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Journal articles on the topic '17th century adult fiction'
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1
Laine, Tuija. "Motivation to Read? Reading among the Upper-Class Children in Finland during the 17th and 18th Centuries." Knygotyra 76 (July 5, 2021): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2021.76.75.
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In the early modern Finland, the Catechisms were the only literature intended for children. Otherwise, the children from all classes had to read adults’ literature. Finland was a part of Sweden until 1809 and the reading of Swedish literature was possible especially among the upper classes and even the common people in the Swedish-speaking western coast. Three case studies of Finnish upper-class children from the 17th and the 18th centuries tell us about children’s reading habits, attitudes to reading and reading motivation in this situation. Richard M. Ryan’s & Edward L. Deci’s theory of self-determination has been used as a theoretical basis for this study. It highlights the combination of three basic psychological needs as means to motivation: autonomy, competence and relatedness.
Autonomy was the most limited during the 17th century and emerged step by step towards the end of the 18th century. Relatedness would depend on circumstances in the family. If the family led an active social life, it would also reflect in the reading habits of the household members. All the children in this research belonged to the upper class, so they could read, and they studied diligently. Therefore, they felt competence. The relatives exhorted them in studying, which still increased their self-confidence. Motivation was mostly external at the beginning, but in some cases it gradually grew towards internal motivation. According to these cases, upper-class girls were freer to read what they liked than boys. Comparing to boys they were less educated, but at the same time they experienced less pressure to make progress in literary reading. If the domestic duties permitted, they would be able to use their free time for reading fiction. Boys had to concentrate on thinking about their future careers and subjects relevant to that.
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MacLeod, Anne Scott. "Nineteenth Century Families in Juvenile Fiction and Adult Memoirs." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 1988, no. 1 (1988): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.1988.0013.
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Pakhsaryan, Natalia. "CYRANO DE BERGERAC AS A PREDECESSOR OF SCIENCE FICTION PROSE." RZ-Literaturovedenie, no. 1 (2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/lit/2021.01.11.
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The article considers the genre of Cyranoʼs novel «Another world», widely discussed in both domestic and foreign literary studies. It explores the elements of science fiction in contrast to those of the miraculous, as they appear in the 17th-century literature, and identifies the features of utopianism and the peculiarities of scientific forecasting in the work. Both parts of «Another world» are examined in their similarities and differences from one another, as well as combination of universalism and topical issues of the novel with narrative irony and burlesque.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.
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Wang, Yi. "Carpe Diem Revisited in Poetry, Fiction and Film." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1003.04.
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Carpe Diem is considered to be an eternal theme in English literature. Being pervasively spread through all ages, it is indeed of universal significance, reflecting one of the important philosophical issues of human world. Albeit this phrase was first created by Horace in ancient Rome, it has greatly influenced the renaissance poetry and the metaphysical poetry of the 17th century. This paper sets out to analyze different representations of Carpe Diem or its variations in various literary forms, namely, poetry, fiction and even film. After these contemplations it is safe to say that the connotation of this theme is the concrete reflection of positive philosophy of life, rather than the seemingly negative ways of living life in common sense. Carpe Diem plays its due significance in the conflicts between human studies and theology, secularism and afterlife, feudalism and humanism in the history of human thoughts.
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Russo, Stephanie. "Contemporary Girlhood and Anne Boleyn in Young Adult Fiction." Girlhood Studies 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2020.130103.
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Anne Boleyn has been narrativized in Young Adult (YA) historical fiction since the nineteenth century. Since the popular Showtime series The Tudors (2007–2010) aired, teenage girls have shown increased interest in the story of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s second and most infamous queen. This construction of Boleyn suggests that she was both celebrated and punished for her proto-feminist agency and forthright sexuality. A new subgenre of Boleyn historical fiction has also recently emerged—YA novels in which her story is rewritten as a contemporary high school drama. In this article, I consider several YA novels about Anne Boleyn in order to explore the relevance to contemporary teenage girls of a woman who lived and died 500 years ago.
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Lavocat, Françoise. "Dido Meets Aeneas: Anachronism, Alternative History, Counterfactual Thinking and the Idea of Fiction." Journal of Literary Theory 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlt-2020-2009.
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AbstractThe anachronistic character of the loving relationship between Dido and Aeneas was widely and commonly discussed among commentators, critics, and writers in the early modern period. From the 16th century onwards, when the word »anachronism« appeared in vernacular languages, its definition was even inseparable from the example borrowed from the Aeneid. The purpose of this article is to interrelate early modern debates on anachronism, reflections on the status of fiction and the history of fiction.Starting with the hypothesis that anachronism is a form of counterfactual, the questions posed in this article are: did forms of counterfactuals exist before the 19th century, to what extent did they differ from contemporary alternative histories and, if so, why? The story of Dido and Aeneas in the Aeneid can be considered »counterfactual«, because this version of the narrative about the queen of Carthage was opposed to another, which was considered to be historical and which made Dido a privileged embodiment of female virtue and value.Several important shifts are highlighted in this article. With the exception of St. Augustine (who saw in Vergil’s anachronism confirmation of the inanity of fiction), before the 16th century indifference towards anachronism prevailed: the two versions of Dido’s story were often juxtaposed or combined. If Vergil’s version of Dido’s story was condemned, it was for moral reasons: the exemplary version, considered more historically accurate, was favored throughout the Middle Ages, notably by Petrarch and Boccaccio.From the 16th century onwards, however, increased acquaintance with Aristotle’s Poetics promoted greater demand for rationality and plausibility in fables. This coincided with the appearance of the word »chronology« and its development, which led to a new understanding of historical time. Anachronism then appeared to be a fault against verisimilitude, and as such was strongly condemned, for example by the commentator on Aristotle, Lodovico Castelvetro. At the same time, the argument of poetic license was also often invoked: it actually became the most common position on this issue. Vergil’s literary canonization, moreover, meant that the version of Dido’s life in the Aeneid was the only story that was known and cited, and from the 17th century onwards it totally supplanted the exemplary version. Strangely enough, permissiveness towards anachronism in treatises, prefaces, or comments on literary works was not accompanied by any development of counterfactual literature in early modern period. Indeed, in both narrative and theatrical genres fiction owed its development and legitimization to the triumph of the criterion of plausibility.This article, however, discusses several examples that illustrate how the affirmation of fiction in the early modern period was expressed through minor variations on anachronism: the counterfictional form of Ronsard’s epic, La Franciade, which represents an explicit deviation from the Iliad; the metaleptic meeting of Vergil and Dido in the Underworld in Fontenelle’s Le dialogue des morts; and the provocative proposal for a completely different version of Dido’s life, which was made in an early 17th century Venetian operatic work by an author who claimed to be anti-Aristotelian. This study thus intends to provide an aspect of the story of fiction. The change of perspective on anachronism marks a retreat from moral argument, with privilege given to aesthetic criteria and relative independence with regard to history – while still moderated by the criterion of verisimilitude, as underlined by the abbé d’Aubignac, as well as Corneille.
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Athanasiou-Krikelis, Lissi. "Representing Turks in Greek Children's and Young Adult Fiction." International Research in Children's Literature 13, no. 1 (July 2020): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2020.0329.
