Journal articles on the topic '1789-1839'

The reign of Mahmud I ( 1730-1754) established the independent library as the norm . The reigns of his five successors, Osman III (1754- 1757), Mustafa III (1757-1774), Abdülhamid I (1774-1789), Selim III (1789-1807) and Mahmud II (1808-1839) , were to see the spread of independent libraries not only in Istanbul but also in the provinces as well. Apart from the libraries he established, Mahmud I, had also begun to build his mosque complex in the well-established tradition of imperial endowment. He chose a site to the south of the Kapalıçarşı (covered bazar) which was close to many of the existing colleges. The mosque is quite unusual for its rococo style and shows definite European influences.

Little is known on seabirds of the order Procellariiformes which visit the Brazilian oceanic islands. Herein, we present new records of five birds found stranded in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago: Fregetta tropica melanoleuca Salvadori, 1908, Ardenna grisea (Gmelin, 1789), Puffinus lherminieri Lesson, 1839, and Hydrobates leucorhous (Vieillot, 1818). Citizen‑science platforms include only one documentation for each of these species, but there is potential for greater detection. Pelagic birds have rarely been reported in recent decades, and continued monitoring is needed for better understanding of their distribution patterns.

The taxonomy of the genus Turris Batsch, 1789, type genus of the family Turridae, widespread in shallow-water habitatsof tropic Indo-Pacific, is revised. A total of 31 species of Turris, are here recognized as valid. New species described: Tur-ris chaldaea, Turris clausifossata, Turris guidopoppei, Turris intercancellata, Turris kantori, T. kathiewayae. Homonymrenamed: Turris bipartita nom. nov. for Pleurotoma variegata Kiener, 1839 (non Philippi, 1836). New synonymies: Turrisankaramanyensis Bozzetti, 2006 = Turris tanyspira Kilburn, 1975; Turris imperfecti, T. nobilis, T. pulchra and T. tornatumRöding, 1798, and Turris assyria Olivera, Seronay & Fedosov, 2010 = T. babylonia; Turris dollyae Olivera, 2000 = Pleu-rotoma crispa Lamarck, 1816; Turris totiphyllis Olivera, 2000 = Turris hidalgoi Vera-Peláez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Fran-cisco, 2000; Turris kilburni Vera-Peláez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Francisco, 2000 = Turris pagasa Olivera, 2000; Turris(Annulaturris) munizi Vera-Peláez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Francisco, 2000 = Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 2000. Revised sta-tus: Turris intricata Powell, 1964, Pleurotoma variegata Kiener, 1839 (non Philippi, 1836) and Pleurotoma yeddoensisJousseaume, 1883, are regarded as full species (not subspecies of Turris crispa). Neotype designated: For Pleurotoma gar-nonsii Reeve, 1843, to distinguish it from Turris garnonsii of recent authors, type locality emended to Zanzibar. New combination: Turris orthopleura Kilburn, 1983, is transferred to genus Makiyamaia, family Clavatulidae.

The innovation movements that started to be seen in the Ottoman State since the 18th century were developed with the radical reforms carried out during the reigns of Sultan Selim III (1789-1807) and Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839). These innovation movements reached an important level in the axis of modernization with the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict dated November 3, 1839, which was declared during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid (1839-1861). While primary education was made compulsory during the reign of Sultan 2nd Mahmud, Rushdiye Schools were opened to train civil servants for state levels and to fill the gap between primary (sıbyân) and military schools. The first boys' Rushdiye School was opened in Istanbul in 1847, and then Rushdiye schools were tried to be opened in the provincials. After a while, the number of Rushdiye schools increased with the opening of the girls' Rushdiyes and the inclusion of Christian children in the Rushdiye schools. Finally, rushdiyes, continued their official status until 1913, were opened in almost every corner of the empire and played an important role in the spread of modern education. In this study, a statistics of the years 1889-1890 are emphasized. In this statistic, which was determined in the Ottoman Archives, the distribution of their to administrative units and numbers of the rushdiyes, which were available throughout the country in the years 1889-1890, are given in detail. Rushdiye schools, which provide education in Istanbul and the provincials, were evaluated separately as girls' and boys' schools. This statistic was thought to be important in order to see the all numbers of Rushdiye Schools in 1889-1890 and to determine how many Rushdiye Schools students were active in which administrative unit, and it was tried to be evaluated in this study.

W zasobach Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie znajduje się znaczny zbiór kalendarzy liturgicznych diecezji krakowskiej. Z pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku zachowały się tylko trzy egzemplarze (1735, 1738 i 1745). Od 1750 r. zbiór jest prawie kompletny. Brakuje tylko dziewięciu roczników z lat: 1753-1756, 1775, 1779, 1781, 1784, 1789 oraz ośmiu z początku XIX wieku: 1802-1804, 1806, 1808-1810, 1839. Ze względu na powszechność korzystania z kalendarza przez księży zaczęto dołączać do rubryceli: informacje o nabożeństwach i praktykach obowiązujących w całej diecezji, zarządzenia władz duchownych i świeckich (szczególnie dotyczące zmian przepisów liturgicznych i postnych). Do ostatnich dekad XIX wieku nie wypracowano reguł redagowania dodatków do rubrycel. W jednych tomach można znaleźć wiele szczegółowych przepisów liturgicznych, nigdzie niepublikowanych poza nimi komunikatów, rozporządzeń i krótkich listów do duchowieństwa. W innych nie umieszczono nawet nowych i ważnych dla księży przepisów i zarządzeń. Te dodatki są cennym, aczkolwiek rzadko wykorzystywanym źródłem dla historyków, ze względu niewielką liczbę zachowanych egzemplarzy oraz brak opisu zawartości, które zmuszają do długotrwałej kwerendy. Publikowany katalog krakowskich rubrycel ma być pomocą w szybkim odszukaniu przydatnych historykowi informacji.

Before its eradication in 1979, smallpox was considered to be the greatest killer in the world. Therefore, over time, people developed a variety of methods of prevention and treatment for smallpox. The study of smallpox is a well-established field and many scholars have written on the subject; however, as far as I am aware there is almost no scholarship regarding smallpox in Tibet. Thus, it is widely believed that Tibetans knew very little about smallpox and that the Jennerian vaccination technique was not introduced in Tibet until as late as 1944. This, however, is not the case: during the course of Tibetan history, Tibetans not only knew about smallpox but also developed various methods of prevention and treatment for the disease. As a literary society, Tibetans also produced a vast quantity of medical works, as well as historical and biographical accounts in relation to smallpox; in Tibet, as elsewhere, medical knowledge was constantly evolving. This article sets out to show how a Tibetan physician named Tsenpo Nomon Han (1789–1839) introduced Edward Jenner’s vaccination technique to Tibet in the early 19th century.

For many mesopelagic fishes, even basic knowledge regarding their biology is missing, greatly impeding their effective management. Here we present length–weight relations for 16 mesopelagic fishes sampled during research surveys in the Greek seas (eastern Mediterranean). The following species were studied: Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837); Ceratoscopelus maderensis (Lowe, 1839); Diaphus holti Tåning, 1918; Diaphus metopoclampus (Cocco, 1829); Diaphus rafinesquii (Cocco, 1838); Hygophum benoiti (Cocco, 1838); Hygophum hygomii (Lütken, 1892); Lampanyctus crocodilus (Risso, 1810); Lobianchia dofleini (Zugmayer, 1911); Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque, 1810; Notoscopelus elongatus (Costa, 1844); Symbolophorus veranyi (Moreau, 1888) [Myctophidae]; Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829; Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789) [Sternoptychidae]; Stomias boa (Risso, 1810); Chauliodus sloani Bloch et Schneider, 1801 [Stomiidae].With the exception of Diaphus holti and Symbolophorus veranyi, parameter b diverged significantly from isometry. Only two species (Benthosema glaciale and Chauliodus sloani) displayed negative allometry, while for the remaining 12 species a positive allometry was found, with the highest parameter b values estimated for Stomias boa and Diaphus rafinesquii. The median value of parameter b for all species was 3.236 and 50% of its values ranged from 3.173 to 3.323. Some variations of the parameter b were observed between our findings and other studies from the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean.

