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Journal articles on the topic '1750 through 1950'
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Mumbi, C. T., R. Marchant, H. Hooghiemstra, and M. J. Wooller. "Late Quaternary vegetation reconstruction from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania." Quaternary Research 69, no. 2 (March 2008): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.012.
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Pollen, spore, macrofossil and stable isotope (C and N) analyses from a 266-cm sediment core collected from a swamp on the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, are used to reconstruct vegetation and environmental history. An estimated time scale based on five14C ages records approximately 38,000 yr. This palaeorecord is the first from this biodiversity hotspot and importantly extends through the last glacial maximum (LGM). The altitudinal transition from montane to upper montane forest shifted from 1700–1800 m (38,00014C yr BP) to 1800–1900 m (35,000–29,00014C yr BP). From 29,000 to 10,00014C yr BP, it shifted from 1850–1950 m across the LGM to 1750–1800 m (during 10,000–350014C yr BP), and to present-day elevations at 2000 m during the last 350014C yr BP. The relative ecosystem stability across the LGM may be explained by the Indian Ocean's influence in maintaining continuous moist forest cover during a period of East African regional climate aridity. During the late Holocene, presence of abundant coprophilous fungi and algal blooms demonstrates increasing human impact.Neurospora spores indicate frequent fires, coinciding with clear signals of decline inPodocarpus and Psychotria trees that possibly represent selective logging.
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Markovits, Claude. "Structure and Agency in the World of Asian Commerce during the Era of European Colonial Domination (c. 1750-1950)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 2-3 (2007): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007781787350.
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AbstractThis paper examines the theme of the 'survival' of Asian business in the period of European colonial domination in Asia, i.e. c. 1750-1950, through the trajectories of some Indian merchant communities. It shows how Indian nationalist discourse systematically overlooked the role played by Indian merchants in the economies of colonized countries outside India. A critique of the paradigm of the great pan-Asian bazaar as put forward by the Indian historian Rajat Ray follows. The last section looks at two networks of Sind merchants which operated worldwide during the colonial period, and proposes a different reading of the evidence regarding the insertion of Indian merchants within a European-dominated world economy. Cet article traite du thème de la « survie » des marchands asiatiques pendant la période de domination coloniale européenne à travers une analyse de certaines communautés marchandes indiennes. On souligne que le discours nationaliste indien a tendu à négliger le rôle joué par des marchands indiens dans l'économie de nombreux pays colonisés en dehors de l'Inde. On examine de façon critique la théorie du « grand bazar pan-asiatique » proposée par l'historien indien Rajat Ray. A partir d'une étude de deux réseaux marchands de la province du Sind, on propose une vue différente de l'insertion des marchands asiatiques dans l'économie coloniale globale.
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Sivramkrishna, Sashi. "Production Cycles and Decline in Traditional Iron Smelting in the Maidan, Southern India, c. 1750-1950: An Environmental History Perspective." Environment and History 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 163–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734009x437972.
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This paper explores how economics, technology, politics and ecology interacted in causing ups and downs in the production of traditional iron making, and its subsequent decline in the early twentieth century. In the course of this exercise we find many lacunae in the study of Indian environmental history. These include a neglect of the impact of traditional iron and steel smelting industry on forests in pre- and early-colonial times, the possible strategic motive in controlling iron and steel production through control of charcoal production, the institutional mechanism of forest use for industrial purposes and the role of ecology in the decline of traditional industry. Some of these are important questions for those who seek to reintroduce traditional technologies. A study of history throws up interesting clues on how we could correct mistakes made in the past so as to plan more effectively for the future.
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Siphamandla Ryan Mathaba, Richard, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "School-based evaluation to improve learner performance." Environmental Economics 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(1).2016.08.
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The article focuses on the periods of program and school evaluation in particular. The article traces school evaluation through various periods. These periods are: Age of originality (1444-1700), Age of reform (Prior 1900), Efficiency and testing (1900-1930), Tylerian period (1930-1945), Age of innocence (1946-1957), Age of development (1958-1972), Age of professionalism (1973-1983) and Age of expansion and integration (1984-2000). From these ages, the article is able to identify as to how Whole-school Evaluation in South Africa has been able to draw important lessons towards ensuring quality assurance in education
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 1 (2010): 107–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003627.
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Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied, Rethinking Raffles; A study of Stamford Raffles’ discourse on religions amongst Malays. (Nathan Porath) Walter Angst, Wayang Indonesia; Die phantastische Welt des indonesischen Figurentheaters/The fantastic world of Indonesian puppet theatre. (Dick van der Meij) Adrienne Kappler and others, James Cook and the exploration of the Pacific. (H.J.M. Claesen) Aurel Croissant, Beate Martin and Sascha Kneip (eds), The politics of death; Political violence in Southeast Asia. (Freek Colombijn) Frank Dhont, Kevin W. Fogg and Mason C. Hoadley (eds), Towards an inclusive democratic Indonesian society; Bridging the gap between state uniformity and multicultural identity patterns. (Alexander Claver) Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard (eds), Foreign bodies; Oceania and the science of race, 1750-1940. (H.J.M. Claesen) Ricky Ganang, Jay Crain, and Vicki Pearson-Rounds, Kemaloh Lundayeh-English dictionary and bibliographic list of materials relating to the Lundayeh-Lun Bawang-Kelabit and related groups of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei and East Kalimantan. (Michael Boutin) Jeffrey Hadler, Muslims and matriarchs; Cultural resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism. (Franz von Benda-Beckmann) Uli Kozok, Kitab undang-undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu yang tertua. (Arlo Griffiths) Alfonds van der Kraan, Murder and mayhem in seventeenth-century Cambodia; Anthony van Diemen vs. King Ramadhipati I. (Jeroen Rikkerink) Jean Michaud, ‘Incidental’ ethnographers; French Catholic missions on the Tonkin-Yunnan frontier, 1880-1930. (Nicholas Tapp) M.C. Ricklefs, Polarising Javanese society; Islamic and other visions (c. 1830-1930). (Matthew Isaac Cohen) Stuart Robson, Arjunawiwāha; The marriage of Arjuna of Mpu Kaṇwa. (Andrea Acri) László Székely and István Radnai, Dit altijd alleen zijn; Verhalen over het leven van planters en koelies in Deli (1914-1930). (Adrienne Zuiderweg) Patricia Tjiook-Liem (Giok Kiauw Nio Liem), De rechtspositie der Chinezen in Nederlands-Indië 1848-1942; Wetgevingsbeleid tussen beginsel en belang. (Mary Somers Heidhues) Zhou Daguan, A record of Cambodia: the land and its people. (Un Leang) REVIEW ESSAY Longitudinal studies in Javanese performing arts Benjamin Brinner, Music in Central Java; Experiencing music, expressing culture. Barbara Hatley, Javanese performances on an Indonesian stage; Contesting culture, embracing change. Felicia Hughes-Freeland, Embodied communities; Dance traditions and change in Java. (Matthew Isaac Cohen) REVIEW ESSAY Development and reform in Vietnam Stéphanie Balme and Mark Stephanie (eds), Vietnam’s new order; International perspectives on the state and reform in Vietnam. Sujian Guo, The political economy of Asian transition from communism. Ian Jeffries, Vietnam: a guide to economic and political developments. Pietro Masina, Vietnam’s development strategies. (Tran Quang Anh) KORTE SIGNALERINGEN Ulbe Bosma, Indiëgangers; Verhalen van Nederlanders die naar Indië trokken. Clara Brinkgreve, Met Indië verbonden; Een verhaal van vier generaties 1849-1949. Jack Botermans en Heleen Tichler, Het vergeten Indië; Stille getuigen van het dagelijks leven in het Indië van toen. Robin te Slaa en Edwin Klijn, De NSB; Ontstaan en opkomst van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, 1931-1935. Mark Loderichs, Margaret Leidelmeijer, Johan van Langen en Jan Kompagnie, Verhalen in Documenten; Over het afscheid van Indië, 1940-1950. Frederik Erens en Adrienne Zuiderweg, Linggadjati, brug naar de toekomst; Soetan Sjahrir als een van de grondleggers van het vrije Indonesië. Peter Schumacher, met medewerking van Gerard de Boer, De zaak Aernout; Hardnekkige mythes rond een Indische moord ontrafeld. Cas Oorthuys, Een staat in wording; Fotoreportage van Cas Oorthuys over het Indonesië van 1947. René Kok, Erik Somers en Louis Zweers, Koloniale oorlog 1945-1949; Van Indië tot Indonesië. H.F. Veenendaal en J.P.W. Kelder, ZKH; Hoog spel aan het hof van Zijne Koninklijke Hoogheid; De geheime dagboeken van mr.dr.L.G. van Maasdijk. Ons Indië; 400 jaar Nederlandse sporen in Insulinde, de strijd om de onafhankelijkheid & 60 jaar Indonesië. (Harry A. Poeze)
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Wang, Yunqi, Fuli Gao, Jiapeng Yang, Jianyun Zhao, Xiaoge Wang, Guoying Gao, Rui Zhang, and Zhikuan Jia. "Spatio-Temporal Variation in Dryland Wheat Yield in Northern Chinese Areas: Relationship with Precipitation, Temperature and Evapotranspiration." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124470.
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Water supply constraints are recognized as major factors affecting regional dryland wheat production, but the details of these constraints have yet to be fully explored. We performed an analysis of field experiments conducted in northern Chinese areas during 1950–2017. Dryland wheat yields increased from the 1950s through to the 2010s at a rate of 110 kg ha–1 year–1. Yields increased most in regions with relatively high precipitation during wheat growth stage. Mean yields were 128% higher in regions with >300 mm precipitation than in regions with <100 mm. Yields were the highest when mean temperatures during wheat growth stage were in the range 4–8 °C. Mean yields were 1756 kg ha–1 in regions with <200 mm evapotranspiration (ET), and 5544 kg ha–1 in regions with >600 mm ET. Water limitation on yields decreased from the 1950s to the 2010s as precipitation during wheat growth stage increased through the regions. Yield increased significantly and linearly over time during the study period, with increasing precipitation during wheat growth stage, and with increasing ET. Overall, yield loss resulting from water deficit decreased from the 1950s through to the 2010s as precipitation during wheat growth stage increased through the drylands of northern Chinese areas.
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Miegroet, Helga Van, Dale W. Johnson, and Donald E. Todd. "Foliar response of red spruce saplings to fertilization with Ca and Mg in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-014.
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The objective of this field study was to test whether Ca and (or) Mg was deficient in two red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) sites located at 1720 and 1950 m in elevation in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Clingmans Dome, North Carolina. Initial current needle Ca and Mg concentrations were, respectively, 1700 and 620 μg/g at the upper site, and 1940 and 670 μg/g at the lower site, suggesting poorer nutrient conditions at the upper site. Twenty-eight saplings at each site stratified by height were involved in an individual-tree fertilization trial. Within each stratum four treatments were applied randomly: (i) no fertilization, (ii) 200 kg/ha Ca as CaCl2, (iii) 100 kg/ha Mg as MgCl2, and (iv) 200 kg/ha Ca as CaCl2 plus 100 kg/ha Mg as MgCl2. Fertilizer was applied in April 1989 and 1990, and needles that subsequently formed in the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons were sampled in November 1989 and 1990, respectively. Post-fertilization nutrient concentrations, needle weights, and nutrient contents were compared through analysis of covariance with the pre-treatment needle weight as covariate. Vector analysis suggested an improvement in Ca nutrition and potential growth response with Ca and Ca + Mg fertilization at the upper site in the 1st year but not at the lower site. Neither site appeared to be Mg deficient. Magnesium fertilization had an antagonistic effect on Ca uptake at both sites, whereas Ca addition seemed to improve Mg uptake. Our study suggests that foliar Mg concentrations of 600 μg/g are well within the sufficiency range, but that red spruce saplings may experience incipient Ca deficiency in the field when Ca concentrations in the current needles are <1700 μg/g.
