Academic literature on the topic '1695-1774'

En este trabajo se constatan las fechas definitivas del nacimiento y la defunción de Joseph Quer y Martínez mediante la reproducción de los textos originales recogidos en los Archivos Departamentales de los Pirineos Orientales y en el libro de difuntos de la iglesia Parroquia de San Ginés de Arlés respectivamente.

La variabilidad referente a la precipitación de los últimos 410 años (1599 - 2008) del ciclo invierno-primavera (noviembre-junio) en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Nazas, Durango, México se reconstruyó a partir de la cronología o serie de tiempo desarrollada con base en anillos de crecimiento de Pseudotsuga menziesii, que la explicó en 64%. La reconstrucción para estos cuatro siglos, validada con registros de precipitación y datos de archivos históricos, permitió determinar la presencia de sequías severas entre los periodos 1665 - 1688, 1695 - 1718, 1774 - 1791, 1798 - 1813, 1890 - 1896 y 1945 - 1963. Así, en la correspondiente a este último, de 1948 a 1963, se presentó la más importante del siglo XX; así como de, esos 410 años, por su impacto en la sociedad y la economía; sin embargo, aquellas de 1665 - 1688 y 1695 - 1718, pudieron haber causado efectos similares por su intensidad. En la parte alta de la cuenca, la precipitación es modulada de manera significativa (p<0.05) por El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO, por sus siglas en inglés) tanto en su fase fría (La Niña), al producir intensa escasez de agua con repercusiones económicas, políticas y sociales para los pobladores de la Comarca Lagunera, como en su fase cálida (El Niño), con importantes incrementos en la pluviometría de la región.

Zakon kanoników regularnych od pokuty (w Polsce zwanych markami, a na Litwie białymi augustianami) w opisywanej epoce podlegał stale władzy diecezjalnej. Na przemian biskupi krakowscy i wileńscy sprawowali jednocześnie godność prepozyta generalnego zakonu czyli najwyższego przełożonego. To ścisłe uzależnienie miało na celu polepszenie dyscypliny i obyczajów we wspólnocie zakonnej liczebnie niedużej, za to aktywnej na polu duszpasterstwa. W latach 1762-1794 zakonnicy pozostawali pod bacznym zwierzchnictwem biskupa wileńskiego Ignacego Massalskiego. Prepozytura w Miednikach miała niewielką stałą obsadę – obok proboszcza (prepozyta) przebywał tam jego socjusz, czyli drugi kapłan zakonny oraz kaznodzieja. Probostwo miednickie obsługiwało rozległą parafię, zamieszkałą głownie przez Polaków. Kościół św. Trójcy i przyległy niewielki klasztor wzniesiono z drewna. W 1778 r. i 1788 r. pożar spustoszył te budowle; za każdym razem przy obudowie posłużono się budulcem drewnianym. Do tej renowacji przyczyniły się wydatki długoletniego zasłużonego proboszcza (1768-1774 i od 1777 r. do końca stulecia), o. Marcina Gałeckiego. Przy kościele działało od 2 połowy XVII w. Bractwo Aniołów Stróżów z własnym ołtarzem. Zakonnicy prowadzili szkołę parafialną dla synów chłopskich i mieszczańskich. Prepozytura miednicka utrzymywała się z gospodarstwa rolnego (około trzech włók litewskich czyli poniżej 70 ha), rozdzielonego na trzy obszary uprawne, zamieszkałego przez kilka rodzin poddanych.

