Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1820-1844

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic '1820-1844'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "1820-1844"

1

Kucera, R. "Marginalizing Josefina: Work, Gender, and Protest in Bohemia 1820-1844." Journal of Social History 46, no. 2 (November 8, 2012): 430–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shs097.

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Yacou, Alain. "La insurgencia negra en la isla de Cuba en la primera mitad del siglo XIX." Revista de Indias 53, no. 197 (April 30, 1993): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revindias.1993.i197.1149.

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La primera mitad del siglo XIX fue de convulsión en Cuba, debido a repetidos levantamientos de esclavos y cimarrones. El autor trata en este artículo de dar sentido a esos movimientos, diferenciando dos etapas de aproximadamente veinte años de duración; la fase de iniciación (1755-1815) y la de maduración (1820-1844). En cada una de ellas estudia los programas políticos y el contenido ideológico, seleccionando y describiendo los casos más relevantes. En la primera de ellas, es marcada la influencia de la revolución de Santo Domingo, mientras en la segunda se confirman las orientaciones de la anterior, perfilándose los objetivos en un proyecto sedicioso.
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Berland, A. J., S. E. Metcalfe, and G. H. Endfield. "Documentary-derived chronologies of rainfall variability in Antigua, Lesser Antilles, 1770–1890." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 2 (March 25, 2013): 1535–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1535-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first extensive reconstruction of precipitation variability in the Lesser Antilles using historical documentary sources. Over 13 250 items of documentation pertaining to Antigua from the period 1769–1890 were consulted, including missionary, plantation and governmental papers as well as contemporary scholarly publications. Based on the predominant meteorological conditions observed throughout the island, each "rain-year" (December–November) was assigned one of five classifications (very wet, wet, "normal", dry and very dry). Local weather references relating to seven plantations in central-eastern Antigua were grouped according to dry (December–April) and wet seasons (May–November), each of which were also categorised in the aforementioned manner. Results comprise individual island-wide and central-eastern Antiguan chronologies of relative precipitation levels, spanning the rain-years 1769–1770 to 1889–1890 and 1769–1770 to 1853–1854 respectively. The former is compared with available instrumental data for 1870–1890. Significant dry phases are identified in the rain-years 1775–1780, 1788–1791, 1820–1822, 1834–1837, 1844–1845, 1859–1860, 1862–1864, 1870–1874 and 1881–1882, while wet episodes were 1771–1774, 1833–1834, 1837–1838, 1841–1844, 1845–1846 and 1878–1881. Evidence for major wet and dry spells is presented and findings evaluated within wider historical and palaeoclimatic contexts.
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4

Vanel, Chrystal. "Book Reviews: Mark A. Scherer, The Journey of a People: The Era of Restoration, 1820–1844; The Era of Reorganization, 1844–1946; The Era of Worldwide Community, 1946–2015." Mormon Studies Review 4 (January 1, 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18809/msr.2017.0116.

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5

Zimmermann, Carlos Eduardo, Joaquim Olinto Branco, Rosemeri Carvalho Marenzi, and Matheus Allan Kurtz Willrich. "A importância de unidades de conservação na proteção de aves da floresta atlântica frente à fragmentação." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v23n1.15198.

