Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1833'

El período a analizar en esta investigación ha sido motivo de múltiples debates. Se le ha descrito con adjetivos tales como, desorden, ensayo y anarquía, dejando la impresión que esta es una época nebulosa y oscura de la historia en la que no se presentaron grandes avances concretos y que producto de la agitación reinante los gobiernos eran numerosos y muy cortos, además del hecho de que no había una opinión reinante por lo que se juraron dos Constituciones, además de dar paso a un proyecto de organización federal. Esto es visto así mayoritariamente puesto que entre los años 1823 y1833 ocurre una especie de período de transición entre dos momentos históricos coyunturales: la salida del poder de Bernardo O’Higgins en enero de 1823 y el advenimiento de los conservadores al poder con el Gobierno de José Joaquín Prieto (18 de septiembre de 1831). Por consiguiente, la mayoría de las investigaciones tradicionales al respecto, le ha asignado un juicio de valor a este período de la historia; por un lado se encuentran los historiadores conservadores, entre los cuales se puede nombrar a Ramón Sotomayor Valdés y a Carlos Walker Martínez, quienes estiman que dentro de estos diez años se produce un caos (o anarquía) total hasta que el bando conservador (representado sin lugar a dudas en la emblemática figura del Ministro Diego Portales), tras la ruptura que impuso la batalla de Lircay, estableció un orden y un control que urgían de sobremanera. Por otro lado los historiadores liberales entre quienes se encuentran José Victorino Lastarria, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna y Diego Barros Arana, proponen que este decenio resultaba ser más que nada una especie de período de organización que mejoraría las instituciones del Estado con el tiempo mediante ensayos que llevarían al pensamiento de la época a un gran desarrollo moderno, el cual interrumpido precisamente por los resultados de Lircay y el ascenso de los conservadores al poder. La motivación y objetivo que persigue esta investigación, es ir más allá de estas dos tradicionales perspectivas de entendimiento del decenio 1823 – 1833 y dilucidar con hechos y nombres concretos si es factible hablar de una anarquía o un desorden, por ello, el objeto principal de estudio en estas páginas será el desarrollo y funcionamiento del Poder Ejecutivo entre el 28 de enero de 1823 hasta la promulgación de la Constitución de 1833 (26 de mayo de 1833). Estas fechas han sido así escogidas por encerrar entre sus días los verdaderos márgenes que permiten separar las épocas históricas, por un lado la salida de O’Higgins y por otro la promulgación de la Constitución, hecho que corona definitivamente el avance conservador y el fin de los ‘ensayos constitucionales’. Al analizar en concreto lo acontecido entre estas fechas, se pretende llegar a un resultado fresco, y en lo posible, libre de una postura ideológica o política, ya que si bien estas son totalmente válidas, al quedarse inmerso en ellas se ejerce un juicio desde una perspectiva más general (debate) en desmedro de la descripción específica y científica de lo ocurrido, la cual puede sin duda, arrojar nuevas luces para comprender este período.

Le 29 septembre 1833, lorsque le roi d'Espagne, Ferdinand VII meurt, la première des guerres carlistes de l'Espagne contemporaine (sept 1833-aôut 1840) éclate. Ce soulèvement affecte principalement le Nord de l'Espagne (Provinces basques, Catalogne et Province de Valence). Il s'achève par la défaite des carlistes dont environ 30000 trouvent refuge en France. Ce qui les caracteŕise, c'est la relative jeunesse, l'âge moyen étant de 30 ans. Pour ce qui est des catégories socio-professionnelles, les militaires se trouvent logiquement en première position (61. 5 % du total). Les origines géographiques des carlistes reprennent fort bien la carte des lieux des combats menés par les troupes nationales et insurgées. En t^ete, arrivent les basques et les Navarrais (38 %) et les Catalans (35. 5 %). Par ailleurs, l'étude de la correspondance entre le ministre de l'intérieur et les préfets révèle que ces derniers s'écartent très souvent des décrets promulgués par leur supérieur. [. . . ]. Gr^ace à notre étude, nous nous sommes faits une idée plus précise de la situation politique et sociale de la France et de l'Espagne ainsi que de l'importance que revêt, pour l'Espagne contemporaine, le thème de cette émigration politique.

This thesis examines the role of the British merchant firm Jardine, Matheson & Co. (Jardine Matheson) in promoting and facilitating Chinese migration into and around the British Empire between 1833 and 1853. It argues that existing historiography on Chinese migration has focused too heavily on the late-nineteenth century and has paid insufficient attention to earlier experiments with Chinese labour. The case study of Jardine Matheson also emphasises the varied roles played by commercial organisations in the British Empire. Existing work has focused on the role of the firm’s partners either as opium traders or elite businessmen in colonial Hong Kong, with little analysis of their interest and involvement in Chinese migration. By examining Jardine Matheson’s archive of letters and accounts, official colonial correspondence, parliamentary papers, newspapers, books, journals and periodicals, the thesis will shed light on both the changing perceptions and uses of Chinese migrant labour in various imperial contexts from the 1830s to the 1850s. Chinese migration to different colonial destinations, including Singapore, Assam, New South Wales and Ceylon, will be examined comparatively. The colonial case studies examined in the thesis demonstrate how imperial experiments with Chinese labour in the mid nineteenth century were dependent on the resources and networks of Jardine Matheson on the China coast. The firm’s publishing network simultaneously circulated ideas about Chinese migrants that were reproduced across the British Empire. Additionally, Anglo-Chinese contact zones that developed over the 1830s and 1840s were crucial to the formation of stereotypes about a specifically Chinese ethnic character and systems of onward migration to global destinations. This thesis demonstrates the importance of Jardine Matheson – as well as connected Western commercial organisations and individuals – in facilitating Chinese migration and creating demand for Chinese labour during a period of rapid change in the British Empire.

