Journal articles on the topic '1735-1736'

A consistent and reliable method of citing published works was an integral part of Linnaeus's great project on classification and nomenclature which began with the publication of Systema naturae in 1735. Unfortunately, this applies only to a limited extent for his Musa cliffortiana of 1736, a monograph about the banana, abounding in historical details, but which suffers from a series of cryptic or faulty references. In this paper, corrections of some of these erroneous citations are suggested.

O dramaturgo luso-brasileiro Antônio José da Silva escreveu ao todo oito comédias burlescas, dentre elas, algumas que dialogam com a mitologia grega, como, por exemplo, Os encantos de Medeia (1735); Esopaida, ou a vida de Esopo (1734); Precipício de Faetonte (1738); e O Labirinto de Creta (1736). O objetivo deste artigo consiste exatamente na análise dessa última peça teatral, em que o autor retoma de forma paródica a imagem do labirinto e do minotauro como metáforas monstruosas tanto da Inquisição como do Santo ofício.

Abtract This essay concerns the newspaper Stolbergische Sammlung neuer und merckwürdiger Weltgeschichte (1735, 1736, 1738), as published by Schnabel, as well as the novel Insel Felsenburg. It focuses on the relation between the production of knowledge and narration. Schnabel’s methods as a newspaper editor are compared with contemporary usage as well as with his narrative technique as a novelist. It is significant how Schnabel makes use of narrative strategies not only in the small news items in the category “Sonderbare [Weltgeschichte]” but also in order to create a coherent narrative in the political sections of his newspaper, spanning longer periods of time.

The object of the research is the description of the monasteries of Cyprus, made by Vassiliy Grigorovich-Barskiy in 1735-1736. The outbreak that happened after the earthquake on April 10, 1735 had a significant impact on the choice of the route by the traveler: he went to inspect the remote monasteries of the island. The purpose of the study is to identify the true goals of his expedition, to make an assumption about his patron, to point sources of information that Barskiy used. The tasks of the study are to demonstrate how Barskiy used the epidemic in Cyprus to compile description of the local monasteries. I will try to answer the questions, why is he wandering the island during the epidemic, why is he describing monasteries, ignoring many other objects, and finally where did Barskiy, who had previously visited only the most famous places in Cyprus, take such an accurate information about the number of monasteries and their location, because it is impossible to see and describe so much going at random.

Das nahezu 400 Seiten umfassende Konvolut SBB Mus. ms. P 804 zählt zu den wichtigsten Quellen für die Instrumentalmusik J. S. Bachs. Der Artikel bietet ein Inventar, das auf Grundlage neuer Forschungen erstmals eine Übersicht zu Inhalt, Originaltiteln, Papiersorten, Schreibern, Vorlagen und Datierungen gibt. Zwei Anhänge geben darüber hinaus Auskunft zu weiteren Bach-Abschriften Johann Peter Kellners und Wolfgang Nicolaus Meys. Erwähnte Artikel: Hartwig Eichberg: Unechtes unter Johann Sebastian Bachs Klavierwerken. BJ 1975, S. 7-49 Andreas Glöckner: Neuerkenntnisse zu Johann Sebastian Bachs Aufführungskalender zwischen 1729 und 1735. BJ 1981, S. 43-76 Yoshitake Kobayashi: Zur Chronologie der Spätwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs. Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigkeit von 1736 bis 1750. BJ 1988, S. 7-72

Esse artigo compara as narrativas portuguesas de naufrágios dos séculos dezesseis e dezessete, muitas das quais foram publicadas no livro História trágico-marítima, de Bernardo Gomes de Brito (1735-1736), com os relatos coevos de naufrágio e cativeiro hispânicos. Ao examinar não só as estratégias e as estruturas das narrativas de naufrágio e cativeiro, mas também suas conexões intertextuais, pretende-se iluminar o contexto ideológico e literário compartilhado pelos impérios ibéricos na modernidade. A comparação permite desnudar ainda a capacidade destas narrativas de divertir os autores e os leitores modernos como também o seu caráter didático e dessa forma questionar as interpretações contemporâneas que ou priorizam a perspectiva nacionalista ou focam-se exclusivamente no aspecto contra-hegemônico contidos nesses textos.

As principais tendências da pintura no Brasil colonial podem ser estudadas na Catedral de Salvador, a igreja do antigo Colégio da Companhia de Jesus. Datando dos finais do século XVII, várias séries de quadros de qualidade diversa, compõem com as esculturas dos altares um soberbo e complexo bel composto de propaganda inaciana. Para decorar o forro da Biblioteca, por cima da sacristia, os Jesuítas encomendaram cerca de 1735-1736 uma monumental quadratura ao pintor português António Simões Ribeiro (?-1755). A pintura é estudada em função da tradição de decoração das bibliotecas durante a época moderna. Para além da quadratura, Simões Ribeiro introduziu na arte brasileira as figuras alegóricas, tornando-se assim o primeiro pintor brasileiro verdadeiramente barroco e o criador da chamada Escola Bahiana.

