Journal articles on the topic '1793-1794'

En 1789, la convocatoria de los Estados Generales despertó el entusiasmo del pueblo al convertir las “comunas” en el lugar de ejercicio de su soberanía, vinculándolo al sistema electoral de los agentes de confianza revocables. En 1793-1794, la guerra civil, liderada por la aristocracia de los ricos contra la cultura política popular, no pudo impedir ni la redistribución de tierras ni el programa de economía política popular. La República montagnarde (“montañesa”) de 1794, a pesar de su brevedad, aprobó una constitución comunal basada en las relaciones de confianza entre el pueblo y sus mandatarios, que ha sido imposible olvidar. 1789, the Convocation of the Etats-generaux created a popular enthusiasm who transformed the communes in the place of the exercise of his sovereignty, bound with the electoral system of removable trustee. The civil war, leaded by the wealthy aristocracy against the popular political culture, was not able to prevent neither the redistribution of land property, nor the popular political economy programme, in 1793-94. The Montagnarde Commonwealth of 1794, however brief was its term, experimented a communal constitution, founded on trusteeship between the people and his mandatories, which will be never forgotten.

This article analyses Britain’s struggle to conduct warfare as a member of a coalition during the first war against Revolutionary France. It focuses on Anglo-Austrian planning in the winter of 1793–4 and the effort to implement these plans in the spring of 1794. Scholars have attributed the coalition’s defeat in Flanders to Austro-Prussian distractions in Poland and the botched British attempt to supersede this through subsidies. In contrast, this article illustrates that delays in planning, preparations, and operations hamstrung the coalition’s 1794 campaign in Flanders in the spring, before the diplomatic and military reversals of the summer.

In the present account three brachyuran decapods,Macropodia linaresiForest & Zariquiey Álvarez, 1964 (Inachidae),Liocarcinus navigator(Herbst, 1794) (Polybiidae) andThia scutellata(Fabricius, 1793) (Thiidae), are recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. This is the southernmost record ofM. linaresi. Crabs were caught in the frame of a dredging survey. Characteristics of the dredge stations are given, including the identification of 11 accompanying decapod species and 6 marine algae and plants characterizing their habitats.