Cette thèse porte sur la mise sur pied et le fonctionnement de l'appareil de justice pénale en Grèce juste après son indépendance. La période retenue dans ce travail est celle de la monarchie absolue, c'est-à-dire de 1833, avec l'accession au trône du jeune prince bavarois Othon, jusqu'en 1843, où une révolte de l'armée l'obligea à octroyer une constitution. L'argument central est que la royauté nouvellement instaurée s'efforce de créer certaines structures étatiques de base par lesquelles elle aspire à saisir progressivement le contrôle du territoire et de monopoliser la violence légitime. Dans une première partie la thèse se concentre sur les rapports entre l'État et les justiciables. Les perceptions, tant officielles que populaires, de la déviance et du crime sont examinées dans le premier chapitre. Le second chapitre est consacré au brigandage, qui constitue la cible par excellence des instances. Les gens et les lieux de déviance, ainsi que l'arsenal extrajudiciaire mis en place par les instances étatiques sont abordés dans les chapitres suivants. Dans un second temps, l'analyse poursuit la mise sur pied des instances judiciaires. La constitution du corps de magistrature, l'introduction d'un nouveau cadre normatif cohérent, largement emprunté aux législations occidentales ainsi que la formation et le fonctionnement des nouvelles structures judiciaires, les tribunaux, sont examinées dans la seconde partie de notre travail. Enfin, la troisième partie se focalise sur l'arsenal pénal mis en vigueur. L'administration des peines, les efforts pour la mise en place d'un système pénitentiaire et la question de la peine capitale constituent l'objet de la troisième et dernière partie de la thèse
This doctoral dissertation examines the formation and the actual functioning of the penal justice system in Greece during the era of absolute monarchy, from 1833, when the new king Otto arrives in the recently liberated country, to 1843, when a military revolt forces him to promulgate a constitution. The main argument of this thesis is that the new regime makes a considerable effort to establish new institutions, based on the European model, and subsequently to take control of the territory and the populations, in order to access to the monopoly of legitimate violence. The first part of this work deals with the crime and the deviance. Our approach focuses on the relations between the state and its subjects, on the perceptions of crime, both official and popular, on the survival of traditional modes of resolution of disputes, on special cases of endemic violence, such as the brigandage, and on the extraordinary military of which makes use the state power so as to eradicate violence. The second part deals with the formation of the creation of the new judicial instances, the introduction of a new coherent legislation as well as with the formation, the composition and the evolution of the judiciary. Finally, the third and last part examines the functioning of the legal institutions, with a special focus on the nature of the penalties and the application of the sentences, the creation of some elementary penitentiary institutions and the application of the death penalty

La presente tesis es un estudio metaléptico que tiene por objeto descubrir la imagen literaria de un cronotopo urbano.

Los documentos literarios elegidos muestran la ciudad de Barcelona durante los años en los que se llevó a cabo la Revolución burguesa, tal y como fue recogida y plasmada por novelistas, poetas o autores teatrales contemporáneos a los hechos que se relatan.

Fueron años en los que se establecieron las bases de lo que después ha sido el mundo moderno desde el punto de vista ideológico, industrial y político, durante los cuales Barcelona fue el motor impulsor de los cambios del país, en diversos ámbitos. Cambios que no eran factibles sin una profunda y constante convulsión que tuvieron a la ciudad en un casi permanente estado revolucionario y con frecuencia de sitio.

La literatura posee suficientes imágenes de testigos o actores en las refriegas, tanto de carácter progresista como conservador, que permiten el rastreo por la década sin demasiadas lagunas puesto que dejaron constancia de la mayoría de sucesos relevantes ocurridos en la ciudad.

1) Ordenamiento de la investigación

La tesis consta de dos tomos. El primero está destinado a presentar les autores y las obras que han sido objeto de estudio. Además de los "Prolegómenos" (Cap. I) en los que se indican los objetivos del trabajo, contiene los capítulos "El Romanticismo en Catalunya y Barcelona" (Cap. II) y "Géneros y autores" (Cap. III). En ellos se señalan aspectos como la situación literaria de Catalunya o los autores y las obras que nos han servido para el propósito inicial. Hemos elegido poesías de Aribau, Cabanellas, Del Castillo, Gironella, Piferrer y Ribot, así como novelas de Mata, Milà de la Roca y Fatxot. También hemos escogido obras teatrales de Renart, Robrenyo y Ribot. Así mismo comentamos y analizamos los poemas anónimos correspondientes a "pliegos de cordel", que recuerdan los hechos más relevantes de esos años, y citamos las memorias escritas por personajes históricos en relación con acontecimientos que protagonizaron o de los que fueron testigos de excepción. Finaliza el Primer Tomo con algunos documentos "Anexos", elegidos de entre todos los utilizados en la obra, por sus dimensiones reducidas y ser los mismos de difícil acceso. Más que pormenorizar ahora cada autor, al final de esta exposición daremos unas conclusiones generales que sirvan para todos.

El Segundo Tomo dedica sus capítulos al objetivo fundamental de la investigación: considerar la literatura como motor y espejo de una sociedad en un momento dado. Por lo tanto, en esta parte se aportan los documentos que nos permiten trazar una imagen literaria de Barcelona desde 1833 a 1843 en los aspectos político, social y topográfico, estructurados de la siguiente manera:

- "Barcelona, centro político de Catalunya" (Cap. IV) recoge la información literaria relacionada con los hechos históricos de los diez años que estudiamos: La amnistía de María Cristina (1833), el inicio de la guerra carlista (1834), el Estatuto Real y sus consecuencias (1834), Las "Bullangues" (Del 25/7/1835 al 4/5/1837), el periodo del Barón de Meer (De octubre de 1337 a diciembre de1839), la estancia en Barcelona de María Cristina el verano de 1840 (Encuentros con Espartero / Ley de Ayuntamientos), la Revolución de Septiembre de 1841, el intento de demolición de la "Ciutadella" en octubre del mismo año, la crisis de la industria algodonera y textil a causa del final del proteccionismo comercial (1842), el bombardeo de Barcelona por Espartero (3/12/1842), los pronunciamientos del movimiento juntista en pro de la dimisión y expatriación de Espartero (junio -julio 1843), la revuelta de la "Jamància" (otoño 1843) y el bombardeo a la ciudad por el general Prim.

El Capítulo V, dedicado a la sociedad, estudia las características de la burguesía y del proletariado del momento a través de los datos aportados por la literatura. Los autores explicitan en sus obras la ideología política que defienden, en función de un complejo entramado de intereses. También recogen aspectos relacionados con la moralidad, costumbres, vivienda, modas y diversiones, todas ellas presentadas por el autor con el objetivo de ensalzar o denunciar al personaje y a la clase social objeto de descripción y a quien representa. En ese sentido, los datos que se aportan en las obras siempre tienen el carácter funcional de educar, desenmascarar o denunciar, de acuerdo con la manera de pensar de cada autor.

La Topografía de la ciudad (Cap. VI) representada literariamente es la que corresponde a los escenarios de la convulsión que están viviendo, por lo que las descripciones no son desapasionadas, ni se presentan equilibradamente los diversos espacios urbanos. Su razón de existir está en función de los acontecimientos que en ellos se iban desarrollando. De este modo, los autores señalan las murallas y los fuertes militares, sobre todo los de Drassanes, la Ciutadella y Montjuïc. Por otra parte, los lugares emblemáticos de intramuros son las plazas políticas de Palau y de Sant Jaume y algunos lugares de encuentro ciudadano como la Rambla, las calles Escudellers, Ample, Ferran, la Muralla de Mar y poco más. De extramuros se resalta la Barceloneta, la plaza de toros, el
"Cementiri Vell", Nuestra Señora del Coll y Montjuïc.

El Epílogo (Cap. VII) proporciona las conclusiones de la investigación. Sigue una Cronología de los autores y de los hechos ocurridos en la ciudad de Barcelona, con el fin de dar una información rápida al lector que lo requiera.

2) Descripción del trabajo

Las obras presentadas han sido estudiadas en dos sentidos:

- Primero, el propiamente literario y lingüístico, interesado por los aspectos formales y significativos de la obra en si misma. Aquí sólo se ha buscado hacer una presentación de los documentos elegidos, sin pretender una mayor exhaustividad.