DURING the second quarter of the eighteenth century there were successive waves of public agitation over the spirits trade—in 1726, 1728–9, 1735–8 and again in 1748–51. Opponents of ‘Mother Gin’ and her supporters waged a multi-media propaganda war, through tracts and sermons, broadsides, ballads, satirical verse, petitions, posters and prints (though Hogarth's Gin Lane and Beer Street came only as a final, splendid coda to the attack on gin, in 1751). Parliament in this period enacted a series of measures to deal with the problem. The most dramatic and draconian of these was the 1736 Gin Act, whichwas hurried through Parliament in a few weeks and threatened to close down the spirits trade overnight. The Act, with secondary legislation in 1737 and 1738, caused such a landslide of protest and opposition in the capital that it had to be abandoned and later repealed. In this paper I want to concentrate on the 1736 Act, looking at its background and aftermath. As we shall see, the controversy raises important questions not only about the organisation of the drink trade and consumption patterns in the early eighteenth century, but also about the social and political processes of legislation–the activity of interest groups, the attitude of government, and the problems of enforcement.

Der Beitrag setzt sich mit dem erhaltenen Stimmenmaterial zu einer B-Dur-Suite Johann Friedrich Fasc hs auseinander, das der Musikaliensammlung der Thomasschule entstammt. Dabei werden mögliche Bezüge zu Bachs Collegium Musicum erörtert. Erwähnte Artikel: Werner Neumann: Das “Bachische Collegium Musicum”. BJ 1960 S. 5-27 Hans-Joachim Schulze: “Das Stück in Goldpapier” - Ermittlungen zu einigen Bach-Abschriften des frühen 18. Jahrhunderts. BJ 1978, S. 19-42 Andreas Glöckner: Neuerkenntnisse zu Johann Sebastian Bachs Aufführungskalender zwischen 1729 und 1735. BJ 1981, S. 43-76 Andreas Glöckner: Handschriftliche Musikalien aus den Nachlässen von Carl Gotthelf Gerlach und Gottlob Harrer in den Verlagsangeboten des Hauses Breitkopf 1761 bis 1769. BJ 1984, S. 107-116 Yoshitake Kobayashi: Zur Chronologie der Spätwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs. Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigkeit von 1736 bis 1750. BJ 1988 S. 7-72

Der Artikel widmet sich im ersten Teil der Bläserbesetzung in der Orchestersuite D-Dur BWV 1068 und deren wahrscheinlich nachträglicher Hinzufügung. Darüber hinaus wird die Frage nach dem Entstehungsort und -zeitpunkt des Werks erörtert. Der zweite Teil geht den Frankfurter und Leipziger Stimmen zum Werk nach und versucht, deren Entstehung und Überlieferung zu erhellen. Erwähnte Artikel: Walther Vetter: Die Trompeten in Bachs dritter Orchesterouvertüre. BJ 1953, S. 97-107 Hans-Joachim Schulze: Frühe Schriftzeugnisse der beiden jüngsten Bach-Söhne. BJ 1963/64, S. 61-69 Werner Neumann: Johann Sebastian Bachs "Rittergutskantaten" BWV 30a und 212. BJ 1972, S. 76-90 Andreas Glöckner: Neuerkenntnisse zu Johann Sebastian Bachs Aufführungskalender zwischen 1729 und 1735. BJ 1981, S. 43-75 Alfred Dürr: Neue Erkenntnisse zur Kantate BWV 31. BJ 1985 S. 155-159 Yoshitake Kobayashi: Zur Chronologie der Spätwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs. Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigkeit von 1736 bis 1750. BJ 1988, S. 7-72 Peter Wollny: Zur Überlieferung der Instrumentalwerke Johann Sebastian Bachs: Der Quellenbesitz Carl Philipp Emanuel Bachs. BJ 1996, S. 7-21

In the Dutch Republic slavery was not permitted on its soil in Western Europe. Enslaved people obtained their freedom by setting foot on Dutch soil. In 1776, the scope of this free soil principle was limited by a statute of the States General. From this moment onwards only slaves who remained in the Republic for longer than six months would automatically become free. In the literature, it was hitherto assumed that with the establishment of this statute the first debates about the scope of the free soil principle were initiated. This article demonstrates that this assumption is false. Previously, two court cases from 1735 and 1736, between two enslaved men from Curaçao and their masters, had already given rise to discussion. During these court cases, lawyers and judges elaborately debated the boundaries of the free soil principle. Did every enslaved person automatically obtain their freedom, or was, for instance, the permission of the master required to travel to the Dutch Republic? The two court cases give insight into what contemporaries thought about the free soil principle, thus shedding new light on the States General’s statute of 1776.

During the 1736/1737 academic year, Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi taught a course in poetics at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. According to the rules of the time, he prepared two school dramas, the texts of which survived — for Christmas and Easter. Five interludes were set for each drama. In the 3rd interlude to the Christmas drama and the 5th interlude to the Easter drama, the plot is based on the confrontation of Liakh (Pole) and Zhyd (Jew), oppressing Belarusian and Ukrainian peasants, with Cossack. Moskal (Moscovite) is a powerful ally of the Cossack. The propaganda sense of both interludes is revealed in the context of political conflicts of that era. During 1733—1735 Stanisław Leszczyński, a former ally of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, led the war for the royal throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Most Ukrainian lands were then part of the Commonwealth. The Russian empire introduced troops into the territory of the Commonwealth and put on the throne Stanisław Leszczyński’s rival August III. Ukrainian citizens of the Commonwealth were prompted by Russians to revolt against Polish authorities. The Haidamaky movement emerged which Russia promised to support. The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia in 1734 betrayed Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and came under the jurisdiction of the Russian empress. The interludes to the Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi’s dramas form the ideological basis for Russian aggression and future division of the Commonwealth. They impose on the spectators the idea of oppressing Ukrainians and Belarusians by Poles, complementing it with anti-Semitic nuances. Cossacks are encouraged to engage in aggression, interpreted as a liberation mission. These trends, identified still in the Baroque literature, were used in 2014 by the Russian Federation for motivating its incursion into Ukraine. The modern terminology defines such trends with the concept of ‘hybrid war’.