Fabricius hat 341 Taxa der Artgruppe in den Gattungen Ichneumon Linnaeus, Cryptus Fabricius, Bassus Fabricius, Pimpla Fabricius, Joppa Fabricius, Banchus Fabricius und Ophion Fabricius neu beschrieben oder benannt. Alle Taxa, die zur Familie Ichneumonidae (s. str.) gehören, werden überprüft, 159 Taxa der Ichneumonidae aus der Westpaläarktis werden revidiert, für 79 Arten werden Lectotypen festgelegt, and 49 neue Synonymien von Artnamen werden angegeben. Peltastes Illiger ist ein älteres Synonym von Tylopius Townes & Townes. Ein neuer Name, Lissosculpta albopicta nom. n., wird für das jüngere Homonym Ichneumon albatorius Fabricius gegeben. Für I. dictator Geoffroy, I. frontalis Geoffroy und I. oblongus Schrank werden Neotypen festgelegt. I. visitator Poda wird provisorisch zu Gasteruption Latreille (Gasteruptiidae) gestellt.Nomenklatorische Handlungensegmentarius (Fabricius, 1787) (Alexeter), Lectotype described as Ichneumon segmentariusextenuator (Fabricius, 1804) (Anomalon), Lectotype described as Ophion extenuatorcinctorius (Fabricius, 1775) (Apsilops), Lectotype described as Ichneumon cinctoriusaggressor (Fabricius, 1804) (Astiphromma), Lectotype described as Ophion aggressoranator (Fabricius, 1793) (Barichneumon), Lectotype; nom. protectum described as Ichneumon anator; I. biscutatus Gmelin, 1790 is a nom. oblitumconfiscator Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Meringopus attentorius (Panzer, 1804)electorius Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Nematopodius formosus Gravenhorst, 1829: nom. protectummarginator Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Lissonota histrio (Fabricius, 1798)heterocerus Förster, 1868 (Campoplex), syn. n. of Dusona flagellator (Fabricius, 1793)arrogator (Fabricius, 1781) (Catadelphus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon arrogatormotatorius (Fabricius, 1775) (Chasmias), Lectotype described as Ichneumon motatoriusincitator (Fabricius, 1793) (Clistopyga), Lectotype described as Ichneumon incitatorcollaris Tschek, 1872 (Cryptus), syn. n. of Ischnus migrator (Fabricius, 1775)constrictor Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)examinator Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Pimpla turionella turionella (Linnaeus, 1758)hannibal Schmiedeknecht, 1900 (Cryptus), syn. n. of Meringopus melanator (Thunberg, 1824)minutorius Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)castigator (Fabricius, 1793) (Ctenichneumon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon castigatornarratorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Digonocryptus), Lectotype described as Cryptus narratoriuscurvatorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Diradops), Lectotype described as Bassus curvagtoriusregenerator (Fabricius, 1804) (Dirophanes), Lectotype described as Cryptus regeneratorflagellator (Fabricius, 1793) (Dusona), Lectotype described as Ichneumon flagellatornidulator (Fabricius, 1804) (Dusonia), Lectotype described as Ophion nidulatornotulatoria (Fabricius, 1804) (Echthromorpha agrestoria), Lectotype described as Cryptus notulatoriusdimidiator (Fabricius, 1804) (Enicospilus), Lectotype described as Ophion dimidiatorglaucatoria (Fabricius, 1793) (Eutanyacra glaucatoria), nom. protectum described as Ichneumon glaucatorius; Ichneumon albiventris Gmelin, 1790 is a nom. oblitumfornicator (Fabricius, 1781) (Exetastes fornicator), Lectotype described as Ichneumon fornicatorflavifrons (Fabricius, 1798) (Hadrodactylus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon flavifronstruncator (Fabricius, 1798) (Heterischnus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon truncatorambulatorius Fabricius, 1775 (Ichneumon), Lectotypearticulatus Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Xorides praecatorius (Fabricius, 1793)atrator Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Meringopus melanator (Thunberg, 1824); praeocc. by I. atrator Forster, 1771bidens Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Mesoleptus cingulatus (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumbidentorius Fabricius, 1775 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Amblyteles armatorius (Forster, 1771)biscutatus Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum Barichneumon anator (Fabricius, 1793) is nom. protectum, not a synonymclavator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Exetastes atrator (Forster, 1771); praeocc. by I. clavator Müller, 1776coerulator Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype nom. praeocc. by coerulator Weber, 1795; now a synonym of Trogus lapidator panzeri Carlson, 1975compensator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype, syn. n. of Exatastes laevigator (Villers, 1789)cunctator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. nom. praeocc. by cunctator Scopoli, 1763; now a synonym of Cryptus armator Fabricius, 1804custodiator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ichneumon cessator Müller, 1776destructorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)dictator Geoffroy, 1762 (Ichneumon), Neotypeerectorius Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ctenichneumon edictorius (Linnaeus, 1758)exspectorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Ctenichneumon repentinus (Gravenhorst, 1820): nom. protectumfabricator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)fabricii Schrank, 1802 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Spilothyrateles nuptatorius (Fabricius, 1793)falsatorius Olivier, 1792 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Xorides praecatorius (Fabricius, 1793)fasciatus Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Metopius dentatus (Fabricius, 1779)ferruginosus Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumflavatorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Lymantrichneumon disparis (Poda, 1761)flavicans Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Theronia atalantae atalantae (Poda, 1761)frontalis Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), Neotypefrontatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Cratichneumon rufifrons (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumgrossorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ichneumon primatorius primatorius Forster, 1771helleri Holmgren, 1878 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Syspasis carinator (Fabricius, 1798)instigator Rossi, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n.; nom. oblitum of Exeristes roborator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectuminterruptorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus monitorius (Panzer, 1801)intratorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)laboratorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus amatorius (Müller, 1776)lapidator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. praeocc. now a synonym of Neotypus coreensis Uchida, 1930; praeocc. by I. lapidator Fabricius, 1787leucostoma Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)lunulatus Villers, 1789 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Metopius dentatus (Fabricius, 1779)mandator Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Colpotrochia cincta (Scopoli, 1763)mediatorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Obtusodonta equitatoria (Panzer, 1786)moratorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Melanichneumon designatorius (Linnaeus, 1758)narrator Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon comitator (Linnaeus, 1758)natatorius Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)negatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus ochromelas (Gmelin, 1790)nigrator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon comitator (Linnaeus, 1758)nugatorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Diphyus mercatorius mercatorius (Fabricius, 1793)oblongus Schrank, 1802 (Ichneumon), Neotypeobsoletorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Ctenichneumon divisorius (Gravenhorst, 1820): nom. protectumolitorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Hoplocryptus fugitivus (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumosculatorius Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Exatastes atrator (Forster, 1771)pedatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)pennator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Gregopimpla inquisitor (Scopoli, 1763)quadricolor Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)restaurator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon serenus (Gravenhorst, 1820); praeocc. by restaurator Fabricius, 1775rusticator Thunberg, 1824 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Lissonota accusator (Fabricius, 1793)sectator Thunberg, 1824 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Alexeter segmentarius (Fabricius, 1787)seductorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Acroricnus seductor (Scopoli, 1786)semiannulator Olivier, 1792 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumsemiannulatus Schrank, 1776 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumtricolor Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Mesoleptidea prosoleuca (Gravenhorst, 1820); praeocc. by I. tricolor Schrank, 1776varius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Theronia atalantae atalantae (Poda, 1761)versicolor Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)visitator Scopoli, 1763 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Gregopimpla inquisitor (Scopoli, 1763)thoracicus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Ischnus), syn. n. of Heterischnus truncator (Fabricius, 1798)stercorator Fabricius, 1793 (Iseropus stercorator), Lectotype described as ichneumon stercoratoraccusator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lissonota), Lectotype described as Ichneumon accusatorelector Gravenhorst, 1829 (Lissonota), syn. n. of Lissonota oculatoria (Fabricius, 1798)oculatoria (Fabricius, 1798) (Lissonota), Lectotype described as Ichneumon oculatoriusalbopicta Horstmann, 2001 (Lissosculpta), nom. n. pro Ichneumon albatorius Fabricius, 1793, nec Müller, 1776firmator (Fabricius, 1798) (Listrognathus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon firmatormarginellus Holmgren, 1860 (Mesochorus), syn. n. of Astiphromma aggressor (Fabricius, 1804)ligator Gravenhorst, 1829 (Mesostenus), syn. n. of Listrognathus firmator (Fabricius, 1798)connexorius Wesmael, 1849 (Metopius), syn. n. of Metopius necatorius (Fabricius, 1793)necatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Metopius), Lectotype described as Ichneumon necatoriusfoliator Fabricius, 1798 (Ophion), Lectotype now a synonym of Anomalon cruentatum (Geoffroy, 1785)spinator Fabricius, 1804 (Ophion), Lectotype name invalid; now a synonym of Pristomerus pacificus Cresson, 1879sputator (Fabricius, 1793) (Patrocloides), nom. protectum described as Ichneumon sputatorrusticator Wesmael, 1845 (Phaeogenes), syn. n. of Dirophanes regenerator (Fabricius, 1804)mediator Fabricius, 1804 (Pimpla), Lectotype now a synonym of Perithous scurra (Panzer, 1804)spinatorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Polycyrtus), Lectotype described as Cryptus spinatoriusapproximator (Fabricius, 1793) (Rhyssella), Lectotype described as Ichneumon approximatoranthracina Scopoli, 1763 (Sphex), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Trogus lapidator lapidator (Fabricius, 1787): nom. protectumoccisorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Spilichneumon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon occisoriusnuptatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Spilothyrateles), Lectotypecarinator (Fabricius, 1798) (Syspasis), Lectotype described as Ichneumon carinatorlineata (Fabricius, 1804) (Theronia), Lectotype described as Bassus lineatuslapidator (Fabricius, 1787) (Trogus lapidator), nom. protectumnotator (Fabricius, 1804) (Tromatobia), Lectotype described as Pimpla notatorauricularis Thomson, 1883 (Tryphon), syn. n. of Tryphon latrator (Fabricius, 1781)latrator (Fabricius, 1781) (Tryphon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon latratorpraecatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Xorides), Lectotype described as Ichneumon praecatorius