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What do Greek children learn about the Turk-Other from children's literature, and how does this image of the enemy inform their national Self? Has the representation of the Turk-Other remained static or do recent publications demonstrate a change in its portrayal? This article explores such questions in the context of contemporary Greek texts for children and young adults. The image of the Turk-soldier has been and remains overwhelmingly negative. The Turk who represents the Ottoman Empire is the vicious victimiser and ruthless conqueror. The Turk-friend, however, features a more complex conglomeration of attributes, some degrading and others elevating. Fictional histories, that is narratives with a strong inclination towards historical accuracy, are less favourable to the Turk-Other, aiming to preserve a homogenised version of the nation and to justify the deeds of war heroes. These observations persist throughout the twentieth century and do not deviate from the patterns found in adult literature. Nonetheless, in more recent publications the image of the Turk-Other is slightly more positive due to two related factors: the foregrounding of the weaknesses of the national Self and the problematising of the historical representation. By juxtaposing negative portrayals of both Turkish and Greek behaviours and by questioning historical truisms, the image of the Turk is being re-humanised.
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Wang, Aiqing. "Contemporary Danmei Fiction and Its Similitudes with Classical and Yanqing Literature." JENTERA: Jurnal Kajian Sastra 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jentera.v10i1.3397.
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Danmei, aka Boys Love, is a salient transgressive genre of Chinese Internet literature. Since entering China’s niche market in 1990s, the danmei subculture, predominantly in the form of original fictional creation, has established an enormous fanbase and demonstrated significance via thought-provoking works and social functions. Nonetheless, the danmei genre is not an innovation in the digital age, in that its bipartite dichotomy between seme ‘top’ and uke ‘bottom’ roles bears similarities to the dyad in caizi-jiaren ‘scholar-beauty’ anecdotes featuring masculine and feminine ideals in literary representations of heterosexual love and courtship, which can be attested in the 17th century and earlier extant accounts. Furthermore, the feminisation of danmei characters is analogous to an androgynous ideal in late-imperial narratives concerning heterosexual relationships during late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and the depiction of semes being masculine while ukes being feminine is consistent with the orthodox, indigenous Chinese masculinity which is comprised of wen ‘cultural attainment’ epitomising feminine traits and wu ‘martial valour’ epitomising masculine traits. In terms of modern literature, danmei is parallel to the (online) genre yanqing ‘romance’ that is frequently characterised by ‘Mary Sue’ and cliché-ridden narration.
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Naplocha, Anna. "Demitologizacja negatywnego wizerunku wilka w powieści Wilk zwany Romeo Nicka Jansa." Zoophilologica, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/zoophilologica.2020.06.14.
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The article deals with the issue of refuting the negative perception of the wolf among the inhabitants of Alaska in the novel A Wolf Called Romeo by Nick Jans. The pejorative perception of the wolf’s existence has its source in the persecution of this predator that began in the 17th century. Nick Jans’ non-fiction novel relates to the seven-year coexistence of Juneau residents in Alaska with a lone, untamed wolf. This novel demythologizes stereotypical, negative beliefs about wolves. This song is an important voice on the policy of protecting wolves in Alaska and is a literary illustration of the stages of gradual change in the way people perceive wolves from a negative to an affirmative attitude.
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Cafagna, Fabio. "Images of Transparency and Resurrection from Leonardo da Vinci to Crisóstomo Martínez." Nuncius 32, no. 1 (2017): 52–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03201003.
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The essay aims to discuss the fortune of the well-known iconography of the “transparent body” by Leonardo da Vinci, clearly and first of all in the field of artistic anatomy. Some of the most illuminating evidence of this legacy can be found in the plates realized in Paris at the end of the 17th century by the mysterious Valencian engraver Crisóstomo Martínez. These incredible documents are strictly connected to the odd vogue of transparency that, in the same years, seems to affect also European literature, e.g. the pastoral novel Le Berger extravagant by Charles Sorel, the science fiction stories by Cyrano de Bergerac and the famous and “exemplar” tale El licenciado Vidriera by Miguel de Cervantes.
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Mallan, Kerry. "Everything You Do: Young Adult Fiction and Surveillance in an Age of Security." International Research in Children's Literature 7, no. 1 (July 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2014.0110.
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Espionage, surveillance and clandestine operations by secret agencies and governments were something of an East–West obsession in the second half of the twentieth century, a fact reflected in literature and film. In the twenty-first century, concerns of the Cold War and the threat of Communism have been rearticulated in the wake of 9/11. Under the rubric of ‘terror’ attacks, the discourses of security and surveillance are now framed within an increasingly global context. As this article illustrates, surveillance fiction written for young people engages with the cultural and political tropes that reflect a new social order that is different from the Cold War era, with its emphasis on spies, counter espionage, brainwashing and psychological warfare. While these tropes are still evident in much recent literature, advances in technology have transformed the means of tracking, profiling and accumulating data on individuals’ daily activities. Little Brother, The Hunger Games and Article 5 reflect the complex relationship between the real and the imaginary in the world of surveillance and, as this paper discusses, raise moral and ethical issues that are important questions for young people in our age of security.
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Boroda, Elena V. "“An honest escape” of a modern character: escapism problem in young adult fiction in the 21st century." Neophilology, no. 23 (2020): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-23-599-607.
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We analyze the problem of escapism, briefly discuss its history and evolution, its attitude to the problem in different periods of history. Analysis of this problem is the main goal of this work. The subject of this research is the texts of authors writing for children and teenagers, created over the past decade. On the example of young adult fiction in recent years, the development of an escapist motive, a change in attitude towards it and possible causes of such a transformation are observed. The relevance of the study is that modern texts that have not yet been studied by modern literary studies are analyzed, and the problem of escapism is considered in accordance with the cultural and social trends of today. In the process, we use an integrated research method. The result of studying the problem of escapism can be called a review of modern young adult fiction, in which there is a motive for fleeing reality, as well as some observations and conclusions that may be useful in studying the cultural and social problems of today. We conclude that escapism in modern young adult fiction is a full-fledged motive and means of interacting with reality. The scope of the research results is the study of modern literary texts by philologists, literary critics, literature teachers, as well as students and schoolchildren who are interested in expanding and deepening literary knowledge.
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Wiegand, Hermann. "The Commemoration of the Dead and Epic Composition (Totengedenken und epische Gestaltung)." Daphnis 46, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2018): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04601017.
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This paper discusses the image and reception of the Thirty Years Warʼs Catholic military leader Johann T’Serclaes von Tilly in Jesuit Neo-Latin epical poetry of the 17th century, starting with Magni Tillij Parentalia written by Jacobus Balde, a prosimetrical work that came into being immediatly after the ‘heroʼs’ death but was posthumously published in 1678, using epical patterns such as picture descriptions or similia not only in metrical parts of the work, but also in prose fiction. The text shows Tilly as a pillar of the Holy Roman Empire and Catholic faith as well. Affiliated are shorter reflections of further Jesuit Neo-Latin poems such as Bellicum Tillij (1634) by Jacobus Bidermann, Johannes Bisseliusʼ Icaria (1637), and Jacobus Damianus’ Bellum Germanicum (1648).
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Bentes, Hilda Helena Soares. "Whirlwinds in the narrative of "The Devils of Loudun", by Aldous Huxley: a study on truth, fiction, justice." ANAMORPHOSIS - Revista Internacional de Direito e Literatura 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21119/anamps.61.37-62.
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This paper analyzes the “historical narrative” novel "The Devils of Loudun", by Aldous Huxley, which tells the story of a supposed demonic possession case happened in a convent of Ursuline nuns in the beginning of the 17th century. It is about a real event that brings up a series of thoughts on the importance of the law, as well as the role of literature and philosophy, fiction, truth, justice and its relation with vengeance and revenge. The objective is to depart from the theory of law in order to study the literary work. Also, this paper aims at establishing to what extent the process of telling the truth can be twisted by revenge, as a primitive instinct of annihilating an enemy. It is a theoretical investigation, accomplished by bibliographic research, with an interdisciplinary approach between law and literature.