T he second edition of J ohann B ehrendt ’ s hymn book ISZ naujo pérweizd ėtos ir pagérintos Giesm û-Knygos AND PRAYER BOOK Maldû-Knygélos (1735): an unknown copy in Prague The article presents a 1735 Lithuanian publication from Königsberg (Lith. Karaliaučius) which was believed to not have survived—the hymn book for Prussian Lithuania’s Evangelical Lutherans Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Giesmû-Knygos (Reviewed and Improved Hymn-book) and the prayer book Maldû-Knygélos (Prayer-book). The only known copy of the second edition of the hymn book and the prayer book was discovered in the National Library of the Czech Republic (Czech Národní knihovna České republiky; NK ČR: 33 K 139) in Prague. It has not been registered in Lithuanian bibliographies. Just as the first 1732 edition, the second edition appeared thanks to the initiative of the theology professor of the University of Königsberg and the chief court preacher, Johann Jacob Quandt (Lith. Jonas Jokūbas Kvantas, 1686–1772), while the archpresbyter of Insterburg (Lith. Įsrutis), Johann Behrendt (Lith. Jonas Berentas, 1667–1737), led the editing team. Aiming to reveal the differences of the second edition from the first, and to highlight the editing tendencies of the hymn and prayer books, this article not only discusses the main features of the copy, but also analyzes the structure of the 1735 edition including the repertoire of new hymns and linguistic particularities of the texts of hymns and prayers written in Lithuanian. Provenance research revealed that the copy belonged to the Lithuanian Dovydas Blindinaitis or Bl(i)undinaitis before reaching this library, and this is supported by handwritten inscriptions on the front and back flyleaves. He acquired the book in 1736 for 33 groschen and must have been its first owner. The imprint “REGIÆ BIBLIOTH: ACAD: PRAGEN:” (“Royal Library of the Academy of Prague”) which is seen on the title page of the hymn book could only appear after 1777 when the Public Imperial-Royal University Library (Czech Veřejná císařsko-královská univerzitní knihovna) in Prague had been established. From the perspective of structure, the 1735 Lithuanian publication is a convolute which consists of two alligates: (1) hymn book and (2) prayer book. The hymn book comprises: (a) two introductions—one written by Quandt in German and one written by Behrendt in Lithuanian, (b) the main section of the hymn book and its appendix “Kittos naujos Gieſmes ßwėey pridėtos” (“Other new recently added hymns”), (c) two indexes—the index for the Lithuanian hymns “Prirodijimas Wiſſû Gieſmû, ant kurro Laißko jos ßoſa Knygoſa randamos yra” (“A listing of all hymns which page they are found on in this book”) and the index of German original hymns called a “Regiſter” (“Register”). The prayer book comprises prayers, collects, the story of Christ’s suffering, and a list of thematic groups of these texts marked “Prirodijimas Wiſſû Maldû” (“A listing of all prayers”). The second (1735) edition of the hymn book differs remarkably from the first (1732) in its structure and scope: (1) All of the hymns that had been previously included in the 1732 edition’s “Appendix arba Kittos naujos Gieſmes ßwėey pridėtos” (“Appendix or other new recently added hymns”) (a total of 34) were integrated into the main section of the hymn book of the 1735 edition comprising 334 hymns; their thematic groupings and subgroupings remained the same; (2) The 1735 edition does not include one of the hymns published in 1732: Peter Gottlieb Mielcke’s (Lith. Petras Gotlybas Milkus, 1695–1753) translation “MIeli Krikßćionis dʒaukimės” (“Dear Christians let us rejoice”) (← Martin Luther, “Nun freut euch lieben Chriſten”); (3) The 1735 edition was supplemented with 26 hymns, that is to say, the second edition comprises 360 hymns. The new hymns are published in the appendix “Kittos naujos Gieſmes ßwėey pridėtos” (“Other new recently added hymns”). Cryptonyms attached to these hymns attest to the fact that their translators were two priests of Prussian Lithuania. For the first time, 18 hymns of the priest of Didlacken (Lith. Didlaukiai), Fabian Ulrich Glaser (Lith. Fabijonas Ulrichas Glazeris, 1688–1747), were included in this hymn book. The priest of Popelken (Lith. Papelkiai), Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig (Lith. Adomas Frydrichas Šimelpenigis, 1699–1763), translated 8 new hymns (while 15 of his hymns that had been already published in the 1732 edition were presented in the main section of the hymn book of the 1735 edition). The new repertoire of the Lithuanian hymn book was compiled from the translations of the following German hymn creators of the 16th–18th centuries: Johann Georg Albinus (1624–1679), Martin Behm (1557–1622), Kaspar Bienemann (Melissander, 1540–1591), Simon Dach (1605–1659), Johann Burchard Freystein (1671–1718), Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676), Johannes Gigas (Heune, 1514–1581), Ludwig Andreas Gotter (1661–1735), Johann Heermann (1585–1647), Heinrich Held (1620–1659), Martin Moller (1547–1606), Johann Rist (1607–1667), Samuel Rodigast (1649–1708), Johann Röling (1634–1679), Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer (1635–1699), Arnold Heinrich Sahme (1676–1734), Benjamin Schmolck (1672–1737). In contrast to the hymn book, the structure of the 1735 prayer book published concurrently were not changed; the thematic groups of prayers remained essentially the same as they were in the first edition of 1732. Texts of both the hymn book and the prayer book were edited. The editing tendencies in both are similar and encompass all linguistic levels (phonetics, morphology, lexicon, syntax), as well as orthography and punctuation, but the intensity of editing was different. The orthographic corrections prevail and the most consistent of them are: [i·] <ij> → <y> (characteristic only of the hymn book), [č’] <ć> → <cʒ> (together with refusing the marker indicating consonant palatalization <i>), [·] <e> → <ė>, [ž] ir [ž’] <Ʒ> → <>, marking accent placement with an acute accent < ’ >. The second edition reflects an important stage in the quantitative and qualitative development of Behrendt’s hymn book. In the second edition that appeared just three years later, we see the further consistent efforts of the editors to expand the repertoire of hymns and improve the texts in terms of language (i.e. they first of all sought to standardize the orthography of texts written in different centuries by many different translators). In contrast to the hymn book, the prayer book was improved along only one vector: the language of the texts was edited according to the same principles, while the number of prayers was not increased. The fact that the editors of the second edition devoted more attention to the hymn book than the prayer book probably stems from the important place that hymns hold in the Evangelical Lutheran liturgy.

