Academic literature on the topic '1827-1916'

On the basis of nrDNA ITS sequences and plastid markers (rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer), Banasiak et al. (2016) reconstructed the phylogeny of all the genera belonging to the subtribe Daucinae Dumortier (1827: 81), showing that the former tribe Laserpitieae Bentham in Bentham & Hooker (1867: 872) constitutes a paraphyletic grade at the base of the spiny-fruited members of Daucinae, while the traditionally delimited genera Daucus Linnaeus (1753: 242) and Laserpitium Linnaeus (1753: 248) are polyphyletic. The same authors proposed to maintain Daucus as monophyletic synonymizing several names at genus level, while Laserpitium was splitted into 5 genera—Laserpitium s.str. (now including only 6 species), Ekimia Duman & Watson (1999: 200), Laser Borkhausen ex Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius (1799: 244, 384), Siler Miller (1754: without pagination), Silphiodaucus (Koso-Poljansky 1916: 211) Spalik, Wojewódska, Banasiak, Piwczyński & Reduron in Banasiak et al. (2016: 578), and Thapsia Linnaeus (1753: 261)—and nomenclatural changes were proposed (Banasiak et al. 2016).

The genus Ulmus Linnaeus (1753: 225) is a frequent forest tree in many parts of the northern hemisphere. Because of its great economic importance (Heybroek 2015), it has attracted the attention of many botanists. Although the genus is small (no more than 40 species; Sherman-Broyles 1997, Fu et al. 2004) and shows limited morphological variation, a surprising number of infrageneric taxa have been described. Recognition of infrageneric taxa began with the early work of Dumortier (1827) and continued with monographs by two authors in the mid-nineteenth century (Spach 1841a, 1841b, Planchon 1848), followed by several studies in the twentieth century (Moss 1914, Schneider 1916, Grudzinskaya 1974, Fu et al. 1979, Richens 1983). Most recently, Wiegrefe et al. (1994) have supported parts of the traditional classifications, but indicated the necessity of breaking up the traditional Ulmus subg. Microptelea (Spach) Planch., often defined to include all fall-flowering elms but clearly not natural in this sense.

ABSTRAK Latarbelakang : Masalah gizi pada balita masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat (public health problem) jika prevalensi pendek(stunting) >20%. Prevalensi stunting secara umum didunia juga termasuk pada masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena masih sebesar 26% (WHO, 2012). Secara nasional prevalensi stunting pada balita di Indonesia adalah 37,2%. Hal ini berarti bahwa masalah gizi di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius Sementara proporsi balita stunting 48,2% di Provinsi NTT termasuk masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang kritis (Riskesda 2013). Tujuan : Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan stunting anak 6 – 24 bulan di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan potong lintang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sembilan wilayah kecamatan Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Data konsumsi makanan baduta diperoleh melalui recall konsumsi, sedangkan data lainnya diperoleh melalui kuisioner oleh tenaga enumerator. Analisis zat gizi pada makanan menggunakan food processor 2 (FP2). Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah chi-Square Hasil : Jumlah responden yang diteliti sebanyak 3480 anak, yang stunting dan severe stunting sebanyak 1416 anak (40,7%), sebagian besar adalah laki-laki sebanyak 1870 anak (53,7%), untuk umur 12 - 24 bulan sebanyak 1916 anak (55,1%), dimana hasil uji chi square signifikan p < 0,05. Pendidikan ibu dan bapak masing-masing 1827 orang (52,5%) dan 1754 orang (50,4%) berpendidikan dasar tidak tamat dan tamat SMP dengan pekerjaan yang mayoritas petani ibu(83,3%) dan bapak (65,0%), sosial ekonomi sebagian besar tergolong rendah (83,5%). TB ibu bermakna secara signifikan (p = 0,000) begitupun dengan paritas dan jarak kelahiran diperoleh hasil uji chi-square bermakna secara signifikan p < 0,005, sementara memberikan ASI Eksklusif hanya 596 orang (17,1%) Kebutuhan zat gizi tidak mencapai Recommended dieatery allowanced (RDA) <80% AKG, asupan energy (90,3%), protein (82,6%), Lemak (97,9%) dan KH (82,0%). Riwayat penyakit diare (17,4%), demam (32,6%), sesak (2,3%), batuk (31,0%) dan beringus (29,2%) dan hasil uji chi-square hanya demam yang bermakna dengan p = 0,016. Hasil logictic regresi diperoleh faktor jenis kelamin dan tinggi ibu yang paling berhubungan dengan status gizi stunting. Kesimpulan: faktor determinan stunting adalah usia anak, jenis kelamin, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, tinggi ibu, paritas, jarak kelahiran, asupan protein dan riwayat penyakit demam. Kata Kunci : Stunting, anak usia 6 -24 bulan

