Academic literature on the topic '1761-1809'

Geographical distribution of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras (L., 1761)) affected with externally visible pathological symptoms is demonstrated, based on the observations of 5 028 individuals. The fish were collected in period 25.11-08.12.1994, from 36 sampling hauls performed on a transect from the south-western to the north-eastern Baltic Sea. The results of analyses indicate statistically significant differences in the fraction of herring with externally visible diseases (mean percentage of 3.7%) dependent on the geographical area. A relationship between the prevalence of emaciation (mean prevalence of 3.3%), infection (mean prevalence of 3.7%) in herring with the parasitic larvae of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809), and the area of sample collection was shown to exist.

The Society of Arts, recognising the inadequate state of mapping in Britain, introduced an award in 1759 to encourage the accurate survey and production of county maps at a ‘large’ scale of one inch to one mile (1:63,360) by private individuals. From 1761 to 1809, thirteen awards were made. By 1800 nearly all of England and Lowland Scotland and a third of Wales were mapped by the private enterprise of surveyors, cartographers and publishers before the publication in 1801 of the first Ordnance Survey map at an inch to the mile, of Kent. The role of the Society of Arts awards scheme, in the general rush to produce accurate large scale maps of England and Wales is appraised. Manuscript field maps by William Smith and Adam Sedgwick on SA prize-winning county one inch scale maps for their geological work and a completed example of one inch geological mapping by Arthur Aikin are examined. No geological mapping was published on one-inch county maps, but smaller scale reductions were. Less than a third of published large scale county maps won awards and more than half were published without reference to the Society of Arts; however, the rate of progress of survey and publishing suggests that the Society of Arts awards scheme accelerated the trend to produce one inch mapping in England. In the process, the modest accuracy and lack of standardisation demonstrated the need for government intervention. The Ordnance Trigonometric Survey was the government's response in 1791 to produce a rigorous national triangulation and a consistent high standard of national mapping. Published one-inch geological mapping waited until the Ordnance Survey initiated geological mapping in the 1830s. The Society of Arts offered awards for small scale mineralogical maps in 1803; William Smith's 1815 geological map won the award for England and Wales.

Of all types of military and naval activity, combined operations have had a particular fascination for public and politicians in the English-speaking world. In England, from Drake's raid on Cadiz in 1587 through to actions initiated by Sir Roger Keyes' Combined Operations Head Quarters in 1940, this mode of warfare has offered the romantic and morale-boosting spectacle of a beleaguered nation striking back at a powerful and threatening adversary. To politicians and administrators such operations seemed to present tantalizingly rich results at little cost. From the early part of the sixteenth century, France and Spain were largely immune from decisiveEnglish military action on the continent, but seemed extremely vulnerable on their seaboards and, as their overseas empires grew, in their colonies. A naval squadron with a small seaborne army could inflict damage upon the economy and prestige of these powers out of all proportion to the forces employed. Even when France was able to continue the fight after major colonial defeats, as she did between 1761 and 1763 and after 1809, England was at least enriched by the profits from her seizures. The belief that the navy could be relied upon to defend Britainand carry the war to the enemy received significant support from the great school of naval historians that developed between 1870 and 1914.1 Their works, supplemented by popular histories, and enlisted unsuccessfully by the royal navy in its attempt to resist a reorientation of British strategy between 1905 and 1911, added great weight to the conviction that British strategy traditionally lay in the application of sea power, of which combinedoperations was a major element. Assisted by newsreel and film, the spectacular developments in the power and technology of combined operations since 1941 have ensured continued public interest in this mode of warfare.