Abstract This research focuses on one of the most famous paintings made at the court of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911)—Qingming shanghe (Up the River during Qingming). Commissioned by the Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–1735) and completed in the second year of the Qianlong emperor's reign (1736–1795), the painting is a rare example of Qing court art that reveals how Qianlong furthered his father's artistic vision while formulating his own in the first fifteen years of his long tenure as ruler. This vision involved how to reinterpret and reinvent the Chinese painting tradition through time-honored themes. The article is divided into four sections. In the first, it brings attention to the salient and crucial but long neglected stylistic features of the painting—those that emphasize theatricality and spectatorship. These interconnected features link and characterize the paintings commissioned by Yongzheng. The second section shifts to discuss the emerging cultural agenda of Yongzheng as seen through the manner in which court art references the Chinese painting tradition. The most remarkable act regards the reinterpretation of old painting themes that include Qingming shanghe and Baijun tu (One Hundred Horses). The third section analyzes how the paratextual elements of Qingming shanghe, especially Qianlong's poem and inscription, inform us of the emperor's views about the production mechanism of court painting and the political meaning of this work. The last section, based on Qianlong's understanding of the painting, highlights the emperor's cultural agenda associated with the idea of yuanben, which pointed to new versions of old themes made by his painting academy.

The genus Bradyrhizobium is considered as the probable ancestor lineage of all rhizobia, broadly spread in a variety of ecosystems and with remarkable diversity. A polyphasic study was performed to characterize and clarify the taxonomic position of eight bradyrhizobial strains isolated from indigenous legumes to Western Australia. As expected for the genus, the 16S rRNA gene sequences were highly conserved, but the results of multilocus sequence analysis with four housekeeping genes (dnaK, glnII, gyrB and recA) confirmed three new distinct clades including the following strains: (1) WSM 1744T, WSM 1736 and WSM 1737; (2) WSM 1791T and WSM 1742; and (3) WSM 1741T, WSM 1735 and WSM 1790. The highest ANI values of the three groups in relation to the closest type strains were 92.4, 92.3 and 93.3 %, respectively, below the threshold of species circumscription. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization analysis also confirmed new species descriptions, with less than 52 % relatedness with the closest type strains. The phylogeny of the symbiotic gene nodC clustered the eight strains into the symbiovar retamae, together with seven Bradyrhizobium type strains, sharing from 94.2–98.1 % nucleotide identity (NI), and less than 88.7 % NI with other related strains and symbiovars. Morpho-physiological, phylogenetics, genomic and symbiotic traits were determined for the new groups and our data support the description of three new species, Bradyrhizobium archetypum sp. nov., Bradyrhizobium australiense sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium murdochi sp. nov., with WSM 1744T (=CNPSo 4013T=LMG 31646T), WSM 1791T (=CNPSo 4014T=LMG 31647T) and WSM 1741T (=CNPSo 4020T=LMG 31651T) designated as type strains, respectively.