The Tachinidae (Diptera) of Chile are catalogued and information is given on distributions, name-bearing types, synonyms, nomenclatural issues, and pertinent literature. The history of tachinid collectors in Chile and authors who have contributed to the systematic knowledge of Chilean tachinids is extensively reviewed. The classification has been updated and 122 genera and 264 species are recognised in Chile. There is a significant amount of endemism with 28 genera and 100 species known only from Chile. There are also 113 species with distributions shared only between Chile and Argentina, particularly in the southern portions of these countries comprising Patagonia. The catalogue is based on examination of the original descriptions of all nominal species and all other references known to us containing relevant taxonomic and distributional information, for a total of approximately 450 references. Many of the name-bearing types and other Chilean specimens housed in collections were examined. Taxa are arranged hierarchically and alphabetically under the categories of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus (where recognised), and species. Nomenclatural information is provided for genus-group and species-group names, including lists of synonyms (mostly restricted to Neotropical taxa) and name-bearing type data. Species distributions are recorded by country within the New World and by larger geographical divisions in the Old World. Additional information is given in the form of notes and references under valid names at the level of tribe, genus, and species. Two genera are newly recorded from Chile: Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Tachinini) (also newly recorded from Argentina) and Patelloa Townsend, 1916 (Goniini). Four species are newly recorded from Chile or other countries: Lypha ornata Aldrich, 1934 (Chile); Chaetoepalpus coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Argentina and Chile); Phytomyptera evanescens (Cortés, 1967) (Argentina); and Xanthobasis unicolor Aldrich, 1934 (Chile). Eight species previously recorded from Chile are deemed to have been misidentified or misrecorded from Chile (known distributions in parentheses): Archytas incertus (Macquart, 1851) (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay); Archytas seminiger (Wiedemann, 1830) (Brazil, Colombia); Gonia crassicornis (Fabricius, 1794) (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Middle America, West Indies, Nearctic); Lespesia andina (Bigot, 1888) (Cuba); Lespesia archippivora (Riley, 1871) (widespread Nearctic and most of Neotropical); Neoethilla ignobilis (van der Wulp, 1890) (Mexico, United States); Siphona (Siphona) geniculata (De Geer, 1776) (Palaearctic, Nearctic [introduced]); and Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius, 1794) (Palaearctic, Nearctic, Oriental]. As First Reviser we fix Paratheresia rufiventris Townsend, 1929 as the senior homonym and Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929 as the junior homonym when the two are placed together in Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and we fix Mayophorinia angusta Townsend, 1927 as the senior homonym and Metarrhinomyia angusta Townsend, 1927 as the junior homonym when the two are placed together in Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889. New replacement names are proposed for eight preoccupied names of Neotropical species (country of type locality in parentheses): Billaea rufescens O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genus Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 by Paratheresia rufiventris Townsend, 1929 (Peru), nom. nov.; Billaea triquetrus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sarcoprosena triangulifera Townsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genus Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 by Dexia triangulifera Zetterstedt, 1844 (Peru), nom. nov.; Eucelatoria nudioculata O’Hara &amp; Wood for Eucelatorioidea nigripalpis Thompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genus Eucelatoria Townsend, 1909 by Chetolyga nigripalpis Bigot, 1889 (Trinidad), nom. nov.; Eucelatoria oblonga O’Hara &amp; Wood for Urodexodes elongatum Cortés &amp; Campos, 1974, preoccupied in the genus Eucelatoria Townsend, 1909 by Exorista elongata van der Wulp, 1890 (Chile), nom. nov.; Lespesia thompsoni O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sturmiopsoidea obscura Thompson, 1966, preoccupied in the genus Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 by Eurigaster obscurus Bigot, 1857 (Cuba), nom. nov.; Myiopharus charapensis O’Hara &amp; Wood for Metarrhinomyia angusta Townsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Mayophorinia angusta Townsend, 1927 (Peru), nom. nov.; Myiopharus incognitus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Stenochaeta claripalpis Thompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Neoxynopsoidea claripalpis Thompson, 1968 (Trinidad), nom. nov.; and Myiopharus rufopalpus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Paralispe palpalis Townsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Myioxynops palpalis Townsend, 1927 (Peru), nom. nov. New type species fixations are made under the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of the ICZNCode for three genus-group names: Parafabricia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1894 (synonym of Archytas Jaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed as Parafabricia perplexa Townsend, 1931; Tachinodes Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym of Archytas Jaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed as Jurinia metallica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and Willistonia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), type species newly fixed as Willistonia aldrichi Townsend, 1931. Lectotypes are designated for the following four nominal species, all described or possibly described from Chile: Echinomyia pygmaea Macquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genus Peleteria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Gonia chilensis Macquart, 1844 (a junior synonym of Gonia pallens Wiedemann, 1830); Masicera auriceps Macquart, 1844 (a valid name in the genus Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863); and Prosopochoeta nitidiventris Macquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genus Prosopochaeta Macquart, 1851). The following 27 new or revived combinations are proposed (distributions in parentheses): Blepharipeza andina Bigot, 1888 is moved to Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 as L. andina, nomen dubium (Cuba), comb. nov.; Camposodes evanescens Cortés, 1967 is moved to Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845 as P. evanescens (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Ectophasiopsis ypiranga Dios &amp; Nihei, 2017 is moved to Trichopoda Berthold, 1827 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908 as T. (G.) ypiranga (Argentina, Brazil), comb. nov.; Embiomyia australis Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Steleoneura Stein, 1924 as S. australis (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Eurigaster modestus Bigot, 1857 is moved to Lespesia as L. modesta (Cuba), comb. nov.; Eurigaster obscurus Bigot, 1857 is moved to Lespesia as L. obscura (Cuba), comb. nov.; Macropatelloa tanumeana Townsend, 1931 is moved to Patelloa Townsend, 1916 as P. tanumeana (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Masicera insignis van der Wulp, 1882 is moved to Drino Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 as D. insignis (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Parasetigena hichinsi Cortés, 1967 is moved to Chetogena Rondani, 1856 as C. hichinsi (Chile), comb. nov.; Parasetigena porteri Brèthes, 1920 and junior synonym Stomatotachina splendida Townsend, 1931 are moved to Chetogena as C. porteri (Chile), both comb. nov.; Phorocera calyptrata Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 as A. calyptrata (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Poliops auratus Campos, 1953 is moved to Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 as A. aurata (Chile), comb. nov.; Poliops striatus Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Admontia as A. striata (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Ruiziella frontosa Cortés, 1951 is moved to Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 and placed in synonymy with C. coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Argentina, Chile, Peru), comb. nov.; Ruiziella luctuosa Cortés, 1951 is moved to Chaetoepalpus as C. luctuosus (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena luteola Cortés &amp; Campos, 1974 is moved to Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 as B. luteola (Chile), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929 is moved to Billaea where it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamed B. rufescens O’Hara &amp; Wood (Peru), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena triangulifera Townsend, 1927 is moved to Billaea where it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamed B. triquetrus O’Hara &amp; Wood (Peru),comb. nov.; Saundersia aurea Giglio-Tos, 1893 is moved to “Unplaced species of