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González-Garrido, Laura, Claudina V. González, Rosa C. Ramos, and Sofia N. Wasterlain. "Osseous mass in a maxillary sinus of an adult male from the 16th–17th-century Spain: Differential diagnosis." International Journal of Paleopathology 31 (December 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.08.003.
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Chaberski, Mateusz. "Counterfactuality as a Polyphonic Assemblage. Entangled Human and Nonhuman Stories of Early Modern Sciences in Neal Stephenson’s The Baroque Cycle." Art History & Criticism 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2018-0010.
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Summary In recent science-fiction literature, we can witness a proliferation of new counterfactual narratives which take the 17th century as their point of departure. Unlike steampunk narratives, however, their aim is not to criticise the socio-political effects caused by contemporary technological development. Such authors as Neal Stephenson or Ian Tregillis, among others, are interested in revisiting the model of development in Western societies, routing around the logic of progress. Moreover, they demonstrate that modernity is but an effect of manifold contingent and indeterminate encounters of humans and nonhumans and their distinct temporalities. Even the slightest modification of their ways of being could have changed Western societies and cultures. Thus, they necessitate a rather non-anthropocentric model of counterfactuality which is not tantamount to the traditional alternative histories which depart from official narratives of the past. By drawing on contemporary multispecies ethnography, I put forward a new understanding of counter-factuality which aims to reveal multiple entangled human and nonhuman stories already embedded in the seemingly unified history of the West. In this context, the concept of “polyphonic assemblage” (Lowenhaupt-Tsing) is employed to conceptualize the contingent and open-ended encounters of human and nonhuman historical actors which cut across different discourses and practices. I analyse Stephenson’s The Baroque Cycle to show the entangled stories of humans and nonhumans in 17th century sciences, hardly present in traditional historiographies. In particular, Stephenson’s depiction of quicksilver and coffeehouse as nonhuman historical actors is scrutinized to show their vital role in the production of knowledge at the dawn of modernity.
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Cymbrykiewicz, Joanna. "Narracyjny portret Marie Grubbe w powieści lone hørslev dyrets år (rok bestii)." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2016-0005.
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Abstract The article A narrative portrait of Marie Grubbe in Lone Hørslev’s novel Dyrets år (The Year of the Beast) discusses the latest biographical novel on the controversial Danish aristocrat from the 17th century. In order to address the issue in closer detail, a brief biography of Marie Grubbe is given in the article’s introduction which is followed by a presentation of all the Danish works of fiction on the person that have been published so far. The analysis shows that the authors’ approach to their protagonist varies from disgust to fascination, depending on the period that the work originates from. Lone Hørslev’s Dyrets år may not be a genuine masterpiece, but it definitely adds new, contemporary aspects to the overall understanding of Marie Grubbe’s conduct and enriches her portrait with some traits which have not yet been discussed.
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Butler, Catherine. "Portraying Trans People in Children’s and Young Adult Literature: Problems and Challenges." Journal of Literary Education, no. 3 (December 12, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/jle.3.15992.
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The last twenty years have seen a proliferation of books for young people dealing with trans experience and issues. This article charts the emergence of transgender fiction for children and young adults, and its development during that period. It will address several questions arising from this phenomenon. How does the representation of trans experience differ when presented for a child readership rather than adults, and for younger children rather than adolescents? How are the representations of gender identity, gender expression and sexuality affected by considerations of audience? What are the tropes (or clichés) of trans fiction, and how have they changed? Whose points of view do the stories represent? Does it matter whether their authors are themselves trans? Is it more possible today than twenty years ago to assume some knowledge in child readers, or must every story “start from scratch”?
There is no single answer to any of these questions, but the article will note some of the trends discernible over a range of texts published in English since the start of the century, and describe some of the challenges in writing texts about trans experience in the future.
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Anderson, Jean. "What’s in a Name? Thanh-Van Tran-Nhut’s Esprit de la renarde: Translating Characters’ Names in Historical Crime Fiction." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 15, no. 1-2 (June 26, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v15i1-2.5761.
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This is a translation of an extract from Thanh-Van Tran-Nhut’s 2009 crime novel, L’Esprit de la renarde (Spirit of the Vixen, Paris: Picquier Poche), the fifth of eight in the Mandarin Tân series of investigations carried out in 17th-century Vietnam (then called Dai Viêt). An introductory note assists in setting the scene and briefly outlining some of the translation challenges for the text, notably the range of names used in the original. These vary from the relatively exotic (Madame Liu) to the partly French (Madame Prune) and the fully French (Contemplation Retenue).
A partir de la traduction vers l’anglais d’un extrait du polar historique de Thanh-Van Tran-Nhut, L’Esprit de la renarde (2009), le cinquième dans la série des huit romans qui suivent les aventures du Mandarin Tân dans le Viêt-Nam du XVIIe siècle, nous présentons ici quelques réflexions sur la traduction des noms propres. Nous expliquons d’abord le contexte narratif de l’extrait, pour ensuite considérer les défis posés par ce texte, où figurent des noms exotiques pour un lectorat français (tel Madame Liu), des noms déjà ‘traduits’ en partie vers le français (Madame Prune), et des noms entièrement francisés (Contemplation Retenue).
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Tsutaya, Takumi, Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada, Kazuaki Hirata, and Minoru Yoneda. "Stable isotopic reconstructions of adult diets and infant feeding practices during urbanization of the city of Edo in 17th century Japan." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153, no. 4 (December 20, 2013): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22454.
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Mah, Jasmine, and Benjamin Gallup. "A Short History of Long-Term Care in Nova Scotia*." Canadian Geriatrics Journal 24, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5770/cgj.24.464.
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The needs of older adults living in long-term care in Nova Scotia and across Canada are frequently ignored. There is historical precedent for this, as the voices of the poor and vulnerable have been under-represented throughout history. This paper aims to summarize the history of long-term care in Nova Scotia, Canada from its 17th-century origins to the end of the 20th century. The influences of key events, policies and concepts are examined chronologically: the systems implemented in Nova Scotia by French and later British colonists, the movement to delineate between categories of poor, the rise and fall of workhouses, and the development of social welfare legislation in Canada in the 20th century. Additionally, the surprisingly persistent stigmatization of poverty and dependence, and social versus health framing for older adult care, are all discussed. The authors hope that, by reflecting on the evolution of long-term care, this may result in better understanding of why contemporary problems are entrenched in our institutions. Through this understanding, tangible solutions might become more feasible.
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Mazur, Aneta. "„Na Ukrainie za owych dobrych czasów” – „Przed laty. Powieść ukraińska” Paulina Święcickiego." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 20 (December 20, 2020): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.20.13.
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The forgotten work and life of Paulin Święcicki (1841–1876), a writer from Kiev region and active in Galicia, represents a rare, authentic example of Polish‑Ukrainian cultural border. His debut work entitled 'Przed laty. Powieść ukraińska' (1865), despite being an artistic failure, is an interesting link between the heritage of the Romantic 'Ukrainian School' and the historical vision of Polish Borderlands in With fire and sword by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The creation of the 17th‑century reality of Ukrainian grasslands (noble, rural and Cossack existence), battle scenes (fights against the Tatars), romantic‑melodramatic plot – these are all adapted to a unique Ukrainian (not Polish‑centred) perspective. Święcicki’s ‘ukrainism’ is a portrait of Cossack heroism, a picture of enslaving the Ukrainian nation, and a picturesque description of local stories. The eclectic character of the work, which is nostalgically contemplative and in romantic style, as well as journalistically engaged, has an impact on its incoherence, but also makes it original against the background of the Sarmatian‑borderland fiction of those days.
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Arizpe, Evelyn. "Obsidian Knives and High Tech: Latin America in Contemporary Adventures Stories for Young Adults." International Research in Children's Literature 3, no. 2 (December 2010): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2010.0107.