Straipsnyje, remiantis 1794 m. priimtomis ordinacijomis (instrukcijomis), analizuojamas Bresto vaivadijos Lietuvos Aukštojo (Vysokaje) miesto valdymas ir šio miesto žydų kahalo savivaldos organizacija. Parodoma, kad 1794 m. mieste buvo įvestos originalios miestiečių krikščionių ir žydų savivaldos sistemos, atskleidžiama savivaldos institucijų rinkimo ir jų funkcionavimo tvarka, nustatoma, kad miesto ir kahalo valdymo instrukcijų parengimą ir jų priėmimą lėmė savininko siekiai atkurti ekonominį miesto pajėgumą bei sudaryti kuo palankesnes sąlygas dinamiškai miesto plėtrai. Didelės įtakos instrukcijoms parengti ir priimti turėjo XVIII a. 9–10-ojo dešimtmečių Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teisėkūra. 1794 m. ordinacijos buvo Miestų įstatymų, priimtų 1791 ir 1793 m. seimuose, adaptacija. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuvos Aukštojas buvo privatus miestas, jo savivaldos organizacinėje struktūroje svarbų vaidmenį išlaikė dvaro institutas. Tačiau miestiečiams buvo suteikta teisė rinkti pagrindinius miesto pareigūnus. Pagrindiniu administraciniu ir teismo organu tapo dvaro kontroliuojamas Aukštojo magistratas. Jis turėjo teisę rinkti antraeilius miesto tarnautojus. Tiek magistrato, tiek ir kahalo kasdieninėje veikloje ypač daug dėmesio buvo skiriama miestiečių gyvenimo sąlygoms gerinti ir saugumui mieste užtikrinti. Kaip ir ordinacijos, skirtos krikščioniškajai miesto bendruomenei, taip ir 1794 m. priimtos žydų kahalo ordinacijos pagrindinis tikslas buvo ne tik naujais principas perorganizuoti kahalo savivaldą, bet ir pajungti jį dvaro kontrolei. Straipsnio priede skelbiamos abiejų instrukcijų publikacijos originalo (lenkų) kalba. Reikšminiai žodžiai: miestas, Lietuvos Aukštojas (Vysokaje), Bresto vaivadija, Pranciškus Sapiega, miestiečiai, žydai, savivalda, magistratas, kahalas, šaltinio publikacija.