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Jain, Ashish R. "Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1700 to 1900—Part I." World Journal of Dentistry 6, no. 4 (2015): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1347.
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ABSTRACT Many articles in the dental literature pertaining to articulators deal with the theory and development of articulating instruments, directions for use, explanations of deficiencies and methods recommended for overcoming them, detailed mechanical interpretations of the instruments, and various systems of classification. There have been a series of articulators that have been introduced if we glance at the past; the numbers are many and the dentist becomes confused as to which one to choose. This article which will be published in four parts, provides a pictorial history of the articulators in the collection. How to cite this article Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1700 to 1900—Part I. World J Dent 2015;6(4):222-225.
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Sciti, Diletta, Laura Silvestroni, and Alida Bellosi. "Fabrication and properties of HfB2–MoSi2 composites produced by hot pressing and spark plasma sintering." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0180.
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HfB2–15 vol% MoSi2 composites were produced from powder mixtures and densified through different techniques, namely hot pressing and spark plasma sintering. Dense materials were obtained at 1900 °C by hot pressing and at 1750 °C by spark plasma sintering. Microstructure and mechanical properties were compared. The most relevant result was for high-temperature strength: independent of the processing technique, the flexural strength in air at 1500 °C was higher than 500 MPa.
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Manley, Donald G., and Mark A. Deyrup. "NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF DASYMUTILLA PYRRHUS (FOX) (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE)1." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.1.53.
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Dasymutilla pyrrhus (Fox) is a common species of Mutillidae at the Archbold Biological Station (Highlands Co., Florida). It is most active in the late morning (1100 - 1200) and late afternoon (1700 - 1900), especially the latter. Male activity occurs from May through July; female activity from late April through early October. Its probable hosts at this location are bembicine wasps, especially Bembix sayi Cresson and B. texana Cresson. An apparent mating was observed and is described; the entire sequence lasted about two minutes.
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Khair, Tabish. "En mangfoldighed af spejle: Europa og modernitet i rejselitteratur fra Asien og Afrika." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 37, no. 108 (August 22, 2009): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v37i108.21996.
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This paper explores some ways of understanding ‘Europe’ through a reading of selected travel texts written by non-Europeans. In particular, I focus on three texts written by Indians who travelled to Europe and England between 1750 and 1900, though there are also references to other travel accounts. The main argument of this paper is that such accounts complicate any given definition of ‘Europe’ as well as the values and assumptions of certain usages of terms like ‘Europeanness’, ‘modernity’ and ‘science’. The non-European travel texts show a consciousness of ‘difference’ and can at times contain elements of cultural essentialism, but they do not display a simplistic opposition to ‘Europe’ or the cultural products commonly associated, rightly or wrongly, with Europe.
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Popa, Mircea. "Inheritance, urbanization, and political change in Europe." European Political Science Review 11, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773918000206.
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AbstractUrbanization and the development of middle and working classes have been proposed as a key explanation for political change in the Western world. This article argues that the traditional inheritance systems practiced across Europe have played an important role in the differential development of these urban classes in the period 1700–1900. Inheritance systems that practice some degree of inequality between heirs will lead to more children, generally younger brothers, leaving the land and taking up urban occupations. A statistical analysis of geographical data shows that regions in which such unequal inheritance was practiced were two to three times more likely to develop urban areas after 1700. This claim is robust to a number of challenges, including country fixed effects, and to only looking at Western Europe. An important mechanism through which the divergence may have occurred is illustrated through a quantitative analysis of pairs of brothers in the UK and Romania, two countries with opposing inheritance traditions.
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Lundmark, Lennart. "Reindeer pastoralism in Sweden 1550-1950." Rangifer 27, no. 3 (April 1, 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.27.3.264.
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In the middle of the 16th century we get the first opportunity to a more detailed knowledge of reindeerpastoralism in Sweden. At that time the Sami lived in a hunter-gatherer economy. A family had in average about 10-20 domesticated reindeer, mainly used for transport. They could also be milked and used as decoys when hunting wild reindeer. During late 16th century the Swedish state and merchants bought large amounts of fur from the Sami. The common payment was butter and flour. This created a new prosperity, which lead to a considerable increase in population in Swedish Lapland. The population became too large for a hunter-gatherer economy. A crisis in early 17th century was the starting point for the transition to a large-scale nomadic reindeer pastoralism. Up to the middle of the 18th century intensive reindeer pastoralism was successful. But the pastoralism became gradually too intensive and diseases started to spread when the herds were kept too densely crowded for milking in summertime. During the first decades of the 19th century reindeer pastoralism in Sweden went through a major crisis. The number of reindeer herding mountain-Sami decreased considerably, mainly because they went to live permanently along the Norwegian coastline. Intensive reindeer pastoralism started to give way for extensive herding towards the end of the 19th century. In the north of Sweden influences from the Kautokeino Sami were an important factor, in the south extensive reindeer herding started to expand when the market for meat came closer to the Sami. During the 1920s the milking of reindeer ceased in Sweden, except in a few families. At that time Sami families from the north had been removed southwards. They further demonstrated the superiority of extensive herding to the Sami in mid- and southern Lapland. Reindeer pastoralism is basically a system of interaction between man and animal, but it has been heavily influenced by market forces and state intervention during hundreds of years. To a large extent these long-term external influences have made reindeer pastoralism what it is today. That aspect should not be overlooked when assessing the future prospects of reindeer pastoralism in Scandinavia.Renskötseln i Sverige 1550-1950Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Först vid mitten av 1500-talet finns det källmaterial som ger oss en tämligen detaljerad bild av renskötseln i Sverige. Vid den tiden levde samerna i en jakt- , fiske- och samlarekonomi. En familj hade normalt 10-20 renar som främst utnyttjades vid transporter. Tamrenarna kunde också mjölkas och fungera som lockdjur vid vildrensjakt. Under senare delen av 1500-talet köpte svenska staten och handelsmän stora mängder pälsverk av samerna. Den vanligaste betalningen var smör och mjöl. Detta skapade ett välstånd som ledde till en betydande folkökning i svenska lappmarken. Befolkningen blev för stor för att rymmas inom ramarna för en jaktochfiskeekonomi. En kris i början av 1600-talet blev startpunkten för övergången till en storskalig rennomadism.Fram till mitten av 1700-talet var den intensiva renskötseln framgångsrik. Men renskötseln blev efterhand alltför intensiv. Under senare delen av 1700-talet började det spridas sjukdomar i de tätt sammanhållna hjordarna. De första decennierna av 1800-talet innebar en allvarlig kris i renskötseln. Antalet renskötande fjällsamer minskade kraftigt, främst genom utvandring till norska kusten. Den intensiva renskötseln med mjölkning av renarna började ersättas av en extensiv renskötsel inriktad på köttproduktion de sista decennierna av 1800-talet. I norr var naturförhållandena och influenser från Kautokeino-samerna en viktig faktor, i söder utvecklades renskötseln i extensiv riktning främst därför att marknaden för renkött kom närmare renskötarna. Under 1920-talet upphörde mjölkningen av renar i Sverige, utom i några enstaka familjer. Då hade förflyttningarna av samer från nordligaste Sverige söderut påskyndat utvecklingen och ytterligare markerat den extensiva renskötselteknikensöverlägsenhet. Tamrenskötsel är ett samspel mellan människa och djur, men det är inte bara en fråga om renskötaren och hans hjord. Externa marknadsfaktorer, beskattning och lagstiftning har haft ett betydandeinflytande på renskötselns utveckling under hundratals år. De har till stor del format renskötseln till vad den är idag. Detta bör beaktas när man gör bedömningar av renskötselns framtid.
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Wansink, C. "Hieronymus van der Mij als historie- en genreschilder." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 99, no. 3 (1985): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501785x00107.
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AbstractThe Leiden artist Hieronymus van der Mij is only known today as a portrait painter, e.g. from the twelve portraits in the Lakenhal in Leiden, one in the Rijksmuseum and the series of professors done for Leiden University. He also owed his fame in his own day primarily to his portraits, but as Jan van Gool pointed out in 1750 (Note I), he also had a penchant for painting 'antique and modern cabinet pictures'. The main reason why these have been forgotten is that over the years they have slipped almost unnoticed into the oeuvre of Willem van Mieris, not seldom with false signatures to boot. This article presents a short survey of the history and genre pieces discovered up to now as a basis for further research. A list of works known from descriptions in old sale catalogues, but not yet traced, is appended after the catalogue. Hieronymus van de Mij (1687-1761) was the son of the bronze caster Philip van der Mij. In February 1710 he was enrolled in the Leiden Album Studiosorum. He was a pupil of Willem van Mieris, the leading Leiden painter of the day, becoming a member of the Guild of St. Luke in 1724 and for some time serving as supervisor at the Leiden Academy. During his life he made a collection of prints, which was sold at his house after his death (Note 2). The history of his Diogenes' Drinking Bowl (Cat. No. 1, Fig. 1) is an example of the fate that befell most of his history and genre paintings. It came up as a work by him at sales in 1774 and 1783 (Note 3), but around 150 years later, on 23 April 1932, it was sold in Antwerp as a Willem van Mieris. It came up again under this name in Brussels on 3 March 1936 and finally appeared yet again in 1983 as by Frans van Mieris the Elder. It is not too surprising that it was attributed to Willem van Mieris, for the landscape and figures are entirely in his style, but closer inspection reveals awkwardness in the drawing and much more minute detailing than is to be found in Willem van Mieris' work, while the fine, drauglatsmanlike style makes a rather harder impression than Van Mieris' softer, more painterly manner. The same characteristics appear in a scene with The Young Bacchus (Cat. No. 2, Fig.2), which was sold in Cologne in 1938 as by Willem van Mieris and which may be the same as a picture of the same subject seen by Hofstede de Groot in Moscow, which was signed and dated 1716. The Bacchus is an advance on the Diogenes in that it is more broadly conceived and the drawing is firmer and more sure. A signed grisaille overdoor in the Lakenhal, showing an Allegory on Overseas Trade (Cat. No.3) Fig.3), is van der Mij's only surviving decorative painting. It again shows a rather hard linear style, especially by comparison with the much softer and more atmospheric grisailles by Jacob de Wit. A chimneypiece painting of the same subject sold at Zoeterwoude on 25 June 1784 may have come from the same house (Note 5). Genre paintings play an important part in Van der Mij's oeuvre. The earliest dated example, a Family Group at Buckingham Palace (Cat. No.4, Fig. 4), is one of his best works. It was also thought to be a Willem van Mieris until cleaning revealed Van der Mij's signature and the date 1728 (Note 6). It again shows his great dependence on his teacher and also his closeness to his contemporary and fellow-pupil Frans van Mieris the Younger, whose name was also linked with this picture in the past (Note 7). A closely related work with a nursing mother (Cat. No.5, Fig.5), which in 1942 was in the Bentink Collection at Kasteel Weldam and bore the signature of Willem van Mieris and the date 1735, must date from the 1730's) as must a painting of a Woman Holding a Beer Glass in Johannesburg (Cat. No. 6, Fig.15), which is wrongly attributed to Frans van Mieris the Younger. Another work wrongly attributed to the latter (Cat. No. 7, Fig. 6) is revealed as a Van der Mij by the stereotyped faces of the women, the glances and the gestures. A work signed by Van der Mij in full, which came up for sale in Amsterdam in 1950 (Cat. No. 8, Fig.3), is probably meant as a Four Ages of Man. The date is given in the sale catalogue as 1708, but must actually be 1738. Although the influence of Willem van Mieris is still detectable in the old woman, the two younger ones reflect the elegant style of the French painters of the first half of the 18th century. Two scenes in a sewing workroom sold in the same sale as by Willem van Mieris (Cat. Nos. 9 and 10, Figs. 8 andg) are clearly by the same hand as a signed Fruitseller and Young Man (Cat. No. 11, Fig. 16), which was in the hands of Katz at Dieren in 1962. The Leiden tradition, initiated by Gerard Dou, of having the spectator look through a window crops up in a rather unusual form in two pendants in a private collection in Bergamo (Cat. Nos. 12 and 13, Figs. 10 and 11) and in a more conventional and thus possibly happier manner in a signed and dated panel of 1757 sold in Munich in 1899 (Cat. No. 14, Fig. 17) and a Poulterer's Shop (Cat. No. 15, Fig. 12) at Kasteel Singraven at Denekamp, which is very close to it in style (and again bears a false signature of Willem van Mieris). Finally, there are two more genre scenes in landscapes: a Young Woman Feeding Grapes to a Parrot (Cat. No. 16, Fig.13) in a private collection in Sweden, an early work comparable to a painting of 1706 by Willem van Mieris in Dresden (Fig. 14, Note 9), and a Young Couple in a Lanelscape (Cat. No. 17, Fig. 17), which belongs to a later period and is somewhat further removed from Van Mieris, although it was nonetheless attributed to him in a sale of 1906 (Note 10).