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Adventure fiction set in Latin America remains a largely unexplored territory in children's literature studies. This article examines a group of 21st century young adult novels set in this region and considers the ways in which readers are positioned in relation to the Latin American image repertoire derived from colonial discourse about landscape, culture and inhabitants (Pre-Hispanic civilisations as well as contemporary indigenous and mestizo peoples). It also looks at the juxtaposition of advanced technology and traditional indigenous practices represented in the texts. It argues that despite the persistence of some stereotypes from boys’ popular adventure fiction, the protagonists’ rite of passage experiences in the ‘contact zone’ transform their understanding of the ‘Other,’ leading to a greater social and environmental awareness as well as a questioning of their own values and identity.
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Koczur-Lejk, Klaudia. "Traktaty o czterech ostatecznych rzeczach człowieka w literaturze czeskiej XVI i XVII wieku. Zarys problematyki." Slavica Wratislaviensia 168 (April 18, 2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.168.20.
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Treatises on four ultimate truths about the human condition in 16th and 17th century Czech literature an outline of issuesCzech literature of the 16th and 17th century was for readers of that time an important source of admonishment concerning death and afterlife. Manuals about the art of dying — ars moriendi books — provided ample advice on how to die a “good death”. Besides that, their authors focused also on other issues of ultimate importance for human beings, i.e. death, God’s judgment, heaven and hell. The aim of the treatises was to make readers lead a good life through constant pondering over death and the uncertainty of the soul’s fate in the afterlife. Descriptions of various tortures suffered by the damned in hell were meant to frighten sinners, make them repent and change their lives. Descriptions of heaven, on the other hand, were supposed to lure people into doing good. According to the Catholic dogma, after death, the soul can go to heaven, hell or purgatory. The Protestant Reformation rejected purgatory as wishful human fiction, and returned to a traditional dualistic view of the afterlife. Traktáty o čtyřech posledních věcech člověka v české literatuře 16. a 17. století náčrt problematikyČeská náboženská vzdělávací literatura 16. a 17. století představovala pro čtenáře důležitý zdroj poučení o smrti a posmrtném životě. Příručky šťastného umírání — knihy ars moriendi přinášely rady, jak má dobrá smrt vypadat. Kromě této problematiky se autoři zabývali tématy souvisejícími s posledními věcmi člověka, to je smrtí, božím soudem, peklem a nebem. Cílem traktátů bylo přimět čtenaře k dobrému životu prostřednictvím myšlenky na smrt a nejistý posmrtný osud duše. Líčení pekelných trestů mělo vyvolat u hříšníků hrůzu, přimět je, aby změnili své chování a nastoupili cestu pokání. Popisy ráje měly lákat a přitahovat. Podle katolíků duše po smrti mohla jít do nebe, pekla nebo ji čekal očistěc, kde měla smýt hříchy a poté vstoupit na nebesa. Reformace odmítla učení o očistci, a proto na něm protestanští autoři zdůrazňovali lidský výmysl.
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Myshanych, Yaroslav. "Ukrainian Historiographic Prose of the 18th – the First Half of the 19th century in Assessment of Mykhailo Maksymovych." Слово і Час, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.10.52-58.
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The essay reviews the studies of Mykhailo Maksymovych that deal with the three works of the 18th–19th-century Ukrainian historiography. According to M. Maksymovych, one may classify the syncretic historiographic works within three main types. These are Cossack chronicles of the late 17th – early 18th centuries, journalistic pamphlets of the late 18th century, and historical novels of the mid-19th century. The scholar used different approaches analyzing the works from the mentioned groups (chronicle by Hryhorii Hrabianka, “History of Ruthenians”, and “The Commoners’ Council” by Panteleimon Kulish). The scholarly historiography of the time was not still shaped enough and the works from the field could have features of fiction and research studies simultaneously. The authors, who didn’t understand history as a separate research field, were free of modern limits and could easily use both fictional and research techniques within the same work. The strict critical attitude of the scholar towards the chronicle by Hryhorii Hrabianka changed into tolerant in the case of “History of Ruthenians” and moderate critical in the analysis of “The Commoners’ Council”. M. Maksymovych tried to be objective in covering historical processes and worked hard to develop a scholarly approach in the evaluation of Ukrainian historiographical prose. Maksymovych took into account the specificity of every single work and, based on the ideas of his predecessors and contemporaries, rather accurately defined the proper frames of the scholarly historiography. At the same time, the scholar didn’t deny the value of fictional works based on historical events.
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Laing, Roisín. "Candid Lying and Precocious Storytelling in Victorian Literature and Psychology." Journal of Victorian Culture 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 500–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2016.1233904.
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Abstract By comparing Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess (1905) with contemporaneous psychology and canonical literature, this article suggests that children’s literature complicates our understanding of nineteenth-century discourse about precocity. In much canonical literature of the Victorian period, the precocious child is an agent in a narrative of adult redemption. In Victorian child psychology, childhood storytelling was associated with lying and with moral insanity; adult stories are, implicitly, true by contrast. Both discourses thus reduce the precocious child to the role of agent in the tacit truth of adult stories; many such nineteenth-century scientific and literary studies of precocity are therefore, more essentially, studies of the adult reflected in the precocious child. A Little Princess, in contrast, is concerned with the experiences and perspective of its precocious child protagonist, Sara Crewe. Through this focus on the child herself, A Little Princess suggests that the position of the precocious child in contemporary discourse is a result of the threat she represents to the adult, and to the supposed truth of adult stories. Sara Crewe obviates the moral difference between adults’ stories and children’s stories, and between truth and deceit, upheld in contemporary psychology. She therefore undermines the difference between adult and child which informed debate about precocity in canonical fiction and psychology of the Victorian period. In A Little Princess, this transgression of boundaries is a productive, enabling, and even moral act.
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Gauthier, Patricia. "Réappropriation du jansénisme dans quelques romans français contemporains." Romanica Wratislaviensia 66 (October 4, 2019): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665.66.9.
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JANSENISM REDUX IN SOME CONTEMPORARY FRENCH NOVELS The presence of Jansenism in a number of contemporary novels should lead to questioning the notion of post-secularity rather than illustrating it. The study of three of these novels P. Quignard’s Tous les Matins du monde, L. Salvayre’s La Puissance des mouches and C. Pujade-Renaud’s Le Désert de la Grâce cannot be limited to interpreting them as heralds of a return to religion which some see as a defining feature of post-secularity while others deem it insufficient to define the notion. The analysis of the links between the royal authority and Port-Royal makes it possible to highlight the interest of novelists in the theme of persecution and the resistance of individuals to intolerance, while remaining at a distance from 17th century theological debates. Beyond being a plea for freedom of conscience, these texts put it into perspective in a secularized democratic society that fails to conceive the place of the religious, or to conceive of itself outside that place. Literature thus shows the strength of fiction and art when it comes to considering man’s place in the world.
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ОСІНЧУК, ЮРІЙ. "Церковнослов’янська лексика зі семантикою ‘Бог; Божа особа’ у староукраїнських текстах." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64211.