This article explores Robert Southey's pessimistic re-appropriation of the popular revolutionary symbol of the hydra in the closet drama The Fall of Robespierre (1794). Challenging the prevailing view that Southey was an enthusiastic revolutionary throughout the 1790s, the study progresses from an exploration of the hydra's ubiquitous use in revolutionary and loyalist propaganda to an account of Southey's damning re-appropriation of the monster as a symbol for recurrences of tyranny in France's revolutionary governments. Analyses of The Fall of Robespierre, Southey's closet drama Wat Tyler (1794) and epic Joan of Arc (1796) demonstrate that Southey acquired an early conviction that tyranny was a recurrent obstacle to democracy, which rendered revolution futile. Arguing that Southey's revolutionary zeal had largely abated by 1793, I contend that his youthful incredulity about the plausibility of establishing a republic informed, and constitutes a principled explanation for, his notorious apostasy and conservatism in later life.

Pese a la tardía publicación de la versión en lengua portuguesa de Don Quijote de la Mancha (1794), el conocimiento de la novela cervantina en Portugal puede rastrearse a lo largo del siglo XVIII y se hace especialmente patente en el dominio teatral. Tal es el caso de la «piquena pessa» anónima titulada As tres Cidras do Amor, ou O Cavalleiro Andante (Lisboa, Off. de Francisco Borges de Sousa, 1793), que pone en escena una singular recreación del hidalgo castellano y del efecto alucinador de la lectura de los libros de caballerías. Se propone una presentación de la farsa As tres Cidras do Amor y un análisis de la parodia que realiza sobre el universo ficcional de la caballería andante.

” L'écriture est un témoin qui est difficilement corrompu ». (Montesquieu)La guerre idéologique est terminée… Voilà un peu plus de quinze ans, avec Penser la Révolution française, François Furet assenait à l'ensemble de l'historiographie antérieure de la Révolution un coup dont elle ne devait pas se relever : l'histoire politique de la Révolution française, disait-il, se confond avec l'événement qu'elle s'efforce de relater. En finir avec cette historiographie « commemorative », c'était la tâche assignée à une histoire conceptuelle, une histoire dont les catégories ne fussent pas le reflet des catégories et positions politiques de la Révolution elle-même. Il fallait pour ce faire jeter les bases d'un nouveau mode d'appréhension de la Révolution : d'époque à ressusciter, à la Michelet, elle devait devenir un problème à analyser. Un problème défini, sur les pas de Tocqueville, comme celui de la tradition démocratique en France.

Henri-François de Noyelle (1763-1794) est né à Loches dans une famille canadienne rentrée en France après la capitulation du pays. Il conserva toujours un lien avec le « pays » où vivaient toujours des membres de sa famille. Il fit partie de la marine française et fut envoyé aux Antilles pendant la Guerre d’indépendance américaine. Revenu en France il devint moine à l’abbaye bénédictine de Saint-Florent de Saumur. Quand la Révolution ferma ce couvent en 1790, il alla rejoindre ses frères à Marmoutier. Mais les ecclésiastiques réfractaires étaient pourchassés par la justice révolutionnaire. Arrêté à Amiens en décembre 1793, il fut guillotiné au mois d'août suivant.