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Due to the few studies in ornithology in the gleba menor of the Sassafras and Canela Preta Biological, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of these Units for the preservation of forest birds. In the field, a monthly quantitative inventory was carried out, covering all seasons and periods of the day. The specimens were identified by sonic and visual evidences using a 7 X 35 mm binocular. The displacement in each area was one hour, carried out by walking at a constant speed (± 3.0 km / h) on pre-existing tracks, covering the largest area and possible environments. For each unit with the area and perimeter values, the form factor was calculated. With a sample effort of 65 and 71 hours of observation for the Canela Preta Biological Reserve and for the gleba menor, it was possible to record 182 and 190 species respectively. The richness in the areas can be considered high when compared to the richness in the greater area in the Sassafras Rebio (3,840 ha), where 237 species were registered. Among the species are those considered endemic, which for the two areas add up to 84 species, such as Lipaugus lanioides (Lesson, 1844). It was possible to record the presence of species characteristic of altitudes such as: Pyrrhocoma ruficeps (Strickland, 1844). Among species of conservation interest we have Amazona vinacea (Kuhl, 1820) considered threatened (EN). The most representative species was the Critically Endangered (CR) Primolius maracana (Vieillot, 1816). For the shape factor we obtained values of 0.21 (Sassafras) and 0.18 (Canela-Preta). Values less than 1 indicate a more circular area and, consequently, less edge effect. From the above, it is evident the importance of these protected areas for the conservation of bird species against the fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina.
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Berland, A. J., S. E. Metcalfe, and G. H. Endfield. "Documentary-derived chronologies of rainfall variability in Antigua, Lesser Antilles, 1770–1890." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (June 25, 2013): 1331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1331-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first extensive reconstruction of precipitation variability in the Lesser Antilles using historical documentary sources. Over 13 250 items of documentation pertaining to Antigua from the period 1769–1890 were consulted, including missionary, plantation and governmental papers as well as contemporary scholarly publications. Based on the predominant meteorological conditions observed throughout the island, each "rain-year" (December–November) was assigned one of five classifications (very wet, wet, "normal", dry and very dry). Local weather references relating to seven plantations in central-eastern Antigua were grouped according to dry (December–April) and wet seasons (May–November), each of which were also categorised in the aforementioned manner. Results comprise individual island-wide and central-eastern Antiguan chronologies of relative precipitation levels, spanning the rain-years 1769–70 to 1889–90 and 1769–70 to 1853–54 respectively. The former is compared with available instrumental data for the years 1870–1890. Significant dry phases are identified in the rain-years 1775–80, 1788–91, 1820–22, 1834–37, 1844–45, 1859–60, 1862–64, 1870–74 and 1881–82, while wet episodes were 1771–74, 1833–34, 1837–38, 1841–44, 1845–46 and 1878–81. Evidence for major wet and dry spells is presented and findings are evaluated within wider historical and palaeoclimatic contexts.
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Siqueira, Joelma Santana. "Personagens nas ruas do Rio de Janeiro do século XIX: uma leitura de A moreninha (1844) e O moço loiro (1845), de Joaquim Manuel de Macedo (1820-1882)." RUA 20, no. 1 (July 3, 2015): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rua.v20i1.8637555.

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O presente artigo analisa a circulação dos personagens pelas ruas do Rio de Janeiro do século XIX nos dois primeiros romances do escritor Joaquim Manuel de Macedo – A moreninha (1844) e O moço loiro (1845). Observa-se que na ficção inaugural do escritor circulavam pelas ruas da cidade os escravos, os homens e os jovens galanteadores. As moças se punham com frequência à janela, pois a rua era um lugar para serem vistas apenas de relance, sempre acompanhadas de familiares ou pessoas amigas. A análise permitiu-nos estabelecer relações com os temas da escravidão, da condição da mulher e da política-jurídica do Império.
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Berkstresser, Jr., C. "Development of The Stratigraphic Column in Kansas." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.t818202v76013716.

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Scientific exploration of what is now Kansas began at the start of the 19th Century. Explorers who touched or crossed present-day Kansas included Lewis and Clark (1804), Pike (1806), Nuttall (1809-1810), Long (1819-1820), Nicollet (1838-1839), and Frémont (1842, 1844, 1845). Their contributions are now of historical interest only. Dr. F. A. Wislizenus crossed the area in 1846 and identified the Carboniferous near present-day Ottawa and the Cretaceous near the great bend of the Arkansas River. F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden in 1856 identified rocks of Tertiary age, probably in north-central Kansas. Maj. Frederick Hawn collected fossils that were identified by Meek as being of Permian age. In 1858 Hawn and G. C. Swallow published just 13 days before Meek and Hayden presented their paper. In the same year Swallow and Hawn presented the first stratigraphic column for Kansas. This column also introduced the term Quaternary, and included Cretaceous, Permian, and Carboniferous; it incorrectly included Triassic but omitted Tertiary. By 1904 C. S. Prosser and J. W. Beede reclassified the Carboniferous rocks near Cottonwood Falls, and identified these as Pennsylvanian. C. E. Siebenthal introduced the term Mississippian in 1907 for rocks in the southeastern corner of the state. He also assumed that rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician ages were present in the subsurface. In southwestern Kansas, outcrops along the Cimarron River have been variously mapped as Cretaceous, Triassic, Jurassic; they now are considered Triassic.
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Gámiz Gordo, Antonio. "La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba. Fuentes gráficas hasta 1850." Al-Qanṭara 40, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2019.005.