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Monaco, Leida Maria. "Was late Modern English scientific writing impersonal?" International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21, no. 4 (November 28, 2016): 499–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.4.03mon.
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This paper focuses on the use of certain linguistic features conveying impersonal style in late Modern English scientific prose (1700–1900). Samples are taken from two subcorpora of the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing, one from the humanities (Philosophy) and the other from natural sciences (Life Sciences). The methodology applied is based on Biber’s (1988) Multidimensional Analysis, consisting of a study of register variation as manifested through sets of co-occurring linguistic features with a shared discursive function. The aim of the present study is to detect variation across scientific disciplines, genres, and subject matter. Findings are compared to those found in both diachronic and contemporary reference corpora.
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Rand, Peter S., and Scott G. Hinch. "Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): simulating metabolic power and assessing risk of energy depletion." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-068.
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We simulated metabolic power consumed by Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during upriver migration based on direct measures of activity from physiological field telemetry. The most accurate prediction of energy expenditure was obtained by expressing activity as a fine time scale (5 s) stochastic process. By imposing a daily time step, predictions of energy use were considerably lower than observed energy use, suggesting that the practice of modeling field energetics at a daily time scale, particularly for relatively active fish, may render dubious results. Daily mean power consumption through the Fraser River Canyon by the average migrant was about 20 W, about fourfold higher than for less constricted reaches. Power consumption predicted at fine time scales ranged from <1 W (0.1 body length·s-1) during periods of reduced activity to 1700 W (8 body lengths·s-1) during bursts while navigating through turbulent canyon reaches. Through Monte Carlo simulations representing environmental variability observed during 1950-1994, we determined that 8% of the salmon runs during this time resulted in high risk of exhaustion for the average migrant that could lead to elevated in-river mortality. Reducing harvest levels on sockeye salmon that may be exposed to these unfavourable conditions may assist agencies in achieving a risk-averse management strategy.
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Mendoza, Blanca, Ernesto Jáuregui, Rosa Diaz-Sandoval, Virginia García-Acosta, Victor Velasco, and Guadalupe Cordero. "Historical Droughts in Central Mexico and Their Relation with El Niño." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2210.1.
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Abstract A catalog containing an unprecedented amount of historical data in central Mexico, covering almost six centuries (1450–1900), is used. This is a catalog of agricultural disasters that includes events associated with hydrometeorological phenomena, or hazards, whose effects were mainly felt in the agricultural sector, such as droughts. An analysis of the historical series of droughts in central Mexico for the period of 1450–1900 is performed. Periods of frequent drought centered at the years 1483, 1533, 1571, 1601, 1650, 1691, 1730, 1783, 1818, and 1860 have been identified. In particular, droughts in Mexico City and northwest Mexico that were identified through poor tree-ring growth are included in the frequent drought periods obtained in this work. Moreover, it was found that droughts occurred in El Niño years mainly for events of very strong and strong strengths, at a significant level. Also, most droughts lasted for 1 or 2 yr. Last, by analyzing the periodicities of the drought time series it was found that those that are the most conspicuous are the quasi-bidecadal frequencies of 18.9 and 21 yr.
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Kaplan, Deborah. "Representing the Nation: Restoration Comedies on the Early Twentieth-Century London Stage." Theatre Survey 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001198.
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The first third of the twentieth century was the most important period in the performance history of Restoration comedies—with the exception of the years 1660–1710, when they were originally written and performed. Sixteen of the plays were presented in early twentieth-century London, six in at least two different productions. Post-Carolean works by William Congreve, George Farquhar, and John Vanbrugh held the stage through the war years, but, beginning in 1920, earlier comedies by John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Villiers entered the repertoire of performed plays. This represents a limited selection of Restoration playwrights and plays, to be sure, but this relatively small cluster of productions takes on large significance when we situate it in the context of the comedies' entire performance careers.
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Tjaden, Jasper Dag. "The (Re-)Construction of ‘National Identity’ through Selective Memory and Mass Ritual Discourse: The Chilean Centenary, 1910." Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 12, no. 1 (April 2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2012.01156.x.
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Hairatun, Hairatun, Agus Arip Munawar, and Zulfahrizal Zulfahrizal. "Akuisisi Spektrum Near Infrared Reflectance Pada Bubuk Kopi Arabika (kenary Coffee) Dan Bubuk Kopi Robusta (Kopi Ulee Kareng)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v2i1.2174.
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Abstrak. Kopi merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang sudah cukup lama dibudidayakan di Indonesia terutama di Aceh. Kopi yang ada di Aceh terdiri dari dua varietas yaitu kopi Arabika dan kopi Robusta. Pendeteksian bubuk kopi arabika dan bubuk kopi robusta secara cepat dan akurat menjadi kata kunci untuk menjawab kebutuhan produksi kopi masa depan. Pendeteksian mutu pangan yang cepat dan efesien dapat diwujudkan melalui pengembangan teknologi Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji spektrum bubuk kopi Arabika dan Robusta serta memprediksi panjang gelombang NIR yang relevan dengan atribut kualitas bubuk kopi. Spektrum bubuk kopi Arabika dan bubuk kopi Robusta mempunyai tipikal yang sama dimana puncak yang terbentuk pada spektrum sebagai informasi keberadaan kandungan zat-zat tertentu. Kandungan kafein pada bubuk kopi berada pada panjang gelombang 1430-1470 nm dan 1910-1965 nm. Kandungan lemak pada bubuk kopi berada pada panjang gelombang 1185-1230 nm, 1700-1780 dan 2290-2390 nm. Kandungan protein pada bubuk kopi berada pada panjang gelombang 1430-1470 dan 1910-1965 nm. Kandungan asam amino berada pada panjang gelombang 2290-2390 nm. The Acquisition Of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrum In Arabica Coffee Powder (Kenary Coffee) And Coffee Powder obusta (Kopi Ulee Kareng) Abstract. Coffee is a plantation crop that has long cultivated in Indonesia, especially in Aceh. Coffee in Aceh consists of two varieties are Arabica and Robusta. Detection of ground coffee arabica and robusta coffee powder quickly and accurately be a key to answering the needs of the future coffee production. The detection of food quality quickly and efficiently can be realized through the development of technology Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). The purpose of this study is to examine the spectrum of Arabica and Robusta coffee powder and predict NIR wavelengths that are relevant to the quality attributes of the coffee powder. Arabica coffee powder spectrum and Robusta coffee powder which has the same typical peak formed at spectrum as presence information content of certain substances. The caffeine content in coffee powder is at a wavelength of 1430-1470 nm and 1910-1965 nm. The fat content in the coffee powder is at a wavelength of 1185-1230 nm, 1700-1780 and 2290-2390 nm. Protein content in the coffee powder is at a wavelength of 1430-1470 and 1910-1965 nm. The amino acid content is at a wavelength of 2290-2390 nm.
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Barrington, Rupert. "The influence of artificial selection on wing spot sizes, and the relationship between forewing and hindwing spots in the Meadow Brown Butterfly Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758), ssp. cassiteridum Graves, 1930 ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)." Entomologist's Gazette 72, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.723.1796.
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Four generations of butterflies were reared from two female Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) with enlarged apical spots (ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950) captured on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, UK in 2013. The aim was to see how far this character could be developed through inbreeding. Previous work by Brakefield & van Noordwijk (1985) has looked at the relationship between forewing and hindwing spotting. The specimens retained from this experiment offered an opportunity to assess the correlation between the forewing spot size, additional forewing spots and hindwing spot size and number. A correlation was found between the area of the forewing spot and the number of additional spots, on both forewings and hindwings. A correlation was also found between the area of the apical spot and the summed area of all hindwing spots. However, when apical spot size was tested against an individual hindwing spot, a correlation in size was found in the male, but this was of far lower value in the female.
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DENIS, VINCENT, VINCENT MILLIOT, and CHIARA LUCREZIO MONTICELLI. "Introduction: urban crises, policing crises: mirror images? (c. 1700–1900): cities in flux and changes to policing." Urban History 43, no. 2 (June 2, 2015): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000267.
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ABSTRACT:The articles gathered here aim at outlining a complex view of the relationship between cities in a state of ‘crisis’ and changes to policing systems, in a period marked by rapid urbanization and industrialization. They explore the connections between the rhythms of urban change and the changes in the institutions responsible for policing the city. This introduction defines ‘urban crisis’ as a brief paroxysm and a way of describing rapid urban change that is considered problematic especially in terms of social control. It examines three sets of issues to highlight the relationships between policing powers and urban dynamics: first, how the police managed to handle unforeseen, traumatic events in emergency situations; second, how the police forces tried to legitimize their status through their understanding and control of urban dynamics; and third, how the police used the discourse of urban crisis they helped to produce, as a tool for their own ends.
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Mehdiyev, K. K., and Kh M. Ibrahimov. "Development of lightweight cement slurries for stabilizing producing formation in absorbing wells." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2021-5-29-33.