Based on the main feeding modes of two common European brittlestars, Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiura albida, the pre­sent study relates the species’ tooth morphology to their function in processing food items of different structural quality. Clusters of grinding dental papillae in the suspension feeding O. fragilis seem most appropriate for loosening compound food items, i.e., food boli, or potentially for grazing. Large triangular teeth are considered to be used as crushing and cut­ting instruments, most likely for processing loosened or broken up food masses into smaller digestible portions. In the mostly predating and scavenging O. albida, sharp and pointy or broad scale-like oral papillae may serve in gripping and fixing live benthic prey organisms or carrion, while the larger spine-like teeth may be applied as carnassial instruments thrusting into the flesh of a prey organism and tearing off pieces. Designating the two species either as grinders and cutters processing compound and hard structured food or as grippers and tearers handling softer textures, still awaits confirmation through feeding experiments and observational documentation.

Se colectaron núcleos de crecimiento en dos poblaciones de Taxodium mucronatum en la región centrosur del estado de Guanajuato y se generaron dos cronologías de ancho de anillo de 128 y 237 años para los municipios de Manuel Doblado y Jerécuaro, respectivamente. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales se determinó una variabilidad común para ambas series de tiempo, por lo que se unieron para crear una cronología regional de 308 años (1700-2007). Para analizar su respuesta climática, se compararon los índices de ancho de anillo con los registros de precipitación de una estación climática regional compuesta por diez estaciones meteorológicas. El período que correlacionó significativamente (r = 0.75, p <0.01) corresponde a la temporada enero-abril. El análisis de calibración-verificación indica una respuesta significativa y explica 62 y 52% de la variabilidad de precipitación total, respectivamente. Dado que ambos subperíodos correlacionaron significativamente con los índices de ancho de anillo, se generó el modelo de reconstrucción climática de precipitación invierno-primavera con el total de datos disponibles con una r2 = 0.59 (p<0.001). Las sequías más fuertes que se reconstruyeron están entre los periodos 1778-1788, 1798-181, 1817-1839 y 1861-1904; mientras que para las condiciones de precipitación arriba del promedio regional destacan las de: 1789-1797, 1840-1860, 1905-1927, 1964-1969, 1987-1994 y 2003-2007.

Auguste Bébian (1789 - 1839, Pointe-à-Pitre) foi o primeiro a lançar as bases para a educação bilíngue como a conhecemos hoje: a língua de sinais com a língua oral e o francês escrito. Bébian também desenvolveu um sistema de escrita em língua de sinais (Mimographie, 1825) e, finalmente, o que constitui o cerne de seu projeto filosófico: despojando-a dos sinais metódicos inventados pelo Abade de l'Épée, a língua de sinais recupera sua própria estrutura e funcionando diferentemente das línguas vocais, é considerada a língua natural dos surdos. Além disso, Bébian não vê nela um meio de expressar os pensamentos dos surdos, a língua de sinais é seu instrumento (Essai sur les sourds-muets et sur le langage naturel, 1817). O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que, na educação de surdos, a língua de sinais não pode ser definida como uma opção linguística e pedagógica "simples". A língua de sinais inscreve-se sobretudo numa certa reflexão ontológica e ecológica, pois situa-se na própria encruzilhada das relações entre os indivíduos, suas capacidades e as atividades em torno das quais organizam suas vidas e seu ambiente. Abordar a questão da língua de sinais na educação bilíngue de jovens surdos hoje, para além dos marcos legais, institucionais e pedagógicos, implica levantar a questão de sua necessidade e as condições de sua contingência.

containing European A. algidum (Erichson, 1840) comb.n. (from Deliphrum), the morosum group containing A. morosum sp. n. (Nepal), and the tectum group containing transpalaearctic A. tectum (Paykull, 1789) comb.n. (from Deliphrum Erichson, 1839), Siberian A. frigidum (J. Sahlberg, 1880) comb.n. (from Deliphrum), and seven new species from the eastern Palaearctic Region: A. cornatipenis sp. n. (China: Sichuan, Shalui Shan), A. himalayense sp. n. and A. vitreum sp. n. (Nepal), A. multipunctatum sp. n. (China: Sichuan, Chuangdongzi Mt.), A. smetanai sp. n. (China: Xizang, Quinlai Shan), A. tichomirovae sp. n. (Tajikistan: Gissar Mts.) and A. umbrinum sp. n. (China: Yunnan, Yulong Mts.). The species groups are defined, briefly discussed, and a key to the species of the tectum group is given. Anthobium infractum sp. n., a new species of the fusculum group from India (West Bengal), is described. The genus-group names Deliphrum and Arpediopsis Ganglbauer, 1895 (previously subgenus of Deliphrum) are treated as junior synonyms of Anthobium. All these taxa are re-described, illustrated, and their geographical distribution is mapped. Additionally, faunistic records for seven species of the consanguineum, fusculum, nigrum, and reflexum groups are given. Anthobium frigidum is recorded from Tyumen Area, Khanti-Mansi and Taimyr autonomous regions, Evenkia, Tuva and Buryatia, and A. tectum from Nenets, Khanty-Mansy, Yamalo-Nenets and Jewish autonomous regions, Tver, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Chita and Amur area, Altai, Evenkia, Tuva, and Khabarovsk Territory for the first time.

Using 12 microsatellite loci, mitochondrial DNA sequences and previously published morphological evidence, we examined the phylogeographic and taxonomic structure of Natrix helvetica. Our results support tentatively the recognition of five subspecies: (1) N. h. helvetica (Lacepède, 1789) from Western Europe, (2) N. h. cetti Gené, 1839 from Sardinia, (3) N. h. corsa (Hecht, 1930) from Corsica, (4) N. h. lanzai Kramer, 1970 from the Po drainage and peninsular Italy, except for parts of Calabria and perhaps Apulia, and (5) N. h. sicula (Cuvier, 1829) from Sicily and parts of Calabria. The status of the subspecies from Corsica and Sardinia warrants further research. Grass snakes from the two islands are genetically deeply divergent from their continental and Sicilian conspecifics. However, the mitochondrial haplotypes of N. h. cetti and N. h. corsa are not reciprocally monophyletic, and our analyses of microsatellite data did not unambiguously support their distinctness. Natrix helvetica lanzai comprises three mitochondrial lineages and could represent more than one taxon. Grass snakes of the northern mitochondrial lineage of N. h. lanzai (mainly from the Po drainage system) were previously assigned to N. h. helvetica. We propose that the recognition of subspecies within N. helvetica reflects its genetic differentiation best. Our subspecies concept resembles the definition of Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) in that subspecies should be ideally confirmed by two independent genetic lines of evidence (mtDNA, nuclear genomic markers). In contrast to species, subspecies are still fully capable of extensive gene flow and may disappear in the evolutionary process as a consequence of secondary contact. Thus, subspecies represent an early stage of (incomplete) speciation. Using the subspecies category facilitates communication within and beyond science (legislation, conservation), a clear advantage compared to the cumbersome concept of ESUs.

