Academic literature on the topic '1789-1856'

This article discusses the extraordinary literary popularity of a rather mediocre French writer — Ch. V. dʼArlincourt (1789—1856). DʼArlincourt was an author of adventure novels. In the 1820s, his writings were bestsellers both in France and in Russia. Pushkin mentions this in his poem “Count Nulin”, comparing his name with the name of the poet Lamartine, whose poems also enjoyed great success at this time. Although dʼArlincourtʼs novels received scathing criticism, they ultimately prevailed over Lamartineʼs poetry in their readership.

Pisoodonophis zophistius Jordan and Snyder 1901 is redescribed as a valid species of Ophichthus Ahl 1789 based on 46 specimens including the holotype. Although this name has been synonymized under Ophichthus altipennis (Kaup 1856), the former can be distinguished from the latter by a relatively acute snout (vs. strongly acute), presence of irregular obscure bars on the body (vs. bars absent), 11–13 predorsal and 61–63 preanal vertebrae (vs. 8–9 and 52–58, respectively) and 10–14 predorsal and 59–64 preanal lateral-line pores (vs. 7–9 and 55–61, respectively), dorsal-fin origin usually above or behind the pectoral-fin insertion (vs. anterior to the insertion), and tail broad and tapered slowly (vs. becoming slender and tapered rapidly). Furthermore, Ophichthys intermedius Regan 1905 and Microdonophis fasciatus Chu, Wu and Jin 1981 are junior synonyms of O. zophistius, and Ophichthus melanochir Bleeker 1864 is that of O. altipennis.

Summary This article assesses Francis Whyte Ellis’s (1777–1819) “Note to the Introduction” to Alexander Duncan Campbell’s (1789–1857) Grammar of the Teloogoo Language (1816) in the context of the history of comparative linguistics in India. The idea of a ‘South Indian family of languages’, later named ‘Dravidian’ by Robert Caldwell in 1856, was first proposed by Ellis in 1816, and so a case could be made to claim for him the beginnings of a comparative methodology in the study of Dravidian languages. Until now, in the history of comparative Dravidian linguistics Caldwell (1814–1891) has been celebrated as the pioneer in this field. The present study attempts to establish Ellis’s rightful place in this history by critically evaluating his contribution. The careful examination of the data presented by Ellis indeed suggests that he should be regarded as the discoverer of the Dravidian family of languages well before Caldwell.

Abstract We studied the effect of essential oils from Picea abies (Linnaeus) H. Karsten., 1881, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, 1825, Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, 1925, Citrus paradisi Macfadyen, 1830, Rosmarinus officinalis Linnaeus, 1753, Citrus aurantiifolia (Christmann) Swingle, 1913, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry, 1939, Pterocarpus santalinus Linnaeus filius, 1782, Pelargonium graveolens L’Héritier, 1789, Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière, 1861, Juniperus communis Linnaeus, 1753, Piper cubeba L.f., 1781, Calendula officinalis L., 1753, Laurus nobilis Linnaeus, 1753, Lavandula angustifolia Miller, 1768 and Citrus sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck (pro. sp.) on vitality of free-living larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) and Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898, and also survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782) under in vitro conditions. The most notable nematicidal properties belong to 0.5% water emulsion of essential oils from C. verum and S. aromaticum: we observed 100% mortality of larvae of S. papillosus L1–3 and H. contortus L3.

Pond-breeding amphibians from temperate regions undertake overland migrations to reproduce in aquatic habitats. In turn, their offspring metamorphose and emigrate to upland, terrestrial habitats. We examined the diel patterns and daily variability of migrations of adult and juvenile amphibians in response to climatic cues. Of the eight species ( Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838), Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825), Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789), Hyla gratiosa LeConte, 1856, Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwid, 1838), Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836), Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886, and Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1935)) that we observed, all migrated almost exclusively at night except for the recently metamorphosed B. terrestris, which frequently migrated diurnally (>50% of captures). Additionally, we correlated daily captures of adult and juvenile A. talpoideum, A. tigrinum, B. terrestris, and R. sphenocephala to maximum and minimum daily temperatures, number of previous days without rain, total rainfall during the previous 24 h, and interactions of these variables. Rain was often the most important predictor of amphibian movements. However, species differed in their response to climatic factors, with some species and age classes being more dependent on rain for migrations than others. Rapid changes in regional weather patterns may affect species’ migrations differently, possibly altering arrival times of reproductive adults or affecting the likelihood of successful migrations.