Bryan Edwards was a Jamaican planter and politician who published a well–respected History of the West Indies in 1793. He articulated the planter view concerning the value of the West Indian colonies to Great Britain, and opposed the abolition of the slave trade. Edwards disputed European scientific speculation that the ‘New World’ environment retarded nature, although his scientific interests have largely gone unnoticed. Elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1794, he became a Member of Parliament in 1796, and wrote a History of Haiti in the following year. As Secretary of the African Association, Edwards edited the African travel journals of Mungo Park.

Edward Gibbon’s (1737–1794) library was fundamental to his historical work and he could not have written his great history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1778) without it. His library continues to attract interest and attention, and two documents held in Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University Library and Archives, not previously known to scholars, provide new information about the books that Gibbon owned. These are an invoice from his London bookbinder, Joseph Hall, for 1773–1776, andan invoice from his Lausanne bookseller, Jules Henri Pott, for 1793. The article provides transcriptions of these two documents, examines their contents, and discusses their importance for our understandingof Gibbon’s library.

Abstract The restorer Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855), famous in the early nineteenth century, has long fallen into oblivion. A recent discovery of his work associated with old master prints at the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München has allowed a close study of his methods and skills as well as those of his pupil Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon (1794–1854), providing a fresh perspective on the early history of paper conservation. Von Hermann’s method of facsimile inserts was praised by his contemporaries, before Max Schweidler (1885–1953) described these methods in 1938. The present article provides biographical notes on both nineteenth century restorers, gives examples of prints treated by them and adds a chapter of conservation history crediting them with a place in the history of the discipline. In summary, this offers a surprising insight on how works of art used to be almost untraceably restored by this team of Munich-based restorers more than 150 years before Schweidler.

RESUMENDon Manuel José Fernández-Vinjoy y Pérez de Penafonte, natural de Castropol, perteneció a una noble familia asturiana, cursó estudios eclesiásticos, fue clérigo en Madrid y en 1793 se le nombró Canónigo de la Santa Iglesia Catedral de Oviedo, en donde desempeñó diversas funciones, entre otras, las de Contador Racionero Mayor y Menor. En 1794 recibió el honor y título de Caballero de la Orden de Carlos III. Destacamos en este estudio su faceta de humanista, experto conocedor de las lenguas clásicas, culto, riguroso y elogiado traductor de las obras de Filón de Alejandría, de quien introdujo en España tres de ellas (El repúblio más sabio, El héroe estoico o el hombre libre y su Poema sagrado) por ser de utilidad para el bien común, probando que no puede haber verdadera libertad donde no domina la virtud.PALABRAS CLAVECastropol, traductor de Filón de Alejandría, filosofía racional, estoicismo, humanista, Jovellanos, Cabildo ovetense. TITLEManuel José Fernández-Vinjoy y Pérez de Penafonte (translator, canon and designer)ABSTRACTMr. Manuel José Fernández-Vinjoy and Pérez de Peñafonte, native of Castropol, belonged to a noble family from Asturias, he studied ecclesiastics, was a clergyman in Madrid and in 1793 he was appointed Canon of the Holy Cathedral Church of Oviedo, where he performed various functions, among others, those of Mayor and Minor Accountant Prebedery. In 1794 he received the honor and title of Knight of the Order of Charles III. We emphasize in this study his facet of humanist, expert in classical languages, cult, rigorous and praised translator of the works of Philo of Alexandria, of whom he introduced in Spain three of them (The wisest Republican, The stoic hero or the free man and Sacred Poem) for being of utility and for the common good, proving that there can be no true freedom where virtue does not dominate.KEY WORDSCastropol, translator of Philo of Alexandria, rational philosophy, stoicism, humanist, Jovellanos, incumbent of the church from Oviedo.

In the summer of 1809 a flotilla of boats arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 9,000 Saint-Domingue refugees recently expelled from the Spanish colony of Cuba. These migrants nearly doubled the population of New Orleans, renewing its Francophone character and populating the neighborhoods of the Vieux Carré and Faubourg Marigny. At the heart of the story of their disembarkation, however, is a legal puzzle. Historians generally tell us that the arriving refugees numbered 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color, and 3,226 slaves. But slavery had been abolished in Saint-Domingue by decree in 1793, and abolition had been ratified by the French National Convention in 1794. In what sense and by what right, then, were thousands of men, women, and children once again to be held to be “slaves”?