Modern electrochemistry is generally regarded as having its origins in the work of the Italian scientists Galvani (1737 – 1798) and Volta (1745 – 1827). Their discoveries led directly to the invention (1799) by Volta of the voltaic pile, a primitive form of what we now call a battery. This invention greatly facilitated electrical experimentation and quickly led to a host of other electrochemical discoveries such as the electrolysis of water (Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800, although it was first demonstrated in 1789 by Deiman and van Troostwijk using an electrostatic generator), isolation of elemental alkali and alkaline earth metals (Davy, 1807–1808) and electroplating (Brugnatelli, 1805). The work of Davy (1778 – 1829) and of Faraday (1791 – 1867) greatly advanced the understanding of electrochemistry and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis (1833) put the field on a quantitative basis. This was followed by a long succession of electrochemical discoveries that has continued to the present. Scientists such as Daniell (1790 – 1845), Grove (1811 – 1896), Leclanché (1839 – 1882) and Planté (1834 – 1889) made early improvements to batteries; of course, research and development of batteries remains an important area of electrochemistry. Historically, batteries were the primary source of electric current until practical electric dynamos became available in about 1870. Electroplating developed as a practical technology from about 1840, initially for electrodeposition of copper on printing plates. From 1893 to 1948, the international standard for electric current was based on electrodeposition of silver. Furthermore, an electrochemical cell invented by Weston (1850 – 1936) was adopted as the reference standard for voltage in 1903 and remained so until 1990 when it was replaced by a Josephson junction standard. The science of electrochemistry experienced rapid growth from the 19th century on, with major contributions from European scientists including Kohlrausch (1840 – 1910), Ostwald (1853 – 1932), Arrhenius (1859 – 1927), Tafel (1862 – 1918), Nernst (1864 – 1941), and Heyrovský (1890 – 1967), to mention but a few. In this talk, I will attempt to trace the evolution of electrochemistry and discuss some of the major landmarks and the European scientists who made important contributions. I will also comment on how equipment and methodology have changed over the last half-century.

Article deals with some common theoretical questions and theories regarding the Ottoman Empire as an interesting matter to prove them right or wrong, and how they work on particular historical material. For such reasons several key theories will be used: modernization theory, world-system analysis, divergence theory, historical sociology, class struggle theory, another point of view is Ray Dalio’s concept of “big curve” and economic cycles theory, depicted in Clement Juglar, Tugan-Baranovsky and Nikolai Kondratiev works along with Oded Lagor’s theory of unified growth. Author tries to imply how these theories explain or could explain the magistral way of development in the XVIII century and how Ottoman history is comparable to other states. Main results are next: from modernization theory prospects Ottomans faced couple short periods of what we can call modernization (improvement or reestablishing institutions and the way they perform their strict duties) during the “Tulip Era” (1703-1730), during major confrontations with European powers (1750-1770) and by the beginning or reign of Selim III from 1789. All those endeavors were different in spheres. lasting and methods, but pursuing one goal – to emulate European experience using Islamic and strictly Ottoman background – creating a well-organized state, able to withstand Europe. Due to world-system analysis in the XVIII century Ottoman Empire inadvertently lost its superpower status, diminishing to regional power. Also, they shifted from semi-periphery to periphery, a process which has been proceeding for all of the XVIII century and ended in 1839. From a sociological point of view, Ottoman society began to polarize – both in territorial and functional ways. Territorial – local elites began to grow in wealth and question central government power, creating local myths, dealing with non-Muslim and tribal minorities. Functional – due to absence of large-scale industrial manufacturing and consequently absence of middle class in European view, Ottoman trading elites profited as mediators for Europeans and consequently didn’t grow as “Third power” to provide pressure on their government. Ray Dalio’s “big curve” concept was chosen due to its nearly absence in current research, and it is shown that it is too abstract and uses non-qualified criteria to make any probable conclusion, whether state is fine or on the verge of collapse. Economic activity cycles concept shows that Ottomans situated in the wholesale trend of the XVIII century – diminishing prices for grain and rising activity in the credit sphere.

Ilya Vasilyevich was born in 1789, from eight years he studied first at the county school, then at the Chernigov seminary. In 1809, I.V. Buyalsky entered the Medical-Surgical Academy, after which he worked as an anatomy prosector, engaged in surgical activities, including issues of surgery of the blood vessels. In 1822, Buyalsky developed a spatula, in 1827–1830 - a turnstile, named after him. In 1823 he defended his thesis on the topic: "On the pathology and therapy of aneurysms." In 1824, Buyalsky wrote The Guide to Doctors for the Correct Examination of Dead Human Bodies for Recognition of the Cause of Death, Especially in Forensic Studies, is the first original Russian guide to forensic medicine. In 1825, Buyalsky was elected an extraordinary, and in 1831, an ordinary professor at the Department of Anatomy of the Medical-Surgical Academy and a consultant to the Mariinsky Hospital (1831-1864). In 1828, he prepared “Anatomic-surgical tables explaining the production of large artery dressing operations”, which became the first national atlas of topographic anatomy and operative surgery. In 1829, I.V. Buyalsky was appointed manager of the Petersburg Surgical Instrument Factory, where various instruments for doctors were produced. Since 1833, he served as operator of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, since 1835 - Chief Doctor of all cadet corps. Buyalsky ligation of the nameless artery (1833), neurotomy (1835), removal of skin tumors, foreign body from the pelvic cavity (1835), vaginal and uterine polyps (1841), lipomas under chloroform anesthesia (1846), hernia repair (1847), plastic operations (1847), “an operation to destroy the rectal fusion” (1847), “extraction of embryos of the first 3-4 months or their succession during severe bleeding” (1852) and others. In 1837, Buyalsky was elected an honorary member of the Medical Council of the Ministry of the Interior, promoted to full state councilor. In 1838, Buyalsky received the title of a member of the Society of Russian Doctors and the title of honorary member of Kharkov University. In 1839, he was approved as an honored professor; in 1842 - in the rank of academician; in 1844 - in the rank of honorary member of the Academy with the preservation of "other positions and titles." In 1852, Buyalsky published the work Anatomic-Surgical Tables explaining the production of cutting and crushing stones, which laid the foundation for national urology. I.V. Buyalsky was awarded the Order of Vladimir 3 degrees (1840), St. Stanislav 1st degree (1843), Philip the Magnanimous (1844), Gustav Vaz (1848) and Oak Crown (1853). December 20, 1866 Ilya Vasilyevich died and was buried at the Big Okhta Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