In the course of an epidemiological survey of Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863), causative agent of alveolar hydatid disease, the autopsy of 154 red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (L.), captured in the Department of Cantal between November 1984 and February 1985 disclosed 144 cases of intestinal helminthiases. Helminths consisted of cestodes and nematodes; no trematodes were found. Multiple infestations were very frequent. Cestoda recorded consisted of the following species: Mesocestoides litteratus (Batsch, 1786) (40 cases; 26%), Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) (36 cases, 24%), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 (23 cases, 14.9%), Taenia polyacantha Leuckart, 1856 (17 cases, 11.4%), Amoebotaenia paradoxa (Rudolphi, 1802) (8 cases, 5.2%), and Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780) (2 cases, 1.3%). The following Nematoda were recovered: Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884) (90 cases, 58.4%), Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) (79 cases, 51.3%), Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902) (39 cases, 25.3%), Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789) (25 cases, 16%), Pterygodermatites affinis (Jaegerskioeld, 1904) (6 cases, 4%), and undetermined Trichostrongylidae (4 cases, 2.7%). Hosts were not examined for Trichinella sp. The cartography of each helminthiase revealed propitious areas of maintenance of the parasite. Echinococcus multilocularis had a very limited distribution compared with other taeniid species with a near-identical life cycle. Unknown ecological factors may have an adverse effect on the free stage (egg) of the cestode. The nematode Pterygodermatites affinis is reported here for the first time in France.

Ziemię lubelską i Mazowsze zamieszkiwały w XIX i XX w. liczne rody ziemiańskie, których przedstawiciele zapisali się w historii tych regionów Polski. Takim przykładem są rodziny Zbyszewskich h. Topór i Iżyckich h. Bończa, zamieszkujących Markuszową, Kurowo oraz Zatory. Warto zwrócić uwagę na działaczkę społeczną i przyjaciółkę Narcyzy Żmichowskiej – Paulinę Zbyszewską (1822-1892); sędziów pokoju: Grzegorza Zbyszewskiego (1789-1856), Józefa Iżyckiego (1787-1865) i jego syna Józefa (1822-1893) oraz działaczkę społeczną i bywalczynię warszawskich salonów – Leonię z Dachowskich Iżycką (1862-1929). Za sprawą rodzinnych koligacji część księgozbiorów tych rodzin trafiła do dworu Konopków w Oleśnie na Powiślu Dąbrowskim. Konopkowie zgromadzili w swoim dworze imponującą bibliotekę, której sporą część stanowiła kolekcja książek Zbyszewskich i Iżyckich. Publikacje te od 1945 r. i reformy rolnej przechowuje Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna im. Juliusza Słowackiego w Tarnowie. W kolekcji dominuje literatura piękna, głównie w języku polskim. Ponadto w zbiorze występują licznie książki publikowane w seriach lub wydawnictwach wielotomowych. Tomy posiadają różnego typu oprawy wydawnicze polskie i zagraniczne. W kolekcji znalazły się liczne znaki proweniencyjne: znaczki z numeracją księgozbioru, pieczęcie i podpisy odręczne oraz dedykacje. W zachowanym fragmencie księgozbioru rodzin Zbyszewskich i Iżyckich znajdują się unikatowe i rzadkie wydania dostępne w nielicznych ośrodkach w Polsce. Z tego powodu kolekcja nie tylko ma znaczenie dla historii regionu tarnowskiego, lecz także jest cennym dziedzictwem narodowym.