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The present paper is based on materials of different genres and different styles of Ukrai- nian written monuments of the 16th and the 17th centuries (acts, court documents, wills, deeds, documents of church and school fraternities, chronicles, works of religious, polemi- cal and fiction, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, episto- lary heritage, etc.) which are included in the source database of the Dictionary of Ukrainian language of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and its unique lexical card index, which is stored at the Ukrainian Language Department in the I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). The composition and structural organization of Church Slavonic lexemes meaning ‘God; God’s face’ as well as their origin and history are studied.It was found that the register of this vocabulary included more than fifty phonetic and graphic Church Slavonic elements expressing the concept of ‘God; God’s face’ different in word-forming structure. The main attention is paid to the etymological analysis of the studied tokens, which was primarily to clarify their semantic etymon. It is established that the analyzed Church Slavonicisms are mostly semantic loans from the Greek language, which preserved their semantics from ancient times to the Old Ukrainian period.It is observed that some studied tokens often act as core components of various two-, three-, or four-membered lexicalized phrases. The most active multifunctional core com- ponent was the token Lord. It is established that fixed phrases and phraseologisms are of different types in structure, mostly two-component noun + adjective phrases (sporadically, there are other lexical-grammatical models, too: “noun + noun”, “preposition + adjective”). Much less observable are three-component formations (“noun + verb + pronoun“, “verb + pronoun + noun“) and four-component models (“verb + preposition + pronoun + noun”).It was found that the Church Slavonic words attested in the Ukrainian memos of the 16th and the 17th centuries did not undergo significant semantic changes in the process of formation of religious vocabulary. Some Church Slavonicisms have gone through a partial semantic modification, and some have acquired new semantics due to fixed phrases. Some words that point to God’s face are characterized by polysemy and synonymy.The evolution of the analyzed Church Slavonicisms is different. Some of them have survived to our time and are actively used in the Ukrainian literary language or dialects, while others function only in a special area: in the church practice of the Byzantine rite (Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church).
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Nikolajeva, Maria. "Recent Trends in Children's Literature Research: Return to the Body." International Research in Children's Literature 9, no. 2 (December 2016): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2016.0198.
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Twenty-first-century children's literature research has witnessed a material turn in strong response to the 1990s perception of childhood and the fictional child as social constructions. Cultural theories have generated fruitful approaches to children's fiction through the lenses of gender, class, race and sexual orientation, and psychoanalytically oriented theories have explored ways of representing childhood as a projection of (adult) interiority, but the physical existence of children as represented in their fictional worlds has been obscured by constructed social and psychological hierarchies. Recent directions in literary studies, such as ecocriticism, posthumanism, disability studies and cognitive criticism, are refocusing scholarly attention on the physicality of children's bodies and the environment. This trend does not signal a return to essentialism but reflects the complexity, plurality and ambiguity of our understanding of childhood and its representation in fiction for young audiences. This article examines some current trends in international children's literature research with a particular focus on materiality.
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Ionescu, Corina M. "Openness and Limit in Umberto Eco's The Island of the Day before." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 42, no. 1 (March 2008): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580804200109.
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In his theoretical corpus, Umberto Eco designs the fictional text as “a set of instructions” — a formulation that stresses both its immanent incompleteness, generative of plural meanings, and its limited and limitative scope. The text becomes the locus of communication, but also of struggle, among intentio auctoris, intentio operis, and intentio lectoris. In order to attenuate their mutual tensions, Eco proposes a pragmatic solution: a model of text production and interpretation that, while allowing semantic plurality, limits it through the socially and historically conditioned principle of contextuality. This article focuses on the modalities in which, in accord with the praxis of educare e dilettare, this theoretical argument is dramatized in Eco's postmodern metafiction, The Island of the Day Before. It investigates how the narrative substance becomes the theatre of a dialectical interplay of openness and limit, portraying en abyme the quality of fiction-as- pharmakon (mode of knowing, mode of escape, and in extreme, mode of interpretive paranoia), and suggesting the remedy for “hermetic drift” in the negative form of its transgression. Moreover, it shows how the story of a 17th-century castaway in the South Pacific can be a polemical text, incisive vis-à-vis radical theories of deconstruction.
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Sovtys, Nataliia. "THE PECULIARITIES OF THE UKRAINIAN-POLISH LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL FRONTIER." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (June 30, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.4.
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Prolonged coexistence within a single state, i.e. the Commonwealth of Poland, laid the foundations for the emergence of common cultural and linguistic features along the Ukrainian-Polish borderlands. The article substantiates the peculiarities of the choice of terminology in defining the concepts of “border studies”. Due to the Ukrainian-Polish language contacts, a southern Polish peripheral dialect arose, which was spread over a large territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and formed the literary Polish language with the ethnic Polish dialects, since the effects of borrowing are recorded in the phonetic and morphological language, as well as stimulating of the internal tendencies of language development. During the period of increased polonization, we observe the spread of Ukrainian lexical elements in Polish poetry from the middle of the 16th century, while in the 17th century we can see not only the integration of Ukrainianisms into Polish poetry, but even the Ukrainian language in Polish literature can be singled out. Despite the privileged position and dominance of the Polish culture, a unique situation emerged in the context of Ukrainian-Polish contacts along the borderlands when the subordinated Ukrainian folk culture became an ideological and thematically dominant aspect of Polish fiction, painting and music. Of particular interest is the creativity of Polish poets of the “Ukrainian School”, for whom the traditions of the Ukrainian people were native, so these authors created their national literature from local language material and played a significant role in the spread of Ukrainian elements in Polish literary language.
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Khater, Akram, and Jeffrey Culang. "EDITORIAL FOREWORD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000010.
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How do history and literature create a sense of ethnic or imperial community? And how do social and legal normative and disruptive narratives contribute to drawing the boundaries of such communities? To provide some answers, this issue brings together three articles on “Historicizing Fiction” and two on “Early Safavids and Ottomans.” In the first section, David Selim Sayers's article, “Sociosexual Roles in Ottoman Pulp Fiction,” analyzes “premodern sociosexual roles” in the Ottoman Empire through the Tıfli stories, a form of lowbrow literature that narrates the everyday lives of their protagonists in Ottoman Istanbul. This genre seems to have appeared initially in the 18th century, but it peaked in the early 19th century amidst the expansion of Ottoman commercial printing. As Sayers points out, the early 19th century was also a period that witnessed a major transformation of the sociosexual order of the Middle East, perhaps explaining why the authors of the Tıfli stories reflected on the prior order in their writing. Sayers argues that whereas most sources on this subject are prescriptive and transgressive, seeking to “outline, defend, or undermine sociosexual norms,” the Tıfli stories “portray the conflict that ensues when these norms are compromised in suspenseful yet relatable ways.” Through his analysis of these stories, Sayers blurs the lines between roles such as the boy-beloved, the female adolescent, and the adult male and female pursuer, which in other sources and analyses appear self-contained. Yet he also makes an effort “to advance beyond a definition of the roles towards an understanding of how they were negotiated by subjects of history.”
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Poynter, Elizabeth. "Talking Time in Children’s Adventure Fiction: Which Gender Controls the Discourse?" International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.5p.87.
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It is nowadays widely agreed that gender identity is socially and culturally constructed. This construction is enabled by parental and other adult models, parental treatment, peer pressure and the media. Today television has a powerful impact, but in the mid-twentieth century books were more influential for many children. Did popular children’s fiction of this period merely reflect society’s bipolar gender constructs, or did it in any way challenge these? Whereas folklinguistics would suggest that females are more verbose than males, sociolinguists have found the opposite to be true in many contexts; public discourse such as meetings and the classroom tends to be dominated by males. There have been a number of studies of verbosity in real-life contexts; this cross-disciplinary study of four children’s adventure books examines the discourse to see who is given the most ‘talking time’. It was hypothesised that the authors would be influenced either by the folklinguistic view and give their girls long speech turns, or by the actual discourse they themselves experienced and give the boys the lion’s share. The actual picture that emerges is far more complex, suggesting that while some writers did indeed reflect and support the accepted gender roles of the society in which they wrote, others created discourse which interwove gender, age and personality, with personality the most powerful factor in determining dominance.
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Bifulco, Maurizio, Giuseppe Marasco, Luca Colucci-D’Amato, and Simona Pisanti. "Headaches in the medieval Medical School of Salerno." Cephalalgia 40, no. 8 (February 4, 2020): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102420905317.