- Segundo, un análisis del contenido de los textos desde el punto de vista pragmático, previo del análisis sociológico del discurso. Aquí se estudia la implicación del autor en su texto, los implícitos y las presuposiciones integradas, los modalizadores utilizados para conseguir los objetivos pretendidos, la ideología que transmite, etc.

Para enjuiciar las obras adecuadamente, hemos reunido informaciones diversas, que dan a esta investigación un carácter multidisciplinar:

A. El marco cultural y literario en el que, por su adscripción a una determinada generación, se desenvolvieron los autores, lo que permite contextualizar las obras en los márgenes adecuados dentro de la Literatura Comparada.

B. Las motivaciones que impulsaron a nuestros autores a escribir las obras seleccionadas y entenderlas mejor, tanto por el contenido como por la forma.

C. El contexto político, tanto de España como de Catalunya y Barcelona, en el que se producían las obras.

D. La situación económica y social de la población de Barcelona.

E. Los datos topográficos de la ciudad.

3) Conclusiones

Si bien cada obra es un reflejo particular de cómo su autor entendía e interpretaba el mundo, todos consiguieron, desde un punto de vista funcional, unos objetivos análogos:

a) Producir documentos literarios cercanos a la realidad.

b) Enmarcarlos de forma explícita en la ciudad de Barcelona.

c) Desarrollar el contenido de lo relatado entre los anos 1833 y 1843, aunque ninguna obra abarque toda la década en su conjunto.

d) Escribir obras narrativas, independientemente de su pertenencia a un género literario.

e) Denunciar aquello que sus respectivos autores consideraban abominable. Consecuentemente con su adscripción ideológica, las filias o las fobias manifestadas varían y aún se contraponen. A pesar de sus diferencias, tanto progresistas como conservadores propugnan un cambio en las estructuras políticas desde el absolutismo del que partían al liberalismo.

f) Funcionalizar los espacios elegidos. Con frecuencia se produce una metonimia entre el espacio y la acción de los personajes.

g) Reflejar la sociedad, con el objeto en general de mostrar las penurias y miserias (ya fueran físicas o morales) en las que estaban inmersos.

Las obras que presentamos fueron concebidas para defender los ideales abanderados por unos y otros. Las de los autores progresistas y radicales resaltan e idealizan los cambios conseguidos, mientras que las que pertenecen a autores conservadores destacan aspectos costumbristas, haciendo una crítica y ridiculizando al progresismo.

En conjunto, todas ellas nos proporcionan una imagen polifónica del cronotopo elegido: el de la ciudad de Barcelona entre los años 1833 y 1843.
This is a metaleptic study which aims to discover the literary image of a particular urban chronotope. The literary documents selected give an impression of the city of Barcelona during the years of the bourgeois Revolution and the events of the times as depicted by contemporary novelists, poets and playwrights.

The study is divided into two volumes.

- The first one starts with the Introduction (Prolegómenos) which outlines the aims of the work; there are then two chapters: Romanticism in Catalonia and Barcelona (El Romanticismo en Catalunya y Barcelona), and Genres and Authors (Géneros y autores). These chapters present an analysis of the literay situation in Catalonia. This volume ends with an annex (Anexos) of documents selected because they are short or hard to find.

- The second one is devoted to the basic aim of the study: the consideration of literatura as the motor of a society at a given moment, and also as a mirror of this society. The several chapters presents a wide range of documents which presents a literary image of Barcelona from 1833 to 1843, from the political, social and topographical points of view. This volume is closed with an Epilogue (Epílogo), a Cronology (Cronología) about the authors and events in question, and finally a Bibliography (Bibliografía).

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A dissertação analisa o papel da imprensa no período Regencial brasileiro (1831- 1840), através dos periódicos Aurora Fluminense e A Torre de Babel, redigidos pelo moderado Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga e pelo restaurador José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima, respectivamente, identificando os projetos políticos que, mais do que veiculados pelos jornais em questão, explicam sua elaboração. Em segundo lugar, a dissertação recupera as matrizes conceituais mobilizadas pelos dois redatores - do constitucionalismo por um lado, e do humanismo cívico por outro. Tal resgate traz a tona um elo entre o Brasil Imperial e o restante da América por meio das instituições liberais e do contraste a ser marcado com o Velho Continente, deslocando a diferença de regime para segundo plano. Por fim, passa-se a análise de uma discussão que começava a aparecer na imprensa da época, difundida em ambos os periódicos: o discurso da civilidade na produção jornalística, que tinha como propósito fundar uma instância de controle horizontal, exigindo determinada postura dos jornalistas e, ao mesmo tempo, fugir do controle do Estado.
The dissertation analyses the role of the press during the Brazilian Regency Period (1831-1840), based on the periodical publications Aurora Fluminense and A Torre de Babel, respectively edited by the politically moderate Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga and the Restoration partisan José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima, identifying the political projects that, more than being propagated by said publications, motivated their creation. Additionally, the dissertation focuses on the conceptual matrices handled by said writers: the constitutionalism and the civic humanism. The theme brings to life a link between Imperial Brazil and the rest of the American Continent through liberal institutions and through the attempt to emphasize the contrast with the Old Continent, in spite of the difference in the political regimen. Finally, the dissertation analyses the debate that had just started in the press, present in both publications: the civility in journalism agenda, aimed at creating an horizontal control stance, by demanding the observation of a certain behavior by the journalists, and, simultaneously, focused on clearing the definition of the range of action of public writers, in one side, and the State, in the other.

Entre 1833 et 1839 s'est deroulee au pays basque espagnol et en navarre une guerre civile opposant les partisans de la reine isabelle ii et ceux du pretendant au trone don carlos. A travers cette guerre de succession, on peut voir l'opposition des deux grands principes de gouvernement existant dans l'europe de cette epoque : l'absolutisme et le liberalisme. L'etude de trois types de documents traitant du conflit carliste fait ressortir autant de visions differentes des evenements et des protagonistes. La politique francaise vis-a-vis des belligerants est fluctuante, hesitant entre l'intervention et le repli sur soi. Les rapports des diplomates et militaires francais temoignent d'analyses et d'attitudes contradictoires, a l'image de la politique qu'ils sont censes definir et mettre en oeuvre. Dans des ouvrages visant a donner une interpretation plus personnelle du conflit, les auteurs interesses par l'espagne (voyageurs et militaires essentiellement) ne peuvent echapper aux stereotypes de la tendance litteraire dominante a cette epoque, le romantisme. Enfin, les trois grandes tendances de la presse francaise donnent une image des provinces en guerre deformee par leurs conceptions politiques respectives. Legitimistes, orleanistes et republicains transposent le combat politique qu'ils menent en france dans les articles qu'ils consacrent au conflit carliste
From 1833 to 1839 took place in the spanish basque country and in navarra a civil war opposing queen isabel's partisans and the ones of the pretender to the throne don carlos. Through that succession war can be seen the opposition of the two main government principles existing in europe at that time : absolutism and liberalism. The study of three kinds of documents dealing with the carlist conflict shows as many different views of the events and the protagonists. The french policy towards the belligerents is fluctuating, hesitating between intervention and isolation. The reports of french military and diplomats give evidence of contradictory attitudes, like the policy they are supposed to define and implement. In books tending to give a more personal interpretation of the conflict, authors interested in spain (essentially travellers and military) cannot avoid the stereotypes of the main literary tendency of that time, romanticism. Finally, the three great tendencies of the french press give a view of the provinces at war which is distorted by their respective political conceptions. Legitimists, orleanists and republicans transpose the political fight that they are leading in france in their articles about the carlist conflict