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The paper presents the results of laboratory investigations on the development of lightweighted cement compositions for improvement of stabilizing of producing formation, as well as the hermetization of the areas with low frac gradients. To obtain lightweighted cement, few optimum compositions have been specified through experiments adding the agents in various thickness and concentrations into the mixture. The distribution of optimum compositions, the beginning and end of the hermetization, the solidness and density have been defined. The density of cement slurry developed on cement+seawater is 1900 kg/m3, the density of that on the cement+seawater+chamotte+bark+polymer+CaCl2 is 1610 kg/m3, the density of one developed on the cement+seawater+bark+CaCl2+carbonate+Al powder is 1700 kg/m3 and the density of cement slurry on cement+seawater+bark+CaCl2+keramzit comprised 1590 kg/m3.
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Wade, Katherine Jane. "The sword and the knife: a comparison of ancient Egyptian treatment of sword injuries and present day knife trauma." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.1494.
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The Edwin Smith papyrus is the oldest known surgical treatise, thought to have been written in 1700 B.C. It was first discovered in Luxor in 1862 and was first translated from hieroglyph script by Egyptologist, James Henry Breasted in 1930. The papyrus details forty eight traumatic injuries which are topographically organised and considered formulaically through examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.The Khopesh was an ancient Egyptian sickle shaped sword which was thought to have been used to inflict a slash-type sharp force injury during battle. Treatment of these slash-type wounds as described in the Edwin Smith papyrus are compared with the current treatment of equivalent slash-type injuries, commonly knife wounds in the twenty first century.Comparison of a variety of components involved in the treatment of historical and modern slash-type sharp force wounds has illustrated that despite advances in medical practice, some of the basic principles of our current treatment regimes are derived from practices established thousands of years ago by the ancient Egyptians.
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Hirata, Yoshihiro, Kouji Hidaka, Hiroaki Matsumura, Yasuo Fukushige, and Soichiro Sameshima. "Colloidal processing and mechanical properties of silicon carbide with alumina." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 11 (November 1997): 3146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0411.
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Submicrometer-sized SiC coated with SiO2 of 0.4–1.8 wt.% and α–Al2O3 powder of median size 0.2 μm were mixed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 3.0–10.0. The SiC/Al2O3 (4.3–6.9 wt. %) powders were consolidated by filtration through gypsum molds and hot-pressed at 1600°–2040 °C under a pressure of 39 MPa. These compacts were densified to near the theoretical density at 1700°–1800 °C. The sintering mechanisms are discussed based on the analysis of shrinkage curves of SiC/Al2O3 compacts during hot-pressing. The equiaxed SiC grains grew with low aspect ratios below 1800 °C and changed to plate-like grains at 1900 °C. The fracture toughness of SiC as a function of average grain size reached a maximum of 5 Mpa · m0.5 at 2.5 μm grains of low aspect ratios of 1–2. The flexural strengths at room temperature were 230–430 MPa in the SiC above 98% of the theoretical density and showed a similar grain size dependence.
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Stein, M. A. "The English Poor Laws, 1700–1930. By Anthony Brundage. [Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2001. vii and 185 pp. Hardback. £49.50. ISBN 0–333–68271–8.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302301788.
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This latest addition to the Palgrave series on Social History in Perspective is a concise and systematic overview of the Poor Law system from the beginning of the 18th century through to its demise in 1930. Well written, The English Poor Law is intended as an introduction to the subject for students of law, history, and/or society, and therefore offers a very short account. Fortunately, the knowledgeable Professor Brundage (whose earlier books include an analysis of the New Poor Law and a biography of one of its facilitators, Edwin Chadwick) provides first-rate end notes and an extensive bibliography. In consequence, those wishing to learn more of this interesting topic have been afforded the means for additional research.
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Jarlert, Anders. "From Private Counsellor to Public Church Politician – Three Female Expressions of Conservative, Urban Lutheranism in Western Sweden, 1810–1910." Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013711.
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During the nineteenth century, the High Church revival tradition initiated by Henric Schartau (1757-1825) was widely spread and accepted in western Sweden. According to Bishop Wordsworth of Salisbury, Schartau ‘had something of the character of Dr. Pusey in his relation to those who consulted him, but, in his position at Lund, and his general influence, he was perhaps more like his English contemporary, Charles Simeon (1759-1836), at Cambridge’. Wordsworth found great merit in his teaching, being ‘strong and spiritual, and without the defects of Moravian or Pietistic sentimentality’. During his Scandinavian journey in 1889, Randall Davidson characterized the followers of Schartau as a High Church party in their emphasis on private confession and their strict rules of conduct. On the other hand he found them to be zealous about the Sabbath, and preaching conversion in a quasi-Methodist way. Here, we shall study this movement through the examples of three women of urban culture. The Schartau tradition has been studied mainly with emphasis on its doctrines and clergy, and as a rural tradition connected to the unchanging values and structures of the old rural society. Through these examples of urban women, the general impact of the tradition is widened, and the emphasis is put on the changes in reception of the tradition among lay people in a changing society.
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Westberg, Annika, Elisabeth Engberg, and Sören Edvinsson. "A Unique Source for Innovative Longitudinal Research: The POPLINK Database." Historical Life Course Studies 3 (March 15, 2016): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9351.
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This paper presents the longitudinal database POPLINK, which has been developed at the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University, Sweden. Based on digitized Swedish population registers between c. 1700-1950, the database contains micro-data that covers the agrarian society through industrialization and further on to the Swedish welfare state and contemporary society. It is now possible to study the profound processes of the second demographic transition using individual level data with a proper size population. POPLINK allows for a large array of longitudinal studies, such as social mobility, migration, fertility, mortality, civil status, kinship relations, diseases, disability and causes of death. International standards of occupations (HISCO) and diseases (ICD-10) have been applied, facilitating comparability. POPLINK covers two large regions in Northern Sweden and is built on complete registrations. It is one of the world’s most information-dense historical population databases, covering up to 15 generations and 350,000 individuals described by 300 variables, allowing the ability to monitor populations over time. POPLINK has been built to allow linkage to modern registries, clinical data and medical biobanks, which enables the study of transgenerational effects, heredity and genetic transfers in disease incidence of the population today. DDB serves as an infrastructure for research and is open to researchers of any nationality.
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Vázquez, Rosario, Lucia Capra, and Velio Coviello. "Factors controlling erosion/deposition phenomena related to lahars at Volcán de Colima, Mexico." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 15, 2016): 1881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1881-2016.
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Abstract. One of the most common phenomena at Volcán de Colima is the annual development of lahars that runs mainly through the southern ravines of the edifice. Since 2011 the study and the monitoring of these flows and of the associated rainfall has been achieved by means of an instrumented station located along the Montegrande ravine, together with the systematic surveying of cross-topographic profiles of the main channel. From these, we present the comparison of the morphological changes experimented by this ravine during the 2013, 2014 and 2015 rainy seasons. The erosion/deposition effects of 11 lahars that occurred during this period of time were quantified by means of the topographic profiles taken at the beginning and at the end of the rainy seasons and before and after the major lahar event of 11 June 2013. We identified (i) an erosive zone between 2100 and 1950 m a.s.l., 8° in slope, with an annual erosional rate of 10.3 % mainly due to the narrowness of the channel and to its high slope angle and (ii) an erosive-depositional zone, between 1900 and 1700 m a.s.l., ( ∼ 8 % erosion and ∼ 16 % deposition), characterized by a wider channel that decreases in slope angle (4°). Based on these observations, the major factors controlling the erosion/deposition rates in the Montegrande ravine are the morphology of the gully (i.e., channel bed slope and the cross section width) and the joint effect of sediment availability and accumulated rainfall. On the distal reach of the ravine, the erosion/deposition processes tend to be promoted preferentially one over the other, mostly depending on the width of the active channel. Only for extraordinary rainfall events are the largest lahars mostly erosive all along the ravine up to the distal fan where the deposition takes place. In addition, as well as the morphological characteristics of the ravine, the flow depth is a critical factor in controlling erosion, as deeper flows will promote erosion against deposition. Finally, by comparing rainfalls associated with lahars that originated after the last main eruptive episode that occurred in 2004–2005, we observed that higher accumulated rainfall was needed to trigger lahars in the 2013 and 2014 seasons, which points to a progressive stabilization of the volcano slope during a post-eruptive period. These results can be used as a tool to foresee the channel response to future volcanic activity, to improve the input parameters for lahar modeling and to better constrain the hazard zonation at Volcán de Colima.
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Tomkins, Jessica D., Scott F. Lamoureux, Dermot Antoniades, and Warwick F. Vincent. "Autumn snowfall and hydroclimatic variability during the past millennium inferred from the varved sediments of meromictic Lake A, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada." Quaternary Research 74, no. 2 (September 2010): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.06.005.
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AbstractWe examined the hydroclimatic signal in a record of annual lamina (varve) thickness from High Arctic Lake A, Ellesmere Island (83°00.00′N, 75°30.00′W). In this unglacierized catchment, nival melt is the dominant source for meltwater and transport of sediment to the lake, and autumn snowfall is highly influential on varve thickness through the amount of snow available for melt in the following year. For the period during which climatic data are available, varve thickness in Lake A was significantly correlated (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) with the cumulative snowfall from August to October (ASO) during the previous year and to a lesser extent, ASO mean daily temperature (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) at Alert, Nunavut (175 km east). The varve thickness record, interpreted as a proxy record of ASO snowfall and by extension, ASO temperature, indicated above-mean conditions during five periods of the past millennium, including most of the 20th century. These results corresponded well to other available high-resolution proxy climate records from the region, with some discrepancies prior to AD 1500 and during the period AD 1700–1900.
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Jung, Eun Jin, Yoon Joo Lee, Soo Ryong Kim, Woo Teck Kwon, Se Young Choi, and Young Hee Kim. "Preparation and Characterization of High Purity β-SiC Powder." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.3.
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SiC powder can be produced generally through the Acheson process and it is required long carbothermic reaction time of SiO2 with carbon powder around 2200 °C ~ 2400 °C. Due to the high reaction temperature and long reaction time of the process, the powders produced have a large particle size and consist of mostly alpha phase SiC. Synthetic temperature of beta phase SiC powder is known to produce at 1700 °C ~ 1900 °C which is lower temperature than that of alpha phase SiC powder. We prepared β-SiC powder by heating precursor derived from the mixture of phenolic resin and tetraethyl orthosilicate. The precursor was heated at 1800 °C for 4 h in an Ar atmosphere. In order to examine the pyrolysis residue after the heat treatment, the SiC powder was analyzed with XRD and SEM. The X-ray diffraction result of the SiC powder shows the diffraction peaks around 35°, 60°, and 73° corresponded to the beta SiC phase. β-SiC powder prepared in this study contains lower metallic impurities compare than that of α-SiC powder prepared from Acheson method and is able to use as a good starting material for SiC single crystal growing.
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Heyerdahl, Emily K., Ken Lertzman, and Carmen M. Wong. "Mixed-severity fire regimes in dry forests of southern interior British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-160.