An earlier paper by the authors, on Charles William Peach (1800-1886), notable marine biologist and geologist, is extended and corrected in the light of new information. Peach's family origins and those of his wife are clarified, and information on their children extended. His religious affiliation is identified as Unitarian, helping to explain hitherto anomalous information such as Peach's collecting fossils on a Sunday. Unitarians tended to support science, and their role deserves more attention in the history of 19th Century geological collections, as does Sabbatarianism, which they opposed. Peach made no geological mark in his brief stay at Lyme Regis and his first real impact was in Cornwall. Another notable Cornish naturalist, Jonathan Couch (1789-1870), wrote a private assessment of Peach about 1850, which is republished here. It throws light on Peach as well as on tensions over the discovery and identification of local fossils. Further evidence for Peach's ability to deploy patronage includes a collection sent to Prince Albert, a bequest from his patron Roderick Impey Murchison, and an appeal made to support Peach's daughter Jemima after Peach died. A summary is given of other relevant information, including the presence of Peach specimens in the collection of Hugh Miller (1802-1856), now in National Museums Scotland, and in the Natural History Museum, London, and comments on archaeological and zoological specimens, and his reputed custody of 'Granny' the septuagenarian sea anemone. Further collections research is needed to understand the full extent and evolution of Peach's collection and his labelling practices, which might have evolved in response to the needs of the Geological Survey.

A systematic account is given of 17 families, 25 genera, and 32 species of anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps reported from Hawaii. Applying Reversal of Precedence provisions in zoological nomenclature, the familiar hydrozoan genus names Hydractinia Van Beneden, 1844a, Bimeria Wright, 1859a, and Porpita Lamarck, 1801 are designated as valid and as nomena protecta, while seldom-used older names threatening them (the synonyms Echinochorium Hassall, 1841 and Manicella Allman, 1859a, and the homonym Porpita Soldani, 1789 respectively) are relegated to nomena oblita. Also designated a nomen oblitum is the name Pyxidium Leuckart, 1856, threatening its junior but widely used synonym Ectopleura L. Agassiz, 1862. The species name Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859a is rendered valid and a nomen protectum, while its virtually unused senior synonym Manicella fusca Allman, 1859 becomes a nomen oblitum. Hydrodendrium Nutting, 1905 is reinstated as a valid genus, distinct from Hydractinia and replacing its junior objective synonym Nuttingia Stechow, 1909. The spelling of Hydrodendridae Nutting, 1905 is emended to Hydrodendriidae, but that family name is retained as a synonym of Hydractiniidae. Usage of the familiar generic name Sphaerocoryne Pictet, 1893 is upheld by recognizing it and its former senior subjective synonym Corynetes Haeckel, 1879 as valid. The correct spelling of the family name originally founded as Olindiadae Haeckel, 1879 is taken to be Olindiidae, and spelling of the species name Solanderia misakinensis (Inaba, 1892), first established as Dendrocryne (sic) misakii, is stabilized. One new species, Stylactaria munita, is described from shallow waters at Hawaii Kai, Oahu. Lectotypes are designated for Corydendrium corrugatum Nutting, 1905 and Corydendrium minor Nutting, 1905 (=Turritopsis minor), both originally described from Hawaii. Type material of Balea mirabilis Nutting, 1905 (=Balella mirabilis), originally described from waters between the islands of Molokai and Maui, could not be located. Six anthoathecate species [Corydendrium parasiticum (Linnaeus, 1767), Bimeria vestita, Amphinema sp., Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882, Ectopleura viridis (Pictet, 1893), and Sphaerocoryne bedoti Pictet, 1893] are recorded from Hawaii for the first time.