Tachinini” (Mexico), comb. nov.; Schistostephana aurifrons Townsend, 1919 is moved to Billaea as B. aurifrons (Peru), comb. nov.; Siphoactia charapensis Townsend, 1927 is moved to Clausicella Rondani, 1856 as C. charapensis (Peru), comb. nov.; Siphoactia peregrina Cortés &amp; Campos, 1971 is moved to Clausicella as C. peregrina (Chile), comb. nov.; Sturmia festiva Cortés, 1944 is moved to Drino as D. festiva (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Sturmiopsoidea obscura Thompson, 1966 is moved to Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, where it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamed L. thompsoni O’Hara &amp; Wood (Trinidad), comb. nov.; Trichopoda arcuata Bigot, 1876 is returned to Trichopoda from Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Chile), comb. revived; and Trichopoda gradata Wiedemann, 1830 is returned to Trichopoda from Ectophasiopsis and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay), comb. revived. New or revived generic and specific synonymies are proposed for the following 14 names: Camposodes Cortés, 1967 with Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845, syn. nov.; Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 with Trichopoda Berthold, 1827, subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908, syn. nov.; Embiomyia Aldrich, 1934 with Steleoneura Stein, 1924, syn. nov.; Fabricia andicola Bigot, 1888 with Peleteria robusta (Wiedemann, 1830), syn. revived; Macropatelloa Townsend, 1931 with Patelloa Townsend, 1916, syn. nov.; Peleteria inca Curran, 1925 with Peleteria robusta (Wiedemann, 1830), syn. revived; Poliops Aldrich, 1934 with Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Ruiziella Cortés, 1951 with Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940, syn. nov.; Ruiziella frontosa Cortés, 1951 with Chaetoepalpus coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940, syn. nov.; Sarcoprosena Townsend, 1927 with Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, syn. nov.; Schistostephana Townsend, 1919 with Billaea, syn. nov.; Siphoactia Townsend, 1927 with Clausicella Rondani, 1856, syn. nov.; Stomatotachina Townsend, 1931 with Chetogena Rondani, 1856, syn. nov.; and Sturmiopsoidea Thompson, 1966 with Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, syn. nov.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). Indo-English Literature in the Nineteenth Century, Mysore: Literary Half-yearly, University of Mysore, University of Mysore Press. Amanuddin, Syed. (2016 [1990]). “Don’t Call Me Indo-Anglian”. C. D. Narasimhaiah (Ed.), An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry. Bengaluru: Trinity Press. B A (Compiler). (1883). Indo-Anglian Literature. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. PDF. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rByZ2RcSBTMC&pg=PA1&source= gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false ---. (1887). “Indo-Anglian Literature”. 2nd Issue. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. PDF. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60238178 Basham, A L. (1981[1954]). The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims. Indian Rpt, Calcutta: Rupa. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/TheWonderThatWasIndiaByALBasham Bhushan, V N. (1945). The Peacock Lute. Bomaby: Padma Publications Ltd. Bhushan, V N. (1945). The Moving Finger. Bomaby: Padma Publications Ltd. Boria, Cavellay. (1807). “Account of the Jains, Collected from a Priest of this Sect; at Mudgeri: Translated by Cavelly Boria, Brahmen; for Major C. Mackenzie”. Asiatick Researches: Or Transactions of the Society; Instituted In Bengal, For Enquiring Into The History And Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia, 9, 244-286. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104510 Chamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary [The]. (1971). Bombay et al: Allied Publishers. Print. Chatterjee, Dilip Kumar. (1989). Cousins and Sri Aurobindo: A Study in Literary Influence, Journal of South Asian Literature, 24(1), 114-123. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/40873985. Chattopadhyay, Dilip Kumar. (1988). A Study of the Works of James Henry Cousins (1873-1956) in the Light of the Theosophical Movement in India and the West. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Burdwan: The University of Burdwan. PDF. 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Modak, Cyril (Editor). (1938). The Indian Gateway to Poetry (Poetry in English), Calcutta: Longmans, Green. PDF. Retrieved from http://en.booksee.org/book/2266726 Mohanty, Sachidananda. (2013). “An ‘Indo-Anglian’ Legacy”. The Hindu. July 20, 2013. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/an-indoanglian-legacy/article 4927193.ece Mukherjee, Sujit. (1968). Indo-English Literature: An Essay in Definition, Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English. Eds. M. K. Naik, G. S. Amur and S. K. Desai. Dharwad: Karnatak University. Naik, M K. (1989 [1982]). A History of Indian English Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, rpt.New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles [The], (1993). Ed. Lesley Brown, Vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Naik, M K. (1989 [1982]). A History of Indian English Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, rpt. Oaten, Edward Farley. (1953 [1916]). Anglo-Indian Literature. In: Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. 14, (pp. 331-342). A C Award and A R Waller, (Eds). Rpt. ---. (1908). A Sketch of Anglo-Indian Literature, London: Kegan Paul. PDF. Retrieved from: https://ia600303.us.archive.org/0/items/sketchofangloind00oateuoft/sketchofangloind00oateuoft.pdf) Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. (1979 [1974]). A. S. Hornby (Ed). : Oxford UP, 3rd ed. Oxford English Dictionary [The]. Vol. 7. (1991[1989]). J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, (Eds.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd ed. Pai, Sajith. (2018). Indo-Anglians: The newest and fastest-growing caste in India. Web. Retrieved from: https://scroll.in/magazine/867130/indo-anglians-the-newest-and-fastest-growing-caste-in-india Pandia, Mahendra Navansuklal. (1950). The Indo-Anglian Novels as a Social Document. Bombay: U Press. Payn, James. (1880). An Indo-Anglian Poet, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 246(1791):370-375. PDF. 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(Eds.) (1997). The Vintage Book of Indian Writing 1947 – 1997. London: Vintage. Sampson, George. (1959 [1941]). Concise Cambridge History of English Literature [The]. Cambridge: UP. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.18336. Sarma, Gobinda Prasad. (1990). Nationalism in Indo-Anglian Fiction. New Delhi: Sterling. Singh, Kh. Kunjo. (2002). The Fiction of Bhabani Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. (2012). How to Read a ‘Culturally Different’ Book. An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Sturgeon, Mary C. (1916). Studies of Contemporary Poets, London: George G Hard & Co., Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95728. Thomson, W S (Ed). (1876). Anglo-Indian Prize Poems, Native and English Writers, In: Commemoration of the Visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to India. London: Hamilton, Adams & Co., Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/ books?id=QrwOAAAAQAAJ Wadia, A R. (1954). The Future of English. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. Wadia, B J. (1945). Foreword to K R Srinivasa Iyengar’s The Indian Contribution to English Literature. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/ details/indiancontributi030041mbp Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. (1989). New York: Portland House. Yule, H. and A C Burnell. (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. W. Crooke, Ed. London: J. Murray. 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Cette thèse porte sur la carrière et la pensée de l'artiste canadien-français Napoléon Bourassa (1827-1916), qui s'est fait connaître à titre de peintre, architecte, critique d'art, écrivain et enseignant. Cette étude cherche à retracer la position intellectuelle adoptée et le rôle culturel joué par Bourassa dans la société montréalaise de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. De façon plus spécifique, cette thèse vise l'évaluation de la contribution artistique, pédagogique et théorique de l'artiste à la vie culturelle montréalaise entre 1855 et 1890. Le plan de la thèse comprend deux parties principales, qui témoignent de deux étapes distinctes dans la carrière de l'artiste. La première partie de la thèse porte sur les quinze premières années (1855-1869) de la carrière de Bourassa, après un séjour d'études en Europe. À cette époque d'effervescence culturelle, les associations et les bibliothèques publiques se multiplient, le domaine de l'instruction publique connaît des réformes importantes, alors que plusieurs nouveaux périodiques paraissent. Les deux chapitres constituant cette section illustrent la participation de Bourassa à différentes entreprises culturelles et ses liens avec les autres intellectuels montréalais de la période. Le premier chapitre aborde les débuts de l'artiste dans la sphère culturelle montréalaise, en examinant sa contribution au mouvement associatif, sa production littéraire et sa participation au