of political thought whose central problems and propositions are laid out in the work of Montesquieu. Thus, the aim of this research is to analyze Rousseau's work in the wake of Montesquieu's legacy, in order to show that it is wrong to interpret it narrowly in terms of a mere opposition to the kind of approach characteristic of the author of The Spirit of Laws. More specifically, what is sought here is to understand how the system of causality ascribed by the French philosopher to history was somehow incorporated by Rousseau into his own reflections, which are here investigated in order to show that they make use of a interpretative and discursive model that allows to build representations of interconnected events in a coherent way. Moreover, it will be shown how the theory of the forms of government presented in Rousseau's work, his conception of the institutions that promote civil freedom, as well as his understanding of the reasons that lead to moral and political corruption throughout the history of States, owe something to the reading of baron of La Brède's texts. The objective, in short, is to show that there are much more points in common between the ideas of Montesquieu and Rousseau than it is usually recognized
Doutorado
Doutor em Filosofia
Sampaio, Leandro Augusto Nicola de. "A chefia de Estado na república federativa sob a perspectiva do pensamento de Montesquieu." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134893.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to depict the events that unfolded within the scenario that provoked Montesquieu to search for a scientific pattern in order to explain the social and political phenomena that he carefully observed in his time. Drawing on the variations of Montesquieu’s doctrines, The work aims to explore the basic conceptual argument of federation as well as the classic idea of separation of powers. Thereafter, It intends to examine the roles of state leadership in a republic whose foundation lies upon the federative model and the separation of powers in a presidentialist system of government. Based on this, the study is going to consider the alignment of the Brazilian model to those institutional propositions that initially provoked Montesquieu’s mind.
Ba, Papa Ousmane. "Montesquieu et la liberté politique." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010589.
Full textEstève, Laurent. "Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot : du genre humain au bois d'ébène ou les silences du droit naturel." Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20038.
Full textDrummond, Nicholas W. "Montesquieu, Diversity, and the American Constitutional Debate." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822814/.
Full textVernazza, Diego. "« Le monde inquiet : Machiavel, Montesquieu et Tocqueville »." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0070.
Full textThis dissertation offers an interpretation of the works of Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Tocqueville by establishing a conversation between them. Hs main objective is to shed some more light on three cIassic works of Western political philosophy by following the history of the anthropological, sociological and political concept of "inquiétude" (restlessness). The other major purpose of this work is to further develop what Tocqueville has called the "new science of politics", which is characterized by the pursuit of a singular link between the analysis of facts, social life as it is, and the questioning of what it is l argue that the theories of MachiaveIli, Montesquieu and Tocqueville are ail founded in a singular social and political experience, and, at the same time, provide the means of applying judgment and criticism. The fundamental goal of this work is to elucidate this particular relationship between analysis and criticism, and to uncover some criteria that might inform political judgement where there is no commonly accepted objective standard
Casabianca, Denis de. "Montesquieu, de l'étude des sciences à "L'Esprit des lois"." Paris : H. Champion, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41332738v.
Full textDaucourt, Monica Hazan. "Comment peut-on être Persane ou Peruvienne ?: On le devient." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849679/.
Full textElliott, Sean. "Contending for liberty : principle and party in Montesquieu, Hume, and Burke." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/978.
Full textMorin, Dominique. "Esprit, origines et fondation de la sociologie positive : Penser la liberté de l'homme en société dans la nature et l'histoire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27704/27704.pdf.
Full textIn the perspective of researchers developing a science, the foundation is presented as the imaginary solution to four enigmas regarding the unity and progress of their work: 1- Its foundation is the stable source of the principles of a science that remain throughout its development. 2- It provides a common finality of the individual developments of its research. 3- It contrasts from previous schools of thought by defining the project of an original and more desirable one. 4- It introduces the distinctive characteristics of a research, emphasizing that the knowledge it brings is worth it. In sociology, there is general agreement about sociology having a beginning, only no one agrees on the works that make it, nor the time it all started. By comparing the works of Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim with other works since Aristotle, we explore those four enigmas and even a fifth one that is specific to sociology: 5- The foundation of sociology initiates an organisation of research that is incompatible with the kuhnian model of normal science.