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La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba cuenta con un rico legado de imágenes hasta la llegada de la fotografía a mediados del XIX que constituyen una destacada fuente documental para la investigación. Tras una amplia labor de rastreo y localización de dichas imágenes, se aportan referencias sobre sus autores, contexto y técnicas, valorando su fiabilidad o precisión gráfica. Las primeras conocidas corresponden a tiempos cristianos, destacando dos panorámicas urbanas de la segunda mitad del XVI, una de ellas objeto de plagios con una notable difusión en Europa. Los primeros planos a escala del monumento conservados son del XVIII y las primeras vistas interiores de finales de ese siglo. En la primera mitad del XIX se produjeron abundantes imágenes de viajeros y artistas, algunas muy bellas y publicadas con gran éxito editorial. Los documentos gráficos reseñados se presentan agrupados según su autoría y orden cronológico: primeras imágenes simbólicas (desde 1360), Wyngaerde (1567), Civitatis (h. 1585-1617), copias del Civitatis (s. XVII-XVIII), Baldi (1668), óleo anónimo (1741), imágenes esquemáticas (s. XVIII), dibujo colección Vázquez Venegas (1752), planos Académicos (1767-1804), Swinburne (1775-1779), Karwinsky y Rillo (1811), Laborde (h. 1800-1812), Murphy (1802-1813), Bacler d’Able (h. 1820), Taylor (h. 1826-1832), Ford (1831), Lewis (1832-1836), Prangey (1832-1837), Gail (h. 1832-37), Roberts (1833-1839), Dauzats (h. 1836-1838), Chapuy (h. 1838-1842), Villaamil (h. 1838-1844), Bossuet (h. 1841-1855), Gerhardt (h. 1849-1851), Guesdon (1853), Parcerisa (1855) y Los Monumentos Arquitectónicos (h. 1852-1881).
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Krčmar, Stjepan, Daniel Whitmore, Thomas Pape, and Eliana Buenaventura. "Checklist of the Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Croatia, with new records from Croatia and other Mediterranean countries." ZooKeys 831 (March 18, 2019): 95–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.831.30795.