To άρθρο βασίζεται στο πρωτότυπο υλικό που φυλάσσεται στο Τμήμα Φωτογραφικών Αρχείων και πραγματεύεται το έργο των ξένων φωτογράφων στην Ελλάδα του 19ου αιώνα. Μέσα από τη μελέτη των φωτογραφιών αυτών προκύπτει μια ομοιομορφία ως προς τη θεματογραφία. Οι περισσότεροι φωτογράφοι επέλεξαν να καταγράψουν με τον φακό τους τις ελληνικές αρχαιότητες. Παράλληλα, πέρα από αυτή τη θεματική ομοιότητα, αποκαλύπτεται μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση του θέματος από κάθε φωτογράφο. Στις 19 Αυγούστου του 1839 παρουσιάστηκε στη Γαλλική Ακαδημία Τεχνών και Επιστημών στο Παρίσι, η εφεύρεση της φωτογραφίας και συγκεκριμένα η μέθοδος του Louis-Jaques Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851), ο οποίος είχε καταφέρει να αποδώσει μια θετική εικόνα επάνω σε μια χάλκινη πλάκα. Κατά τη διάρκεια της ανακοίνωσης, ο Γάλλος ακαδημαϊκός François-Dominique Arago (1786-1853) δεν παρέλειψε να τονίσει τις πολυάριθμες εφαρμογές της "πρωτότυπης" ανακάλυψης. Συγκεκριμένα ανέφερε ότι «για να αντιγραφούν όλα τα ιερογλυφικά των μεγάλων μνημείων των Θηβών, τον Καρνάκ κ.ά, da χρειάζονταν 20 έτη και λεγεώνες σχεδιαστών, ενώ με τη δαγγεροτυπική μέδοδο ένα μόνο άτομο da μπορούσε να κάνει αντήν την τεράστια εργασία». Εμπνευσμένος από την ανακοίνωση αυτή, ο Γάλλος εκδότης Noël-Marie-Paymal Lerebours (1807-1873) εφοδίασε ταξιδιώτες με φωτογραφικό εξοπλισμό (δαγγεροτυπικές μηχανές) και τους έστειλε να καταγράψουν «τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα μνημεία τον κόσμον». Έτσι ξεκινά το ταξίδι των ξένων φωτογράφων στην Ελλάδα. Αψηφώντας τις καιρικές συνθήκες και το βάρος του φωτογραφικού τους εξοπλισμού, έφταναν στον ελληνικό χώρο με σκοπό να καταγράφουν, ακολουθώντας τις προκαθορισμένες διαδρομές των ταξιδιωτικών οδηγών τους, τα "αξιοσημείωτα" μνημεία του. Η Ακρόπολη, καθώς και τα μνημεία που την περιβάλλουν, αποτελούσαν απαραίτητο σταθμό τους, με αποτέλεσμα η πορεία τους να ακολουθεί το ήδη διαμορφωμένο από τους περιηγητές-ζωγράφους στερεότυπο εικονογραφικό πρόγραμμα, και στο έργο τους να μεταφέρεται η εικόνα μιας ιδεατής Ελλάδας που ταυτίζεται με αυτή της κλασικής αρχαιότητας. Το γεγονός αυτό ενίσχυε η περιορισμένη δυνατότητα του φωτογραφικού φακού, λόγω του μεγάλου χρόνου έκθεσης της φωτοευαίσθητης πλάκας, που καθιστούσε αούναττ] την αποτύπωση της κίνησης. Ανάμεσα στους πρώτους δαγγεροτυπίστες που ανέλαβαν την αποστολή του Lerebours, ήταν και ο Καναδός Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (1789-1865). Ο Lotbinière, που ταξίδευε στη Μεσόγειο, επισκέφτηκε και φωτογράφισε για πρώτη φορά τις αθηναϊκές αρχαιότητες τον Οκτώβριο του 1839, δύο μόλις μήνες μετά την επίσημη ανακοίνωση της εφεύρεσης. Όπως αναμενόταν, η Ακρόπολη ήταν το πρωταρχικό θέμα που επέλεξε. Η δαγγεροτυπική μέθοδος δεν είχε τη δυνατότητα να παράγει πολλαπλά αντίτυπα, γεγονός που οδήγησε τους φωτογράφους να προτιμήσουν τη μέθοδο της καλοτυπίας, όπου με τη μεσολάβηση ενός αρνητικού μπορούσαν να εκτυπώσουν απεριόριστο αριθμό θετικών εικόνων. Ο διάσημος Γάλλος αρχιτέκτονας Alfred- Nicolas Normand (1822-1909) τράβηξε συνολικά 130 καλοτυπίες κατά τη διάρκεια της παραμονής του στην Ελλάδα. Μέσα από τον φωτογραφικό του φακό απαθανάτισε κυρίως την Ακρόπολη και τις περιβάλλουσες αρχαιότητες της. Τα χρόνια που ακολουθούν αποτελούν μεταβατική περίοδο για τη φωτογραφία. Η μέθοδος της καλοτυπίας αντικαταστάθηκε από την τεχνική του υγρού κολλο δίου και οι μεγάλοι χρόνοι έκθεσης της φωτοευαίσθητης πλάκας μειώθηκαν, προσδίδοντας στη νέα εφεύρεση ευκρίνεια, ευκολία στη χρήση και ανθεκτικότητα σε δύσκολες καιρικές συνθήκες, όπως το θερμό κλίμα της Ελλάδας. Την εποχή αυτή μια σειρά από γνωστούς επαγγελματίες και ερασιτέχνες φωτογράφους επισκέπτονται και φωτογραφίζουν την Αθήνα. Ανάμεσα τους ξεχωρίζει το έργο των James Robertson και Paul Baron des Granges. Αρκετοί ήταν και οι ξένοι φωτογράφοι που εγκαταστάθηκαν στην Ελλάδα. Χαρακτηριστικά αναφέρεται ο Carl Schiffer, πιθανώς βαυαρικής καταγωγής, που εργάστηκε στην Αθήνα από το 1859 έως το 1863. Προς τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα όλο και περισσότεροι ταξιδιώτες-φωτογράφοι επισκέπτονταν την Ελλάδα. Η φωτογραφία είχε γίνει πιο προσιτή στους ερασιτέχνες, που έως τότε παρέμενε το προνόμιο των οικονομικά ισχυρότερων. Σε αυτό συνέβαλε και η κατασκευή της πρώτης εύχρηστης φωτογραφικής μηχανής από την Kodak, το 1888. Δεδομένου ότι η φωτογραφία πέρασε στη μαζική παραγωγή, το εικονογραφικό ενδιαφέρον άρχισε να αλλάζει. Το στερεότυπο της αποτύπωσης των αρχαιοτήτων έδωσε τη θέση του στις φωτογραφίες της σύγχρονης ζωής. Εμφανίζεται, δηλαδή, φωτογραφικό ενδιαφέρον για τα πολιτικά και κοινωνικά δρώμενα της Ελλάδας, παρά τις δυσκολίες που οφείλονται ακόμα στην αδυναμία της φωτογραφίας να καταγράψει με επιτυχία την κίνηση. Λόγω της ραγδαίας εξέλιξης που έχει γνωρίσει το μέσο με την πάροδο των ετών, η προσπάθεια που κατέβαλλαν οι πρώτοι φωτογράφοι φαίνεται να υποτιμάται. Μελετώντας κανείς τις εικόνες αυτές, σπάνια διακρίνει τις τεχνικές μεθόδους ή ακόμα και τη φαντασία που επενδύθηκε για την πραγματοποίηση τους. Παρά τη θεματική ομοιομορφία που χαρακτηρίζει τη φωτογραφία του 19ου αιώνα στην Ελλάδα, ο κάθε φωτογράφος μετέφερε στις εικόνες του το προσωπικό του ύφος, αποτέλεσμα μιας ιδιαίτερης διερεύνησης του χώρου.

H. S. Torrens (Dept. of Geology, Keele University, Keele, Staffs. ST5 5BG) writes: 'Taylor was a pioneer English geologist trained 1805- 1811 by both William Smith (1769-1839) himself and by Edward Webb who had also earlier trained William Smith as a land surveyor. Taylor was active as an engineer, mineral and land surveyor in England and wrote a large number of papers up to 1830 when he decided to emigrate to the USA where he arrived in 1831. Here he had a second distinguished career as a mining advisor and geologist and continued to publish many papers. He died in Philadelphia in October 1851. In 1889 almost all his papers were apparently destroyed in...

The article presents the views of Henryk Lisicki, a publicist and historian, actively cooperating with Krakow’s conservatives (Stańczycy). It focuses on the issue presented in his literature (and representative of his native environment), of the attitude of conservatives toward the nineteenth-century democratization processes. In his views, he revealed criticism of the legacy of the Great French Revolution of 1789. However, the article indicates that in his works Lisicki did this from a moderately conservative position. As a result, he argued for the possibility of adapting the deposit of „traditional values” resulting from the natural law to the reality forming in the Old Continent, under the influence of changes caused by the aforementioned revolution. The article also signals the political construct preferred by moderate conservatives (which is an alternative to the personal rule of a ruler or republic), in the form of a constitutional monarchy, which was exemplified by Victorian England. The text also points to representative elements of the moderately conservative worldview, which is a reception of conservative and liberal ideals.