This thesis looks at the abolition of slavery in Britain and the role played by women’s anti-slavery societies. Whilst traditional abolition historiography has focused on William Wilberforce as the main player in abolishing slavery, I will argue that women’s anti-slavery societies were valuable contributors to the movement and played an influential role. Nineteenth-century ideology posited women in the private world and because of this restriction, women developed a gendered approach to abolition. However, women’s anti-slavery societies pushed the domestic boundaries by undertaking activities that also involved them in the economic and political world. The public/private divide that historians so often use to exclude women from the public sphere is often found to be illusionary when assessing women’s involvement in abolition. Women’s anti-slavery societies were involved in economic boycotts and public petitioning, actions that transgressed accepted notions of female behaviour and resulted in women beginning to become political. Women accessed the language and power available to them, especially from within their position of moral guardians of society, to become actively involved in abolition. Religious ideology was an enabler for women who could participate in abolition because they were doing God’s work in seeking an end to an unjust and inhumane activity that was an affront to Christian principles. I will argue that the different approach taken by women’s anti-slavery societies was a blueprint for male abolitionists and provided some policy frameworks for the male anti-slavery societies to utilise when their own political and legal approach was proving unsuccessful in abolishing slavery.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia mención Historia de Chile
El objetivo general de esta tesis es establecer en qué medida la Asamblea Provincial de Coquimbo participó en el contexto general de inestabilidad político que vivió Chile, durante los años 1823-1833, en el marco del proceso de formación de la República. Además, busca esclarecer las ideas y conceptos que defendieron los representantes de la provincia, como los aportes a un orden constitucional definitivo. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo, se estudia la participación política de los diputados coquimbanos en las principales discusiones de la época, a través de las sesiones de los cuerpos legislativos, las actas de la Asamblea Provincial y la prensa local. En términos metodológicos, se recogen diversas categorías de análisis que forman parte de los estudios sobre los procesos políticos del siglo XIX en América Latina y Chile, y la relación entre la capital y las provincias.

Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1987.
Title from title page screen, viewed August 5, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Joseph L. Grabill (chair), Lawrence W. McBride, Mark A. Plummer, Hibbert R. Roberts, Edward L. Schapsmeier. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-203) and abstract. Also available in print.

This thesis investigates radicalism and reform in Scotland, from the collapse of the post- 1815 popular movement for parliamentary reform in 1820, to the achievement of parliamentary reform in 1832, and burgh reform in 1833. It focuses on the ideologies and languages that were used in contesting issues of political reform, both by elites and by popular movements. One of its aims is to explore the debate over the position of Scotland within Britain that was facilitated by the reform of political institutions and the system of representation. Chapter one examines the broad critique of Scottish institutions and society that had developed from the 1790s, and particularly following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. This was apparent in parliament, in three attempts to amend various aspects of Scotland's system of representation, and outside parliament, in numerous reform campaigns with both political and religious objectives. Chapter two investigates the political context of the 182Os, focusing on the reaction in Scotland to the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts in 1828. Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and the revolution in France in 1830. Chapter three provides a narrative of the drafting and passing of the Reform Act (Scotland), and of the popular movement outside parliament. It identifies the key stages in the development of the legislation, and the various problems its architects had to surmount. Chapter four looks at the debate on reform among Scotland's political elites and, in particular how this debate was prosecuted in parliament. Chapter five investigates the popular movement for reform in Scotland, briefly considering the functional factors that contributed to its creation and the maintenance of unity. It argues that while reformers and radicals made claims using a number of different languages, the reform movement after 1830 was characterised by the appeal to 'popular constitutionalism'. This language provided a coherent and flexible critique of the unreformed political system and allowed the reform movement to monopolise the language of patriotism and loyalty. The final chapter considers the consequences of parliamentary reform. It had a major influence on the languages and strategies used to contest issues in Scottish politics, and the patriotic consensus that had been achieved between 1830 and 1832 began to deteriorate. Finally, the consequences of parliamentary reform were sectarian as well as political. Changes made in the constitution and the state bolstered calls for changes to be made in the church. Movements calling for the end of religious establishments, or for their improvement, emerged during and after the agitation for parliamentary reform, and the 'Ten Years' Conflict' and the Disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843 should be seen in the context of the reforms of 1829 to 1833.