-Valerie I.J. Flint, Margarita Zamora, Reading Columbus. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. xvi + 247 pp.-Riva Berleant-Schiller, Historie Naturelle des Indes: The Drake manuscript in the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Norton, 1996. xxii + 272 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Charles Nicholl, The creature in the map: A journey to Eldorado. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. 398 pp.-William F. Keegan, Ramón Dacal Moure ,Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996. xxiv + 134 pp., Manuel Rivero de la Calle (eds)-Michael Mullin, Stephan Palmié, Slave cultures and the cultures of slavery. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. xlvii + 283 pp.-Bill Maurer, Karen Fog Olwig, Small islands, large questions: Society, culture and resistance in the post-emancipation Caribbean. London: Frank Cass, 1995. viii + 200 pp.-David M. Stark, Laird W. Bergad ,The Cuban slave market, 1790-1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xxi + 245 pp., Fe Iglesias García, María Del Carmen Barcia (eds)-Susan Fernández, Tom Chaffin, Fatal glory: Narciso López and the first clandestine U.S. war against Cuba. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996. xxii + 282 pp.-Damian J. Fernández, María Cristina García, Havana USA: Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xiii + 290 pp.-Myrna García-Calderón, Carmen Luisa Justiniano, Con valor y a cómo dé lugar: Memorias de una jíbara puertorriqueña. Río Piedras: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994. 538 pp.-Jorge Pérez-Rolon, Ruth Glasser, My music is my flag: Puerto Rican musicians and their New York communities , 1917-1940. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. xxiv + 253 pp.-Lauren Derby, Emelio Betances, State and society in the Dominican Republic. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1995. xix + 162 pp.-Michiel Baud, Bernardo Vega, Trujillo y Haiti, Volumen II (1937-1938). Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1995. 427 pp.-Danielle Bégot, Elborg Forster ,Sugar and slavery, family and race: The letters and diary of Pierre Dessalles, Planter in Martinique, 1808-1856. Elborg & Robert Forster (eds. and trans.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996. 322 pp., Robert Forster (eds)-Catherine Benoit, Richard D.E. Burton, La famille coloniale: La Martinique et la mère patrie, 1789-1992. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994. 308 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Kathleen Mary Butler, The economics of emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823-1843. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xviii + 198 pp.-K.O. Laurence, David Chanderbali, A portrait of Paternalism: Governor Henry Light of British Guiana, 1838-48. Turkeyen, Guyana: Dr. David Chanderbali, Department of History, University of Guyana, 1994. xiii + 277 pp.-Mindie Lazarus-Black, Brian L. Moore, Cultural power, resistance and pluralism: Colonial Guyana 1838-1900. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press; Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1995. xv + 376 pp.-Madhavi Kale, K.O. Laurence, A question of labour: Indentured immigration into Trinidad and British Guiana, 1875-1917. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1994. ix + 648 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, O. Nigel Bolland, On the March: Labour rebellions in the British Caribbean, 1934-39. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1995. viii + 216 pp.-Linden Lewis, Kevin A. Yelvington, Producing power: Ethnicity, gender, and class in a Caribbean workplace. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xv + 286 pp.-Consuelo López Springfield, Alta-Gracia Ortíz, Puerto Rican women and work: Bridges in transnational labor. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. xi + 249 pp.-Peta Henderson, Irma McClaurin, Women of Belize: Gender and change in Central America. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996. x + 218 pp.-Bonham C. Richardson, David M. Bush ,Living with the Puerto Rico Shore. José Gonzalez Liboy & William J. Neal. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. xx + 193 pp., Richard M.T. Webb, Lisbeth Hyman (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, David Barker ,Environment and development in the Caribbean: Geographical perspectives. Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1995. xv + 304 pp., Duncan F.M. McGregor (eds)-Alma H. Young, Anthony T. Bryan ,Distant cousins: The Caribbean-Latin American relationship. Miami: North-South-Center Press, 1996. iii + 132 pp., Andrés Serbin (eds)-Alma H. Young, Ian Boxill, Ideology and Caribbean integration. Mona, Kingston: The Press-University of the West Indies, 1993. xiii + 128 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Howard Gregory, Caribbean theology: Preparing for the challenges ahead. Mona, Kingston: Canoe Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. xx + 118 pp.-Lise Winer, Richard Allsopp, Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. With a French and Spanish supplement edited by Jeanette Allsopp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. lxxviii + 697 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Jacques Arends ,Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995. xiv + 412 pp., Pieter Muysken, Norval Smith (eds)-Jacques Arends, Angela Bartens, Die iberoromanisch-basierten Kreolsprachen: Ansätze der linguistischen Beschreibung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. vii + 345 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Richard D.E. Burton, Le roman marron: Études sur la littérature martiniquaise contemporaine. Paris: L'Harmattan. 1997. 282 pp.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Artes, Departamento de Música, Programa de Pós-Graduação Música em Contexto, 2017.
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Este trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa a coletânea conhecida como os Estudos Melódicos de Joannes Rochut, adaptados para trombone a partir dos vocalises de Marco Bordogni, uma obra bastante popular no universo trombonístico. A presente pesquisa buscou avaliar o quanto esses estudos são utilizados por trombonistas brasileiros e propor novas formas de analisar esse material. Um questionário online foi disponibilizado para realizar um levantamento sobre o perfil do trombonista que pratica os métodos de Rochut no Brasil. O trabalho investigou também todas as posibilidades de ligaduras para cada intervalo melódico presente nos primeiros sessenta estudos dessa coleção e as diversas combinações de movimento da vara para executar essas ligaduras. Essa investigação foi viabilizada mediante o desenvolvimento de um software de digitalização e análise desse material, especialmente desenvolvido para essa pesquisa pelo Núcleo de Computação Musical do Depto. de Música da Universidade de Brasília.
This research looks at the musical collection know as Melodious Etudes for Trombone by Joannes Rochut, adapted for trombone from the vocalises of Marco Bordogni. The research tried to evaluate how much these etudes are used in Brazil and to propose new ways of analysing them. An online questionaire was deployed in order to survey the use of this material among Brazilian trombonists. This project also investigated all the possible slurred connections for each interval contained in the first sixty etudes of this collection and the various slide movements involved in producing them. The investigation was made possible by the use of a computer program for acquiring and analysing the data, specially developed for this project at the Music Department of the University of Brasilia.