Osmanlı Devleti hâkim olduğu geniş coğrafi alanda çok sayıda farklı ulustan ve inançtan insan topluluklarını sınırları içerisinde barındırmıştır. Bu süreçte toplulukların tamamının, oluşturulan kanun ve kurallara riayet etmesi zorunlu tutulmuş, kanunlara aykırı davranışlarda bulunulması ise suç kabul edilmiş ve çeşitli şekillerde cezalandırılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti kanunlara aykırı olmaması şartıyla, farklı etnik ve dinî grupların gelenek, görenek ve inançlarına uygun bir yaşam sürdürmelerine izin vermiştir. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti’nin geleneksel yaşamına uymayan ve aykırı davranışlarda bulunan gayrimüslimlere ise çeşitli şekillerde yaptırım uygulanmıştır. Patrikliğin padişaha doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak yapmış olduğu şikâyet sonucunda suçlu bulunan gayrimüslim vatandaşlar, padişahın emriyle cezalandırılmıştır. Uygulanan cezalar çeşitli olmakla beraber, sıklıkla hapis cezaları ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Kayıtlarda suçluların yerleştirildiği mekânlardan dolayı farklı isimlerle adlandırılan hapis cezalarının bir kısmı ise manastırlarda uygulanmıştır ve manastırbend olarak ifade edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde sadece Hristiyan vatandaşlara uygulanan manastırbend cezası ile suçlular ıslah olana kadar manastırlarda tutulmaktadır. Ayrıca manastırlara bağlı olan kale veya kulelerde de suçlular mahkûm edilmiştir. Manastırlarda mahkûm olan kişilerin merkeze ıslah olduğuna dair arzuhâl gönderdikleri görülmektedir. Gönderilen arzuhâllerin Divanda incelenmesi sonucunda ıslah olduğu kanaatinin oluşması durumunda mahkûm affedilip serbest bırakılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1789-1839 yıllar arasında kayıtlarda yer alan manastırbend cezalarını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Klasik Türk şiiri sahasında, birçok meslek grubundan şairler, çeşitli konularda şiirler kaleme almışlardır. Bunlardan en çok dikkat çekeni, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunu yöneten sultanlardır. XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren olmakla birlikte pek çok sultan, edebiyat ve mûsikî ile ilgilenmiştir. Şiirle ilgilenen sultanların neredeyse tamamına yakını Hz. Muhammed (sav) sevgisi ile na’t da kaleme almıştır. Şiir yazdığı bilinen ve dîvân sahibi olan Osmanlı sultanlarının sayısı 19’dur. Eserleri bestelenen sultanların sayısı ise 12’dir. Eserleri en çok bestelenen sultan, Adlî mahlasıyla şiir yazan II. Mahmud’dur (1808-1839) ve 9 farklı eseri bestelenmiştir. En çok bestelenen eser ise “Sanma şâhım herkesi sen sâdıkâne yâr olur” ismiyle, Yavuz Sultan Selim’e (1512-1520) ait olup 10 farklı bestekâr tarafından bestelenmiştir. Kendi eserini besteleyen sultanlar; Murâdî mahlaslı III. Murad (1574-1595), İlhâmî mahlaslı III. Selim (1789-1807) ve Adlî mahlaslı II. Mahmud’dur. Çalışmamızda öncelikle eserleri bestelenen sultan şairler sırasıyla zikredilmiş, hayatları ve bilhassa mûsikî ile ilişkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Sonraki bölümde sultanlarda peygamber sevgisi konusu ele alınmış; na’t yazan sultanlar hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve na’tları bestelenen sultanlar zikredilmiştir. Söz konusu bestelerin notaları ise çalışmanın sonunda sunulmuştur.

Türk modernleşmesini ifade etmeye yönelik oldukça zengin kavramsallaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bunlardan Batılılaşma, çağdaşlaşma ve modernleşme sözcükleri yaygın olarak benimsenmekle birlikte, modernleşme kavramının kullanılması tercih edilmiştir. Türk modernleşmesinin Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyet’e intikal eden bir süreç olarak gerçekleşmesi, Osmanlı-Türk modernleşmesi ve Cumhuriyet-Türk modernleşmesi şeklinde birbirinin devamı olan iki dönemi bir ve bütün olarak Türk modernleşmesi başlığı altında ele almayı zorunlu kılmaktadır. Özünde yenileşmeyi barındıran ve Batılılaşma öncesi duruma da işaret eden Osmanlı-Türk modernleşmesi, askerî yenilgilerin sonucunda oluşan ıslahat ve tecdit arayışlarıyla başlamıştır (Restorasyon Süreci- 1703-1789). Bu süreci Batılı toplumlardan çok ciddi bir biçimde etkilenildiği, devlet ve toplum yapısında hızlı bir değişime gidildiği Reform Süreci (1789-1839) izlemiştir. Bu dönemlerin ilkinde, devletin bekasını her zaman öncelemiş olan ulema, yenilik hareketlerine şeran olur vermiş; ordunun teçhiz edilmesine de onay ve destekte bulunmuştur. Bu dönemde ilmiye sınıfı, dinî otorite olma vasfını ve devlet bürokrasisi içindeki güçlü konumunu hâlen muhafaza etmektedir. Bu dönemlerin ikincisinde ise ulema -özellikle II. Mahmut Dönemi’nde- etkinliğinin azaldığı yeni bir duruma geçmiş, üst düzey ulemanın içinde yer aldığı ilmiye, şeyhülislamlık bünyesinde hukuk ve din görevlilerinden sorumlu bir devlet memurluğuna dönüştürülmek istenmiştir. Evkaf Nezaretinin ihdası ile ulemanın vakıflar üzerindeki tasarrufu azalmış, merkeziyetçi politikalar neticesinde de taşrada ayanın etkinliğinin kalmayışı alt sınıf ulemanın yerel düzeydeki otoritesini oldukça sarsmıştır. Askerî alanda açılan yeni eğitim kurumları yeni bir bürokratik kesim oluşturmuş, bu grup zamanla siyasi ve idari alanda medrese kökenli ulemanın yerini almıştır. 1839-1923 tarihleri arasında, Tanzimat (1839-1876), II. Abdülhamit (1876-1908) ve II. Meşrutiyet (1908-1923) dönemleri yer almaktadır. Tanzimat ve sonrası olarak ifade edilen bu dönemde, askerî-teknik bir şekilde başlayan Osmanlı-Türk modernleşmesi, politik ve yasal bir çerçevede devam etmiş; Batı’nın idare, yargı ve eğitim sistemleri de Osmanlı devlet yapısına dâhil edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin tradisyonel örgüsünde sarayla birlikte iktidarın bileşenlerinden biri olan ulema sınıfı ise bu dönemde idari, siyasi, hukuki ve eğitimle ilgili sahaları kademeli olarak terk etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Neticede devlet içindeki görevlerini mektepli bürokratlara devreden medreseli ulemanın mali durumları kötüleşmiş, toplumsal saygınlıklarını da giderek kaybetmişlerdir. Cumhuriyet-Türk modernleşmesinin ilk etabı olan Fransız-laik-akılcılaşmacı modernleşmesi, Türkleşmek ve Muasırlaşmak mottosu üzerine inşa edilmiş, din ise Fransa’dakine benzer bir şekilde laiklik karşısına konumlandırılmıştır. Devletin güdümünde olan bir çağdaşlaşmanın benimsendiği bu modernleşme tarzı, yerini, 1950’li yıllarda Anglo-sakson-seküler modernlik anlayışına bırakacaktır. Bu yeni modernleşme şekli ise bireyi özgürlükçü kılan, demokratik ve laikliği din ve vicdan özgürlüğü şeklinde yorumlayan bir bagaja sahiptir. Cumhuriyetin ilk modernleşme süreçlerinde dışlanan medreseli dinî mümessiller yerini, 1949 yılında AÜİF’in açılmasıyla başlayan ve YİE’ler ve İİF’lerin açılmasıyla devam eden yüksek din öğretimi kurumlarından mezun olan din aydınlarına bırakacaktır. 1982 sonrasında yüksek din öğretimi tek bir isim altında birleştirilmiş, buradan mezun olanlarda ilahiyatçı olarak anılmışlardır. Neticede ulema-din aydını çizgisinin devamı niteliğinde olan ilahiyatçılar, Cumhuriyet’le birlikte dinî temsilin yegâne aktörleri olarak yetmiş yıllık bir tecrübe üretmişler ve elit/rasyonel şeklinde tanımlanabilecek bir dindarlık tipolojisine de sahip olmuşlardır. Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet Dönemi yüksek din öğretimi kurumlarından mezun olan ilahiyatçıların, dinî liderlik bağlamında ulemanın ardılı olarak temsil ettikleri konum bazı eleştirileri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Seküler üniversite içinde yer almaları, politik etkilere maruz kalmaları, kırsal kökenleri, ekonomik durumları, örgütlü dinî yapıların ve dış kaynaklı İslami anlayışların etkileri bu eleştirilerden en önemlileri olarak zikredilebilir. Netice olarak, Türk modernleşmesi kapsamında ulemadan din aydınına ve ilahiyatçılığa evrilen süreçte medrese(li)lerin temsil ettiği dinî otorite yerini ilahiyat mezunlarının mesleki sahadaki profesyonelleşmiş rollerine bırakmış görünmektedir.