Baysson, Hubert. "L'idée d'étranger chez les philosophes des Lumières." Lyon 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO33008.
Full textScialom, Rémy. "La distinction lois politiques - lois civiles : 1748-1804." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32030.
Full textDesirous of clarifying a confused legal system and of resulting in human bliss, in L'Esprit des lois published in 1748, Montesquieu makes the distinction between political and civil laws. Identifying Civil law with Private law, he calls political law public and likens laws and law. To achieve his aim - the good of individuals and of society- the legal system must lean on public law since it comes from natural rights. Hence the primacy of political laws over civil laws. Given a rough handling by the critics, sometimes even disparaged, the distinction which was consolidated by the members of parliament, l'Ecole du droit naturel, and les Maximes du droit public français becomes the rule thanks to the philosophers of the Enlightenment. The notion of constitution, the politization of civil laws under the Revolution and the civil code reassert the primacy of political laws. Anticipating the relations between public law and private law which were established by the drafters of the civil code, the distinction between civil and political laws constitutes an intermediate stage in the setting of the important classifications of law. However, from the second half of the 19th century, the division line between political and civil laws, and between public and private laws becoming vaguer and vaguer its route has been in need of being drawn a new
Jebahi, Nejia. "Montesquieu et le monde romain : étude politique et morale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAC004/document.
Full textDuring its long history, Rome has subjugated numerous peoples. Its territory increased so much that it became the center of gravity of the whole antique world. The extraordinary expansion of that city has therefore always surprised the thinkers. Understandably Montesquieu, a French philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, has himself studied the Roman world and its development in a number of his works. In order to explain the reasons behind the magnificence and the decadence of the Romans, Montesquieu examined the evolution of Roman politics and ethics from the foundation of the Vrbs until to its decline. The author carefully analyses the Roman civil and military institutions in order to establish their excellence and even to point out their limits. In his sociological and critical approach, this writer uses a rich literature that reveals the influence of Machiavel and Bossuet. Nevertheless from his work emerges an innovative standpoint that opens up for original fields of investigation
Sadamori, Ryo. "Le concept de "civil" et la genèse historique de la "liberté" dans la pensée de Montesquieu." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H225.
Full textThe objective of our study on the concept of "civil" in the thought of Montesquieu consists at first in presenting the context in which, especially after Adam Smith, and in the process of the separation of economical sciences from legal sciences, the sphere of the "civil", la ter called "civil society", becomes the object of economical sciences, and second, in understanding how, at the same time, the notion of "civil" lost the connotation of "political and legal society", that is "civitas". To approach this question, our first concern focuses on the increasing interest on R.oman antiquity which begin as renewal in huamnist thought in Europe. lntepretations of Roman history actually reflect the interests of intellectuals preoccupied with their own contemporary society. Nonetheless the divcrsity of these interpretations helps to understand the evolution of the analytical means used to analyse the society in general. ln this perspective, we compare Montesquieu with Machiavelli who lived in an incisive period in North of ltaly in the 15th, and the begging of the 16th, century, along with Harrington who lived in the time of the Civil War in England in the middle of the 17th century and, fïnally, with David Hume who defended the govemement established after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. From these analyses, we show the causes of the progressive sophistication of the social sciences matching the historical period during which the modern state system has gradually been established
Reverbel, Carlos Eduardo Dieder. "O federalismo numa visão tridimensional do direito." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13880.