Johann Jacob QuandT’S ACADEMIC ACCOUNT: THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SEMINAR AT THE KÖNIGSBERG UNIVERSITY IN 1724 S u m m a r y The article introduces a document found in the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Germ. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz; GStA PK: I. HAGR, Rep. 7 Preußen, Nr. 187 [1716–1729]) in Berlin that sheds new light on the seminar of the Lithuanian language – the first centre for teaching Lithuanian – that was founded at the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University in late 1720s. It is an academic account by Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772), the chief preacher of the court and the then dean of the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University and the fourth professor of theology in ordinary, who ran the seminar of the Lithuanian language between 1723 and 1727. This account provides insights into the early activities of the seminar that have not been documented in much detail so far. Neither the account nor any of its three appendices – lists of students attending Quandt’s courses – are dated. Based on other documents in the same archive file and the Christian holidays to which the account refers, Quandt’s account has been dated between 28 December 1724 and 11 January 1725, and the data that it contains cover the first half of the 1724–1725 winter semester: October–December of 1724. Quandt’s account shows that during the winter semester of 1724–1725, the seminar of theLithuanian language at the Königsberg University was attended by thirty theological students. Theology and language was taught twice daily between 10 and 11 AM and between 3 and 4 PM . The seminar under Quandt’s management continued to apply the so-called collegium privatissimum, the teaching method of its first supervisor, Heinrich Lysius (1670–1731). The names of the seminar attendees from that period are documented in the second appendix to Quandt’s account titled ‘Beyl. B. Auditores Seminarii Lithvanici’: these were Peter Gottlieb Mielcke (1695–1753), who was in his second year as a teacher, Gottfried Boeckel (?–after 1724), Samuel Boeckel (?–after 1724), Alexander Deutschmann (?–after 1724), Michael Sigismund Engel (1700–1758), Carl Julius Fleischmann (1704–1778), Christophor Daniel Franck?–after 1724), Georg Friedrich Gehrke (?–after 1724), Heinrich Grabau (Grabovius, ?–after 1724), Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (1707–1754), Georg Ernst Klemm (1701–1774), Johann Friedrich Leo (1696–1759), Christophorus (Georg) Liebe (1705–1764), Joachim Friedrich Mey (?–after 1724), Johann Friedrich Mülner (?–after 1724), Jacob Friedrich Naugardt (1694–1751), Friedrich Gottlieb Perbandt (?–after 1724), Adam Heinrich Pilgrim (1702–1757), Heinrich Preuss (?–after 1728), Christoph Rabe (?–after 1724), Heinrich Ernst Rabe (1707/1708–1744), Gottlieb Richter (1707–1775), Johann Richter (1705–1754), Friedrich Rosenberg (?–1727), Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig (1699–1763), Ernst Gottfried Schimmelpfennig (1704–1768), Martin Schimmelpfennig (1706–1778), Gottfried Schumacher (1704–1786), Friedrich Sigismund Schuster (1703–after 1732), Johann Trentovius (Trentowski, 1700–1765). Seven of them attended the seminar back in the winter semester of 1723–1724 and were among the first attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language under Quandt after it had been reinstated in 1723. Peter Gottlieb Mielcke was the first teacher at the reinstated seminar. During the winter semester of 1724–1725, the age of the theological students attending the seminar of the Lithuanian language at the Königsberg University was between 17 and 30. Most of them were from Prussian Lithuania. After finishing their studies, at least 19 of the attendees were ordained priests and served in Lithuanian parishes. Out of the thirty students who signed the second appendix to Quandt’s account, at least one-half have not been known as attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language yet. Even though the Pietist Georg Friedrich Rogall was very critical towards the seminar of the Lithuanian language under the orthodox Lutheran Quandt in his 1725 letter to August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), professor of theology at the Halle University, it is beyond any dispute that the seminar had brought up a new generation of authors of Lithuanian writings. Six of the theological students who attended the seminar in the winter semester of 1724–1725 had become involved in Lithuanistic activity, albeit from the camps of two protestant movements – the orthodox Lutherans and the Pietists. Three of them – Peter Gottlieb Mielcke, Adam Heinrich Pilgrim, and Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig – were actively involved in Johann Jacob Quandt’s project that aimed to renew and enhance the repertoire of religious Lithuanian literature. Three others – Johann Richter, Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (by the way, he became involved in Lithuanistic activity with his proof-reading of the 1727 New Testament published by Quandt in Lithuanian), and Martin Schimmelpfennig – later went to Halle, the centre of Pietism, where they became teachers at the seminar of the Lithuanian language that was founded there in 1727 and drafted Lithuanian books. Quandt’s pupils made a significant contribution to the breakthrough in Lithuanian writings between the 1730s and 1760s.

V članku je na primeru doslej manj raziskanega mestnega urada prokuratorjev ali oskrbnikov koprske stolnice (Procuratore della Fabrica della Cattedrale di Capodistria) predstavljena vloga koprskega plemstva pri javnem umetnostnem naročništvu. Največji vpliv na izbiro arhitektov in izvajalcev umetnostnih naročil in s tem na končno podobo koprske stolnice v prvi polovici 18. stoletja so imeli prokuratorji Benvenuto markiz Gravisi (1679–1746), Alvise grof Tarsia (1697–1774) in Francesco Barbabianca (1695–1753). Pri izbiri arhitektov, kot sta Giorgio Massari (1687–1766) in Domenico Schiavi (1718–1795), so si pomagali z nasveti in povezavami koprskih izobražencev, kot sta Girolamo markiz Gravisi (1720–1812) in Gian Rinaldo grof Carli (1720–1795), ki so jih ti vzpostavili med študijem na univerzi v Padovi ali preko članstev v akademijah. Tako so se prokuratorji v letih 1748–1749 lahko v zvezi s prezidavo kora koprske stolnice posvetovali tudi s tedaj vodilno avtoriteto na arhitekturnem področju v Beneški republiki, Giovannijem markizom Polenijem (1683–1761), profesorjem eksperimentalne fizike na univerzi v Padovi.

The eighteenth century witnessed a remarkable proliferation of print, with annual publications in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland increasing by more than 350 per cent from the first decade to the last. This chapter relates the growth in novel publishing between 1695 and 1774 to population growth and the growth in literacy. Recent research links the book trade keeping prices artificially high to readers’ consumption of novels as luxury products and evidence of social status. This trend is considered, along with remuneration for authors; the market for fiction; Irish reprints; continuations and spin-offs; abridgements and serializations; translations; circulating libraries; and the significance of book history to understanding the emergence and development of the novel.