ABSTRACTThe elevation of the Portuguese Royal Chapel to the rank of Patriarchal Church in 1716 was part of a larger process of ‘Romanization’ – that is, of assimilation and adaptation of Roman models within Portuguese music and culture. This involved the training of numerous chaplain-singers and young Portuguese composers in Rome, as well as the importation of chant books, ministers, singers and even the maestro di cappella of the Cappella Giulia, Domenico Scarlatti. According to the anonymous ‘Breve rezume de tudo o que se canta en cantochaõ, e canto de orgaõ pellos cantores na santa igreja patriarchal’ (Brief summary of all that is sung in plainchant and polyphony by the singers at the holy Patriarchal Church) – a document written at some point between 1722 and 1724 – the repertory of the Patriarchal Church was a varied mixture of works by thirty-two identified composers, mostly Italian and Portuguese, from a period ranging from the sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century. Some of the repertory for Holy Week is also extant in three large choirbooks prepared by a copyist from the Patriarchal Church in 1735 and 1736 for use in the Ducal Chapel in Vila Viçosa. These include ‘modern’ additions to late sixteenth-century and seventeenth-century pieces and also some curious reworkings, made with the purpose of adjusting older works to newly ‘Romanized’ performance conditions and aesthetic ideals. The sources examined in this article thus show that Portuguese ‘Romanization’, far from being a simple transplantation of ideas and practices from the centre to the periphery, was a dynamic process of acculturation and adaptation rooted in emerging forms of historical consciousness.

AbstractThe late Palaeoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of southwestern China are characterized by a number of mafic intrusions and dykes. However, the origin and tectonic implications of these mafic intrusions and dykes remain unclear. The Hekou mafic intrusion, intruding into the Hekou Group in the Hekou area, SW China, is the biggest and most representative one. The intrusion is mainly composed of coarse-grained in the central zone (CZ) and medium- to fine-grained gabbroic rocks in the outer zone (OZ). Cameca secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) U–Pb zircon ages, and geochemical and Nd isotopic results for the intrusion are reported in this paper. SIMS U–Pb zircon ages indicate that the gabbroic rocks from the CZ and OZ were emplaced at 1735±6.5 Ma and 1736±4.0 Ma, respectively. This suggests that the Hekou intrusion originated from c. 1.7 Ga mafic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. The coarse-grained rocks in the CZ of the intrusion show fairly homogeneous major- and trace-element compositions. In contrast, the medium- to fine-grained rocks from the OZ display slightly evolved compositions, with relatively lower Mg nos, MgO, Al2O3, Cr and Ni contents, and higher SiO2, CaO and Zr concentrations than those of the rocks from the CZ. Although the gabbroic rocks of the intrusion have low total rare earth element (REE) contents (REE = 29.3–40.2 ppm) with slightly light REE (LREE)-enriched and heavy REE (HREE)-depleted patterns, they exhibit distinct trace-element and Nd isotopic features. The rocks from the CZ are characterized by slightly LREE-enriched and ‘convex upwards’ incompatible trace-element patterns with significant Th depletion and insignificant Nb and Ta depletion relative to La. However, the rocks from the OZ have relatively flatter REE patterns than those of the rocks from the CZ. In addition, the rocks from the OZ are slightly enriched in Th and depleted in Nb and Ta relative to La. The εNd(T) values of the CZ and the OZ rocks are +0.70 to +2.3 and −0.30 to +0.24, respectively. The parental magma for the Hekou gabbroic intrusion exhibits affinity with a subalkaline basaltic magma, which was possibly generated by relatively high degrees of partial melting of a slightly depleted asthenospheric mantle source. Their geochemical and isotopic variations were due to slight crystal fractionation with varying degrees of crustal contamination. The Hekou intrusion was therefore supposed to form in an anorogenic extensional environment. It is further suggested that c. 1.7 Ga is an important onset timing of widespread anorogenic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. We interpret the late Palaeoproterozoic gabbroic intrusion to represent anorogenic mafic magmatism, which was most likely related to the break-up of the Columbia supercontinent.

The Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate Formation composes the lower part of the alluvial Siktefjellet Group of northwestern Spitsbergen's Old Red Sandstone succession. Siktefjellet strata are of late Silurian or early Devonian age, but lack precise age-diagnostic fossils. They are unconformably overlain by conglomerates and sandstones of the Red Bay Group, which contain a well established fish fauna of Lochkovian age. The Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate rests with a major unconformity on high-grade (with eclogites) schists and gneisses, with associated corona gabbros and granitic gneisses. Previous isotope-age studies have shown that these igneous rocks yield U/Pb ages of c. 950 Ma, and that the eclogite facies metamorphism may be of Caledonian or late Neoproterozoic age. The high P/high T rocks are intercalated with and overlain by schists affected only by Caledonian amphibolite facies metamorphism, recorded by 40Ar/39Ar and Rb/Sr cooling ages of 400–430 Ma.In the Lochkovian Red Bay Group of the Raudfjorden Graben, two horizons of tuffites occur, interbedded with sandstones. New studies of eight zircons from these volcanic rocks have provided single-zircon lead-evaporation ages of c. 950 and c. 1350 Ma; one yielded 440 Ma. All these zircons are probably derived from the underlying basement rocks, the ages being significantly older than the Devonian host strata (c. 410 Ma).The clasts in the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate are generally angular to subrounded and derived locally from the underlying high-grade metamorphic complex. A subordinate (usually less than 1%, but up to about 10%) component of the clasts is a quartz porphyry that is not known in the exposed bedrock anywhere in northwestern Spitsbergen. The quartz porphyries are better rounded than the other clasts; however, the maximum diameter reaches 1.5 metres, indicating that transport distances are unlikely to have exceeded a few kilometres. Three quartz porphyry boulders have been dated by the single-zircon lead-evaporation method and shown to be of Palaeoproterozoic age, yielding ages of 1735±4, 1736±5 and 1739±5 Ma that have not previously been detected in the northwestern part of Svalbard's Caledonides.The quartz porphyry clasts show no evidence of the widespread high-grade tectonothermal activity of Mesoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic age that influenced northwestern Spitsbergen. It is therefore concluded that the most probable source of these clasts lies to the east in the unexposed basement beneath the Old Red Sandstones of the Andrèeland–Dicksonland Graben. The Lilljeborgfjellet quartz porphyry clasts are closely similar in age to the granitic rocks of Ny Friesland. Whereas the latter were subject to Caledonian high amphibolite facies metamorphism, the quartz porphyry clasts have only been affected by a low greenschist facies overprint. Nevertheless, the similarity in age suggests an affinity to Ny Friesland and it is proposed here that the Breibogen–Bockfjorden Fault defines the most important boundary between Svalbard's Caledonian terranes.