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Historical fire severity is poorly characterized for dry forests in the interior west of North America. We inferred a multicentury history of fire severity from tree rings in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) – ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) forests in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. In 2 ha plots distributed systematically over 1105 ha, we determined the dates of fire scars, indicators of low-severity fire, from 125 trees and inferred dates of even-aged cohorts, potential indicators of high-severity fire, from establishment dates of 1270 trees. Most (76%) of the 41 plots contained fire-scarred trees with a mean plot-composite fire scar interval of 21 years (1700–1900). Most (76%) also contained one or two cohorts. At the plot scale, we inferred that the fire regime at most plots was of mixed severity through time (66%) and at the remaining plots of low (20%), high (10%), or unknown (4%) severity through time. We suggest that across our study area, the fire regime was mixed severity over the past several centuries, with low-severity fires most common and often extensive but small, high-severity disturbances also occasionally occurred. Our results present strong evidence for the importance of mixed-severity fire regimes in which low-severity fires dominate in interior Douglas-fir – ponderosa pine forests in western Canada.
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Wang, Minggang, Shuo Yang, Zhen Cao, and Sanyuan Hu. "Application of Acellular Tissue Matrix for Enhancement of Weak Abdominal Wall in Animal Model." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 12, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3475289.
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Background. Abdominal wall weakness occurs when the strength of muscle decreases due to physiological reason or iatrogenic injury. However, the treatment of this disease is complicated. Aim. To study the therapeutic effect of acellular tissue matrix (ACTM), compared with the polypropylene mesh. Methods. An abdominal wall weakness model was established in rabbits through motor nerves cutting. The polypropylene mesh and ACTM were implanted in the left and right abdomen sides, respectively. Mechanical testing of abdominal wall muscle and histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation of abdominal tissue explants were performed. Results. In animal model establishment, the abdominal length of healthy and weakened abdominal wall was 17.0 ± 0.7 cm and 19.0 ± 1.2 cm, respectively (P=0.022), and the weak abdominal wall group showed a significant decrease of 1.116 ± 0.221 MPa in tensile stress (P<0.001) and 9.126 ± 2.073% in tensile strain (P<0.001). In materials implantation experiment, compared with polypropylene group, ACTM group decreased 2.409 ± 0.806 MPa after 24 weeks (P<0.001) and 2.319 ± 0.486 MPa after 48 weeks (P<0.001) in tensile stress and increased 15.259% after 24 weeks (P<0.001) and 15.845% after 48 weeks (P<0.001) remarkably in tensile strain. Conclusion. The abdominal wall weakness model in rabbits was successfully established. ACTM is a promising biological material to be possibly further applied in clinical surgery in patients with abdominal wall weakness.
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Sutliff, D. L., D. L. Tweedt, E. B. Fite, and E. Envia. "Low-Speed Fan Noise Reduction with Trailing EDGE Blowing." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 1, no. 3 (September 2002): 275–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/147547202320962592.
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An experimental proof-of-concept test was conducted to demonstrate rotor-stator interaction tone noise reduction through rotor trailing edge blowing. The velocity deficit from the viscous wake of the rotor blades was reduced by injecting air into the wake from a trailing edge slot. Composite hollow rotor blades with internal flow passages were designed based on Computational Fluid Dynamics codes modeling the internal flow. The hollow blade with interior guide vanes creates flow channels through which externally supplied air flows from the root of the blade to the trailing edge. The impact of the rotor wake-stator interaction on the acoustics was also predicted analytically. The Active Noise Control Fan, located at the NASA Glenn Research Center, was used as the proof-of-concept test bed. In-duct mode and farfield directivity acoustic data were acquired at blowing rates (defined as mass flow supplied to trailing edge blowing system divided by fan mass flow) ranging from 0.5% to 2.0%. The first three blade passing frequency harmonics at fan rotational speeds of 1700 to 1900 rpm were analyzed. The acoustic tone mode power levels (PWL) in the inlet and exhaust were reduced 11.5&–0.1, 7.2&11.4, 11.8&19.1 PWL dB, respectively. The farfield tone power levels at the first three harmonics were reduced 5.4, 10.6, & 12.4 dB PWL. At selected conditions, two-component hotwire and stator vane unsteady surface pressures were acquired. These measurements show the modification of the rotor wake due to trailing edge blowing and its effect on the stator vane to illustrate the physics behind the noise reduction.
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Kumar, Rajneesh, Ankur Hastir, Ramandeep S. Walia, Subhash Goyal, and Amandeep Kaur. "Prospective randomized study of surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus; primary midline closure after elliptical excision versus rhomboid excision with limberg flap reconstruction versus open excision and healing by secondary intention." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 11 (October 27, 2017): 3646. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20174879.
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Background: Best surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus is always challenging for a surgeon in term of recurrence. Evaluation of surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus; primary midline closure after elliptical excision versus rhomboid excision with limberg flap reconstruction versus open excision and healing by secondary intention of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease.Methods: In this prospective randomized study of 75 patients of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus were divided into 3 equal groups through randomly assigning the type of surgery. 25 patients of each group. Group I was operated by primary midline closure after elliptical excision, Group II rhomboid excision with limberg flap reconstruction and Group III open excision and healing by secondary intention.Results: Data was assessed between three groups in term of operative time, healing time and recurrence over a follow up period of 1 year. Mean operative time in group I (primary midline closure after elliptical excision) was 38.7±5.1 minutes, group II (Rhomboid excision with Limberg flap reconstruction) was 124.2±5.6 minutes, group III (Open excision and healing by secondary intention) was 20.6±5.6 minutes. Mean healing time for group I was 19.0±7.4 days, for group II was 17.0±8.0 days and for group III was 60±9.6 days. Recurrence occurred in 3 patients in group I and nil in group II and III.Conclusions: Rhomboid excision with limberg flap reconstruction is better choice than primary midline closure after elliptical excision and open excision in terms of healing time and reoccurrence in cases of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus.
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Brugger, Sandra O., Erika Gobet, Thomas Blunier, César Morales-Molino, André F. Lotter, Hubertus Fischer, Margit Schwikowski, and Willy Tinner. "Palynological insights into global change impacts on Arctic vegetation, fire, and pollution recorded in Central Greenland ice." Holocene 29, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619838039.
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Arctic environments may respond very sensitively to ongoing global change, as observed during the past decades for Arctic vegetation. Only little is known about the broad-scale impacts of early and mid 20th-century industrialization and climate change on remote Arctic environments. Palynological analyses of Greenland ice cores may provide invaluable insights into the long-term vegetation, fire, and pollution dynamics in the Arctic region. We present the first palynological record from a Central Greenland ice core (Summit Eurocore ’89, 72°35’N, 37°38’W; the location of Greenland Ice Core Project GRIP) that provides novel high-resolution microfossil data on Arctic environments spanning AD 1730–1989. Our data suggest an expansion of birch woodlands after AD 1850 that was abruptly interrupted at the onset of the 20th century despite favorable climatic conditions. We therefore attribute this Betula woodland decline during the 20th century to anthropogenic activities such as sheep herding and wood collection in the sub-Arctic. First signs of coal burning activities around AD 1900 coincide with the onset of Arctic coal mining. The use of coal and fire activity increased steadily until AD 1989 resulting in microscopic-size pollution of the ice sheet. We conclude that human impact during the 20th century strongly affected (sub)-Arctic environments. Moreover, ecosystems have changed through the spread of adventive plant species (e.g. Ranunculus acris, Rumex) and the destruction of sparse native woodlands. We show for the first time that optical palynology allows paleoecological reconstructions in extremely remote sites >500 km from potential sources, if adequate methods are used.
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Zanichelli, Andrea, Henriette Farkas, Laurance Bouillet, Noemi Bara, Anastasios E. Germenis, Fotis Psarros, Lilian Varga, et al. "The Global Registry for Hereditary Angioedema due to C1-Inhibitor Deficiency." Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 61, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08855-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare condition, mostly due to genetic deficiency of complement C1 inhibitor (C1-INH). The rarity of HAE impedes extensive data collection and assessment of the impact of certain factors known to affect the course of this disabling and life-threatening disease. Establishing a global registry could assist to overcome such issues and provides valuable patient data from different countries. The HAE Global Registry is a disease-specific registry, with web-based electronic support, where data are provided by physicians and patients through a dedicated application. We collected data between January 1, 2018, and August 31, 2020. Data on 1297 patients from 29 centers in 5 European countries were collected. At least one attack was recorded for 497 patients during the study period. Overall, 1182 patients were diagnosed with HAE type 1 and 115 with type 2. At the time of database lock, 389 patients were taking long-term prophylactic medication, 217 of which were on danazol. Most recorded attacks affected the abdomen, were generally moderate in severity, and occurred in patients who were not on prophylactic treatment (70.6%, 6244/8848). The median duration of attacks was 780 min (IQR 290–1740) in patients on prophylactic medication and 780 min (IQR 300–1920) in patients not on continuous prophylactic medication. In conclusion, the establishment of a registry for C1-INH-HAE allowed collection of a large amount of data that may help to better understand the clinical characteristics of this disease. This information may enhance patient care and guide future therapeutic decisions.
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Ruppel, M. M., E. Isaksson, J. Ström, E. Beaudon, J. Svensson, C. A. Pedersen, and A. Korhola. "Unexpected increase in elemental carbon values over the last 30 years observed in a Svalbard ice core." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 9 (May 22, 2014): 13197–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-13197-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a light-absorbing particle that warms the atmosphere–Earth system. The climate effects of BC are amplified in the Arctic where its deposition on light surfaces decreases the albedo and causes earlier melt of snow and ice. Despite its suggested significant role in Arctic climate warming there is little information on BC concentrations and deposition in the past. Here we present results on BC (here operationally defined as elemental carbon (EC)) concentrations and deposition on a Svalbard glacier between 1700 and 2004. The inner part of a 125 m deep ice core from Holtedahlfonna glacier (79°8' N, 13°16' E, 1150 m a.s.l.) was melted, filtered through a quartz fibre filter and analysed for EC using a thermal optical method. The EC values started to increase after 1850 and peaked around 1910, similar to ice core records from Greenland. Strikingly, the EC values again increase rapidly between 1970 and 2004. This rise is not seen in Greenland ice cores and it seems to contradict atmospheric BC measurements indicating generally decreasing atmospheric BC concentrations since 1989 in the Arctic. Several hypotheses, such as changes in scavenging efficiencies, post-depositional processes and differences in the vertical distribution of BC in the atmosphere, are discussed for the differences between the Svalbard and Greenland ice core records, and the ice core and atmospheric measurements in Svalbard. In addition, the divergent BC trends between Greenland and Svalbard ice cores may be caused by differences in the analytical methods used, including the operational definitions of quantified particles, and detection efficiencies of different-sized BC particles. Regardless of the cause of the increasing EC values in the recent decades, the results have significant implications for the past radiative energy balance at the coring site.
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Boyce, Mary. "Priests, cattle and men." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 3 (October 1987): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00039483.