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Premise Headaches are a serious public health concern of our days, affecting about 50% of the world’s adult population. However, such a plague is not limited to the modern era, since ancient archaeological, written, religious and cultural evidences testify to countless attempts to face such disorders from medical, neurosurgical, psychological and sociological perspectives. Background Substantially, the Hippocratic and Galenic theories about headache physiopathology remained predominant up to the 17th century, when the vascular theory of migraine was introduced by Thomas Willis and then evolved into the actual neurovascular hypothesis. The medieval Medical School of Salerno, in southern Italy, where the Greco-Roman medical doctrine was deeply affected by the medio-oriental influence, gave particular attention to both prevention and treatment of headaches. Conclusion The texts of the School, a milestone in the literature of medicine, translated into different languages and widespread throughout Europe for centuries, provide numerous useful recipes and ingredients with an actually proven pharmacological efficacy.
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Miralles Pérez, Antonio José. "“Those crazy knight-errants”: ideals and delusions in Arthur Conan Doyle’s portrait of a fourteenth century knight." Journal of English Studies 11 (May 29, 2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2624.
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In The White Company (1891) and Sir Nigel (1906), Arthur Conan Doyle reconstructed the fourteenth century and explored the culture and visions of chivalry. He created many different knights with the intention of dissecting the mind and conduct of this historical type. He was concerned with his human as well as his romantic aspect, and he addressed the conflicts the divergent obligations of external duty and personal aspirations caused. Doyle’s reflections focused on the dreadful and illusory game played by knights like Sir Nigel Loring, the most curious and significant representative of idealistic and delusional chivalry in his medieval fiction. His youth and adult age show the tensions between the two worlds whose paths he must tread. His life is a long struggle for virtue and honour, oscillating between the responsibilities of a nobleman in the days of Edward III and the Hundred Years War and the pursuit of chivalry.
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Nakayama, Don K. "The Development of Total Parenteral Nutrition." American Surgeon 83, no. 1 (January 2017): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300122.
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The first patient to receive complete nourishment of a patient by intravenous infusion independent of the alimentary tract was an infant girl born with near-total small bowel atresia. Total parenteral nutrition, the intravenous infusion of nutrients, has been attempted since Harvey's description of the circulatory system in the early 17th century. The modern era of parenteral nutrition began in the early 20th century, when infusions of glucose, plasma, and emulsified fat into humans proved feasible. Robert Elman, working in the 1930s and 1940s, demonstrated that carefully prepared protein hydrolysates could be safely infused intravenously and incorporated by the body. Stanley Dudrick and Douglas Wilmore, surgeon researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, worked through the many details of preparation, administration, and clinical monitoring in beagle puppies before testing them on adult patients malnourished from a variety of surgical complications and gastrointestinal conditions. They applied their techniques and formulations on a newborn wasting away from congenital absence of the small bowel, the baby growing and developing for several months while being nourished completely by total parenteral nutrition. Their techniques, inspired by patients with progressive malnutrition from devastating intestinal conditions and malformations, form the basis of the practice of intravenous nutrition practiced today.
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Gedeeva, Daria B. "О жанровом многообразии калмыцкой деловой письменности XVII-XIX вв." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1446-1455.
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Introduction. The Kalmyks are one of the few peoples in Russia to have developed a script system of their own centuries ago. Spiritual culture of the ethnos can be traced in numerous original and translated texts of philosophical treatises, medical writings, historical chronicles, grammar essays, diaries of Buddhist pilgrims, fiction, recorded folklore materials, etc. The Kalmyk vertical script was also used for official writing. From the 17th century onwards, in the Lower Volga Kalmyks would expand their knowledge of Russian record keeping procedures (in diplomatic, military and economic contacts), however, adhering to their own writing traditions. Archival materials available attest to that the then genres of Kalmyk official writing were diverse enough, which makes it essential to reveal and investigate some authentic genre samples, classify the latter, identifying certain structural, stylistic, and language features. Goals. So, the paper seeks to essentially and structurally describe the revealed genres. Materials. The work analyzes documents stored by the National Archive of Kalmykia. Conclusions. Current research results indicate in the 17th-19th centuries the Kalmyks did possess a comprehensive official writing system characterized by genre diversity, which makes the introduction of the terms ‘Kalmyk official writing’ and ‘genre of Kalmyk official writing’ reasonable and necessary. The study delineates a number of functional genres, such as cāǰiyin bičiq, zarčim (Cyrillic цааҗин бичг) ‘codes, regulations’, amur yabuxu bičiq (Cyr. амр йовх бичг) ‘letter of discharge’, ayiladxal bičiq (Cyr. әәлдхл бичг) ‘report, dispatch’, erelge (Cyr. эрлһ) ‘petition’, andaγār (Cyr. андһар) ‘vow’, tō (Cyr. то) ‘register’, and the vastest one — bičiq (Cyr. бичг) ‘epistolary message’. However, there are still titles of documents to explore, e.g., bičiq tamaγa (Cyr. бичг тамһ) ‘letter-seal’, elči bičiq (Cyr. элч бичг) ‘letter (to be delivered by) a special messenger’, zarliq (Cyr. зәрлг) ‘order; decree’, etc. In this context, further research of Kalmyk official writing documents can be a priority focus of Mongolian studies. Archival sources are only being discovered, and have not been studied due to large numbers. Thus, the genre structure presented is incomplete and shall definitely be revised or extended.
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Unigwe, Chika. "The Black Messiah: Writing Equiano." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 55, no. 3 (January 7, 2019): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989418816121.
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In this essay, Nigerian author Chika Unigwe discusses the challenges involved in writing the biographical novel The Black Messiah (currently published only in Dutch translation as De zwarte messias), which imaginatively retraces the life of Olaudah Equiano. Unigwe’s first attempt to reimagine Equiano took the form of a children’s book in the late 1990s. This project immediately drew her attention to the two primary, antithetical difficulties of writing biographical fiction: on the one hand, one needs to rely on historical information to recreate the past accurately but, on the other, fiction — being art — cannot impart a great deal of such information without becoming too didactic. Unigwe abandoned this early project but eventually took it up again in the form of an adult novel. Some of her creative choices in writing this book were guided by the imaginative spaces left in Equiano’s autobiography — for example, he hardly mentions his white wife and remains vague about his time as a plantation overseer. This prompted a series of questions for Unigwe to explore: how did a black man experience an interracial marriage in the eighteenth century? How did Equiano handle “stubborn” slaves as an overseer? How could a twenty-first century writer recreate Equiano’s state of mind without judging him by contemporary standards? There were additional challenges too. One pertained to the type of language to be used to recount Equiano’s story, another to the constraints involved in writing about a real figure, many aspects of whose life and death are on the historical record. Ultimately, Unigwe tried to find a balance between fact and fiction, history and imagination, so as to highlight the magnitude of Equiano’s accomplishments, while also exploring him as a human being whose story remains particularly relevant today.
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Bitkeev, P. Ts, and G. S. Bitkeeva. "Cyrillic in the system of written culture traditions of the Kalmyk people." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/22.