AbstractSince 1988, when this journal carried an article on Andrics Bongen (ca. 1732-1792), probably the first cabinet-maker in Amsterdam to have made marquetry furniture in the French style in the third quarter of the eighteenth century, not one item has been added to his small oeuvre. It is therefore still not clear whether Bongen had a long and successful career, nor whether his production was large. This article deals with the eighteenth-century activities of Matthijs Horrix (1735 -1809), a furniture maker who in certain aspects may be regarded as Bongen's Hague counterpart. He, too, hailed from Germany, set up independently in the Netherlands in the 1760s and worked in the French style from the outset of his career. There are however no doubts as to bis success : he was The Hague's best-known furniture maker in the late eighteenth century, with the largest workshop. In the course of the nineteenth century the firm he founded grew into the largest in the Netherlands (note 4). Whereas it cannot be ascertained whether 'French' cabinet-making was ever a dominant trend in Amsterdam, one gets the impression that such was to some extent the case in The Hague after 1760. In the city where the Stadholder's court and foreign embassies were based, the French-oriented court style had been a significant factor since at least the late seventeenth century (notes 5, 6 and 8). Many patrons in The Hague were probably keen on furniture which actually came from France. In 1771 the guild of furniture makers complained to the city council about the influx of furniture imported from abroad; this probably meant imports from France (notes 9 and 10). Several furniture makers in The Hague began to imitate the French models. As early as 1761 Matthijs Franses (ca. 1726-1788), who came from Kempen near Krefeld, advertized that he made and sold a variety of veneered furniture in the French style. His descriptions are not very clear, but mention is made of commodes and tables inlaid with copper (in the Boulle technique?), commodes 'à la Diligence' with gilded bronze mouldings and marble tops, desks and 'Ouvrages en ébène'. Franses says nothing about marquetry featuring different kinds of wood, the most popular decorative technique in Paris around 1760 and the kind of work with which Bongen made his debut in Amsterdam in 1766. It seems likely that Horrix arrived in The Hague around 1761. He was born in 1735, probably in Lobberich near Krefeld (note 25). In a petition submitted in 1764 he stated that he had been apprenticed to a cabinet-maker in The Hague 'for some years'; the period in question was probably not longer than three years (notes 26 and 27). At the beginning of this period, then, Horrix was already 25 years of age or older. In view of the common practice throughout Europe for boys to be apprenticed to a craftsman at the age of fourteen or thereabouts for a period of some six years (note 28), Horrix may have worked in one or more shops elsewhere after his apprenticeship and before his arrival in The Hague. However, no information about this period is available. On May 15 1764, Horrix was enrolled in the Hague guild as a master cabinet-maker (note 33). On January 9th of that year he had acquired citizenship, and on May 5th he had married Elisabeth de la Fosse of The Hague. The wedding was witnessed by

633 species of butterflies and larger moths were detected around Sellye during the sixties and seventies of the last century. Several rare and interesting species were documented in those lowland oakhornbeam woodlands, riverine oak-elm-ash woodlands, and riverine ash-alder woodlands. After more than fifty years, during the years 2019-2022, we again visited this area to examine the composition and change of lepidopterous fauna, mostly the larger moths. The same sampling methods were applied in the recent surveys, but a UV-A compact fluorescent tube together with a normal compact fluorescent tube was used instead of a mercury vapour bulb, in the year 2022. Sometimes a small portable light trap was also applied, it was fitted with 12 Volt UV fluorescent LEDs. We visited the same (Gilvánfa) and similar sites (Marócsa, Páprád, Teklafalu) regularly, and sometimes some another sites. During this recent period altogether 437 lepidopterous species were taken. 53 of them were not detected in the first collecting period. Number of all known species grew up to 687 in the Sellye region. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the collection of Rippl-Rónai Museum, Kaposvár. The most important catch was three imogoes of Arytrura musculus (Ménétriés, 1859) during the years 2020 and 2022. Table 2 presents all the collected species in the past and recent periods, their quantity by group of sites (past) or by year (recent period). This table is completed by data of Kisdobsza and Potony, which sites are situated a slightly further away but in similar types of forests. Some of the 53 newly recorded species – e.g. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767), Opisthograptis luteolata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eilicrinia cordiaria (Hübner, 1790), Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767), Eugnorisma depuncta (Linnaeus, 1761) – are characteristic of drier biotopes, while some of them – e.g. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809), Rhodometra sacraria (Linnaeus, 1767) – are immigrant ones. Contrary 250 species were not caught in recent years. About a hundred species were not taken due to the methods. Daytime observations or collections hardly were applied. On the other hand, we did not visit those area during the early spring (March, April) and late autumn (November), so the very early and very late flying species were not registered. Thus about 150 species were not taken very probably due to climate change: increasing of temperature, less precipitation and extreme meteorological phenomena. The decrease of biodiversity is a general observation not only here but in other types of biotopes.

La tesis estudia y analiza las coincidencias, discrepancias, continuidades y cambios de la política contrarrevolucionaria de los gobiernos virreinales de José Fernando de Abascal (1806-1816), Joaquín de la Pezuela (1816-1821) y José de la Serna (1821-1824), así como la composición social, la formación del ejército virreinal peruano y del Alto Perú y la posibilidad de ascenso social que la carrera militar otorgaba. Producto de la crisis política de la monarquía española, durante los años de gobierno de dichos virreyes se llevó a cabo el proceso independentista hispanoamericano dentro del cual el virreinato del Perú jugó un rol fundamental. En este sentido, la tesis reconstruye las relaciones sociales, económicas y políticas que hicieron posible la contrarrevolución por parte del gobierno virreinal. Asimismo, busca comprender la importancia y el rol desempeñado por el sur andino entre 1810 y 1826 y cómo, en determinadas oportunidades, terminó por decidir el futuro político del virreinato del Perú. Para la investigación, se utilizan fuentes documentales de archivos nacionales y extranjeros, las cuales han sido consultadas y cotejadas con las incluidas en la Colección Documental y complementadas con bibliografía especializada.
Tesis