Academic literature on the topic '1707-1754'

AbstractThe contracts drawn up in the 18th century between European captains and Ottoman charterers state precisely the currency to be used for payment. The exploitation, on this point, of 1719 contracts, written in both Maghrib and Machrek Ottoman harbours, has concerned three periods, 1686-1707, 1754-1767 and 1791-1794. It reveals a secular evolution characterized by the simultaneous and successive circulation of numerous ottoman and european currencies and the persistency of two distinguished areas of use, the Maghrib and the Levant, which expresses the diversity and the upholding of these areas, long after they joined the Ottoman empire.

A lo largo de toda la trayectoria del poeta madrileño José Joaquín Benegasi y Luján (1707-1770), se aprecia el desarrollo de una serie de estrategias literarias y editoriales orientadas a la autopromoción de su propia obra, que parecen seguir de cerca el referente vital y literario de Lope de Vega. Estas revelan una temprana autoconcepción de profesionalidad literaria que permite hablar de un comportamiento propio del autor moderno. Sin embargo, es en la etapa última de su trayectoria en la que se aprecia un mayor número de síntomas que apuntan a la utilización premeditada de estas estrategias comerciales. Así lo vemos en la Fama póstuma de fray Juan de la Concepción (1754), la Descripción festiva de las reales funciones… (1770) y Papel nuevo: Benegasi contra Benegasi (1770). Asimismo, el hecho de que encargara un retrato propio para estampar en una de las reediciones de sus célebres vidas de santos también puede leerse bajo estos parámetros.

Introduction: In a 1754 publication, Discussion plus particulière de diverses manières d’elever de l’eau par le moyen des pompes avec le plus grand avantage (Very detailed explanation of the different methods of raising water through pumps with the greatest effectiveness), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) made extensive use of the concept of mechanical power in estimates of the power needed to raise waters with piston pumps, by means of natural forces such as human and horse force, running waters, and windmills. Purpose of the study: We aimed to revisit this publication to show to the modern reader Euler’s pioneering approach in providing rational calculations of the power of natural forces needed to drive different machines to raise waters with piston pumps. Methods: After a brief historical review on the use of natural forces to drive machines and the evolution of the concept of mechanical power, the method employed was the examination and an annotated reproduction of the main formulation using Euler’s original notation and ways of scientific writing of the time. Discussion: We address the evolution of hydropower and wind power, particularly for the generation of electricity, and also show that despite of its much lower attractiveness, there have been some attempts in the use of human and animal power in developing countries, particularly in applications that do not require large and constant amounts of power inputs.

The Scottish physician Sir John Pringle (1707–1782) was known as the father of modern military medicine. This was due to his 1752 book, Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison, which arose out of his experience as physician-general to the forces in Flanders during the 1740s, where he made significant advances to medical practice. After moving to London, he had also published, in 1750, an influential work on fevers in hospitals and in prisons. Pringle was friends with several significant people beyond the medical world, including Benjamin Franklin and the Scottish Law Lord James Burnett, Lord Monboddo. Above all, Pringle was regarded as a mentor and father figure by James Boswell, who looked to him for advice on matters of health and on personal issues like his career, relations with his father, and even the choice of a wife. In April 1752, Pringle married Charlotte, daughter of Bath physician William Oliver. She died in December 1753. In 1754, Oliver wrote a poem, Myra: A Pastoral Dialogue, in which a shepherd, ‘Philemon’, is grieving for the loss of his daughter. He tells of the marriage he promoted for her to ‘a cruel spoiler’ whose ‘native fierceness’ caused her death in the face of the ‘Northern Blast’. Charlotte and Pringle had indeed separated in May 1753, with Charlotte writing her husband out of her will. Quite clearly, Oliver regarded his fellow physician as effectively murdering his daughter. This essay develops these issues: medicine, mentoring and (suspected) manslaughter.