Full textAbstract:
It is about three-quarters of a century since themaryannu(maryanni) of Mitanni and its dependencies, appearing in Hittite and Egyptian records of the second millennium B.C., were first discussed in connexion with the IndoIranians. In 1910 H. Winckler interpreted the word as a title belonging to Aryan infiltrators from the north, who had come to form an aristocracy among the Hurrians; and he recorded the suggestion by F. C. Andreas connecting it with Vedicmárya‘ young man, man, hero ’. Subsequently W. F. Albright presented a carefully documented case for considering themaryannuto be primarily ‘chariot-warriors’, arguing that from about 1700 to 1200 B.C. ‘chariots played the same role in warfare that cavalry did later, and the chariot-warriors occupied the same social position that was held by the⃛ feudal knights of the Middle Ages’. He further pointed out, with regard to Vedicmárya, that a semantic development from ‘young man’ to ‘warrior’ is widely attested. Thereafter R. T. O'Callaghan adduced yet more evidence from Egyptian and cuneiform sources to confirm that ‘from the mid-fifteenth century to the midtwelfth century B.C., and from the Mitanni kingdom down through Palestine beyond Ascalon, the termmaryannuis to be understood primarily as a noble who is a chariot-warrior’. The area was one where Indo-Aryan names occur at about the same period; and in the fourteenth-century Kikkuli treatise from Boghaz-köy, on the training of chariot-horses, Indo-Aryan technical terms appear. There were solid grounds therefore for thinking that Indo-Aryans, bringing with them horses from the Asian steppes, had played a leading part in developing chariotry in the Near East at that time, and that it was this which enabled a group of them to become locally dominant there.
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Ruppel, M. M., E. Isaksson, J. Ström, E. Beaudon, J. Svensson, C. A. Pedersen, and A. Korhola. "Increase in elemental carbon values between 1970 and 2004 observed in a 300-year ice core from Holtedahlfonna (Svalbard)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 20 (October 30, 2014): 11447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11447-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a light-absorbing particle that warms the atmosphere–Earth system. The climate effects of BC are amplified in the Arctic, where its deposition on light surfaces decreases the albedo and causes earlier melt of snow and ice. Despite its suggested significant role in Arctic climate warming, there is little information on BC concentrations and deposition in the past. Here we present results on BC (here operationally defined as elemental carbon (EC)) concentrations and deposition on a Svalbard glacier between 1700 and 2004. The inner part of a 125 m deep ice core from Holtedahlfonna glacier (79°8' N, 13°16' E, 1150 m a.s.l.) was melted, filtered through a quartz fibre filter and analysed for EC using a thermal–optical method. The EC values started to increase after 1850 and peaked around 1910, similar to ice core records from Greenland. Strikingly, the EC values again increase rapidly between 1970 and 2004 after a temporary low point around 1970, reaching unprecedented values in the 1990s. This rise is not seen in Greenland ice cores, and it seems to contradict atmospheric BC measurements indicating generally decreasing atmospheric BC concentrations since 1989 in the Arctic. For example, changes in scavenging efficiencies, post-depositional processes and differences in the vertical distribution of BC in the atmosphere are discussed for the differences between the Svalbard and Greenland ice core records, as well as the ice core and atmospheric measurements in Svalbard. In addition, the divergent BC trends between Greenland and Svalbard ice cores may be caused by differences in the analytical methods used, including the operational definitions of quantified particles, and detection efficiencies of different-sized BC particles. Regardless of the cause of the increasing EC values between 1970 and 2004, the results have significant implications for the past radiative energy balance at the coring site.
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Komarov, E. M. "Methods for Reducing Emission of Harmful Substances in the Combustion Chambers of GTE and GTP." Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, no. 5 (June 21, 2018): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/0518.0001394.
Full textAbstract:
A combustion chamber, as one of the crucial GTE components, plays a significant role in ensuring its environmental characteristics. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of forming harmful substances (pollutants) and a possibility to predict their emission values, when changing the engine operation parameters and the external conditions, are some of the key issues to ensure ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) standards. The solution of these issues allows us to estimate the emission characteristics at the stage of engine design and to develop effective methods for preventing the formation of air pollutants, as well as to increase the efficiency of burning fuels. Since the first limitation introduced by the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP / 1) in 1986 there were several amendments. The (CAEP / 8) standard, which has come into force since January 1, 2014, is already being ready to be replaced by more stringent requirements, i.e. reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 40% by 2020 (as compared to the (CAEP / 2). As to other pollutants (CO, HC, SN), the trend is similar.Main difficulties in creating combustion chambers with low-emission pollutants arise from the fact that reducing CO and NOx requires mutually opposite measures. A rational combustion chamber design should represent some trade-off between the requirements arising from the task of reducing emissions of these two groups of polluting components. This can be achieved through improving operation of the primary, burnout, and mixing zones, rationally chosen volume of the flame tube (FT), and residence time in the combustion chamber.To have a clearer idea of possible ways to reduce pollutant emission of the GTE combustion chamber, it is necessary to take into account the basic mechanisms of their formation.The main methods of reducing CO emission are based on the physical-and-chemical patterns of its formation:Supporting the mixture composition in the combustion zone to be closer to α = 1.1 ... 1.3;Increasing the combustion zone volume and the residence time in it.The above methods of reducing CO emissions are difficult to implement in low-emission combustion chambers because their using leads to the sharp increase of NOх formation. It is found that only in a very narrow temperature range (flame temperature Тпл = 1650 ... 1900 K) desirable levels of NOх and CO emissions can be simultaneously achieved.To reduce the level of NOх emission, are used the following approaches:- liquid fuel combustion implemented at a small length of FT with a residence time in the high temperature zone (over 1920 K) 5 ... 6 milliseconds followed by intensive quench in the mixing zone, that is, the principle of "quick burn and quick quench» is used;- fuel combustion at the temperature of 1750 ± 50 K (i.e. below 1920 K), with an outlet temperature pattern formed through the air feed in the mixing zone or- from the zone of a combustion chamber flame tube head with no quench of product of combustion.The analytical results of a total scope of developments in reducing pollutant emissions allow us to distinguish the following standard fuel combustion technologies in GTE combustion chambers, which meet the available environmental requirements:1) use of burning the lean pre-mixed fuel in "dry" combustion chambers (This technology process uses the following schemes: RQL (Rich-Quench-Lean) – rich mixture combustion, followed by rapid air blending and lean mixture afterburning; LPP (Lean Premixed Pre-vaporized) - combustion of a lean premixed and vaporized mixture; LDI (Lean Direct-Injection) - combustion with lean mixture injection directly into the combustion zone;2) catalytic combustion of a fuel-air mixture;3) use of "wet" combustion chambers with diffusion flame and water injection (steam);4) additional use of catalytic cleaning of GTP outlet gases.At present, natural gas combustion chambers with emission of NOx and CO <10ppm are under design. This is almost the lowest achievable level for the operating conditions under consideration. In designing such combustion chambers a main task is to develop and improve methods that allow calculating the combustion kinetics of a gas mixture, improving the software systems for calculating and obtaining reliable data on emission of harmful substances, and also to develop experimental methods for creating and full-scale engineering of the low-emission combustion chambers for stationary units and advanced aircraft engines. The presented methods for reducing emission of harmful substances, namely improving techniques to feed fuel, zone arrangement of combustion, use of catalysts in the combustion chamber and at the outlet of the plant, when used, should result not only to reducing emissions, but also to improving the other important combustion chamber characteristics, especially extension of steady combustion limits. Studies to obtain ultra-low emission levels, based on the burning concept of the lean homogeneous mixture in the combustion chamber, are at an early stage. It is necessary to solve a number of important problems, such as a problem of «lean» flameout, of flash back, and also ensuring a sufficient evaporation of fuel and its mixing with air.
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Nordenson, Guy J. P., and Glenn R. Bell. "Seismic Design Requirements for Regions of Moderate Seismicity." Earthquake Spectra 16, no. 1 (February 2000): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586091.
Full textAbstract:
The need for earthquake-resistant construction in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity has been recognized through the adoption of code requirements in the United States and other countries only in the past quarter century. This is largely a result of improved assessment of seismic hazard and examples of recent moderate earthquakes in regions of both moderate and high seismicity, including the San Fernando (1971), Mexico City (1985), Loma Prieta (1989), and Northridge (1994) earthquakes. In addition, improved understanding and estimates of older earthquakes in the eastern United States such as Cape Ann (1755), La Malbaie, Quebec (1925), and Ossippe, New Hampshire (1940), as well as monitoring of micro-activity in source areas such as La Malbaie, have increased awareness of the earthquake potential in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity. Both the hazard and the risk in moderate seismic zones (MSZs) differ in scale and kind from those of the zones of high seismicity. Earthquake hazards mitigation measures for new and existing construction need to be adapted from those prevailing in regions of high seismicity in recognition of these differences. Site effects are likely to dominate the damage patterns from earthquakes, with some sites suffering no damage not far from others, on soft soil, suffering near collapse. A number of new seismic codes have been developed in the past quarter century in response to these differences, including the New York City (1995) and the Massachusetts State (1975) seismic codes. Over the same period, the national model building codes that apply to most areas of low-to-moderate seismicity in the United States, the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) Code and the Southern Standard Building Code (SSBC), have incorporated up-to-date seismic provisions. The seismic provisions of these codes have been largely inspired by the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) recommendations. Through adoption of these national codes, many state and local authorities in areas of low-to-moderate seismicity now have reasonably comprehensive seismic design provisions. This paper will review the background and history leading up to the MSZ codes, discuss their content, and propose directions for future development.
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ZHAO, GUOCHUN, ALFRED KRÖNER, SIMON A. WILDE, MIN SUN, SANZHONG LI, XUPING LI, JIAN ZHANG, XIAOPING XIA, and YANHONG HE. "Lithotectonic elements and geological events in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt: a synthesis and implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen." Geological Magazine 144, no. 5 (June 19, 2007): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003561.
Full textAbstract:
The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt is located in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, a Palaeoproterozoic continental collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton. The belt consists of the medium- to high-grade Hengshan and Fuping gneiss complexes and the intervening low- to medium-grade Wutai granite–greenstone terrane, and most igneous rocks in the belt are calc-alkaline and have affinities to magmatic arcs. Previous tectonic models assumed that the Hengshan and Fuping gneiss assemblages were an older basement to the Wutai supracrustal rocks, but recent studies indicate that the three complexes constitute a single, long-lived Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc where the Wutai Complex represents an upper crustal domain, whereas the Hengshan and Fuping gneisses represent the lower crustal components forming the root of the arc. The earliest arc-related magmatism in the belt occurred at 2560–2520 Ma, marked by the emplacement of the Wutai granitoids, which was followed by arc volcanism at 2530–2515 Ma, forming the Wutai greenstones. Extension driven by widespread arc volcanism led to the development of a back-arc basin or a marginal sea, which divided the belt into the Hengshan–Wutai island arc (Japan-type) and the Fuping relict arc. At 2520–2480 Ma, subduction beneath the Hengshan–Wutai island arc caused partial melting of the lower crust to form the Hengshan tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic (TTG) suites, whereas eastward-directed subduction of the marginal sea led to the reactivation of the Fuping relict arc, where the Fuping tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic suite was emplaced. In the period 2360–2000 Ma, sporadic phases of isolated granitoid magmatism occurred in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping region, forming 2360 Ma, c. 2250 Ma and 2000–2100 Ma granitoids in the Hengshan Complex, the c. 2100 Ma Wangjiahui and Dawaliang granites in the Wutai Complex, and the 2100–2000 Ma Nanying granitoids in the Fuping Complex. At c. 1920 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai island arc underwent an extensional event, possibly due to the subduction of an oceanic ridge, leading to the emplacement of pre-tectonic gabbroic dykes that were subsequently metamorphosed, together with their host rocks, to form medium- to high-pressure granulites. At 1880–1820 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping arc system was juxtaposed, intensely deformed and metamorphosed during a major and regionally extensive orogenic event, the Lüliang Orogeny, which generated the Trans-North China Orogen through collision of the Eastern and Western blocks. The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt was finally stabilized after emplacement of a mafic dyke swarm at 1780–1750 Ma.