AbstractThe reign of Peter the Great is regarded as one of the most significant and contentious epochs in Russian history. It has been customary to view the reforms of the period as either a progressive transformation of an antiquated society or the destructive suppression of traditional Russian culture. This dichotomy rests on an accepted perception of Peter the Great and his reign as rational and secular.This paper attempts to revise this dichotomy by focussing on the Masonic and occult influence prevalent at the Petrine Court. These two complimentary aspects of Petrine society and culture have been censured or overlooked by successive generations of historians, yet they exerted a considerable hold on some of the most powerful statesmen of the period, including the Tsar himself. The importance of studying Masonic and occult influence in Petrine Russia lies in the fact that it can help to overcome the starkly secular image of Peter the Great, without denying the progressive nature of his reforms.The first section of the article examines the powerful symbolic representations of the Tsar as a "Mason King" and architect of a new Russia. It reveals a concerted campaign to portray Peter the Great as a new King David, leading his people—new Israelites—to their promised land and a New Jerusalem, crystallised by the foundation of St. Petersburg. This is then followed by examining how Peter the Great's worldview—encompassing religious tolerance, a scientific curiosity open to esotericism and a passion for chivalrous societies—was wholly compatible with the ideals of Freemasonry as it developed at the beginning of the eighteenth-century.The second part of the paper focuses on the Masonic links and strong occult interests of Jacob Bruce (1669-1735), Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736) and Robert Erskine (1677-1718)—three of the most prominent statesmen in Petrine Russia. Bruce came from a Scottish Jacobite family and played an active role in practically all fields of Russian state life, ranging from the military to the promotion of science and education. Prokopovich was the most eminent ecclesiastic figure in Petrine Russia and a loyal stalwart of Peter the Great's state reforms. Erskine, like Bruce, also descended from a powerful Jacobite family in Scotland. He enjoyed a close relationship with Peter the Great and was his Chief Physician and Head of the Russian Medical Chancellery, as well as being Director of the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera and Library.This triumvirate played an active role in transforming the Russian State, but do not represent the archetypal embodiments of purely rational and secular enlighteners. They all displayed a strong religiosity and a marked interest in esoteric matters and Bruce and Erskine, in particular, had strong ties to Jacobite Freemasonry. Peter the Great displayed similar interests and acted as their enthusiastic patron. Thus, it is hoped that this paper will reveal the significant extent to which Masonic ideals and a fascination with the occult were rife at the Petrine Court and helped to shape the transformations enacted during this pivotal period in Russian history. Le règne de Pierre le Grand est considéré comme étant l'une des époques la plus marquante et contestée de l'histoire russe. Les réformes de cette période ont souvent été envisagées en tant que transformation ascendante d'une société désuète ou comme l'abrogation pernicieuse de la culture russe traditionnelle. Cette dichotomie réside dans une idée convenue du rationnel et du séculier de Pierre le Grand et de son règne.Cette communication tente de réévaluer la dichotomie par l'étude de l'influence occulte et maçonnique qui prévalait à la cour de Pierre le Grand. Ces deux aspects complémentaires de la société et la culture pétrine ont été censurés ou mis à l'écart par des générations successives d'historiens, pourtant ceux-ci ont exercé une influence considérable sur certains des hommes d'état les plus puissants de l'époque, y compris le Tsar lui-même. L'examen de l'influence maçonnique et occulte de la Russie pétrine peut aider à surpasser l'image séculière forte de Pierre le Grand, sans remettre en cause la nature progressiste de ses réformes.La première partie de l'article envisage les représentations symboliques solides du Tsar en tant que "Roi Maçon" et architecte d'une nouvelle Russie. Celle-ci dévoile une campagne convergente pour décrire Pierre le Grand comme le nouveau Roi David, conduisant son peuple (les nouveaux Israélites) vers les terres promises et la Nouvelle Jérusalem, concrétisée par la fondation de St. Pétersbourg. Nous examinerons ensuite comment la vision du monde de Pierre le grand (sa tolérance religieuse, sa curiosité scientifique tournée vers l'ésotérisme et sa passion pour les sociétés chevaleresques) était entièrement compatible avec les idéaux de la Franc-Maçonnerie, telle qu'elle se développait au XVIIIIème siècle.Dans la deuxième partie de l'article, nous nous concentrerons sur les liens maçonniques et les forts intérêts occultes de Jacob Bruce (1669-1735), Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736) et Robert Erskine (1677-1718)—trois des plus grands hommes d'état de la Russie pétrine. Bruce, issu d'une famille jacobite écossaise, jouait un rôle actif dans presque tous les ressorts de la vie d'état russe, de l'armée à la promotion des sciences et de l'éducation. Prokopovich était la figure ecclésiastique la plus éminente de la Russie pétrine et un fidèle partisan des réformes de l'Etat de Pierre le Grand. Erskine, comme Bruce, descendait d'une famille Jacobite puissante d'Ecosse; il appréciait être proche de Pierre le Grand. Il était son Médecin en Chef, Directeur de la Chancellerie Médicale Russe et Directeur de la Kunstkamera de St. Pétersbourg et de la bibliothèque.Ce triumvirat a joué un rôle actif dans la transformation de l'état Russe, toutefois, ils ne symbolisent pas des incarnations archétypes des lumières purement rationnelles et séculières. Ils affichaient tous un grand sentiment religieux et un intérêt marqué pour l'ésotérisme. Bruce et Erskine, en particulier, avaient de fortes attaches avec la Franc-Maçonnerie Jacobite. Pierre le Grand exhibait des intérêts similaires et était leur fervent bienfaiteur. Ainsi, nous espérons que notre article mettra en avant la prédominance nette des idéaux Maçonniques et d'une fascination pour l'occulte dans la Cour pétrine et permettra de façonner les transformations édictées durant cette période pivot de l'histoire russe.