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The paper considers the Cyrillic-based Kalmyk writing and is timed to the 95th anniversary of its introduction into practice in 1924. The advantages of this writing are considered in the context of the centuries-old rich tradition of writing culture of the Kalmyk people. First of all, it was the common Mongolian writing with more than one and a half thousand-year history,and “Clear writing” created in the middle of the 17th century. The Kalmyks chose a new script on a Cyrillic basis, leaving their traditional national scripts for socio-cultural, political, and technical reasons. It was impossible to print on a vertical line the merged writing of letters peculiar to traditional writing systems in those years. While using Cyrillic writing, the Kalmyk people, like other peoples of our country, achieved remarkable success in the sphere of educational, cultural, and economic development. The national intelligentsia was formed. Classical works of Russian and foreign fiction, as well as works of oral folk art and new Kalmyk literature, were published in the Kalmyk language. The extensive practice of establishing and using Cyrillic-based writing by the peoples of Russia, including the Kalmyk people, proves the completeness of alphabetic characters, the possibility of combining them for the written transmission of systems of different types of languages and their structural units, as well as the universality of the Cyrillic alphabet.
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Makowska, Kaja. "Young adult literature in translation: The state of research." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 16/4 (December 11, 2019): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2019.4.07.
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The aim of the article is to examine the concept of young adult literature, provide its historical timeframe, identify its key components, and, finally, discuss young adult literature in translation by presenting the state of research on the topic. After analysing the concept of a young adult, the article moves on to provide a brief summary of adolescent fiction’s history, concluding that J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and S. E. Hinton’s The Outsiders largely contributed to the recognition of the genre. The paper mentions characteristic style choices employed by the authors of young adult fiction, the most prominent being the blend of registers or ‘code-switching’ between teen and adult speech, as acknowledged by Penelope Eckert and Chuck Wendig. Code-switching constitutes one of the main translation problems and is discussed at large in two compelling papers on the topic of young adult literature translation, namely Translating Young Adult Literature. The High Circulation Rate of Youth Language and Other Related Translation Problems in “The Catcher in the Rye” and “The Outsiders” by Saskia Tempert and Translating Young Adult Literature: Problems and Strategies. John Green`s “An Abundance of Katherines” by Loana Griguta. Both dissertations analyse the language of adolescent novels (in the twentieth and the twenty first century) and devise a list of strategies dedicated to adequately rendering English source versions into Dutch and Romanian, respectively. These writings indicate a growing interest in the field of young adult literature translation. The article expresses the hope that more scholars will elaborate on the topic.
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Jones, Daintee Glover. "Edith Wharton's Dialogue with Realism and Sentimental Fiction, and: Mothers and Daughters in the Twentieth Century: A Literary Anthology, and: Is it Really Mommie Dearest? Daughter-Mother Narratives in Young Adult Fiction (review)." NWSA Journal 14, no. 2 (2002): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2002.0038.
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Green, Dani, and Angel Daniel Matos. "Right to Read: Reframing Critique: Young Adult Fiction and the Politics of Literary Censorship in Ireland." ALAN Review 44, no. 3 (June 21, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/alan.v44i3.a.6.
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If you briefly peruse the American Library Association’s annual compilation of the “Top Ten Most Frequently Challenged Books,” it would not be farfetched for you to assume that censorship is an act that is nearly exclusive to children’s and young adult (YA) literature. The complex and close relationship between informational suppression and YA fiction should come as no surprise—authority figures and institutions often want to “protect” children and adolescents from ideas and depictions of realities that they consider harmful. At times, these parental and institutional forces outright question teenagers’ competence when it comes to comprehending and thinking through difficult social and literary issues. While YA literature is often susceptible to acts of censorship, is it possible that the very literary traits of this genre might provide us with the critical tools needed to counteract the suppression of information and ideas? To what extent do YA novels articulate ideas and critiques that other genres of literature refuse (or are unable) to discuss? This issue of The ALAN Review is particularly invested in expanding our understanding of YA literature by exploring the stories that can or cannot be told in different contexts, communities, and locations. While an understanding of the acts of censorship that occur in a US context offers us a glimpse into the tensions that arise between ideas, publishers, and target audiences, an examination of censorship in non-US contexts allows us to further understand the historical and cultural foundations that lead to the institutional suppression of knowledge. Additionally, a more global understanding of these issues could push us to understand the ways in which YA fiction thwarts censorship in surprising, unexpected ways. To nuance our understanding of censorship by adopting a more global perspective, I have collaborated with my friend and colleague Dani Green, who offers us an account of contemporary acts of censorship in Ireland and the ways in which Irish YA literature is particularly suited to express ideas that are deemed unspeakable and unprintable. Dani is a scholar of 19th-century British and Irish literature with an interest in issues of modernity, space, and narrative. As an academic who specializes in both historicist and poststructuralist study, Dani is particularly suited to think through the fraught historical and literary situation of contemporary Ireland and the ways in which YA fiction escapes (and perhaps challenges) the pressures of nationalistic censorship and self-censorship. In the following column, she provides us with a brief overview of the past and present state of censorship in Ireland, focusing particularly on how contemporary Irish writers steer away from offering critiques of Ireland’s economic growth during the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. After sharing this historical context, Dani conducts a case study in which she focuses on how Kate Thompson’sYA novel The New Policeman (2005) blends elements from fantasy and Irish mythology to both communicate and critique Ireland’s economic boom. By taking advantage of elements commonly found in YA texts, she argues that Thompson’s The New Policeman enables a cultural critique that is often impossible to achieve in other forms of Irish literature. Dani ultimately highlights the potential of YA fiction to turn censorship on its head through its characteristic implementation of genre-bending, formal experimentation, and disruption of the familiar.
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Bickford, John H. "Abraham Lincoln’s historical representation in children’s literature and young adult trade books." Social Studies Research and Practice 13, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-12-2017-0068.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose History-based trade books have an important and expanding role in various curricula. Contemporary education initiatives urge English and language arts educators to spend half their time on non-fiction and history and social studies teachers to include diverse sources starting in the early grades. Diverse professional organizations annually make financial commitments to promote new trade books. Research indicates misrepresentations abound in history-based trade books, yet few empirical studies have been completed. The purpose of this paper is to research examine the historical representation of Abraham Lincoln, arguably the most consequential nineteenth-century American. Design/methodology/approach Data samples included trade books intended for early grades and middle grades students. These grade ranges were selected because these students have the least prior knowledge and are perhaps most dependent on the text. Qualitative content analysis research methods were employed. Findings Misrepresentations emerged regarding Lincoln’s poverty, actions, motivations for actions, and implications of his actions as seemingly necessary historical content was minimized, vaguely included, or omitted. Findings are juxtaposed across and between selected grade ranges. Practical implications Discussion focused on the significance of findings for teachers and researchers. Teachers are guided to supplement trade books with primary sources to position students to distinguish historical misrepresentations. Originality/value This research builds on previous scholarship on Lincoln-based trade books by expanding grade range, data samples and research questions.
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Metslang, Helle, Külli Habicht, Tiit Hennoste, Anni Jürine, Kirsi Laanesoo, and David Ogren. "Komitatiivi funktsioonidest eri aegade ja registrite eesti kirjakeeles." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2017.8.1.09.