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Beck, H. E., L. A. Bruijnzeel, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, T. R. McVicar, F. N. Scatena, and J. Schellekens. "The impact of forest regeneration on streamflow in 12 mesoscale humid tropical catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 9, 2013): 2613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2613-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Although regenerating forests make up an increasingly large portion of humid tropical landscapes, little is known of their water use and effects on streamflow (Q). Since the 1950s the island of Puerto Rico has experienced widespread abandonment of pastures and agricultural lands, followed by forest regeneration. This paper examines the possible impacts of these secondary forests on several Q characteristics for 12 mesoscale catchments (23–346 km2; mean precipitation 1720–3422 mm yr−1) with long (33–51 yr) and simultaneous records for Q, precipitation (P), potential evaporation (PET), and land cover. A simple spatially-lumped, conceptual rainfall–runoff model that uses daily P and PET time series as inputs (HBV-light) was used to simulate Q for each catchment. Annual time series of observed and simulated values of four Q characteristics were calculated. A least-squares trend was fitted through annual time series of the residual difference between observed and simulated time series of each Q characteristic. From this the total cumulative change (Â) was calculated, representing the change in each Q characteristic after controlling for climate variability and water storage carry-over effects between years. Negative values of  were found for most catchments and Q characteristics, suggesting enhanced actual evaporation overall following forest regeneration. However, correlations between changes in urban or forest area and values of  were insignificant (p &geq; 0.389) for all Q characteristics. This suggests there is no convincing evidence that changes in the chosen Q characteristics in these Puerto Rican catchments can be ascribed to changes in urban or forest area. The present results are in line with previous studies of meso- and macro-scale (sub-)tropical catchments, which generally found no significant change in Q that can be attributed to changes in forest cover. Possible explanations for the lack of a clear signal may include errors in the land cover, climate, Q, and/or catchment boundary data; changes in forest area occurring mainly in the less rainy lowlands; and heterogeneity in catchment response. Different results were obtained for different catchments, and using a smaller subset of catchments could have led to very different conclusions. This highlights the importance of including multiple catchments in land-cover impact analysis at the mesoscale.
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Beck, H. E., L. A. Bruijnzeel, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, T. R. McVicar, F. N. Scatena, and J. Schellekens. "The impact of forest regeneration on streamflow in 12 meso-scale humid tropical catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 11, 2013): 3045–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3045-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Although regenerating forests make up an increasingly large portion of humid tropical landscapes, comparatively little is known of their water use and effects on streamflow (Q). Since the 1950s the island of Puerto Rico has experienced widespread abandonment of pastures and agricultural lands, followed by forest regeneration. This paper examines the possible impacts of forest regeneration on several Q metrics for 12 meso-scale catchments (23–346 km2; mean precipitation 1720–3422 mm yr−1) with long (33–51 yr) and simultaneous records for Q, precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), and land cover. A simple spatially-lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff model that uses daily P and PET time series as inputs (HBV-light) was used to simulate Q for each catchment. Annual time series of observed and simulated values of four Q metrics were calculated. A least-squares trend was fitted through annual time series of the residual difference between observed and simulated time series of each Q metric. From this the total cumulative change  was calculated, representing the change in each metric after controlling for climate variability and water storage carry-over effects between years. Negative values of  were found for most catchments and Q metrics, suggesting enhanced actual evapotranspiration overall following forest regeneration. However, correlations between changes in urban or forest area and values of  were insignificant (p &geq; 0.389) for all Q metrics. This suggests there is no convincing evidence that changes in the chosen Q metrics in these Puerto Rican catchments can be ascribed to changes in urban or forest area. The present results are in line with previous studies of meso- and macro-scale (sub-)tropical catchments, which generally found no significant change in Q that can be attributed to changes in forest cover. Possible explanations for the apparent lack of a clear signal may include: errors in the land-cover, climate, Q, and/or catchment boundary data; changes in forest area occurring mainly in the less rainy lowlands; and heterogeneity in catchment response. Different results were obtained for different catchments, and using a smaller subset of catchments could have led to very different conclusions. This highlights the importance of including multiple catchments in land-cover impact analysis at the meso scale.
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Pearson, Alastair William. "‘Heaping Offa upon Pelion, and Olympus upon Offa’: An assessment of the role of model making in the development of relief portrayal from 1780 to 1900." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-292-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of <i>Schatthenplastik</i> and <i>Farbenplastik</i> in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859&ndash;1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century.</p><p>This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716&ndash;1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752&ndash;1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853&ndash;1909), Simon Simon (1857&ndash;1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854&ndash;1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed.</p><p>Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015).</p><p>The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this ‘golden age’.</p>
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Weidick, Anker, Ole Bennike, Michele Citterio, and Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen. "Neoglacial and historical glacier changes around Kangersuneq fjord in southern West Greenland." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 27 (December 27, 2012): 1–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v27.4694.
Full textAbstract:
The Nuup Kangerlua region in southern West Greenland became deglaciated in the early Holocene and by the mid-Holocene, the margin of the Inland Ice was located east of its present position. Discussion of late Holocene changes in the frontal positions of outlets relies on descriptions, paintings, photographs, maps, data from investigations of Norse ruins, aerial photographs and satellite images.
The Kangiata Nunaata Sermia glacier system has receded over 20 km during the last two centuries, indicating a marked response to climatic fluctuations during and since the Little Ice Age (LIA). A large advance between 1700 and 1800 was followed by rapid recession in the first half of the 1800s. Limited data from c. 1850–1920 indicate that although the long-term position of the glacier front remained c. 10–12 km behind the LIA maximum, the late 1800s and the early 1900s may have seen a recession followed by an advance that resulted in a pronounced moraine system. The ice-dammed lake Isvand formed during the LIA maximum when meltwater from the western side of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia drained to the Ameralla fjord in the west. This is in contrast to the drainage pattern before the 1700s, when water probably drained to Kangersuneq in the north. Thinning of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia resulted in total drainage of Isvand between 2000 and 2010 and the discharge of water through Austmannadalen has now returned to the same level as that in medieval times.
Other outlets in the region, such as Akullersuup Sermia and Qamanaarsuup Sermia have varied in phase with Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, but with amplitudes of only a few kilometres. In contrast, Narsap Sermia has been nearly stationary and Kangilinnguata Sermia may have advanced until the middle of the 1900s.
Lowland marine outlets in south-western Greenland were characterised by large amplitude changes during the Neoglacial. Extreme examples, in addition to Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, are Eqalorutsit Killiit Sermiat at the head of Nordre Sermilik fjord in southern Greenland and Jakobshavn Isbræ in Disko Bugt, central West Greenland. The Neoglacial advances appear to have occurred at different times, although this may in part reflect the limited information about fluctuations prior to the 1930s. The differences could also reflect variations in mass balance of different sectors of the ice sheet, different subglacial dynamics or topographical factors. The lowland areas are separated by uplands and highlands that extend below the marginal part of the Inland Ice; in such areas, the outlets have been advancing almost up to the present, so that the position of the glacier front around AD 2000 broadly coincides with the LIA maximum. Charting the fluctuations of the outlets thus illustrates the large variability of the glaciers' response to changing climate but it is notable that the number of advancing outlets has decreased markedly in recent years.
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Rodríguez-Merlos, P., M. A. Ruiz- Ramirez, C. Plasencia, V. Navarro-Compán, C. Suarez-Ferrer, E. Martin-Arranz, M. D. Martín Arranz, et al. "FRI0294 MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE TREATED WITH VEDOLIZUMAB." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 735.2–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6402.
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Background:Musculoskeletal manifestations (MEM) are frequent extraintestinal symptoms in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affecting up to 40% of them. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are effective in both IBD and IBD-related spondylarthritis (SpA). Additionally, vedolizumab (VDZ), an α4β7 integrin inhibitor with selective action on intestinal tissue, has been recently proposed as 1st line treatment on TNFi refractory IBD. The effectiveness of VDZ in MEM has not been properly evaluated but even exacerbation of previously diagnosed SpA has been described.Objectives:The main objective is to analyse the occurrence of articular exacerbations in patients with IBD-related SpA treated with VDZ. The secondary objective is to analyse the new-onset MEM in IBD patients treated with VDZ.Methods:Descriptive study of a retrospective cohort of every adult with IBD (Crohn’s disease -CD- and ulcerative colitis -UC-) patients starting treatment with VDZ in a tertiary hospital. All data were collected as a collaboration between the Rheumatology and Gastroenterology Departments, through revision of the clinical history and databases from both departments. In patients previously diagnosed of SpA exacerbation was assessed, defined as a clinical worsening causing a treatment modification. The patients with new-onset MEM were classified as: i) nonspecific arthralgia (NsA), not suggestive of SpA; and ii) SpA according to ASAS criteria. A statistical analysis was performed using frequency chartsResults:A total of 61 patients were included, 55.7% women and with an mean (SD) age of 50 (17) years. The proportion of UC and CD was similar (49% and 51%, respectively). Among the patients studied, 12 (19.7%) had a diagnosis of IBD-related SpA and 3 (25%) of them suffered articular exacerbation of SpA within 3,5 and 6 months of treatment. On the other hand, 9 (14.7%) patients showed new-onset MEM, 3 (33%) of them showed symptoms and clinical and/or radiological findings compatible with axial SpA. In 2 of the cases a treatment with a cDMARD was used and the other one required a combination therapy between iTNF and VDZ. The remaining 6 (67%) patients were classified as NsA and inflammatory arthritis was discarded. Table 1 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients included in the analysis.Table 1.Demographic, clinical characteristics and symptoms onset in patients included in the study.Total (n=61)Diagnosed SpA (n=12New-Onset MEM (n=9)Stable (n=9)Exacerbation (n=3New-onset SpA (n=3)NsA (n=6)Age (years), mean ± SD50 ± 1755 ± 1950 ± 7.538 ± 1350 ± 14Gener (female), n (%)34 (55.7%)6 (66.7%)3 (100%)1 (33.3%)3 (50%)BMI (Kg/m2), mean ± SD24.7 ± 4.327.5 ± 5.528.3 ± 3.930.2 ± 0.524.3 ± 4.6Smoking habit (smokers), n (%)11 (18%)1 (11.1%)0 (0%)2 (66.7%)0 (0%)CD diagnosis, n (%)31 (50.8%)2 (22.2%)1 (33.3%)3 (100%)2 (33.3%)UC diagnosis, n (%)30 (49.2%)7 (77.8%)2 (66.7%)0 (0%)4 (66.7%)IBD follow-up, (years) mean ± SD11 ± 9.610.6 ± 102 (1-29) *12 ± 6.89.8 ± 4.6bDMARD naïve, n (%)7 (11.5%)2 (22.2%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)*shown as median (range).Conclusion:Switching TNFi treatment to VDZ in patients with IBD-related SpA was found to be associated with articular exacerbation of SpA in 1 out of 4 patients within the first 5 months. New-onset MEM is also observed in up to 15% of patients with IBD treated with VDZ. A multidisciplinary assessment of these patients is necessary in order to achieve a proper management of their diseases.Disclosure of Interests:Pablo Rodríguez-Merlos: None declared, MARIA ANGELES RUIZ- RAMIREZ: None declared, Chamaida Plasencia: None declared, Victoria Navarro-Compán Consultant of: Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Cristina Suarez-Ferrer: None declared, Eduardo Martin-Arranz: None declared, Maria Dolores Martín Arranz: None declared, Diana Peiteado: None declared, Gemma Bonilla: None declared, María Sánchez Azofra: None declared, Joaquín Poza Cordón: None declared, Karen Nathalie Franco Gomez: None declared, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz
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Sims, Robert C., Darlene E. Fisher, Steven A. Leibo, Pasquale E. Micciche, Fred R. Van Hartesveldt, W. Benjamin Kennedy, C. Ashley Ellefson, et al. "Book Reviews." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 13, no. 2 (May 5, 1988): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.13.2.80-104.