Orientadores: Lea Maria Leme Strini Velho, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueroa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T11:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_RosanaHorio_M.pdf: 4988466 bytes, checksum: d9fa3d40c31f1f08ded36f44141d4f10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997
Resumo: Em ciência e tecnologia, novas idéias 810 freqüentemente relatadas de forma similar por dois ou mais pesquisadores trabalhando independente e simultaneamente. Tais eventos 810 conhecidos como "descobertas múltiplas", ou "múltiplos". A fotografia é um exemplo particular em tecnologia. As descobertas múltiplas em ciência e tecnologia foram originalmente usadas para negar a idéia de gênio inventor. A existência dos múltiplos era apontada como evidência de que num determinado período, em um dado local, quando o sistema sócio-cu1tural estivesse suficientemente "maduro", certas descobertas estariam "no ar", e por isso seriam inevitáveis. Merton desenvolveria uma perspectiva mais ponderada, acrescentando dois elementos à essa discussão a natureza cumulativa do conhecimento científico e a estrutura de recompensa da comunidade. Nós argumentaremos que essa estrutura conceitual não é apropriada para explicar a "invenção" independente de um processo fotográfico no Brasil na primeira metade do século XIX, simultaneamente aos de Daguerre e Talbot na Europa. Uma reconstrução detalhada do processo criado por Hércules Florence no Brasil é feita através da investigação direta de seus manuscritos e de outros documentos originais do período. O objetivo da análise é identificar os fatores que teriam tornado possível a produção do processo de Florence a partir das próprias circunstâncias locais. Circunstâncias que, conforme concluiremos com base na nova sociologia da tecnologia, estio incorporadas na forma final de seu processo
Abstract: In science and technology, new ideas are often reported in similar form by two or more researchers working independently and simultaneously. Such events are known as "multiple discoveries", or "multiples". Photography is a particular example in technology . Multiple discoveries in science and technology have been originally used to deny the idea of genius inventor. The existence of multiples was held as evidence that at a certain point in a given time and place, when the sociocultural system has sufficiently "matured", specific discoveries are "in the air", and therefore become inevitable. Merton attempts to develop a more balanced perspective, adding two elements to the this scheme the cumulative nature of scientific knowledge and the reward structure ofthe community. We will argue that the above conceptual ftamework is not appropriate to explain the "invention" of a photograpbic process in Brazil in the fim half of the 19th century, close in time, but independent to those ofDaguerre and Talbot in Europe. A detailed bistorical reconstruction of the process created by Hercules Florence in Brazil is performed by directly investigating bis manuscripts and other original documents of the period. The objective of the ana1ysis is to identify the factors that shaped Florence's process and made it possible in the local CÍfcunstances. These, we conclude in line with the new sociology of technology, are embodied in the final form of the processo
Mestrado
Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Le thème présenté est constitué par les dépenses publiques de l'état grec durant la période comprise entre 1833 et l'accession du trône du roi Othon et 1939 et l'engagement de la Grèce dans la deuxième guerre mondiale. Nous allons étudier le budget, le bilan et leur fonctionnement respectif dans le cadre historique et constitutionnel; puis nous développerons les thèmes des sources et de la méthodologie. Nous examinerons et nous mettrons en corrélation les dépenses publiques dans le cadre national et le contexte international, les dépenses publiques globales et la politique des gouvernements grecs, enfin la société grecque face aux dépenses publiques. Nous continuerons notre examen avec les diverses catégories de dépenses publiques. Sont considérées comme telles les dépenses de service de la dette publique, les dépenses militaires, les dépenses d'enseignement, les dépenses de travaux publics, les dépenses sociales, les dépenses de personnel, les dépenses pour les retraites, les dépenses pour aides et subventions, les dépenses pour le secteur primaire, les frais du chef de l'état, les dépenses du pouvoir législatif, les dépenses pour les loyers et les retards dans le paiement des dépenses. Les dépenses publiques dans leur ensemble et par catégories seront examinées successivement à prix courants, à prix courants par tête, à prix stables, à prix stables par tête par rapport au P. N. B. . A la fin de chaque chapitre sera donné un index des idées succintes sur les catégories de dépenses publiques. Nous exposerons les tableaux et diagrammes abrégés des données et nous en présenterons le conclusions.

Plusieurs raisons incitent à distinguer le débat sur l'esclavage en Angleterre et la façon dont il a évolué au gré des mouvements abolitionnistes qui sont apparus au XVIIIe siècle des autres discours sur l'esclavage qui ont existé en Europe et aux Amériques à la même époque. Il semble en effet possible de parler d'une réelle spécificité du débat abolitionniste en Angleterre par rapport aux autres nations esclavagistes, et cela pour diverses raisons que nous tenterons d'analyser en fondant cette étude sur trois grands axes thématiques: tout d'abord, nous examinerons les arguments philosophiques et le combat des partisans de l'esclavage sur le terrain politique et religieux afin de déterminer qui étaient les antiabolitionnistes anglais et comment ils ont tenté de répondre aux nombreuses prises de position qui ont émaillé le débat, depuis son émergence vers les années 1770 jusqu'à l'abolition de 1833; la seconde partie sera fondée sur l'analyse des aspects économiques du débat et la mise en évidence de ses spécificités en Angleterre. Nous évoquerons l'affaire du navire 'Zong' ,divers travaux de recherche historiographiques sur le sujet, comme les théories développées par Eric Williams dans son ouvrage "Capitalism and Slavery" et les études qui ont suivi, telles que l'ouvrage de David Brion Davis, "The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution". Enfin, l'examen de l'aspect juridique et judiciaire et de ses conséquences sur l'évolution du débat , illustré par l'affaire Somersett, viendra clôturer notre analyse de la position esclavagiste dans l'Angleterre du Siècle des Lumières. Cette étude repose sur un important corpus de sources primaires
For many reasons, the abolition debate and its evolution in 18th century England , due to the arrival of a strong abolitionist current, can be distinguished from the other discourses on slavery which existed in the rest of Europe and in America at the same time. It will be contended that there is a real specificity in the English abolition debate compared with the other slave states, for several reasons that will be analyzed along three lines: first, the philosophical arguments will be examined, as well as the struggle of the supporters of slavery on political and religious grounds. We shall try to establish who the English antiabolitionists were , and how they tried to respond to the attacks of their opponents from the 1770's until the abolition in 1833. The second part will be dedicated to the economical aspects of the debate and will focus on their specificity in England, with the famous ‘Zong case'. We will also study the historical works on the subject, including the theories developed by Eric Williams in ‘Capitalism and Slavery' and David Brion Davis's ‘The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution'. We will close this study of the pro slavery position in the Enlightenment by examining the juridical and judicial aspects and their consequences on the evolution of the debate in England, as illustrated by the ‘Somersett case'. The current thesis relies on a great number of primary sources

Cette these etudie l'image du mariage et de la femme donnee par les ecrits du milieu du dix-neuvieme siecle. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse de la preparation de la jeune fille au mariage est liee a celle de l'image donnee par cette institution, tres controversee depuis le discle precedent. Cette etude permet de preciser les roles impartis aux parents et de fefinir l'education feminine. Le modele de fiancee ideale propose par la litterature nous aide a preciser la double morale sexuelle qui s'etablit a partir du milieu du siecle. L'appreciation de l'impact des mouvements litteraires sur l'image de la femme et du mariage nous montre l'influence limitee du romantisme et le conformisme des premiers romans "realistes". Dans un deuxieme temps, l'analyse du mariage et du role de l'epouse revele la genese du mythe de "l'ange du foyer", au milieu du dix-neuvieme siecle, sous l'influence de l'eglise et de l'ideologie bourgeoise. La femme, confinee dans son role domestique d'epouse et de mere acquiert une mission sociale et un role redempteur, lies a une sacralisation de la famille et du mariage. La fugacite des velleites feministes exprimees par une generation de femmes ecrivains dans les annees quarante, traduit la domination d'une ideologie traditionaliste, celle de la bourgeoisie. En conclusion, a partir de la deuxieme moitie du siecle, la femme est releguee au domaine prive, ce qui constitue un recul sensible par rapport au siecle des lumieres
This thesis studies the image of the marriage and of the woman offered by the literature of the middle of the nineteenth century. In a first time, the analysis of the preparation of the girls for the marriage is linked to the image given by this institution, very debated since the previous century. This study permites to specify the role of the parents and to define the feminine education. The type of the ideal fiancee proposed by the literature helps us to precize the dobble sexual moral established from the middle of the century. The analysis of the impact of the literary movement about the image of the woman and of the marriage shows us the limited influence of romantism and the conformity of the first "realistic" novel. In a second time, the analysis of the marriage and of the role of the woman, displays the genesis of the myth of "the angel of the family", in the middle of the nineteenth century, under the influence of the church and of the ideology of the middle-class. The woman, enclosed in her domestic role as a wife and a mother, gains a social mission and a redemptive role, linked to a sacred vision of the family and the marriage. The leetingness of the feminist desire expresed by a generation of women writers in the fourteenth's, conweys the domination of the traditionalist ideology of the middle-class. In brief, from the second part of the century, the woman is relegated to the private life, and this event constitutes a retreat in relation to the enlightenment