Abstract. Hendrayana Y, Sudiana E, Adhya I, Ismail AY. 2022. Bird diversity in three Ficus species in the Kuningan Lowland Forest, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2255-2261. Frugivorous birds are an important group in tropical forests, as they promote a wide diversity of plant species and animal communities via tree seed dispersal. The presence of these avifauna depends on food, such as fruits provided by Ficus spp. This study examined the diversity of birds in three species of fruiting Ficus trees located in a secondary, natural lowland forest in Mount Tilu, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. Bird numbers in Ficus benjamina L., Ficus sinuata Thunb., and Ficus kurzii King were determined using the concentration count method. The data were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H?), evenness index (E), and dominance index (Simpson’s D). The results showed diversity index values of H´ = 2.255, E = 0.353, and D = 0.8342 for F. benjamina; H? = 2.305, E = 0.5014, and D = 0.8376 for F. sinuata; and H? = 2.305, E = 0.5014, and D = 0.8694 for F. kurzii. The bird species with the highest number of individuals was Pycnonotus simplex Lesson, 1839 (378 individuals, 20.8%), followed by Megalaima australis (Horsfield, 1821) (320, 17.7%), Pericrocotus flammeus (J.R.Forster, 1781) (203, 11.2%), Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scopoli, 1786) (116, 6.4%) and Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789) (109, 6,01%). By (Horsfield, 1821) knowing the important role of ficus trees as a source of food for various species of birds, this information becomes important and can be used by forest managers to support biodiversity conservation, especially bird conservation.

The faunistic data on the recent land molluscs of Vesuvius National Park (Naples, Southern Italy) and neighbouring areas sampled during field surveys from 2005 to 2006 are reported here. The data were obtained through a careful research on museum collections and literature and were supplemented with observations from field surveys. Up to now, only 23 land snails species were known from the Vesuvius National Park through bibliographical data. The faunistic research, carried out in 25 stations of different environment typologies, allowed us to discriminate 31 species: 15 of these species are reported here for the first time for the study area. The presence of 16 species was confirmed by other field investigations. Other 19 taxa are reported in the literature, but not confirmed in our research - Helix turriculatella O. G. Costa, 1839 (obsolete nomenclature), Trochoidea trochoides Poiret, 1789, Hygromia cinctella (Draparnaud, 1801), Campylaea planospira (Lamarck, 1822), Vitrea sp. (cf. contracta (Westerlund, 1871)), Cecilioides acicula (O. F. Müller, 1774), Cochlicella acuta (O. F. Müller, 1774), Theba pisana O. F. Müller, 1774). Another 12 taxa are highly doubtful, because of possibilities for confusion with species living in other European or Italian regions, as well as previous misidentifications (Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758), Monacha gregaria (Rossmässler, 1839), Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), Monachoides incarnatus (O. F. Müller, 1774),Cernuella (Cernuella) cisalpina (Rossmässler, 1837), Cernuella aradasii (Pirajno, 1842), Oxychilus cellarius (O. F. Müller, 1774), O. alliarius (J. S. Miller, 1822), Zonitoides nitidus (O.F. Müller, 1774), Hyalina pseudohydatina, Ferussacia lubrica, Aegopinella nitens (Michaud, 1831); it was impossible in these cases to refer to their current specific name. Eobania vermiculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758), Papillifera papillaris (O. F. Müller, 1774) appear to be the most common species. Interesting are the records of Marmorana muralis (O.F. Müller, 1774), Helix cf. ligata (O.F. Müller, 1774) and Charpentiera gibbula gibbula (Rossmässler, 1836). Charpentieria gibbula honii (Tiberi, 1878) needs genetic investigations in order to confirm its taxonomic status. One allochthonous species (Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852)) was surveyed for the first time in the study area. A Red List of Threatened Species is proposed and the species are classified according to the IUCN criteria (Version 2019-2.1). The malacofauna of Vesuvius - Somma Mountain Complex is composed by 38 land mollusc species and represents 36.2% of the total species present in Campania (about 105 species, personal data) and 12.8% of the Italian fauna (about 530 species of land molluscs extrapolated from the list of Bank (2017). It is assumed that the poor biodiversity of the Vesuvian land malacofauna can be attributed essentially to the scarcity of calcareous substrates and the absence of permanent water sources.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 晚清民初詞壇向有“夢窗熱”一説，指當時詞人特重夢窗詞，學夢窗成風。吴文英在詞史上的升降浮沈落差甚大。自清代中後期，夢窗開始進入詞家的視野，並受到一定的推崇，而在晚清民初一躍成爲詞壇圭臬。箇中原因，耐人尋味，也可見夢窗詞獨特的魅力。道光詞壇的重要選本《宋四家詞選》和《宋七家詞選》等，以及一些相關的評論，都可視爲吴文英詞崛起的端倪。隨著論者對夢窗詞更深入的認知，他們在創作中對夢窗詞亦有一定程度的仿擬和化用。本文以這個時期爲日後“夢窗熱”之發端，並擬結合詞論，觀察周濟及吴中詞人在創作時對夢窗詞的摹習。 The article aims to examine the reception of a controversial poet, Wu Wenying 吴文英 (ca. 1200-ca. 1260), who was not highly regarded until after the Daoguan reign-period of the Qing dynasty (1820-1850), but quickly became the most influential figure in both the fields of critiques and creative writing. Despite the criticism, Wu continued to influence on the ci-poets in the 20th century, This article explores the beginning of Wu’s rising popularity by investigating important critics and poets who were active during the Daoguan era, namely Zhou Ji (1781-1839), Ge Zai (1786-1856), and Zhu Shou (1789-1840). By analyzing the circumstances that gave rise to the popularity of Wu and the ci-poems written in an attempt to emulate Mengchuang’s style, the article aims to learn how tradition was drawn upon and transformed, producing new meanings among late Qing poets.