Tuscan-born and Spanish-trained Alessandro Malaspina (1754-1810) captained the most significant scientific expedition ever launched by Spain in the years 1789-1794. After a survey of the Spanish colonies in America, he directed the course of the Descubierta towards the South Pacific and anchored at Port Jackson on 11 March 1793. In my essay I will scrutinize the New South Wales leg of Malaspina’s voyage account, comparing 'Viaje político-científico alrededor del mundo' (the original 1885 Spanish edition) and 'Journal of a Voyage by Alejandro Malaspina' (its 2001 English translation), and integrating them with the captain’s secret reports. The examination of Malaspina’s comments on the infant colony will simultaneously expose the Spanish attitude to early British colonialism in New South Wales, and help assess Malaspina’s complex role as the first explorer who reached Terra Australis from the Italian peninsula.

Neste estudo, analiso o desenvolvimento temático da figura satânica de William Blake, a personagem Orc, nos poemas iluminados denominados de “Continental Prophecies”, compostos pelas obras America A Prophecy (1793), Europe A Prophecy (1794) e The Song of Los (1795), este dividido em duas partes, Africa e Asia. Nessas obras, Blake articula temas como apocalipse, energia, imaginação e revolução — em relação à Revolução Francesa e à Americana — e tece críticas ao pensamento político, religioso e artístico do período. Minha discussão é desenvolvida em um constante diálogo entre três instâncias: religiosa, social e artística. Tal concepção é abordada por Peter Schock (2003), tratada como “Matriz Cultural”. Este estudo explora como a arte de Blake dialoga com as revoluções do século XVIII, sobretudo a Francesa e a Americana, discuti suas influências religiosas, políticas e artísticas, além de oferecer uma concepção acerca do ideal satânico de Blake, suas reinterpretações e subversões.

At the turn of 18th and 19th century the education of women on Polish territory underwent a gradual enlargement. Already in the period of the reforms of the National Education Commission, more girls received education; after the seizure of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) by Prussia in 1793, Germany implemented their educational system, that meant the acceleration of development. Compulsory schooling in Prussian was introduced in 1794, however, it was still poorly enforced. In Prussia girls often attended lower school due to the requirement for a Protestant to have the ability to read the Scriptures. More and more often, they also attended secondary schools with syllabuses not extensively devoted to Latin, but to more practical skills, connected with so-called woman’s work, and to religious education. In Wielkopolska, lower education, private schools for girls and schooling by tutors in convents and midwifery schools increased significantly. Nevertheless, girls did not attend ordinary secondary schools, which retained an emphasis on teaching Latin, or colleges.

Resumo Este artigo faz uma leitura comparativa entre um excerto da Nouvelle Justine, a terceira versão da protagonista virtuosa de Sade, publicada em 1799, e os discursos de Robespierre, nos quais a virtude torna-se o princípio da ação política (1793-1794). Pretende-se com isto, e a despeito de grande parte de sua crítica recente, mostrar como há sim um gesto profundamente político na escrita sadeana. Tal gesto caracteriza-se por uma equivocidade enunciativa, particularmente efetuada pela disjunção entre ponto de vista e posição enunciativa. Essa escrita equívoca funciona, assim, como um contraponto aos discursos do Terror, fundamentados na radicalização do antagonismo entre a “pátria” e os seus “inimigos”. Enquanto Robespierre recorre à virtude como o alicerce da unicidade e, sobretudo, da univocidade do corpo republicano, Sade faz do equívoco o motor da escrita e dos corpos que põe em cena, assinalando suas singularidades e relações de força, subsumidos e hipostasiados pela ficcionalização jacobina da pátria.

Abstract The publications on morbid anatomy by Matthew Baillie and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring put pathological preparations and images center stage. A comparison between their works highlights major shifts from exceptional to more representative cases and significant differences in the art of representation. Initially Baillie provided careful descriptions of internal postmortem lesions (1793). Then Soemmerring’s prompt German translation added a wealth of references to the literature and specifically to pathological images available in print (1794). Soon after a second unillustrated edition incorporating some of Soemmerring’s comments (1797), Baillie issued ten installments with dozens of pathological plates (1799-1803). His plates differed from those referred to by Soemmerring for their broader scope, representing common and rare conditions alike, and specific attention to the fine changes of texture of the affected parts. Their works document the crucial status of pathological preparations and images at the time and highlight the achievement of Baillie’s work at an artistic as well as at an intellectual level.