This thesis examines the activities of the Statistical Society of London (SSL) and its contribution to early statistics-conceived as the science of humans in society-in Britain. The SSL as a collective entity played a crucial role in the formation of early statistics, as statisticians envisaged early statistics as a collaborative scientific project and prompted large-scale observation, which required cooperation among numerous statistical observers. The first three chapters discuss how the SSL shaped the concepts, practices, and institutions of statistical data production. The SSL demonstrated how the use of a hierarchical division of labour and blank form minimised observers' leeway to exercise individual observational skills and ensured uniformity in the production of statistical facts. This arrangement effectively depreciated first-hand observation in statistics and allowed statisticians to rely on the statistical facts collected by other people. It prompted the SSL to launch the Journal of the Statistical Society of London to serve as a virtual storage of observed facts where one could share their data for further aggregation and retrieve that of others for their analysis. The statisticians also engaged in contemporaneous discussion on the best mode of a statistical office with a view towards producing complete and internationally comparable statistical facts. The SSL's endorsement of the Belgian Central Statistical Commission model and the International Statistical Congress was intended to support the introduction of uniformity into statistical data at both the national and international levels. The last two chapters of this thesis discuss how the SSL's activities contributed to the historical formation of human sciences and the emergence of social scientists. Statisticians demanded the recognition of a scientific field which, independent from natural science, studied people as social beings and whose discourses moulded the treatment of the people they studied. The SSL's activities helped statisticians not only establish their scientific expertise but also develop their unique scientific ethos. Statisticians learnt not to trust their personal observations since individuals could see only a partial, and potentially distorted, picture of society. Instead, statisticians disciplined themselves to patiently wait for the accumulation of statistical facts and analyse data in their entirety because this was the only way, they believed, to truly understand the complex relationships people had with each other. The SSL's activities assisted statisticians' conception of statistical fact and produced a new kind of intellectual inquirer who patiently collected statistical facts as the basis of knowing and intervening in people's lives.

L'œuvre gravé de Félicien Rops (1833-1898), artiste belge dont la carrière se fit principalement en France, tire en grande partie ses modes d'expression et son inspiration des divers aspects du fait littéraire à la fin de siècle. Outre la position marginale que Rops se réserva dans le monde de l'art de son temps, développant des stratégies visant à établir la rareté et l'étrangeté d'une œuvre gravée réputée pour son érotisme et son satanisme son geste esthétique se construit essentiellement en relation avec le milieu et les textes littéraires. Par les livres que Rops illustre, par les textes qu'il utilise comme légendes ou épigraphes sur les épreuves mêmes, par les ouvrages et figures tant littéraires que théologiques et mythiques dont il nourrit son œuvre, l'image acquiert une lisibilité qui en fait un véritable discours visuel. Elle devient ainsi rapidement un matériau théorique et fictionnel pour les critiques et écrivains de l'époque, tandis que Rops expérimente au sein de sa correspondance une écriture qui lui permet de diffuser, via le medium privé, une pensée esthétique singulière, et de créer un succédané d'œuvre littéraire
The etching works of Felicien Rops (1833-1898), Belgian artist whose career mainly took place in France, find a lot of their expressional and inspirational ways from various aspects of the fin de siècle literary fact. In addition to the fringing position Rops chose in the art field of his time, conceiving strategies, in order to strengthen the scarceness and oddness of etching works known for their eroticism and satanicism, Rops's esthetical creation is mostly built throughout the company of the literary circle and texts. Through the books Rops illustrates, the texts he use as legends or mottos on the very proves, through the works and characters in literature as well as in theological and mythical field with which he feeds his works, the picture gains such a legibility that it becomes a genuine visual discourse. The picture thus is caught as a theoretical and fictional resource for critics and writers of the time while Rops investigates amid his correspondence a literary style that enables him to broadcast via a private medium a singular esthetic thought and to create a substitute of literary works

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development and impact of popular political consciousness in Edinburgh during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Particular attention is drawn to the growing political assertiveness of the middling orders in Edinburgh and to the threat which this posed both to the traditional political establishment in the city and to the established political constitution. The first section of the thesis examines some of the mechanisms by which popular political consciousness was nurtured and expressed. The structure, membership and influence of the myriad clubs and societies which flourished in Edinburgh are examined in Chapter Two. The role and influence of the press in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are examined in Chapter Three. The second section of the thesis (Chapter Four) looks at the Town Council of Edinburgh, the lynchpin of government in the city. The third section of the thesis examines the impact which growing popular political consciousness had on the pattern of politics and government in Edinburgh. Chapter Five examines the municipal and parliamentary elections of 1780, in which disputes within the political establishment helped fuel growing politicisation out-of-doors. Chapter Six examines the radical Friends of the People reform movement of the 1790s and the reaction to it within the community. Chapter Seven discusses the origins and development of the Edinburgh Police Commission, which was set up in 1805. The role of the Commission is discussed in depth, as are the social and political themes which the controversies surrounding the Commission helped develop. Chapters Eight and Nine chart the course of reform in Edinburgh between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the coming of the great reforms of the 1830s.

Ce travail prétend construire un fragment de l'histoire des conflits et femmes en Catalogne (plus concrètement à Barcelonne et à Géronne) à une époque décisive qui correspond à la fin de l'Ancien Régime et à l'aube de la période libérale. Le cadre temporel utilisé indique le déphasage entre la vision théorique du mariage exposée dans les textes moraux et juridiques et la pratique de celui-ci dans la réalité quotidienne. La présente étude comprend trois axes argumentatifs dont la principale thématique réside dans les disputes matrimoniales. Dans cette principale thématique, s'inscrivent d'autres thèmes tels que l'histoire de la famille, des sentiments et de la sexualité ; la construction de réseaux de solidarité ; l'histoire de l'assistance ; le droit canonique, le droit civil ou familial ; le droit pénal, etc. Outre la dimension théorique du mariage, le premier axe de notre travail explique les disputes "prématrimoniales" (promesse de mariage non tenue) et l'influence de ces disputes dans le mariage (en cas de célébration du mariage). Le second axe met en exergue l'échec du mariage et analyse le divorce tel qu'il était entendu à cette époque là, ses facettes (divorce formel légalisé par le Tribunal Ecclesiastique et divorce informel représenté principalement par la pratique du concubinage, de la bigamie et de la réclusion)
This work aims at recreating a piece of the history related to the conflicts between men and women in Catalonia (more precisely in Barcelona and Girona) within a key period corresponding to the end of the "Antic Regime" and the begining of the liberal period. The temporary frame studied indicates the dissociation between the theoretical approoach of marriage exposed in moral and legal documents and its daily application. Besides the theoretical dimension of marriage, this work firstly accounts for the disputes exhibited before the marriage (broken marriage promises), and the influence exerted by such disputes within the marriage. Next, the marriage failure is highlighted, and there analysed different aspects of divorce as it is understood in the considered period (formal divorce legalized by the ecclesiastic tribunal, and informal divorce mainly represented by the practice of concubinage, bigamy and reclusion), the divorce components and its modalities ("temporary separation, temporary divorce and perpetual divorce" declared by the general vicar of the ecclesiastical tribunal

This thesis examines public opinion towards the participation opinion of the British Auxiliary Legion in the Spanish Civil War. It is based on an analysis of British newspapers, periodicals and political discussion between 1835 and 1838. It suggests that, although there was some degree of support for the foreign policy of Lord Palmerston in sending the legion to aid liberalism in the Peninsula, yet that support declined rapidly. In spite of Palmerston's eventual claim that intervention in Spain had been worthwhile, public opinion was not to reflect the view that his policy had been a right one, or that the British Auxiliaries had been indispensable to the cause of Spanish constitutionalism.