Full textAbstract:
Eesti komitatiiviga väljendatavad koosesinemisfunktsioonid moodustavad võrgustiku, mille keskmes on kaks prototüüpset funktsiooni, KAASNEMINE ja VASTASTIKUSUS. 17.–18. sajandi kirjakeele komitatiivi funktsioonid esindavad KAASNEMISE haru, 20. sajandi materjalis domineerib VASTASTIKUSUS. Komitatiivi funktsioonid on sajandite jooksul järjest laienenud. Tänapäeva kirjakeele materjalis on esindatud nii KAASNEMISE kui ka VASTASTIKUSUSE haru, mõlema kasutustendentsid seostuvad tekstiliigi funktsionaalse ja sisulise eripäraga. Kontaktkeeltest sarnaneb eesti komitatiivi funktsioonivõrgustik enim saksa keele ja vähim soome keele võrgustikuga.Abstract. Helle Metslang, Külli Habicht, Tiit Hennoste, Anni Jürine, Kirsi Laanesoo, David Ogren: Functions of the comitative in different periods and registers of written Estonian. The various types of concomitance expressed by the Estonian comitative form a network, at the center of which are the two prototypical functions of the comitative, ACCOMPANYING and RECIPROCALITY. In the 17th–18th century written language, the comitative primarily expressed ACCOMPANYING and similar meanings, while the RECIPROCALITY function dominates in 20th-century texts. The functions of the comitative have grown broader over time. In more peripheral functions, the comitative even performs the functions of grammatical cases, encoding non-foregrounded core arguments – the semantics of the comitative have become blurred, and the grammatical relations it expresses have become less well defined. In the modern written language, both the COMPANION and the RECIPROCALITY branches are well-represented. Usage tendencies are tied to the functional and contentrelated characteristics of different text types: RECIPROCALITY is particularly common in fiction texts, while print media texts extensively utilize the INSTRUMENT function and often feature phrase-internal comitatives, illustrating their high textual density. In online comment sections the INSTRUMENT function is particularly prominent, while in MSN dialogues the COMPANION function stands out. Among contact languages, the network of functions of the Estonian comitative most closely resembles that of German and least closely resembles that of Finnish.Keywords: comitative; concomitance; variation; register; written language; Estonian
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Mitrović, Dragan. "VIRTUAL REALITY AND ETHICAL NEUTRALITY OF THE VIRTUAL SUBJECTS OF LAW." Facta Universitatis, Series: Law and Politics 15, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fulp1702115m.
Full textAbstract:
The existence of legal reality implies the existence of the subjects of law as the creations of that reality. The law cannot even exist without its subjects. They are conditio sine qua non for the law. First, natural persons had become the subjects of law – although not all of them and not at the same time, and thereafter their creations - legal (moral) persons, also became the subjects of law. In both cases, it is about traditional virtual legal creations. However, as the information and technological developments could not have bypassed contemporary law, more and more frequently and intensively it is being thought about the third type of the subjects of law – virtual characters as the new subjects of law (law avatars). Today, this is not done out of curiosity, but for very practical reasons – i.e. for promoting business communication that is rapidly migrating to the area of computer virtual reality. Such a change requires reconsideration of traditional beliefs and theories about what a subject of law is. It also requires determining the possible legal nature of virtual characters, irrespective of whether it is about virtual natural or legal persons. When it comes to the explanation of their essence, it seems that at this moment the fiction theory is more acceptable than the reality theory, which might prevail sometime, as it had happened with the subjectivity of the legal person at some point in time in the 17th century.
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Jespersen, Mikkel Birk. "Gerrard Winstanleys ikonoklasme som immanent utopi." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 40, no. 114 (December 20, 2012): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v40i114.15702.
Full textAbstract:
GERRARD WINSTANLEY’S ICONOCLASM AS IMMANENT UTOPIA | In this article I analyse the utopian discourse of Gerrard Winstanley as an example of how utopia functions as a social fiction. Winstanley was part of the radical Digger movement in the English Revolution in the mid-17th century, and he has been regarded both as a religious mystic and as a precursor of later communist thinkers. His last published text, The Law of Freedom in a Platform (1652), presents an egalitarian utopian program based on democracy and collective ownership of land. It has been arguedthat this text represents a break from Winstanley’s earlier religious and political writings because of its focus on the institutional framework of the proposed utopian model. I argue, however, that it is generally more productive to focus on the function of utopia and to see utopia as both a figurative and conceptual discourse which combines a deconstruction of ideological contradictions with a production of new sociopolitical representations. This approach allows us to analyse how Winstanley creates a utopian discourse based on a “materialistic” iconoclasm which produces a dynamic, immanent utopia. Rather than being a totalitarian vision, as some have argued, Winstanley’s egalitarian and immanent utopia dismantles the distinction between state and society. Utopia should be seen as a discourse which, through its use of sociopolitical fictions, is able to bring out different sociopolitical dimensionsand potentials of a specific historical conjuncture by articulating the non-realized futures of history.
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Masse, Vincent. "Nouvelles (vraies et fausses) de conversions (vraies et fausses) de monarques étrangers, imprimées en France aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles." Infox, Fake News et « Nouvelles faulses » : perspectives historiques (XVe – XXe siècles), no. 118 (September 10, 2021): 15–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1081081ar.
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Printed news reports circulated, in the 16th and 17th century, which revealed the sudden conversion to Christianity – some were real, but several were invented – of powerful monarchs from abroad. How were such announcements written or invented? Different scenarios existed. There was genuine news, to which were added cosmetic and false details, or sometimes overly enthusiastic interpretations. There was false news, although invented, arguably, to simplify the reporting of real upheavals on the scene of world affairs – such as the entrance on the historical stage of the Safavid dynasty, fantasized in the media as the conversion of Ismail I (in 1508) or Abbas I (in 1606). The strange case of La conversion de trois grands rois [The Conversion of Three Great Kings] helps in distinguishing two falsification mechanisms, or in this case two steps: in 1571, it was the fraudulent mixing of excerpts from genuine Jesuit letters; in 1588, 1608 and 1609, the same news report circulated anew, with all of its dates replaced by current ones. Truth and fiction thus intertwined better than they clashed, and paradoxically at the very time when genuine and current information about Persia, India and Indonesia was starting to circulate in Europe. The existence of such chimerical news also indicates that, as the industry of news reporting was developing, the particular desirability of reports on high-level conversions helped them prevail over other news more genuine, yet less appealing.
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Jasionytė-Mikučionienė, Erika. "On the modal functions of Lithuanian verbs of coming." Kalbotyra 69, no. 69 (January 27, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2016.10369.
Full textAbstract:
The verbs of coming and going as a means of modality have been investigated in a number of languages: Russian (Majsak 2005; Bourdin 2014), Latvian (Wälchli 1996, 2000), Estonian (Penjam 2006), Finnish (Kangasniemi 1992) and others. However, with the exception of some observations made by Wälchli (1996) or Nau (2012), the realization of modality by ‘come’ or ‘go’ verbs in Lithuanian has not been thoroughly examined. Thus, the present paper is concerned with a diachronic as well as synchronic variation pertaining to two Lithuanian verbs of motion that contain the root ‘go’, i.e. pareiti ‘come home, return’ and prieiti ‘approach on foot’ as well as their reflexive counterparts. The article seeks to establish to what extent the verbs under analysis have developed modal meanings in Contemporary Lithuanian as well as the earliest period of the language (16th–17th centuries) and to account for the possible diachronic evolution of modal meanings. It focuses on both qualitative as well as quantitative parameters. The data have been collected from the old written Lithuanian texts (16th–17th centuries) and the corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its subcorpus of fiction texts. The text sample on which the study is based shows that the modal constructions with the Lithuanian verbs of motion based on the root ‘go’ appear in the 16th century. It is only the reflexive forms pareitis(i) (‘PREF-go-REFL’) and prieitis(i) (‘PREF-go-REFL’) that have potential to realise non-epistemic modality: the analysed material did not reveal any instances where non-reflexive forms pareiti and prieiti are used to convey modality. The predominant modal meaning of the reflexive verbs pareitis(i) and prieitis(i) concerns the meaning of participant-external as well as deontic necessity. As for Contemporary Lithuanian, the ‘go’-derived necessive constructions are rather marginal in the contemporary system of modality: the verbs under analysis are more common in spoken Lithuanian or dialects than in written Lithuanian. Moreover, semantic distribution among the reflexive verbs under consideration differs in Old and in Contemporary Lithuanian. Deontic necessity takes the leading position among the reflexive verb pareitis(i) in Old Lithuanian, whereas participant-external necessity predominates among the reflexive verb prisieiti in Contemporary Lithuanian.