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An updated checklist of Croatian flesh flies is presented based on the literature, on material collected from 2004 to 2017, and on specimens in museum collections. The checklist comprises 22 genera and 148 species (two left unnamed), 105 of which are represented by new Croatian records. Twenty-five species are recorded from Croatia with certainty for the first time:Amobiapelopei(Rondani, 1859),ApodacraseriemaculataMacquart, 1854,Craticulinatabaniformis(Fabricius, 1805),Macronychiastriginervis(Zetterstedt, 1838),Metopiacampestris(Fallén, 1810),MiltogrammabrevipilaVilleneuve, 1911,MiltogrammaibericaVilleneuve, 1912,Miltogrammaoestracea(Fallén, 1820),MiltogrammapunctataMeigen, 1824,Oebalia cylindrica(Fallén, 1810),PhyllotelespictipennisLoew, 1844,Senotainiaconica(Fallén, 1810),Taxigrammahilarella(Zetterstedt, 1844),Taxigrammastictica(Meigen, 1830),Agriamonachae(Kramer, 1908),Nyctialugubris(Macquart, 1843), Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) aurulenta Rohdendorf, 1937, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) batilligera Séguy, 1941, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) plumicornis (Zetterstedt, 1859), Sarcophaga (Helicophagella) okaliana (Lehrer, 1975), Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) amita Rondani, 1860, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) ancilla Rondani, 1865, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pseudobenaci (Baranov, 1942), Sarcophaga (Myorhina) lunigera Böttcher, 1914 and Sarcophaga (Stackelbergeola) mehadiensis Böttcher, 1912.Taxigrammahilarella,Nyctialugubris,Agriamonachae, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) aurulenta and Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) amita are recorded from Southeast Europe with certainty for the first time. The species Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) hennigi Lehrer, 1978 is omitted from the list, as previous records from Croatia are shown to be based on an erroneous synonymy withSarcophaganovakiBaranov, 1941 (= Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica Baranov, 1941). Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) rufipes (Macquart, 1839) could not be confirmed from Croatia and is not included in the checklist. Three new synonymies are proposed:GolaniaLehrer, 2000 =ThyrsocnemaEnderlein, 1928,syn. nov., Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) kovatschevitchi Strukan, 1970 = Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) marshalli Parker, 1923,syn. nov., and Sarcophagasubvicinassp.novaki Baranov, 1941 = Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica Baranov, 1941,syn. nov.As part of an effort to update the European distributions of all Croatian species, the following new national and regional records are also provided:Miltogrammabrevipila,MiltogrammataeniataMeigen, 1824 and Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) new to Greece; Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) harpax Pandellé, 1896 and Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica new to Italy (respectively mainland and mainland and Sicily);Miltogrammaibericanew to Bulgaria and Sardinia;Pterellaconvergens(Pandellé, 1895) new to mainland Italy and Sicily;Nyctialugubrisnew to mainland Italy and Sardinia; Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) litoralis (Villeneuve, 1911) new to Sardinia and thus confirmed for Italy;Apodacraseriemaculata,Macronychiastriginervis,Protomiltogrammafasciata(Meigen, 1824) and Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) ungulata (Pandellé, 1896) new to Sardinia and Sicily;MacronychiadoliniVerves & Khrokalo, 2006,Macronychiapolyodon(Meigen, 1824),Metopiaargyrocephala(Meigen, 1824),Senotainiaalbifrons(Rondani, 1859),Taxigrammamultipunctata(Rondani, 1859),Taxigrammastictica, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) unicolor (Villeneuve, 1912) and Sarcophaga (Helicophagella) agnata Rondani, 1860 new to Sardinia;Metopodiapilicornis(Pandellé, 1895),Miltogrammaoestracea,MiltogrammarutilansMeigen, 1824,Nyctiahalterata(Panzer, 1798), Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) lapidosa Pape, 1994 and Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) plumicornis new to Sicily.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1820-1844"

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Cerqueira, Rodrigo 1980. "Educação pela máscara : literatura e ideologia burguesa no Brasil (1844-1856)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269981.