Full textThe present work intends to study the phenomenon of federalism from the tridimensional perspective of Law. Firstly, a picture of federalism from a factful perspective shall be drawn, as the first and most natural form of association. Later, the perceived value of federalism, which is, the intervention of a rational process in the course of federalism’s natural association, shall be analyzed. The perceived value of federalism is exemplified from Montesquieu’s contractual theory, which develops a real organizational scheme for the territorial extension of the States, applicable to both large monarchies and small republics: federative republic. At last, the model of factful federalism shall be put to practice, associating its values to the normative field of the classic constitutional law models: the American and the German federalism.
Boulerie, Florence. "L'élaboration de l'idée d'éducation nationale, 1748-1789." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030035.
Full textThe expression éducation nationale is an invention of the second part of the eighteenth century. La Chalotais was the first to use it in 1763, but he came after Montesquieu and Rousseau who prooved the value of education as a political concept. Till 1789, the meaning of the expression grows richer in political, anthropological and pedagogical debates taking the various forms of plans, treatises or fictions. We have pointed up four periods, from 1748 to 1789, during which writers are oscillating between abstract forms and genres closer to reality. The works where the idea of national education is growing want sometimes to deepen the idea, examining it in theory, and sometimes to have an immediate influence upon reality. Authors often choose the form of the plan (of public education) because they hope that their instructions should be followed by the political power. At the same time as the idea of national education is being elaborated, the activity of citizenship is coming out. Each writer has a new conscience of his function in public life of the whole group. But, under the monarchy, the efforts to organize education by plans have no success, even if the idea has a great one: each writer seems to be alone, even if each tries to unify the nation by the mean of education, which creates the fusion between what is public and what is private
Zagamé, Antonia. "L'écrivain à la dérobée : l'auteur dans le roman à la première personne en France au XVIIIe siècle (1721-1782)." Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030146.
Full textIn the XVIIIth century, the first-person novel becomes the main form of fiction. We study the signs of an author in novels which tends to conceal this presence, as long as they pretend to be just transcribed memoirs or a genuine correspondence. Whereas the peritext of the first-person novels plays down any reference to the actual process of writing, we study in the first part the hints offered by the author concerning the real status of the text. Whereas the enunciation precludes any direct intervention from the author and the characters are in charge of telling their own story and giving sense to it, we study in the second part how the author manages to control the interpretation of what is told. In the third part, we are concerned with the stylistic aspects of the presence of an author who is supposed to transfer the art of writing to unprofessional writers
Andrivet, Patrick. "Représentations politiques de l'ancienne Rome en France des débuts de l'âge classique à la révolution." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF20057.
Full textIn the france of the 17th and the 18th century some prominent writers like corneille, bossuet, montesquieu and rousseau, simple essayists like saint-evremond, and revolutionaries like marat and robespierre did not adhere to the admiration of ancient rome that had become traditional in europe since the renaissance. The author makes this point by a detailed study of the works of these writers who, in spite of texts written with certain precautions of style, denounce the excessive cult of rome of modern europeans, its aspiration to universal domination, its institutions and the corruption which takes over after several centuries of existence. These studies are accompanied by analyses which link these critical opinions of rome to the political views which are implicit or explicit in each work. Views which are implicit or explicit in each work
Al, Mahmoud Hamid. "La philosophie du droit chez Montesquieu : l'exemple de la justice." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3013.
Full textGiven the fact that justice is the principle on which human society must be based on, we should ask out selves in how far should Montesquieu be considered as the philosopher of justice? This question is the fundamental idea developed in this thesis: to consider the place of the author of The Spirit of Laws and his role in developing the concept of justice. We tried to highlight what his impact and contribution in developing the idea of justice, both in natural law and positive law has been. On the one hand, his work helped to understand that natural justice is universal, anterior and superior to positive laws. Therefore, because slavery is opposed to natural law, Montesquieu condemned it in the name of this immutable justice. On the other hand, by examining the relationship between justice and liberty, the author pointed out how justice flourishes in positive law. This relationship involves the condemnation of despotism and the need for effective mechanisms to ensure justice and liberty against the risk of despotism
Gittler, Bernard. "Rousseau et l'héritage de Montaigne." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1013.