Length–weight relations of 14 fish species caught by small-scale fishery from the Chalakudy River of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India were analyzed from April 2018 to March 2019. The following species were studied: Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker, 1853); Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes, 1844); Puntius mahecola (Valenciennes, 1844); Osteobrama bakeri (Day, 1873); Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1842); Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822); Channa striata (Bloch, 1793); Horabagrus brachysoma (Günther, 1864); Mystus armatus (Day, 1865); Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878); Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794); Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790); Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782); Parambassis thomassi (Day, 1870). The main fishing gear that was used in the data collection were gill nets, seine nets, and cast nets. The b values in the LWRs ranged from 2.649 (L. dussumieri) to 3.023 (P. hypophthalmus). This study reports the first LWR reference for five species and new maximum total lengths for five species. The results provide baseline information for the sustainable management and conservation of the studied species.

Length–weight relations of 14 fish species caught by small-scale fishery from the Chalakudy River of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India were analyzed from April 2018 to March 2019. The following species were studied: Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker, 1853); Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes, 1844); Puntius mahecola (Valenciennes, 1844); Osteobrama bakeri (Day, 1873); Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1842); Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822); Channa striata (Bloch, 1793); Horabagrus brachysoma (Günther, 1864); Mystus armatus (Day, 1865); Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878); Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794); Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790); Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782); Parambassis thomassi (Day, 1870). The main fishing gear that was used in the data collection were gill nets, seine nets, and cast nets. The b values in the LWRs ranged from 2.649 (L. dussumieri) to 3.023 (P. hypophthalmus). This study reports the first LWR reference for five species and new maximum total lengths for five species. The results provide baseline information for the sustainable management and conservation of the studied species.

Under the French Directory the line army was called into many parts of France to protect law and order and to shore up the regime. The authors of regional studies in the period have alluded to military presence but have failed to draw general inferences about the importance of military policing. The political ambitions of commanders-in-chief of fighting armies after the fall of Robespierre and the nature and history of operations have long been the subject of historical research, but no-one has yet investigated the nature of relations between civil and military authorities in any part of the interior that was not a war zone. The line army had been used in a policing role during the old regime and the early years of the revolution, but the advent of war in 1792 removed it to the frontiers. This suited revolutionary governments which were uncertain of its loyalty and uneasy about the reduction of discipline. In 1793 and 1794 revolutionary order was imposed instead by an increasingly centralized network of civilian elites and militias – revolutionary armies, committees, tribunals and representatives on mission – which operated by means of intimidation and civic denunciation. The dismantling of this apparatus of Terror in the year III (late 1794/5) in favour of a liberal constitution which breathed new life into the elective institutions of local government unleashed an anarchy of frustrated aspirations and hatreds born out of the turbulence of the revolutionary experience. Individuals and factions vied for control of local judicial and executive positions in order to make up revolutionary losses and to keep out their enemies.

John Lingard's first major work, The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church was published in 1806 in Newcastle by Edward Walker. It was the only major work to come from the period of residence of the little community of northern exiles who had fled Douai in the aftermath of the French Revolution and who had eventually settled at Crook Hall in 1794, before the move up hill to the more permanent accommodation of Ushaw College in 1808. Lingard himself had left Douai on 21st February 1793, two days after the commissaires had taken possession of the English College. His task was to escort home in safety William Stourton, Lord Stourton's eldest son, and the two Oliviera brothers. For a time Lingard settled as tutor with the Stourtons, but after a meeting with Bishop Gibson in York the following summer, he joined the handful of northern exiles which had settled briefly at the Revd. Arthur Storey's private school at Tudhoe, just outside Durham. From there they moved for a few weeks to Pontop Hall before settling at Crook Hall on 15th Oct 1794. Lingard was ordained deacon at Crook towards the end of the same year and ordained priest in York the following April. At Crook, Lingard had become acting vice-president to the new President, Thomas Eyre; he was also Procurator and Prefect of Studies, jobs which he combined with the teaching of philosophy and with supervising the study of the senior boys forming the top two classes of Poetry and Rhetoric. When building started as Ushaw, he was also taken up with overseeing operations there.