This dissertation consists of three solo recitals and one lecture recital. The repertoire of all programs is composed of music written specifically for the trombone plus two transcriptions of works for voice. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of selected vocal pedagogical material as a means of developing musicianship for the trombonist. The historical relationship of the voice and the trombone is traced through written documentation and musical composition. Similarities between the development of legato technique for the vocal student and the trombonist are examined. A brief history of the vocalise and its pedagogical function is presented. The development of expressive musical performance for the trombonist is explored through the use of examples from three different vocalises of Marco Bordogni.

Sachant que Freud a pris en compte la dimension du collectif faisant de la psychanalyse une véritable anthropologie, notre recherche a pour but de questionner les enjeux inconscients ayant présidé à l'engagement des femmes en politique sous la Révolution française en 1789. Si la Révolution s'est pensée sans les femmes, trouvant son accomplissement dans des institutions composées d'hommes, elle a néanmoins consacré l'entrée des femmes en politique même si, globalement accueillies sous l'égide du scandale, elles en furent brutalement exclues. L'irruption des femmes dans la Révolution mobilise les enjeux inconscients de la sexuation et conduit à la fabrication du sexe politique. La Révolution qui s'est voulue comme un commencement conduit à une relecture du texte freudien Totem et tabou, consacrant l'origine du social avec le meurtre du père par un groupe de frères sans les soeurs. Or, le moment révolutionnaire semble avoir consacré un « entracte » propice à une juxtaposition frères/soeurs en politique qu'il est pertinent de rapprocher à la fois de la fratrie dans la période précedipienne et de ce temps d'immédiat après-meurtre alors que le principe d'exogamie n'a pas encore été fixé. Venant raviver le rapprochement incestueux, un certain effroi a pu saisir les révolutionnaires, la scène de la Révolution amenant avec l'entrée des femmes, la problématique de la différence sexuelle. Le processus inconscient des foules et la façon dont les femmes font groupe est la problématique portée par notre thèse articulée autour du masculin et du féminin et de la bisexualité. Selon Freud la femme comme « objet sexuel » est exclue de la foule. Les femmes en foule viendraient rejoindre la communauté des hommes avec une pente de « désexualisation » renvoyant à l'impossible du rapport sexuel. La question du père et celle de l'identification traversent de manière centrale la théorie de la féminité, comme celle de la psychologie des masses, croisement où se situe l'objet de notre recherche. La théorie freudienne du collectif renvoie à une position des femmes en tant que « porteuses des intérêts de l'humanité » mais dans un rapport d'hostilité envers la culture. Notre sujet renvoie au désir des femmes de s'inscrire dans la radicalité. La femme étant le sujet préjudicié du social, l'hystérique qui porte le problème de la féminité est de structure habilitée à interroger les institutions. La Révolution semble venir lui offrir une autre scène. Si les femmes ont répondu à chaque demande des révolutionnaires; concourir aux émeutes de subsistance comme aux évènements commémoratifs, nous montrons comment elles se sont organisées pour pénétrer les groupes et créer des sociétés de femmes comme le Club des citoyennes révolutionnaires, proposer la constitution de légions armées d'amazones, sans oublier de réclamer des droits pour elles-mêmes. Après avoir montré comment les frères se sont organisés en laissant les soeurs à la porte du temple, notre recherche, dans une tentative de restituer la figure de la femme révolutionnaire s'est centrée sur les femmes qui avaient opéré une percée sur la scène révolutionnaire, notamment à travers; Madame Roland, Olympe de Gouges et Charlotte Corday. Prises dans l'idéal collectif, ces femmes « rebelles » sont dans une stratégie de déjouement de la castration jusqu'au sacrifice. Si la femme a le phallus avec l'enfant, elle peut s'incarner elle-même comme phallus, avec la vierge ou la Dame ou rentrer plus directement dans une rivalité avec les hommes, autant de postures inconscientes pour nos héroïnes. La fille à se faire une place dans le symbolique, elle est plutôt impliquée dans des opérations de sauvetage du père. La passion du père venant s'inscrire sur l'ancienne passion pour la mère, nous observons la façon dont elles sont prises dans un procès d'exaltation, sous-tendue par un idéal mortifère, la pulsion de mort donnant une coloration particulière à la position de la femme comme meneuse entre héroïne et Déesse-mère
