Academic literature on the topic '1726-1798'

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, remarkable developments in the realm of law were witnessed throughout the world. They expressed and paved the way for a new type of dispensation. For those parts of Asia and the Middle East with a substantial European presence, the legitimate rules, principles, and procedures for resolving disputes were progressively assimilated into systems of state-sanctioned legal pluralism. The process—at once gradual, charged, and punctuated—coincided with the initial consolidation of European imperial dominance and the emergence of Europe's modern global empires.Though these changes in the realm of law date from the nineteenth century, the European presence there had long preceded them. This was perhaps most notable in maritime Asia. The Europeans in this region tended to cluster in their factories or in certain quarters of the towns and cities dotting the Indian Ocean rim. Notwithstanding differences between, say, a Mocha and an Aceh in size, location, and form of government, all these settlements had one quality in common: each was able to profit from the traffic conducted along the coast or across the high seas. As for the sovereign justice on offer, the dispensation that governed it in early modern times was far removed from its later analogue. This stemmed in large part from the rationale and basis for the European presence. In particular, Europeans could not dominate maritime Asia's provincial and imperial powers, especially those located inland, and the great majority of those arriving from western Europe intended to return as soon as possible; despite some involvement in racketeering and other forms of surplus extraction—famously in attempts to introduce and enforce a system of passports in maritime transport and travel—their interests were mainly commercial, oriented towards trade and shipping; the indigenous populations remained on the whole large and resilient; and many of the skills and techniques vested in livelihoods long associated with the region retained their primacy. As a result, the only realistic option for Europeans in maritime Asia was to reconcile themselves to the prevailing order. And this they did, with most of the region's fundamentals, not least in the realm of law, continuing to develop along what were essentially indigenous lines.

Thomas Pennant – Welsh traveller, antiquary, naturalist, and author – visited Joseph Banks in September 1771 shortly after Banks returned from his voyage around the world (1768–1771) with James Cook. It was almost certainly on the occasion of this visit that Pennant was given access to manuscript descriptions of various birds and other animals that had been met with on the voyage, saw the specimens Banks had brought back to England, and was given some of them. Among the Pennant papers in the National Library of Wales is a collection of descriptions in Pennant's handwriting that relate to birds met with by Banks on Cook's voyage. These descriptions may be only part of what was once a more extensive collection in that regard. Of especial interest and importance among them are those of 13 Australian landbird species. Some years later, Pennant must have noticed that John Latham, in his monumental A general synopsis of birds (1781–1785), had not described some species that Pennant possessed specimens or descriptions of, or that Latham's information about some of those he described was deficient in certain respects. Pennant communicated descriptions and notes on those birds to Latham, most notably in relation to several landbirds that had been collected in eastern Australia by Banks in the course of his voyage with Cook. It is apparent from the sources discussed in this paper that Banks took more specimens of Australian birds back to England from the first Cook voyage than has previously been realised. It is a strange quirk of history that, today, more evidence in that regard is available from Pennant, who did not go on the voyage, than from Banks who did.

George Perry ( c.1718–1771) is known for his involvement in the development of the iron and engineering industries of Coalbrookdale, Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire and Liverpool, and also for his ambition to publish a history together with new maps of Liverpool. In 1758, Perry’s best known work, A description of Coalbrookdale in the County of Salop, with two perspective views thereof was published. The aforementioned views, produced in collaboration with Thomas Smith of Derby (1720–1767), are two of the earliest examples of industrial landscapes. Perry also pursued interests in geology and natural history. He maintained a correspondence and exchanged specimens of fossils with, among others, Emanuel Mendes da Costa (1717–1791), Thomas Pennant (1726–1798) and Gustavus Brander ( c.1719–1787). His work on the history of Liverpool was absorbed into An essay towards the history of Leverpool drawn up from papers left by the late Mr. George Perry, and from other materials since collected by William Enfield (1773). His son, George Perry (1771–1823), was the author of Conchology, or the natural history of shells (1811). We record Perry’s busy life and career and attempt to give due weight to his several different interests.

Transcriptions of the Stakliškiai church metrics can be found dated from 1699 to 1798 while originals are available from 1705 to modern times. The article presents a church metrics fragment (1705–1710) which is part of the oldest remaining original Stakliškiai church baptism metrics dated 1705–1726. This period was chosen because in 1710 the plague made fundamental changes in the demographic situation of the town and other neighboring settlements. The main aim of the publication is to present the text not only semantically but also graphically. The entries are ordered this way: first column – the day, second column – name of the town, third column – the year, month and the whole text of the entry: name of the baptized baby, names of the parents, names of the godparents, area information and other additional notes e.g. information on the nobility of those present at the ceremony. The presented fragment is not only important to researchers of the specific town and area but also could serve as an example for preparing and researching other metrics books. Metrics books are important not only to genealogy researches but also to researchers of local history and specialists of demographics, linguistics or religious sciences.

Abstract Eighteenth-century writings about the oboe in London tend to focus primarily on two performers: Giuseppe Sammartini (1695–1750) and Johann Christian Fischer (1733–1800). As Sammartini died in 1750 and Fischer arrived in London only in 1768, this leaves much uncertain about the period of time which separated them. One of the leading oboists in the years following Sammartini’s death was Thomas Vincent Jr. (c.1723–98), a student of Sammartini’s. Vincent was later mentioned by both William Thomas Parke (1761–1847) and Charles Burney (1726–1814) as a prominent performer who was popular until the arrival of Fischer. Was Vincent a skilled performer who was eclipsed by Fischer’s more brilliant style or a performer of lesser abilities and outdated style? Or were writers such as Parke and Burney simply biased in Fischer’s favour? A study of Vincent’s performance activities, his abilities as evidenced by his compositions, and a consideration of the differing musical styles of Vincent and Fischer’s works will demonstrate that Vincent was a venerable performer-composer in his own right and that the preference for Fischer expressed by later writers was less a dismissal of Vincent than a reflection of changing musical tastes.