développement du milieu de l'art. Cette analyse montre que Bourassa prend part à un réseau d'intellectuels francophones voué à l'essor et à la promotion d'une culture canadienne-française basée sur le sentiment nationaliste et la religion catholique. Le chapitre deux étudie les diverses facettes de sa carrière dans le domaine artistique, soit sa production picturale et scuIpturale, ses activités d'enseignement du dessin et des beaux-arts, ses critiques d'art publiées dans la Revue canadienne, et sa participation à l'Exposition universelle de Paris en 1867. Ce chapitre démontre que Bourassa fait sa marque dans le domaine cuIturel montréalais moins par l'impact de sa production artistique que par sa réflexion critique sur la pédagogie et le développement des arts au Canada. La seconde partie de la thèse porte sur la période s'étendant de 1870 à 1890, alors que le mouvement associatif montréalais s'essouffle et que les effets de l'industrialisation se manifestent de plus en plus. Cette section étudie les différentes activités de Bourassa qui montrent que l'artiste désirait participer à l'essor d'une école canadienne des beaux-arts. Le chapitre trois met en lumière les principales thèses défendues par Bourassa dans ses essais sur l'esthétique et l'histoire de l'art qu'il rédige à partir de 1870. Cette étude permet de constater que la pensée de Bourassa sur l'art est teintée des idées des théoriciens français du renouveau de l'art religieux (A.-F. Rio, C.-J. Félix), qui prônent un retour à la peinture murale et le recours à une forme d'art hiératique inspirée de l'art pré-renaissant. Le chapitre quatre analyse les principales entreprises de décor mural auxquelles Bourassa prend part entre 1870 et 1890, c'est-à-dire la décoration de la chapelle de l'Institut Nazareth, celle de la chapelle Notre-Dame de Lourdes, le projet de décor du Palais législatif, et celui de la cathédrale Saint-Hyacinthe-le-Confesseur. L'examen des deux premiers décors religieux révèle l'emploi, par Bourassa, d'un style hiératique inspiré de l'art pré-renaissant en accord avec l'enseignement des théoriciens du renouveau de l'art chrétien. Les études préparatoires des deux autres projets, qui n'ont jamais été réalisés, démontrent que l'artiste désirait travailler dans un style différent, plus près du naturalisme. Le chapitre cinq rend compte des différentes contributions de Bourassa à l'enseignement des beaux-arts et des arts industriels, et met en évidence les préceptes pédagogiques soutenus par l'artiste. Cette étude montre que Bourassa met de l'avant deux modèles pédagogiques différents pour la formation des ouvriers (dans une institution d'enseignement) et des artistes (dans l'atelier d'un maître). Quant aux préceptes pédagogiques chers à l'artiste, ils reposent surtout sur le principe d'émulation et sur l'apprentissage du dessin d'après modèles. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Napoléon Bourassa, Art, Théorie, Enseignement, Peinture murale, Canada.

Abstract This chapter begins by studying Fernández de Lizardi’s (1776–1827) novel El Periquillo Sarniento (The Mangy Parrot, 1816), considered the first Mexican novel. The twentieth century opens with Santa (1903) by Federico Gamboa (1864–1939), borrowing from realist and naturalist styles. A watershed moment in the country’s history was the Mexican Revolution. Its violence and failure inspired novels by Mariano Azuela (1873–1952), among others. Two masterpieces published in 1955, Agustín Yáñez’s (1904–1980) Al filo del agua (The Edge of the Storm, 1955) and Juan Rulfo’s (1917–1986) Pedro Páramo (1955), open the era of the modern novel in Mexico. The mid-century generation modernized Mexican fiction by moving away from regional themes with works by Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012), and Elena Garro (1916–1998), among others. The 1960s in Mexico were marked by the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, a moment of change expressed in the novels of La onda (The Wave), by José Agustín (1944) and Gustavo Sáinz (1940–2015). In the 1970s, Luis Zapata’s (1951–2020) El vampiro de la colonia Roma (Adonis García: a Picaresque Novel 1979) became a milestone in Mexican homosexual literature. In the 1980s, Fernando del Paso’s (1935–2018) Noticias del Imperio (News from the Empire, 1986) revisits the period of Emperor Maximilian in a masterful historical novel. Another important 1990s movement is the Generación del Crack (Generation of the Crack). Notwithstanding Mexico City’s magnetic pull, writers from the north of Mexico also write from or about the marginal “provinces.” The chapter closes by looking at a talented group of women writers, such as Fernanda Melchor (1982-) and Valeria Luiselli (1983).