The first armed civilian unit in Banat was documented during the siege of the fortress of Timişoara in the year 1551. It was a detachment made up of 200 armed citizens, whose roots can be traced in the civil freedoms conferred through the privileges of the free royal borough by the Hungarian king Louis the Great, in the year 1364. After Banat was transformed into a Turkish pashalik, the Ottoman authorities maintained the tradition of paramilitary units recruited from among the civilian population. During the confrontations between the Austrians and the Ottomans, the Serbian and Serbian-Romanian units – and even one made up of Bulgarians –, documented in Szeged, Arad, Novi Sad, Vărădia de Mureş, Şoimoş, Păuliş, Glogovăţ-Vladimirescu, Pecica, Şemlacu, Nădlac, Cenad, Gyula, Ineu, Hălmagiu and Lugoj, went into the service of Austria. After the Peace Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, in order to secure the southern borders of the recently occupied province, the governor of the province – the general Mercy Florymund – intended to move the Serbian troops from the former border on the Tisa-Mureş line towards the bank of the Danube. After the failure of the action, starting with the year 1724, the first units of border patrols were created, recruited from among the Romanians and Serbians from the Timişoara-Ciacova-Odzaci (Serbia) and Ohaba-Mâtnic areas. Between 1738-1739 we have information upon the participation of the Timişoara armed citizens’ guards to fights against the Turks and the Romanian rebels. Simultaneously, the Aulic Chamber and the private companies for the exploitation and processing of mineral resources (Gewerkschaften) set up mining companies (Bergschützen-Compagnie) at Potoc, Maidanpek, Dognecea, Oraviţa, Ciclova and Moldova Nouă.A new phase of the Civic Guards and the noblemen’s banderies in Banat was the period of the French wars of 1794-1814. Even though the Banat banderies had few direct combat contacts with the French, the citizens’ guards from the larger cities had an important contribution to maintaining order in the province. A new phase in the history of Banat civic guards were the years 1848-1849, when the National Guards from the free royal boroughs, as well as those from mining settlements, played an important role in the unfolding of military events.Armed civic guards in some of the more important Banat towns: Biserica Albă. the first civic guard was established in the year 1738, drawing its members from among the German population. In the year 1777, an armed company (Schützenkorp), made up of 100 infantrymen, was formed from among the inhabitants of the free military town who had citizen rights.Lugoj. The nucleus of the first armed Citizens’ guard in Lugoj was made up of the group of inhabitants who, in 1775, gathered to fight the armed gangs that terrorized the town and the neighbouring villages. The actual civic guard of the town was established in 1793, when it was granted the privilege of chamber town (“Kammeral Kleinstadt Lugosch”). From this period we also have information about a Shooting society of riemen musicians (Bürger und Schützenmusik), led by the schoolteacher Adam Reinhol.Zrenjanin. Becicherecul Mare was granted the privilege of fair-holding town on 8 May 1769 by Maria Theresa. On this occasion was probably established the Citizen’s guard which, on 12 July 1779, received Count Christophorus Niczky with military honours upon his arrival in town.Oraviţa. The town’s German inhabitants, organized into an armed guard led by the forestry inspector Meier, took up arms against the Ottoman troops and Romanian rebels which attacked the town on 4 June 1738. In 1809, when the regular troops left town, Oraviţa miners formed an armed unit. Between 1752 and 1763 we have information about a Guard of armed miners, known as the “Werkschütz” and maintained with chamber funds, whose members were recruited only from among the German population. Pančevo. In 1794, Panciova received free town (Freie Comunität) privileges, on condition that, besides the payment of a tax, it should create an armed unit from among its citizens. During the French war, following the Imperial call of 20 August 1808, the town organized a battalion of volunteers. Reşiţa. During the 1789 war with the Turks, the forestry inspector of the Chamber estates in Reşiţa, Beckmann, organised, acting upon orders of the Vienna Military Council, an armed Civil guard, made up of 600 shooters. In the spring of 1848, a National Guard (Bürger Garda) of 173 citizens was formed in Reşiţa.Timişoara. The first information about the existence of citizens organized to provide military support to the administration dates back to the year 1735. Besides military actions, the armed Citizens’ Guards (known as “Bürgergarde” and “Freie Compagnie”) ensured the protection as well as the quarantine of provisional hospitals at Fântâna Paşei and at the Green Forest Hunters’ Lodge during the plague of 1838-1839.When it was given the privileges of free royal town through the imperial diploma issued by Joseph II on 21 December 1781, point No. 10 of the diploma stated: “Die Bürger der Stadt sollen im Krieg und Zeiten der Gefahr im Einvernehmen und mit der Zustimmung des Militärkommandos und der politischen Führung mit der Waffe in der Hand der Festung wehren, alle Versuche und Verschwörungen feindlicher Kräften denunzieren und gegenüberstellen.”Vršac. The excellent expert in the town’s history, the historian Felix Milleker, reports on the existence of a Shooting Society as early as 1730. According to Milleker, the Shooting Society was also known as the “Schützen.”Vinga. The Bulgarian citizens of the town (which became a fair-holding town in 1744), had the right to elect freely the town’s administration, consisting of a judge and 6 jurors. In addition to this, they had to maintain an armed civilian company which, in exceptional cases, also rendered service in Timişoara. The provisions of the diploma issued by Maria Theresa on 1 August 1744 granted special rights to the Bulgarian citizens settled here. Beside the right of the sword (i.e. the right to also administer justice in capital cases), the town’s administration also had the obligation to maintain an armed company (Landmiliz) for the defense of the town.Beside the already mentioned towns, for the period studied we have data on the activity of civil guards or shooting societies in over 70 rural localities with German population.