Full textThe aim of this study is to analyze the role of Montaigne’s legacy in Rousseau’s philosophy.First, evidences and views of Rousseau’s reading of Montaigne have been examined in his published works and in his manuscripts. Editions in which Rousseau was reading Montaigne have also been identified.Then, mediations between Rousseau and Montaigne’s reception have been reviewed. Rousseau reads the Essais with the 18th century points of view. He relies on 17th century authors who judge Montaigne. Therefore, thanks to this philosophical tradition who deals with Montaigne, links between Montaigne and Rousseau are analysed.The implicit and explicit references to Montaigne in Rousseau’s work are triangulated. Rousseau quotes Montaigne to deal with Diderot, – translator of Shaftesbury, to defend natural religion as early as in his First Discourse on the Sciences and Arts.Rousseau has a political reading of the Essais. He denounces all kind of domination, and criticizes Montesquieu’s apology of luxury. The political reading of Montaigne increases in the second Discourse : the possessive individualism destroys the social link.Rousseau underlines the La Boétie’s principles in the Essais, which show the political depravation of society. The social link does not demand to follow moral rules against citizen’s interests. Humanity has to pursue a universal interest, which establishes a relationship between each human being and the whole humanity.Montaigne has a central position to understand the dialogues between Rousseau and Barbeyrac, Mandeville, and Locke. Rousseau refers to Montaigne when he defends his moral and politic fundamental principles
Mirlo, Audrey. "Narcisse philosophe : une figure de la fiction française du premier dix-huitième siècle." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030117.
Full textIn the early 18th century, first-person novels would abound in French literature. Philosophers would become a prominent figure among the various kinds of narrators that specify their personal way of life. From 1721 to 1731, readers discovered Usbek, the spectateur français, the indigent philosophe, and Cleveland, four fictional characters who are letter writers, journalists or memorialists. As authors, they were inspired by their personal life experience and wrote to share their thoughts. The purpose of this work is to analyse at the time of Marivaux, Montesquieu and Prévost how the first-person literature makes philosophers face up their own image. Therefore, the philosopher becomes a new Narcissus supposed to reflect the meaning of existence. While integrated into the narrative, the philosopher (or the moralist) is no longer an objective observer who could hide behind a speech: he is himself a figure facing the judgment of readers. Moreover, they point out the ambiguities of this paradoxical figure that does not always manage to deal with sensitivity and reason. The works of the corpus are questioning the conditions for the deployment of thought in the human mind and the world of concrete things. The implications of the representation of the philosopher in fiction are the object of this study, whether on the literary or philosophical fields, but also on the poetic, aesthetic, moral or cognitive fields
Yang, Lei. "Esprit d’indépendance et libre pensée : les Lumières françaises face à la Chine." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA137.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to the examination of the image of China in France in the Enlightenment and dialogue between two civilizations, East and West. The analysis of literary, philosophical and historical and archival documents to discover the enthusiasm for China in the Enlightenment, why Voltaire and Montesquieu interested in this distant country, the role of missionaries Catholics in China at that time. The French thinkers do not just dedicate their works to the philosopher and Chinese civilization, they propose concrete measures to implement their ideas. In this paradoxical dialogue they invent China to change France.This research aims to compare French and Chinese philosophical approaches to understand how the dissemination of the philosophy of Confucius in Europe is the development of ideas of independence and free thought
Hamed, Mohamed Habib. "Le conte oriental et son traitement dans la littérature française jusqu'à la révolution : contribution à l'histoire des mentalités." Paris 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA080436.
Full textIn this study, we felt it necessary to go back to the oral, universal and linguistic origins of the french revolution; these origins are at level of speech both as an endogenus and exogenus sign. The tale is still at the origin of linguistic exchange between the generations both dead and alive; it denunciates social situations and regulates tensions. The tale also acts on reality always translating it according to the satisfaction of a need. The revolution is the best example of this process