Du 16 février 1833, date présumée du premier billet, au 1er janvier 1883, dernière lettre qui nous soit parvenue, Juliette Drouet écrivit plus de vingt-deux mille lettres à Victor Hugo : cinquante années à écrire tous les jours, voire plusieurs fois par jour. Le corpus étudié ici est composé de huit années de correspondance. Grâce à l’édition et l’étude comparative de trois périodes distinctes — de 1833 à 1835, 1845 et de 1866 à 1869 — cette thèse montre l’évolution de la pragmatique et de la pratique scripturale de l’épistolière. Cette étude révèle la richesse des lettres de Juliette Drouet à Victor Hugo qui présentent un triple intérêt : historique, biographique et littéraire. Elles sont un témoignage de la vie quotidienne au XIXe siècle, de la vie des femmes et plus particulièrement de la vie d’une femme entretenue. Véritables documents socio-historiques, elles apportent des renseignements sur les habitudes d’hygiène et de santé de l’époque. Ces lettres sont un témoignage biographique de la vie de Juliette Drouet et de Victor Hugo, un témoignage de leur vie d’amants, mais aussi de la vie littéraire, politique et familiale de Victor Hugo. Leur intérêt littéraire est double : elles mettent en lumière les méthodes de travail de Victor Hugo dans son processus créatif et elles soulèvent une réflexion littéraire générique. En effet, elles sont à la fois une correspondance et un journal personnel. La correspondance initiale s’est rapidement métamorphosée en une écriture introspective, donnant naissance à un genre hybride entre la lettre-journal et le journal épistolaire
: From February 16th, 1833, presumed date of the first letter, to January 1st, 1883, last letter in our possesion, Juliette Drouet wrote over twenty two thousand letters to Victor Hugo. She wrote everyday, sometimes several time in a day for fifty years. The corpus which we studied is composed of eight years of correspondence. We edited and studied three periods : from 1833 to 1835, 1845 ans from 1866 to 1869. This thesis shows the evolution of the pragmatic ans pratical scriptural of the writer. This study gives away the wealth of the Juliette Drouet’s letters to Victor Hugo. These letters have a triple interest : historical, biographical and literary. It is a everyday life’s testimony of the 19th century, a women life’s testimony ans especialy a kept woman life’s testimony. These true documents socio-historical give us informations about the ways of hygiene ans health of this time. These letters are a biographical’s testimony of Juliette Drouet and Victor Hugo’s life, of the lover’s life and also a testimony of the literary, political and family’s life of Victor Hugo. The literary’s interest is double : the letters show the work’s methods of Hugo and they rouse a generic literary question. These letters are a correpondence but also a diary. At the beginning, it was a correspondence which metamorphosed in a introspective writing. Finaly, it’s an hybrid gender, between a letter-diary and a diary epistolary

La naissance du drame musical wagnérien, conçu en réaction a l'opéra traditionnel, juge décadent, ne peut être comprise sans une étude globale des œuvres de jeunesse de Wagner, constituée pour une part d'œuvres inachevées, la première phase de création du compositeur constitue le laboratoire de sa future reforme de l'opéra. L'analyse de cette période se fait autour de quatre thèmes qui résument les différents voies esthétiques explorées par Wagner : l'opéra romantique allemand, le mouvement jeune Allemagne, le grand opéra français et l'étude du mythe. La réflexion sur ces thèmes montre que le drame musical est avant tout le produit d'intenses échanges culturels européens
The birth of the Wagnerian music drama, conceived in opposition to traditional opera regarded as decadent, is to be viewed through a global study of Wagner’s youth work. Partly made of unfinished works, the first period of the composer's career symbolises his attempts at reforming opera. Four main themes can be found which sum up Wagner’s various aesthetic tendencies, i. E. German romantic opera, "junges Deutschland", French great opera and the study of myth. The analysis of these themes is evidence that Wagnerian music drama is above all the result of intense European cultural exchanges

This thesis argues that the wave of Last Man literature published between 1806 and 1833 paradoxically resists the Romantic privileging of the solitary, and is instead deeply concerned with the themes'offriendship and community. Chapter 1 considers the first two Last Man poems to be written in English and argues that this genre is rooted in the concept of community from its very beginnings. This interest in community is perceptible both on a thematic level and in terms~bf the wide network of interlinking cultural responses to the Last Man theme that these early texts inspired. Chapter 2 explores the Last Man theme within the context of the understanding of time during the Romantic age. Charting the contemporary interest in the growth and decline of communities, I argue that Romantic Last Man texts respond both to the idea of cycles and to a recent shift in the understanding of ruin. Chapter 3 demonstrates how this genre repeatedly displays a deep suspicion of communities located within an urban environment. I show how Romantic Last Man texts respond to the contemporary scientific and theological understanding of city life, ultimately figuring London as a space of deception and corruption. Chapter 4 places the Last Man narrative within the context of the Romantic fascination with posterity, demonstrating how the Romantic ideal of writing for a future audience is inverted in the two Last Man novels written during this period. Chapter 5 examines several satirical approaches to the Last Man theme, arguing that these texts comment upon the problem of competition in a genre so transfixed with originality by providing the Last Man with the companion for whom he has always longed.

This thesis focuses on the Jamaican and English history of the Dawkins’ and explores the relationship between their slave-owning activities and their subsequent entrance into the metropole’s landed ranks. It demonstrates how one particular family were able to establish themselves as wealthy sugar planters on one side of the Atlantic, whilst its later generations migrated to England and drew upon the West Indian fortune to transform themselves into members of elite county society during the eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-centuries. Central to this thesis is an analysis of the Dawkins’ Jamaican plantation papers and their English estate records. It traces their colonial land building activities from the earliest days of their settlement on the island, during the mid-seventeenth-century, in an effort to understand how the foundations of their wealth were established by the first two generations of the family. By the middle of the eighteenth-century they had amassed a fortune large enough to allow the third generation to become absentees. The scene shifts from Jamaica to England where the family, headed by Henry Dawkins II, focussed on becoming part of Britain’s provincial elite after migrating to the metropole in the late 1750s. They engaged in a number of undertakings strategically designed to facilitate this blending which are explored across four chapters. These include the construction and development of country estates, marriage into established landed families, the acquisition of political office, and the re-crafting of their image to that of a refined genteel family. The examination of these undertakings sheds light on the different areas into which colonial fortunes spilled over as the profits from the Dawkins’ slave-based enterprise “came home”.