Füssel, Marian / Antje Kuhle / Michael Stolz (Hrsg.), Höfe und Experten. Relationen von Macht und Wissen in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, Göttingen 2018, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 228 S. / Abb., € 55,00. (Alexander Querengässer, Leipzig) Fertig, Christine / Margareth Lanzinger (Hrsg.), Beziehungen – Vernetzungen – Konflikte. Perspektiven Historischer Verwandtschaftsforschung, Köln / Weimar / Wien 2016, Böhlau, 286 S. / Abb., € 35,00. (Simon Teuscher, Zürich) Geest, Paul van/ Marcel Poorthuis / Els Rose (Hrsg.), Sanctifying Texts, Transforming Rituals. Encounters in Liturgical Studies. Essays in Honour of Gerard A. M. Rouwhorst (Brill’s Studies in Catholic Theology, 5), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, XL u. 489 S. / Abb., € 145,00. (Martin Lüstraeten, Mainz) Kallestrup, Louise Nyholm / Raisa M. Toivo (Hrsg.), Contesting Orthodoxy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. 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Lebensformen von Nonnen in Sachsen zwischen Reform und landesherrlicher Aufhebung (Quellen und Forschungen zur sächsischen Geschichte, 41), Stuttgart 2016, Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig / Steiner in Kommission, 455 S. / Abb., € 76,00. (Andreas Rutz, Bonn/Düsseldorf) Der Kurfürstentag zu Regensburg 1575, bearb. v. Christiane Neerfeld (Deutsche Reichstagsakten. Reichsversammlungen 1556 – 1662), Berlin / Boston 2016, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, 423 S., € 139,95. (Thomas Kirchner, Aachen) Kerr-Peterson, Miles / Steven J. Reid (Hrsg.), James VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578 – 1603 (Routledge Research in Early Modern History), London / New York 2017, Routledge, XVI u. 219 S., £ 75,00. (Martin Foerster, Düsseldorf) Nellen, Henk J. M., Hugo Grotius. A Lifelong Struggle for Peace in Church and State, 1583 – 1645, übers. v. J. Chris Grayson, Leiden / Boston 2015, Brill, XXXII u. 827 S. / Abb., € 199,00. (Peter Nitschke, Vechta) Weber, Wolfgang E. J., Luthers bleiche Erben. Kulturgeschichte der evangelischen Geistlichkeit des 17. Jahrhunderts, Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VI u. 234 S. / Abb., € 29,95. (Cornel Zwierlein, Bamberg / Erfurt) Hennings, Werner / Uwe Horst / Jürgen Kramer, Die Stadt als Bühne. Macht und Herrschaft im öffentlichen Raum von Rom, Paris und London im 17. Jahrhundert (Edition Kulturwissenschaft, 63), Bielefeld 2016, transcript, 421 S. / Abb., € 39,99. (Susanne Rau, Erfurt) „Das Beispiel der Obrigkeit ist der Spiegel des Unterthans“. Instruktionen und andere normative Quellen zur Verwaltung der liechtensteinischen Herrschaften Feldsberg und Wilfersdorf in Niederösterreich (1600 – 1815), hrsg. v. Anita Hipfinger (Fontes Rerum Austriacarum. Abt. 3: Fontes Iuris, 24), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2016, Böhlau, 875 S. / Abb., € 97,00. (Alexander Denzler, Eichstätt) Roper, Louis H., Advancing Empire. English Interests and Overseas Expansion, 1613 – 1688, New York 2017, Cambridge University Press, XI u. 302 S., £ 25,99. (Mark Häberlein, Bamberg) Wimmler, Jutta, The Sun King’s Atlantic. Drugs, Demons and Dyestuffs in the Atlantic World, 1640 – 1730 (The Atlantic World, 33), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, XIII u. 229 S. / graph. Darst., € 80,00; als Brill MyBook € 25,00. (Mark Häberlein, Bamberg) Dauser, Regina, Ehren-Namen. Herrschertitulaturen im völkerrechtlichen Vertrag 1648 – 1748 (Norm und Struktur, 46), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 357 S., € 45,00. (Nadir Weber, Lausanne) Clementi, Siglinde, Körper, Selbst und Melancholie. Die Selbstzeugnisse des Landadeligen Osvaldo Ercole Trapp (1634 – 1710) (Selbstzeugnisse der Neuzeit, 26), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 252 S., € 40,00. (Stefan Hanß, Cambridge) Kremer, Joachim (Hrsg.), Magdalena Sibylla von Württemberg. Politisches und kulturelles Handeln einer Herzogswitwe im Zeichen des frühen Pietismus (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, 27), Ostfildern 2017, Thorbecke, 190 S. / Abb., € 25,00. (Pauline Puppel, Berlin) Onnekink, David, Reinterpreting the Dutch Forty Years War, 1672 – 1713, Palgrave Pivot 2016, London, VIII u. 138 S., £ 37,99. (Johannes Arndt, Münster) Froide, Amy M., Silent Partners. Women as Public Investors during Britainʼs Financial Revolution, 1690 – 1750, Oxford / New York 2017, Oxford University Press, VI u. 225 S. / Abb., £ 60,00. (Philipp R. Rössner, Manchester) Mulsow, Martin / Kasper Risbjerg Eskildsen / Helmut Zedelmaier (Hrsg.), Christoph August Heumann (1681 – 1764). Gelehrte Praxis zwischen christlichem Humanismus und Aufklärung (Gothaer Forschungen zur Frühen Neuzeit, 12), Stuttgart 2017, Steiner, XVI u. 265 S. / Abb., € 54,00. (Claire Gantet, Fribourg/Freiburg) Harding, Elizabeth (Hrsg.), Kalkulierte Gelehrsamkeit. Zur Ökonomisierung der Universitäten im 18. Jahrhundert (Wolfenbütteler Forschungen, 148), Wiesbaden 2016, Harrassowitz in Kommission, 300 S. / Abb., € 62,00. (Andrea Thiele, Halle a. d. S.) 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Eine Biographie, Beck 2017, München, 253 S. / Abb., € 24,95. (Georg Eckert, Wuppertal) Home, Roderick W. / Isabel M. Malaquias / Manuel F. Thomaz (Hrsg.), For the Love of Science. The Correspondence of J. H. de Magellan (1722 – 1790), 2 Bde., Bern [u. a.] 2017, Lang, 2002 S. / Abb., € 228,95. (Lisa Dannenberg-Markel, Aachen) Wendt-Sellin, Ulrike, Herzogin Luise Friederike von Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1722 – 1791). Ein Leben zwischen Pflicht, Pläsir und Pragmatismus (Quellen und Studien aus den Landesarchiven Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 19), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2017, Böhlau, 468 S. / Abb., € 60,00. (Britta Kägler, Trondheim) Oehler, Johanna, „Abroad at Göttingen“. Britische Studenten als Akteure des Kultur- und Wissenstransfers 1735 bis 1806 (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, 289), Göttingen 2016, Wallstein, 478 S. / graph. Darst., € 39,90. (Michael Schaich, London) Düwel, Sven, Ad bellum Sacri Romano-Germanici Imperii solenne decernendum: Die Reichskriegserklärung gegen Brandenburg-Preußen im Jahr 1757. Das Verfahren der „preußischen Befehdungssache“ 1756/57 zwischen Immerwährendem Reichstag und Wiener Reichsbehörden, 2 Teilbde., Münster 2016, Lit, 985 S. / Abb., € 79,90 (Bd. 3 als Download beim Verlag erhältlich). (Martin Fimpel, Wolfenbüttel) Pufelska, Agnieszka, Der bessere Nachbar? Das polnische Preußenbild zwischen Politik und Kulturtransfer (1765 – 1795), Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VIII u. 439 S., € 74,95. (Maciej Ptaszyński, Warschau) Herfurth, Stefan, Freiheit in Schwedisch-Pommern. Entwicklung, Verbreitung und Rezeption des Freiheitsbegriffs im südlichen Ostseeraum zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts (Moderne europäische Geschichte, 14), Göttingen 2017, Wallstein, 262 S. / Abb., € 29,90. (Axel Flügel, Bielefeld) Boie, Heinrich Christian / Luise Justine Mejer, Briefwechsel 1776 – 1786, hrsg. v. Regina Nörtemann in Zusammenarbeit mit Johanna Egger, 4 Bde. im Schuber, Bd. 1: Juni 1776 – Juni 1782; Bd. 2: Juli 1782 – Juni 1784; Bd. 3: Juli 1784 – Juli 1786; Bd. 4: Kommentar, Göttingen 2016, Wallstein, 612 S. (Bd. 1); 608 S. (Bd. 2); 571 S. (Bd. 3); 846 S. / Abb. (Bd. 4), € 149,00. (Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Berlin / Münster) Poniatowski, Fürst Stanisław, Tagebuch einer Reise durch die deutschen Länder im Jahre 1784. Aus dem Manuskript übers. u. hrsg. v. Ingo Pfeifer, Halle a. d. S. 2017, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 269 S., € 24,95. (Michael Maurer, Jena) Blaufarb, Rafe, The Great Demarcation. The French Revolution and the Invention of Modern Property, New York 2016, Oxford University Press, XIV u. 282 S., £ 47,99. (Moritz Isenmann, Köln) Behringer, Wolfgang, Tambora und das Jahr ohne Sommer. Wie ein Vulkan die Welt in die Krise stürzte, 4. Aufl., München 2016, Beck, 398 S. / Abb., € 24,95. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Die Tagebücher des Ludwig Freiherrn Vincke 1789 – 1844, Bd. 10: 1830 – 1839, bearb. v. Heide Barmeyer-Hartlieb (Veröffentlichungen des Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde Westfalens, Abt. Münster, 10; Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen. Neue Folge, 45; Veröffentlichungen des Landesarchivs Nordrhein-Westfalen, 69), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 949 S. / Abb., € 88,00. (Heinz Duchhardt, Mainz)