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Orientador: Francisco Foot Hardman
Tese (doutorador) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T06:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cerqueira_Rodrigo_D.pdf: 1297838 bytes, checksum: 59ecbe7fd91604ff9043f4d00262cebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Nessa tese eu tento explicar uma mudança formal importante no primeiro romance de Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, aquele que ele escreveu entre os anos 1844 e 1855, antes de abandonar o gênero por uma década. A meu ver, o que acontece é uma progressiva desfuncionalização da "extravagância" - termo mais do que comum nos seus livros -, que servia para caracterizar uma juventude inserida numa nova sociabilidade, mais moderna, que o país passou a viver após 1808 e, principalmente, 1822. Marcados que eram por uma polarização geracional - jovens com suas novas atitudes, de um lado, e velhos um tanto receosos dessas mudanças, do outro -, a desfuncionalização acaba por roubar o protagonismo real daqueles jovens e atribuí-los aos velhos, um movimento de que Vicentina (1853) talvez seja o melhor exemplo. Na esteira de Franco Moretti, para quem a literatura é uma das maneiras pelas quais atribuímos sentido a processos de transformações históricas, leio esse deslocamento na esteira da injunção conservadora por que passa o país nesse período: um momento que acaba por atribuir uma importância muito grande a uma autoridade centralizadora. Como resultado, o romance brasileiro atinge, em meados dos anos 1850, é um impasse formal: não há mais como Macedo reduzir o espaço dos jovens sem que isso signifique uma completa substituição dessa função literária; ou seja, sem que o protagonismo passasse efetivamente para os mais velhos, transformando o romance brasileiro no depositário de uma tradição abertamente anti-moderna. Uma perspectiva, a meu ver, nada atraente para uma nação recém-emancipada e desejosa de fazer parte do concerto do mundo
Abstract: In this PhD dissertation I try to explain an important formal change in Joaquim Manuel de Macedo's first novels, which were written between 1844 and 1855, before he abandoned the genre for almost a decade. What occurred was a progressive de-functionalization of "extravagance" - a very common expression in his books -, that was used to portray a youth inscribed in a new kind of sociability, more modern, which Brazil experienced after 1808 and mainly after 1822. As those narratives were composed according to a generational opposition - young characters behaving in accordance with a new set of rules, on one side; and the old ones a bit apprehensive about these changes, on the other -, that defunctionalization ended up stifling the real protagonism of the youth, a process of which Vicentina (1853) may be the best example. Following the steps of Franco Moretti, for whom literature is one of the ways we use to master and to understand historical changes, I read that process in the light of a conservative shift that occurred in that period: a moment which ascribed a major importance to a centralized authority. As a result, the Brazilian novel reached, around 1850's, a formal impasse: Macedo could not reduce even more the space assigned to the youth without modifying its literary function; in other words, without giving the protagonism of the narrative to the older characters, transforming the Brazilian novel into a depository of an openly anti-modern world view. This is not an attractive perspective to a nation recently emancipated and anxious to be a part of the "civilized" world
Doutorado
Literatura Brasileira
Doutor em Teoria e História Literária
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Books on the topic "1820-1844"

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Beverly, Trevia Wooster. Blount County, Alabama, marriages, 1820-1844. Houston, Tex: Tejas Publications & Research, 1988.

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Gorin, Sandra Kaye Laughery. Barren Co., Kentucky road book, 1820-1844: With supplemental bridge plans and blueprints, 1820-1844. [Glasgow, Ky.]: S.K. Gorin, 1990.

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Hensel, Fanny Mendelssohn. Lieder ohne Namen: 1820-1844 : ausgewählte Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier. Kassel: Furore, 2003.

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The journey of a people: The era of restoration, 1820 to 1844. Independence, Mo: Herald Pub. House, 2008.

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Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations 1820-1844. Byu Studies, 2017.

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Welch, John W. Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations, 1820-1844 (Documents in Latter-Day Saint History). Brigham Young University Press, 2005.

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Dubois, O. W. Een vriendschap in Reveilkring: De omgang tussen Isaac da Costa en Willem de Clercq (1820-1844). J.J. Groen en Zoon, 1997.

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Oliver Holden (1765-1844) : Selected Works (Music of the New American Nation: Sacred Music from 1780 to 1820, Volume 13). Routledge, 1997.

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Bartolomeo Pacca (1756-1844): Ruolo pubblico e privato di un cardinale di Santa Romana Chiesa : atti delle giornate di studio, Velletri, 24-25 marzo 2000 : con Editto sopra le antichità e gli scavi (1820); Regolamento per le Commissioni di belle arti (1821). Velletri (Roma): Blitri, 2001.

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Claudia, Zaccagnini, ed. Bartolomeo Pacca (1756-1844): Ruolo pubblico e privato di un cardinale di Santa Romana Chiesa : atti delle giornate di studio, Velletri, 24-25 marzo 2000 : con Editto sopra le antichità e gli scavi (1820); Regolamento per le Commissioni di belle arti (1821). Velletri (Roma): Blitri, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "1820-1844"

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"THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM 1820-1844." In Friedrich Engels, 15–56. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203041581-6.