Recognizing that Freud took into account the collective aspect of the human subject through connections between psychoanalysis and anthropology, our research aims to question unconscious issues which characterized the engagement of women in politics in the French Revolution in 1789. The Revolution is considered without women and the accomplishment of the Revolution finding fulfilment in institutions composed of men. Nevertheless the Revolution is marked by the entry of women into politics, even if it is judged as scandalous matter. Finally they were brutally excluded. Influx of women into the Revolution, bring forth unconscious issues related to both sexes. The emergence of women in the Revolution mobilizes unconscious "sexuation" issues and led to consider the creation of a " political sexe ". The Revolution meant to be a commencement, leads us to reconsider Freud's "Totem and Taboo", which explains that the origin of social organisations goes back to the killing of the primeval father, done by brothers without their sisters' participation. It explains that the men established original social organisation just after the murder of the father, by a group of brothers without sisters. However, the revolutionary moment was an interlude conducive to a juxtaposition between brothers and sisters in politics. It is appropriate to bring together the relationship between sibling of "pre-oedipal" phase and the brief period alter the killing of the primeval father, where the exogamy was not yet set. Along with the rekindling of incestuous ties, revolutionaries were horrified. By the entry of women, the revolution introduced the difference between sexes. The unconscious process of mass of crowds and of women group patterns is the argument of our thesis structured around three themes: masculinity and feminity and bisexuality. Women, as a crowd, join the community of men, with a slight incline to "de-sexualization", reminding us that the sexual intercourse is impossible. The question of the father and of the identification is the central point of the Freud's theory of feminity and crowd psychology, which is the focus of our research. Freud's theory of crowd psychology argues that women represent the interests of the humanity, but with a hostile attitude towards culture. Our topic refers to desire of the women which led them to the radicalism. Women prejudiced by the social context lead us to think that hysteria related to female problems is entitled to a discussion on "social organisation". Although the women have responded to each and every request of male partners, by their involvement in the riots and in numerous commemorative events, we will demonstrate how they were organized to penetrate the groups and to create organizations for women, such as " Club des citoyennes républicaines révolutionnaires ". They proposed the establishment of a legion of Amazons carrying arms, while demanding their rights. After our discussion on brothers who worked together leaving sisters on the doorstep of the temple, the focus on women who made a decisive breakthrough in the revolutionary scene. These rebel women carried along with the ideal of " crowd ", used a strategy to defeat "castration" even unto the supreme sacrifice. The woman gains the " phallus " by her child, and she represents " phallus " by the figure of Virgin and Lady. Or, they became riyals of men. We try to study so many unconscious approaches related to our heroïnes. The girl has to earn a place in the symbolic order and she is involved in the father rescue operation, so the passion for the mother is replaced by the passion for the father. The women's experience of excitement and exaltation leads us to Thanatos, the death drive and gives a dark colouring to the work of women leaders