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Michael B. Katz. Reconstructing American Education. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, 212. Cloth, $22.50; E. D. Hirsch, Jr. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987. Pp. xvii, 251. Cloth, $16.45; Diana Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, Jr. What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? A Report on the First National Assessment of History and Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Pp. ix, 293. Cloth, $15.95. Review by Richard A. Diem of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Henry J. Steffens and Mary Jane Dickerson. Writer's Guide: History. Lexington, Massachusetts, and Toronto: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987. Pp. x, 211. Paper, $6.95. Review by William G. Wraga of Bernards Township Public Schools, Basking Ridge, New Jersey. J. Kelley Sowards, ed. Makers of the Western Tradition: Portraits from History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Fourth edition. Vol: 1: Pp. ix, 306. Paper, $12.70. Vol. 2: Pp. ix, 325. Paper, $12.70. Review by Robert B. Luehrs of Fort Hays State University. John L. Beatty and Oliver A. Johnson, eds. Heritage of Western Civilization. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Sixth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 465. Paper, $16.00; Volume II: pp. xi, 404. Paper, $16.00. Review by Dav Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. Lynn H. Nelson, ed. The Human Perspective: Readings in World Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Vol. I: The Ancient World to the Early Modern Era. Pp. viii, 328. Paper, $10.50. Vol. II: The Modern World Through the Twentieth Century. Pp, x, 386. Paper, 10.50. Review by Gerald H. Davis of Georgia State University. Gerald N. Grob and George Attan Billias, eds. Interpretations of American History: Patterns and Perspectives. New York: The Free Press, 1987. Fifth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 499. Paper, $20.00: Volume II: Pp. ix, 502. Paper, $20.00. Review by Larry Madaras of Howard Community College. Eugene Kuzirian and Larry Madaras, eds. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History. -- Volume II: Reconstruction to the Present. Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Groups, Inc., 1987. Pp. xii, 384. Paper, $9.50. Review by James F. Adomanis of Anne Arundel County Public Schools, Annapolis, Maryland. Joann P. Krieg, ed. To Know the Place: Teaching Local History. Hempstead, New York: Hofstra University Long Island Studies Institute, 1986. Pp. 30. Paper, $4.95. Review by Marilyn E. Weigold of Pace University. Roger Lane. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. 213. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Ronald E. Butchart of SUNY College at Cortland. Pete Daniel. Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 352. Paper, $22.50. Review by Thomas S. Isern of Emporia State University. Norman L. Rosenberg and Emily S. Rosenberg. In Our Times: America Since World War II. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Third edition. Pp. xi, 316. Paper, $20.00; William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff, eds. A History of Our Time: Readings on Postwar America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Second edition. Pp. xiii, 453. Paper, $12.95. Review by Monroe Billington of New Mexico State University. Frank W. Porter III, ed. Strategies for Survival: American Indians in the Eastern United States. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. xvi, 232. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Richard Robertson of St. Charles County Community College. Kevin Sharpe, ed. Faction & Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Pp. xvii, 292. Paper, $13.95; Derek Hirst. Authority and Conflict: England, 1603-1658. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 390. Cloth, $35.00. Review by K. Gird Romer of Kennesaw College. N. F. R. Crafts. British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 193. Paper, $11.95; Maxine Berg. The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 378. Paper, $10.95. Review by C. Ashley Ellefson of SUNY College at Cortland. J. M. Thompson. The French Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985 reissue. Pp. xvi, 544. Cloth, $45.00; Paper, $12.95. Review by W. Benjamin Kennedy of West Georgia College. J. P. T. Bury. France, 1814-1940. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Fifth edition. Pp. viii, 288. Paper, $13.95; Roger Magraw. France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 375. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $9.95; D. M.G. Sutherland. France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 242. Cloth, $32.50; Paper, $12.95. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Woodford McClellan. Russia: A History of the Soviet Period. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Pp. xi, 387. Paper, $23.95. Review by Pasquale E. Micciche of Fitchburg State College. Ranbir Vohra. China's Path to Modernization: A Historical Review from 1800 to the Present. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Pp. xiii, 302. Paper, $22.95. Reivew by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College. John King Fairbank. China Watch. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, Cloth, $20.00. Review by Darlene E. Fisher of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Ronald Takaki, ed. From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. 253. Paper, $13.95. Review by Robert C. Sims of Boise State University.
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Broos, Ben. "The wanderings of Rembrandt's Portrait of Aeltje Uylenburgh." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 123, no. 2 (2010): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/003067212x13397495480745.
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AbstractFor more than a century the only eyewitness account of Rembrandt's Portrait of an old woman (fig. 1) was a description made by Wilhelm Bode in 1883. At the time, he was unable to decipher the date, 1632; nor did he know anything about Aeltje Uylenburgh or the history of the panel. However, the painting's provenance has since been revealed, and it can be traced back in an almost unbroken line to its commission, a rare occurrence in Rembrandt's oeuvre. A pendant portrait, now lost, featured the preacher Johannes Sylvius, who is also the subject of an etching by Rembrandt dating from 1633 (fig. 2). Rembrandt had a close relationship with the Sylvius couple and he married their cousin Saskia Uylenburgh in 1634. After Aeltje's death in 1644, the couple's son Cornelis Sylvius inherited the portraits. We know that Cornelis moved to Haarlem in 1647, and that in 1681 he made a will bequeathing the pendants to his son Johannes Sylvius Junior. For the most part of a century they remained in the family. We lose track of the portrait of Johannes Sylvius when, in 1721, Cornelis II Sylvius refurbishes a house on the Kruisstraat in Haarlem. However, thanks to a handful of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century copies, it has been possible to reconstruct the trail followed by Aeltje. In 1778, a copy from Dessau turned up at auction in Frankfurt. It was bought under the name of Johann Heinrich Roos by Henriette Amalie von Anhalt-Dessau. There is a copy of this copy in the museum of Marseilles, attributed Ferdinand Bol (fig. 3). In 2000 an article in the Tribune de Genève revealed that the original had belonged to the Burlamacchi Collection in the eighteenth century, and was then thought to be a portrait of Rembrandt's mother. Jean-Jacques Burlamacchi (1694-1748), a prominent Geneva collector, acquired major works of art, including probably the Rembrandt portrait, while travelling in Holland and Britain around 1720. It was the heirs of Burlamacchi, the Misses de Chapeaurouge, who opened the famous collection to the public. In 1790 or thereabouts, the Swiss portrait painter Marc-Louis Arlaud produced a copy, now in the museum at Lausanne (fig. 4), which for many years was thought to be an autograph work by Rembrandt. The painter Georges Chaix also made a copy, which he exhibited in Geneva in 1823. This work still belongs to the artist's family; unfortunately it has not been possible to obtain an image. After the Burlamacchi Collection was sold in about 1825, the painting was referred to somewhat nostalgically as 'Un Rembrandt "genevois"'. It was bought for 18,000 francs by the Paris art dealer Dubois, who sold it to the London banker William Coesvelt. In 1828, Coesvelt in turn sold the portrait through the London dealer John Smith, who described it as 'the painter's mother, at the age of 62'. We know that the picture was subsequently acquired from Albertus Brondgeest by the banker James de Rothschild (1792-1868) for his country house at Boulogne, as this is mentioned in the 1864 description of Rothschild's collection by Charles Blanc. Baron James's widow, Betty de Rothschild, inherited the portrait in 1868 and it was in Paris that the Berlin museum director Wilhelm Bode (fig. 5) first saw the painting. In his description of 1883 he states that the woman was not, in his opinion, Rembrandt's mother. In 1886 the portrait fell to Betty's son, Baron Alphonse (1827-1905). Bode published a heliogravure of the work in 1897, which remained for many years the only available reproduction (fig. 6). Rembrandt's portrait of a woman was a showpiece in Baron Alphonse's Paris smoking room (fig. 7). Few art historians came to the Rothschild residence and neither Valentiner nor Bredius, who published catalogues of Rembrandt in 1909 and 1935, respectively, had seen the painting. Alphonse's heir was Baron Edouard de Rothschild, who in 1940 fled to America with his daughter Bethsabée. The Germans looted the painting, but immediately after the war it was exhibited, undamaged, in a frame carrying the (deliberately?) misleading name 'Romney' (fig. 8). In 1949, Bethsabée de Rothschild became the rightful owner of the portrait. She took it with her when she moved to Israel in 1962, where under the name of Bathsheva de Rothschild she became a well-known patron of modern dance. In 1978, J. Bruyn en S. Levie of the Rembrandt Research Project (RRP) travelled to Tel Aviv to examine the painting. Although the surface was covered with a thick nicotine film, they were impressed by its condition. Bruyn and Levie were doubtful, however, that the panel's oval format was original, as emerges from the 'Rembrandt-Corpus' report of 1986. Not having seen the copies mentioned earlier, they were unaware that one nineteenth-century replica was also oval (fig. 9). Their important discovery that the woman's age was 62 was not further investigated at the time. Baroness Bathsheva de Rothschild died childless in 1999. On 13 December 2000 the painting was sold by Christie's, London, after a surprising new identity for the elderly sitter had been put forward. It had long been known that Rembrandt painted portraits of Aeltje Uylenburgh and her husband, the minister Cornelis Sylvius. Aeltje, who was a first cousin of Rembrandt's wife, Saskia Uylenburgh, would have been about 60 years old at the time. Given that the age of the woman in the portrait was now known to be 62, it was suggested that she could be Aeltje. The portrait was acquired for more than 28 million US dollars by the art dealer Robert Noortman, who put it on the market as 'Aeltje' with a question mark. In 2005, Noortman sold the portrait for 36.5 million to the American-Dutch collectors Mr and Mrs De Mol van Otterloo. At the time, the Mauritshuis in The Hague felt that trying to buy the portrait would be too extravagant, while the Rijksmuseum was more interested in acquiring a female portrait from Rembrandt's later period. Aeltje was thus destined to leave the Netherlands for good. A chronicle of the Sylvius family published in 2006 shows that Aeltje Uylenburgh would have been born in 1570 (fig. 10), demonstrating that she could indeed be the 62-year-old woman depicted by Rembrandt in 1632. We know that Aeltje was godmother to Rembrandt's children and that Saskia was godmother to Aeltje's granddaughter. Further evidence of the close ties between the two families is provided by Rembrandt's etching of Aeltje's son Petrus, produced in 1637. It is now generally accepted that the woman in the portrait is Aeltje. She was last shown in the Netherlands at the 'Dutch Portraits' exhibition in The Hague. In February 2008 the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston announced that it had received on long-term loan one the finest Rembrandts still in private ownership.