AbstractThe despoliation of the Strasbourg Cathedral during the Jacobin Terror of 1793–94 has long been considered a high point of revolutionary iconoclasm, which manifested for some the anti-enlightened nature of the Terror regime and the violence inherent in the French Revolution itself. The hybrid space—linguistic, cultural, and political—in which these vandalizing acts took place, however, brings to the fore the problem of Franco-German cultural transfer and its politics of emotion as a significant, yet previously untapped, interpretative layer. This article explores the emotional vocabularies used by both French and German commentators, which substantiated their divergent stances regarding historical consciousness, aesthetic sensibility, and national identity in the debate on the legitimacy of revolutionary violence. It argues that while it contributed to the denouement of intercultural transfer in the German-speaking sphere, the vandalism debate also had long-term consequences for German communal identity formation in a sentimental key.

Deux constats sont à l’origine de cet article : le sens attribué dans la vie courante en Haïti aux termes « nègre », « africain » et « citoyen », ensuite la distinction entre citoyens et Africains observée dans certains textes relatifs à l’abolition de l’esclavage en 1793 et 1794. L’auteur relève l’usage du vocable africain par les acteurs qui ont dominé la scène politique sous la révolution haïtienne. Il démontre que leur emploi de ce terme soulève un problème important, relatif au statut social, à l’identité et à la nationalité, pas seulement des anciens esclaves, mais de tous les indigènes. Les chefs mulâtres ne revendiquent aucune origine africaine et désignent les cultivateurs sous le vocable « africain », considéré comme infamant. Les leaders noirs se taisent sur leur origine africaine et sont aussi impitoyables que les chefs mulâtres envers les cultivateurs. Ces dirigeants perpétuent une image négative de l’Africain. Le courant indigéniste a essayé, au début du XXe siècle, de réhabiliter l’image de l’Africain aux yeux de l’Haïtien, mais sa reconstruction de l’histoire n’est pas scientifique, car il est impossible de faire des leaders noirs de la révolution des représentants des cultivateurs.

O presente trabalho é uma digressão sobre um fato histórico: a inexistência de uma tradução do <em>Quixote</em> em Portugal por 189 anos, período em que a obra foi editada e lida em espanhol. Inicia-se com um panorama da recepção da obra nesse país desde 1605 até 1793. Em 1794 aparece a primeira tradução ao português, sem indicação de tradutor, editada três vezes. Somente em 1876 surge a primeira tradução assinada, pelos Viscondes de Castilho, de Azevedo e por Pinheiro Chagas. Nesse ensejo, são discutidas as condições históricas e linguísticas que possibilitariam o fato da inexistência da tradução por quase dois séculos, com foco no bilinguismo cultural luso-espanhol que durou 250 anos. Ao final, apresenta-se um trecho do início da obra retirado das edições mencionadas. Por meio dela é possível que se visualize a maneira como O <em>Quixote </em>era lido pelos leitores dos séculos XVII, XVIII e XIX. A partir de então, apresentamos um diálogo entre alguns estudos da tradução, relacionando alguns temas como proximidade linguística, bilinguismo linguístico e cultural e seus reflexos nas traduções.

U radu se razmatraju okviri južnoslovenskih vizija u snu u XVIII stoleću, i to u sledećim delima: u uvodnom odeljku Pripovidaka Pilpaj-bramine koje je Matija Antun Reljković ostavio u rukopisu [1767], zatim u nekoliko istočnjačkih priča koje je Dositej Obradović objavio u Sobraniju (1793), te u spevu Josipa Stojanovića, Tužba duše i tila (1794). Ovi prevodi-prerade su u skladu sa evropskom, uglavnomfrancuskom ali i pre svega engleskom književnom modom tzv. vizije u snu – visio in somnis – koja je bila veoma popularna u srednjem veku, a u proznoj formi ponovo u XVIII stoleću, za vreme prosvetiteljstva. Svrha rada: 1. da se razmotre okviri južnoslovenskih vizija u snu, formalni, strukturalni, i tematski, kao i određena pitanja odnosa izvornika i predložaka; 2. da se uporede formalne, strukturalne, i tematske karakteristike južnoslovenskih prevoda i prerada sa zapadnoevropskim izvornicima i predlošcima; 3. da se uokviri društveno-književni kontekst nastanka i difuzije izvornika, predložaka, i južnoslovenskih prevoda-prerada. Upotrebljena metodologija: analiza i komparacija izvornika, predložaka i prerada-prevoda vizija u snu u južnoslovenskom i evropskom okruženju. Najvažniji rezultati rada i zaključak: ustanovljenje okvira južnoslovenskih vizija u snu koje su do sada razmatrane kao deo drugih književnih žanrova; utvrđivanje izvornika i predložaka određenih prevoda-prerada; definisanje društvenoknjiževnog evropskog i južnoslovenskog konteksta književnih vizija u snu.