Dans sa presque totalité, la presse juive en hébreu est concentrée aujourd'hui dans l'Etat d'Israël, mais ses racines sont situées sur le continent européen. Le but de cette étude est d'introduire le lecteur dans le monde des grands périodiques hébraïques, qui, pendant leur période de floraison, dans la deuxième moitié, qui, pendant leur période de floraison, dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe sècle, surtout à l'Est mais aussi à l'Ouest de l'Europe, ont constitué la source et la base de la presse hébraïques moderne. L'étude des journaux hébraïques de l'Europe de cette époque, qui eurent une importance capitale et révolutionnaire non seulement pour la société juive moderne dans son ensemble, mais encore pour le retour à un usage répandu de l'hébreu, a souffert de son intégration dans les vates domaines recouvertes par cette révolution. En général, elle n'a rien été d'autre que son instrument, ou, plus précisément, le miroir, le prisme, à travers lequel se reflétent aux yeux du lecteur moderne les divers aspects de son époque. Les tentatives de recherche qui ont été réalisées se sont orientées généralement entre quelques directions bien définies : celle de l'école "littéraire", la presse en tant qu'attribut important de la littérature hébraïque et de ses créateurs, et surtout celle de l'école "nationaliste", qui définissait toute histoire culturelle ou sociale en terme d'étapes de l'évolution de l'idéologie sioniste et de ses institutions. Ils ont négligé toute tentative "autonomiste" du traitement des journaux et de la profession de journalistes, en tant que sujet prinicipal de cette histoire, et ont ainsi omis des indications essentielles sur le développement de l'espace public juif. Ce travail est en grande partie destiné à réparer cette "injustice historique", et à créer, dans la mesure de nos moyens, la base et la motivation pour une étude plus poussée de la presse juive et hébraïque des périodes antérieures, et jusqu'à nos jours. A notre avis, les sciences humaines en Israël d'aujourd'hui ne peuvent ignorer le patrimoine imposant, ni les théories qui ont été développées par les fondateurs de la presse hébraïque. Sans eux, elles ne pourront appréhender convenablement les bases de la communication dans la société et de la presse israélienne contemporaine. Nous espérons aussi avoir apporté notre contribution à l'étude de la presse européenne et contribué à la connaissance de la presse et de la société de l'époque, avec ses nombreux points communs, et ses particularismes non moins nombreux.