En 1833, date de la création de la loi Guizot, a 1914 ou s'ouvre le premier conflit mondial, le maitre d'école devient l'instituteur. Le rythme de la classe, les études révèlent une totale ignorance des programmes au moment de l'enquête Guizot. Parfois il ne comprend pas le français. Mais l'école normale de garçons va vite devenir un pôle attractif ou rayonnement les cultures du XIXe siècle. Sous l'empire, le maitre est contrôlé, sous la tutelle du maire et du curé. Il est l'objet de toute une série d'attaques. Les révocations d'enseignants marquent les années 50. A la fin de la période, il est devenu un personnage important. Le taux d'analphabétisme chute. Dans l'ensemble l'instituteur a favorise la francisation. Mais ce n'est pas le cas de tous, et même s'ils sont rares, certains ont développé la culture catalane. C'est lui aussi qui représente l'image de la république et qui alimente l'esprit de revanche. Cette étude révèle l'intérêt apporte par les méthodes actives à la fin du siècle, et le rayonnement culturel des écoles normales
Betwen 1833, the date of the creation of the guizot law, and 1914, when the first workd war broke out, the schoolmaster became primary school teacher. As for as the rhythm of the classes is concerned, studies have revealed total ignorance of the curriculum at the time of the guizot inquiry. Sometilmes, he doesn't understand french. But boys' teacher training colleges soon became the centre of attraction, where 19 century culture flourished. During the period of the empire the schoolmaster was controled and supervised by the mayor and the priest. He was the object of all sorts of attaks. The 50 were marked by the dismissals of teachers. At the end of this period he became an important figure. The level of iliteracy fell. On the whole teachers favoured gallicizing. But this was not always the case and ever it was rare, some developed the catalan culture. He was also represented the image of the republic and encouraged the spirit of revenge. This study reveals the interest shown in actives methods at the end of the century, and the cultural shiny of teachers' training colleges. THE INTEREST SHOWN IN ACTIVES METHODS AT THE END OF THE CENTURY, AND THE CULTURAL SHINY OF TEACHERS' TRAINING COLLEGES

Cette recherche se propose de comprendre le processus de formation d'un corps specifique, celui des instituteurs publics, dans une formation sociale particuliere, celle de la vendee, departement rural ou subsistaient au 20e siecle des rapports d'ancien regime. Sur la base d'echantillons representatifs (50 a 70% selon les criteres), on a reconstitue les origines geographiques et sociales et constate une double evolution : le repli geographique sur le tiers sud-est de la vendee et la faible representation des jeunes gens issus de l'agriculture. Les instituteurs vendeens, quoique d'origine rurale, furent donc souvent des etrangers dans leur commune d'exercice, en particulier sous la troisieme republique ou plus de 16% d'entre eux provenaient en outre d'autres departements. Ces traits etaient encore plus accuses chez les femmes. L'etude des carrieres confirme la rupture observee dans le recrutement apres 1850. L'administration centrale qui se renforcait a cette epoque decouragea les vieux maitres et obligea les autres a se conformer a des normes strictes. La troisieme republique cristallisa le divorce apparu des 1850, surtout dans le bocage et les cantons occidentaux, entre la masse des instituteurs et la societe vendeenne traditionnelle encadree par le clerge. .
The present research work is meant to understand the process of the development of a specific profession, that of primary state school teachers, in a peculiar social formation, the vendee, a rural department where old regime relations still existed in the 19th century. Their geographic and social extraction was reconstructed on the basis of representative population samples (50 to 70 % according to the criteria) and a twofold evolution was established : a geographic withdrawal to one third of the vendee in the south-east and the low rate of young people born of farmers. The primary state school teachers in vendee, though of rural extraction, often were strangers in their places of work, especially under the third republic when more than 16 % of them came from other departments. These features were even further marked among female teachers. A study of their careers confirms the breach in the recruiting after 1850. The head offices which were being reinforced at that time deterred the old schoolmasters and compelled the others to comply with strict norms. The third republic crystallized the separation that had become patent, as early as 1850, especially in the bocage and the western districts of vendee, between the body of the teachers and the traditional society of vendee strongly influenced by the clergy. .

The thesis seeks to combine an historiographical reappraisal of Michael Thomas Sadler, 1780-1835, with an account of his political thought and actions during his parliamentary career, 1829-1833. Sadler was an Ultra-Tory, although he has also been called a Radical Tory. Central to Ultra-Tory philosophy was the defence of the Revolution Settlement, or Protestant Constitution. This thesis opens with an explanation as to why Sadler was chosen as a research subject. Section one gives a general background to Sadler. The thesis begins with a brief biographical sketch followed by a detailed historiographical assessment. Sadler’s basic philosophy is outlined and his opposition to Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform is examined. The second section finds Sadler’s social and economic reforming activities the focus of attention. Although we move away from strictly constitutional issues the section explores Sadler’s concern for the downtrodden in England and Ireland. Indeed, for Sadler, the ‘aristocratic ideal’ – the need to look after the material well- being of British subjects – was as important as preserving the political framework of the Constitution. The question of a poor law for Ireland and factory legislation in England are two key areas under examination. Another chapter in the section examines Sadler’s attempts at reform on behalf of the agricultural labourers of Britain. The thesis concludes with a reappraisal of Sadler’s contribution to social reform in the early nineteenth century together with a reassessment of his position within the Tory party.

O trabalho analisa o periódico O Propagador da Indústria Rio-grandense, publicado nos anos de 1833-1834, na Vila de Rio Grande, núcleo portuário da província sul-rio-grandense. O jornal era mantido pela Sociedade Promotora da Indústria Rio-grandense, associação formada por membros da elite provincial, especialmente do segmento dos comerciantes. A análise e interpretação do Propagador é orientada pela hipótese de que, agindo em defesa da manutenção dos circuitos de comércio, o grupo que o patrocinava elaborava um discurso que o associava às elites do centro do Império no processo amplo de construção do Estado e de constituição simultânea da classe dominante. Atuando em uma conjuntura local adversa à defesa do centralismo, em virtude da agitação da propaganda farroupilha, a Sociedade Promotora procurava “pensar” o Império enquanto totalidade a ser integrada, contrapondo-se aos anseios autonomistas. A ação desses sujeitos é analisada tendo como referencial o projeto centralizador levado a cabo a partir do chamado “regresso conservador”. Entretanto, busca-se propor um deslocamento temporal e geográfico, discutindo as ações que, fora do âmbito da Corte e antes do período de efetivação do Estado imperial unificado, contribuíram para a sua construção.