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McKimmon, Eric G. "The Secession and United Presbyterian Churches." In The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II, 376–89. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0026.

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This chapter examines the work of theologians in the United Secession (1820–47) and United Presbyterian Church (1847–1900). Three significant thinkers were Henry Calderwood, (1830–97), John Cairns (1818–92), and James Orr (1844–1913). With others, these theologians addressed the relation of the Secession Churches to Calvinist orthodoxy, they promoted the cause of Church reunion, and they sought to provide an appropriate apologia for faith in the changing intellectual culture of the nineteenth century. Over the period of a century, a coherent vision emerged of a via media, or liberal conservatism, that became an enduring facet of the Secession traditions. A sub-narrative concerns James Morison who was deposed from the United Secession ministry in 1841 because of his views on the universality of the atonement. Morison’s Arminian theology was novel in Calvinist Scotland, but it proved to be a template for later evangelical developments.
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Hingley, Richard. "‘The Roman occupation of Britain and our own occupation of India’." In The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586-1906. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199237029.003.0009.

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The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were a time of significant social change, with the industrialization of society and a massive increase in population, but there was no sudden transformation of ideas about Roman Britain. During this period, significant new archaeological finds came to light as a result of development associated with the industrialization of society, including the excavation of quarries, the construction of sewers, canals, and railways, while deep ploughing located further buried remains in the countryside. Writing in 1849, Charles Tucker suggested that the scale of development since the mid 1820s had contributed ‘so extensively to more certain knowledge of the habits and manners of the early occupants’ of Britain. Improvements in public transport resulted in a wider popular interest in the past, with the creation of national and regional archaeological societies, including the British Archaeological Association, which held its first meeting in 1844. These new organizations held meetings at which antiquaries could discuss archaeological discoveries, while the published proceedings disseminated knowledge. The realization of the antiquity of the human race brought about a serious and sustained challenge to the biblical story of creation during the middle of the nineteenth century. Gradually, with the developing knowledge of geology, ‘prehistory’ was seen to represent a great depth of time and this made it possible to conceive of a chronologically based understanding of the ‘primeval’ past. Understandings of Roman Britain, however, were slower to change, since they were based on more firmly established roots derived from centuries of study of classical texts, artefacts, and sites. Nevertheless, important discoveries helped to formulate new ideas. The period from the 1780s to 1820 was highly significant with the impressive architectural remains discovered at Bath and at a number of Roman villa sites, demonstrating the wealth of some elements of society in Roman southern Britain. The context for reflection upon these archaeological remains was transformed through the actions of British collectors in the Eastern Mediterranean who, from the 1840s, brought home classical monuments and artefacts for display in the British Museum. A renewed focus of interest in ‘the Roman Wall’ developed in the mid nineteenth century, while significant new work was undertaken on the buried Roman remains at London, Cirencester, Silchester, and Verulamium.
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Porter, Theodore M. "The Errors of Art and Nature." In The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900, 97–115. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes the law of facility of errors. All the early applications of the error law could be understood in terms of a binomial converging to an exponential, as in Abrahan De Moivre's original derivation. All but Joseph Fourier's law of heat, which was never explicitly tied to mathematical probability except by analogy, were compatible with the classical interpretation of probability. Just as probability was a measure of uncertainty, this exponential function governed the chances of error. It was not really an attribute of nature, but only a measure of human ignorance—of the imperfection of measurement techniques or the inaccuracy of inference from phenomena that occur in finite numbers to their underlying causes. Moreover, the mathematical operations used in conjunction with it had a single purpose: to reduce the error to the narrowest bounds possible. With Adolphe Quetelet, all that began to change, and a wider conception of statistical mathematics became possible. When Quetelet announced in 1844 that the astronomer's error law applied also to the distribution of human features such as height and girth, he did more than add one more set of objects to the domain of this probability function; he also began to break down its exclusive association with error.
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