In 1736, Penobscot and Massachusetts leaders cooperated to evict colonists from Native lands in Maine, rejecting the claims of a wealthy, powerful land speculator to that territory. This article finds that Native and European conceptions of landownership facilitated this unlikely alliance on what was an otherwise volatile frontier.

Abstract Transplacental trafficking of maternal and fetal cells during pregnancy establishes long-term, reciprocal microchimerism in both mother and child because of exposure of the two immune systems to the non-self alloantigens (Maloney et al., J Clin Invest. 1999;104:41-47). Studies show the immune system in the mother is capable of being sensitized by paternal histocompatibility antigens. For example, antibodies directed against paternal HLA-antigens (van Rood et al., Nature. 1958;181:1735-1736) and T lymphocytes directed against paternal major (van Kampen et al., Hum Immunol. 2001;62:201-207) and minor histocompatibility antigens (Verdijk et al., Blood. 2004;103:1961-1964) are frequently detected in multiparous women. We previously demonstrated mother/child immune interactions positively influenced the outcome of mother to child HLA haploidentical T cell-depleted hematopoietic transplantation. In a series of adult and pediatric patients we demonstrated mother donors conferred protection against leukemia relapse and improved transplant related mortality (TRM), which was largely due to infection, and improved survival (Stern et al., Blood 2008, Oct 1;112:2990-5). However, in unmanipulated haploidentical transplantation, it has been recently shown that transplantation from mother donors increases the incidence of GvHD and decreases survival (Huang et al., EBMT 2014). Here, we analyzed the outcomes of 238 adult acute leukemia patients after T cell-depleted haploidentical transplantation. When compared with transplantation from all other family members, transplantation from mother donors was associated with significantly lower TRM (largely infectious) (27% vs 50% from all other donors, P = 0.01). Multivariate analyses demonstrated transplantation from mother donors was an independent factor predicting improved survival (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.95, P = 0.03). In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism, we analyzed donor T cell repertoires that were specific for CMV antigens presented by recipient APCs (by ELISPOT and by limiting dilution cloning). Unlike all other donor/recipient pairs, mothers possessed CMV-specific CD8 cell clones that killed child’s and father’s CMV-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs). Such clones were non-alloreactive as they did not kill the child’s or father’s non-CMV-pulsed DCs. Mothers also possessed CD4 T cell clones that produced IFN-gamma in response to child’s and father’s CMV-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Such clones were non-alloreactive as they did not respond to child’s or father’s non-CMV-pulsed APCs. Thus, mothers possessed a T cell repertoire that recognized CMV antigens also when presented by the unshared, father’s, HLA haplotype. In fact, they showed twice as many T cells that recognized CMV antigens presented by the child’s APCs than all other donor/recipient pairs (p<0.05). Apparently, therefore, pregnancy resulted in the generation of an additional T cell repertoire that specifically recognized pathogen antigens presented by the unshared paternal HLA haplotype antigens on the child’s APCs. Apparently, upon mother to child T cell-depleted hematopoietic transplantation, such repertoire expands over time and helps reduce infectious mortality. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying mother T cell selection/education by paternal HLA haplotype antigens on the child’s APCs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Resumo A cobrança dos quintos sobre o ouro produzido no Brasil conheceu pelo menos cinco sistemas de arrecadação. Esse reformismo em matéria tributária pode ser atribuído à busca pela maior eficácia tributária de cada um dos sistemas de cobrança, mas sem dúvida a novidade da atividade econômica - a mineração -, bem como a cobrança dos tributos sobre ela incidentes por agentes da Coroa, e não por particulares sob o tradicional sistema de contratos, exerceram um papel fundamental. Este artigo analisa a eficácia da cobrança dos quintos de um desses sistemas: a capitação, que vigorou entre o segundo semestre de 1735 e o primeiro semestre de 1751. Com base na comparação, de um lado, entre os montantes arrecadados e a quota mínima estabelecida pela Coroa portuguesa, e, de outro lado, entre o rendimento dos quintos entre 1735 e 1751 e entre 1751 e 1766, mostra-se que a eficácia da capitação é inconteste. Este resultado sinaliza para a necessidade de aprofundar-se o estudo dos motivos que teriam levado a Coroa a alterar um sistema comprovadamente eficaz por outro, que se mostrou incapaz de cumprir a quota estabelecida já no primeiro ano de sua vigência.