Johann Jacob QuandT’S ACADEMIC ACCOUNT: THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SEMINAR AT THE KÖNIGSBERG UNIVERSITY IN 1724 S u m m a r y The article introduces a document found in the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Germ. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz; GStA PK: I. HAGR, Rep. 7 Preußen, Nr. 187 [1716–1729]) in Berlin that sheds new light on the seminar of the Lithuanian language – the first centre for teaching Lithuanian – that was founded at the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University in late 1720s. It is an academic account by Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772), the chief preacher of the court and the then dean of the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University and the fourth professor of theology in ordinary, who ran the seminar of the Lithuanian language between 1723 and 1727. This account provides insights into the early activities of the seminar that have not been documented in much detail so far. Neither the account nor any of its three appendices – lists of students attending Quandt’s courses – are dated. Based on other documents in the same archive file and the Christian holidays to which the account refers, Quandt’s account has been dated between 28 December 1724 and 11 January 1725, and the data that it contains cover the first half of the 1724–1725 winter semester: October–December of 1724. Quandt’s account shows that during the winter semester of 1724–1725, the seminar of theLithuanian language at the Königsberg University was attended by thirty theological students. Theology and language was taught twice daily between 10 and 11 AM and between 3 and 4 PM . The seminar under Quandt’s management continued to apply the so-called collegium privatissimum, the teaching method of its first supervisor, Heinrich Lysius (1670–1731). The names of the seminar attendees from that period are documented in the second appendix to Quandt’s account titled ‘Beyl. B. Auditores Seminarii Lithvanici’: these were Peter Gottlieb Mielcke (1695–1753), who was in his second year as a teacher, Gottfried Boeckel (?–after 1724), Samuel Boeckel (?–after 1724), Alexander Deutschmann (?–after 1724), Michael Sigismund Engel (1700–1758), Carl Julius Fleischmann (1704–1778), Christophor Daniel Franck?–after 1724), Georg Friedrich Gehrke (?–after 1724), Heinrich Grabau (Grabovius, ?–after 1724), Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (1707–1754), Georg Ernst Klemm (1701–1774), Johann Friedrich Leo (1696–1759), Christophorus (Georg) Liebe (1705–1764), Joachim Friedrich Mey (?–after 1724), Johann Friedrich Mülner (?–after 1724), Jacob Friedrich Naugardt (1694–1751), Friedrich Gottlieb Perbandt (?–after 1724), Adam Heinrich Pilgrim (1702–1757), Heinrich Preuss (?–after 1728), Christoph Rabe (?–after 1724), Heinrich Ernst Rabe (1707/1708–1744), Gottlieb Richter (1707–1775), Johann Richter (1705–1754), Friedrich Rosenberg (?–1727), Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig (1699–1763), Ernst Gottfried Schimmelpfennig (1704–1768), Martin Schimmelpfennig (1706–1778), Gottfried Schumacher (1704–1786), Friedrich Sigismund Schuster (1703–after 1732), Johann Trentovius (Trentowski, 1700–1765). Seven of them attended the seminar back in the winter semester of 1723–1724 and were among the first attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language under Quandt after it had been reinstated in 1723. Peter Gottlieb Mielcke was the first teacher at the reinstated seminar. During the winter semester of 1724–1725, the age of the theological students attending the seminar of the Lithuanian language at the Königsberg University was between 17 and 30. Most of them were from Prussian Lithuania. After finishing their studies, at least 19 of the attendees were ordained priests and served in Lithuanian parishes. Out of the thirty students who signed the second appendix to Quandt’s account, at least one-half have not been known as attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language yet. Even though the Pietist Georg Friedrich Rogall was very critical towards the seminar of the Lithuanian language under the orthodox Lutheran Quandt in his 1725 letter to August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), professor of theology at the Halle University, it is beyond any dispute that the seminar had brought up a new generation of authors of Lithuanian writings. Six of the theological students who attended the seminar in the winter semester of 1724–1725 had become involved in Lithuanistic activity, albeit from the camps of two protestant movements – the orthodox Lutherans and the Pietists. Three of them – Peter Gottlieb Mielcke, Adam Heinrich Pilgrim, and Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig – were actively involved in Johann Jacob Quandt’s project that aimed to renew and enhance the repertoire of religious Lithuanian literature. Three others – Johann Richter, Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (by the way, he became involved in Lithuanistic activity with his proof-reading of the 1727 New Testament published by Quandt in Lithuanian), and Martin Schimmelpfennig – later went to Halle, the centre of Pietism, where they became teachers at the seminar of the Lithuanian language that was founded there in 1727 and drafted Lithuanian books. Quandt’s pupils made a significant contribution to the breakthrough in Lithuanian writings between the 1730s and 1760s.