Historians studying the Irish parliament in the first half of the eighteenth century generally have to make do with sources that are far less rich than those available at Westminster. In particular, division-lists, a staple of British parliamentary history, remain a relatively rare delicacy in Ireland. Only a dozen or so are known from the period 1692–1760, and hitherto none at all between the divisions on the disputed by-elections for Westmeath in 1723 and Dublin city in 1749. The discovery of another list, from the session of 1735–6, is thus particularly welcome, and would be so whatever its subject matter. But what makes this new list even more valuable is that it relates to a highly controversial division, closely associated with the production of Swift's notorious satire on the Irish House of Commons, ‘A character, panegyric and description of the Legion Club’, and also provides crucial evidence for the dating of that poem.

Abstract In the article are published two Ottoman Folk Songs-Trk written by unknown authors during the Russo-Turkish War of 17351739. The songs narrate about the siege of Azak (Azov) in 1736 and z (Ochakiv) in 1737. The texts are preserved in collections of manuscripts in Gazi Husrevbeg Library, Historical Archieve and Oriental Institute in Sarajevo. The article gives the Turkish texts of the songs, their translation to Russian and more extensive versions of the songs which havent been published before found by the author of the article in Gazi Husrev-beg Library. The author as well makes certain links to other folklore narratives.Аннотация В статье публикуются две османские народные песни-тюркю, созданные безымянными авторами во время русско-турецкой войны 1735-1739 гг. Песни повествуют об осаде крепости Азак (Азов) в 1736 г. и Озю (Очаков) в 1737 г. Их тексты сохранились в рукописных сборниках в библиотеке Гази Хюсрев-бега, Историческом архиве и Восточном институте в Сараево (Босния и Герцеговина). В статье представлены турецкие тексты песен, их русский перевод, а также новый более пространный вариант песни, ранее не публиковавшийся, обнаруженный автором в Библиотеке Гази-Хюсрев в Сараево. Автор приводит также параллели из других фольклорных произведений.Аннотация В статье публикуются две османские народные песни-тюркю, созданные безымянными авторами во время русско-турецкой войны 1735-1739 гг. Песни повествуют об осаде крепости Азак (Азов) в 1736 г. и Озю (Очаков) в 1737 г. Их тексты сохранились в рукописных сборниках в библиотеке Гази Хюсрев-бега, Историческом архиве и Восточном институте в Сараево (Босния и Герцеговина). В статье представлены турецкие тексты песен, их русский перевод, а также новый более пространный вариант песни, ранее не публиковавшийся, обнаруженный автором в Библиотеке Гази-Хюсрев в Сараево. Автор приводит также параллели из других фольклорных произведений.

This article identifies the role played by acclaimed dancer and choreographer Marie Sallé (1707-56) in the development of the ballet en action. This is done by making a lexicographical study of key terms (particularly action, character, and intrigue) found in the writings of contemporaries who praised the dancer, such as revolutionary choreographer Jean-Georges Noverre and critic Louis de Cahusac. This lexicographical study is then applied to some of Sallé’s important creative works of the mid-1730s, including Handel’s Terpsichore (London, 1734), a revival of André Campra’s L’Europe galante (Paris, 1736), the ‘Ballet des Fleurs’ from Rameau’s Les Indes galantes (Paris, 1735) as well as Bacchus and Ariadne (London, 1734).

Percy Bysshe Shelley was born 200 years ago, on 4 August 1792, and was drowned near Viareggio in Italy a month before his 30th birthday, on 8 July 1822. From his schooldays onwards he was fascinated by science, and his poetry is much enriched by the infusion of scientific imagery. 1 Shelley was the eldest son of a dull country squire and Whig Member of Parliament, Timothy Shelley of Field Place near Horsham, Sussex. Sent to Eton College when he was 12 years old, Shelley rebelled against the discipline and much of the teaching; but he had the great good fortune to find an inspiring mentor in Dr James Lind, F.R.S. (1736-1812), physician to the Royal Household at Windsor: 2 the Castle and the College are only a mile apart. As a result Shelley became enthusiastic for experiment and well informed in science by the time he left Eton for Oxford at the age of 17. Why was Lind so appealing to Shelley? James Lind came from a prosperous Scottish family, and one of his lifelong friends was his cousin James Keir, F.R.S. (1735-1820), a pioneer of the modern chemical industry. 3 In his 20s Lind was also a close confidant of James Watt: it was to Lind that Watt wrote the letters about his invention in 1765 of the steam engine with separate condenser 4 . In the same year, at the age of 29, Lind sailed as a ship’s surgeon to India, the East Indies and China. He took great interest in these largely unknown lands and brought back many examples of Chinese art and manufacture, and objects of scientific interest, including specimens of corundum. Lind returned at the end of 1767, and in 1770 he became acquainted with a more famous scientific traveller, Joseph Banks, fresh from his voyage with Cook in the Endeavour . Banks and Lind planned to sail with Cook on his second voyage, but difficulties arose; 5 instead they went on an expedition to Iceland in 1772.