Academic literature on the topic '1846-1921'

Toxomerus Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) species from Brazil are revised, including the examination of most of the types. Thirty six species are confirmed. Twenty seven are synonymized: T. dispar (Fabricius, 1794) [=T. vicinus (Macquart, 1846), T. tridentatus (Rondani, 1868) T. annulifer (Bigot, 1884), T. ruficaudatus (Bigot 1884), & T. triangulatus (Hull, 1942)], T. duplicatus (Wiedemann, 1830) [=T. vatius (Walker, 1852), T. gemini (Hull, 1941), T. arcturus (Hull, 1943), T. bipunctatus (Hull, 1943)], Syrphus basalis Walker, 1837 [=T. portius (Walker, 1852), T. rhea (Hull, 1949), T. harlequinus (Hull, 1951)], T. pictus (Macquart, 1842) [=T. jaguarinus (Bigot, 1884), T. maculatus (Bigot, 1884)], T. pulchellus (Macquart, 1846) [=T. punctatus Sack, 1921], T. virgulatus (Schiner, 1868) [=T. confusus (Schiner, 1868)], T. laenas (Walker, 1852) [=T. barbulus (Walker, 1852), T. nitidiventris (Curran, 1930), T. vitreus (Hull, 1941)], T. norma (Curran, 1930) [=T. mulio (Hull, 1941)], T. productus (Curran, 1930) [=T. triradiatus (Hull, 1942), T. camilla (Hull, 1951), T. cyrillus (Hull, 1951), T. vanessa (Hull, 1951)], T. watsoni (Curran, 1930) [=T. lanei (Hull, 1942)], T. steatogaster (Hull, 1941) [=T. steatornis (Hull, 1943)], T. idalius (Hull, 1951) [=T. eurydice (Hull, 1951)]. Two new combinations are presented: Mesogramma apegiensis Harbach, 1974 (=Toxomerus apegiensis) and Syphus basalis Walker, 1837 (= Toxomerus basalis); six new records for Brazil are included: T. difficilis (Curran, 1930), T. idalius (Hull, 1951), T. productus (Curran, 1930), T. purus (Curran, 1930), T. sylvaticus (Hull, 1943) and T. undecimpunctatus (Enderlein, 1938). Three new species are described: Toxomerus mosaicus, Toxomerus papaveroi and Toxomerus paraduplicatus.

The paper examines the impact of Hermann Paul’s ideas on the development of anthropocentric cognitive linguistics in Russia and Europe. The anthropocentric and pragmatic approaches to the study of language, related, in particular, to the consideration of language as “the language of the individual” and a product of personal experience, were formulated by the German linguist Hermann Paul (1846-1921) in his Principles of the History of Language (1920). In this important work, Paul argues that language development is driven by subjective, psychological factors, acknowledging the Man’s central role in the learning process (anthropocentrism). Viewing Paul’s position from the vantage point of modern linguistics, the article seeks to establish the rightness of the cognitive school in linguistics, provides a brief overview of Paul’s key ideas and concludes that he anticipated and formulated the main principles of the cognitive approach to language, namely: language as a product of individual experience, the role of individual notions in forming a word’s meaning, analogy as a mechanism of language acquisition, metaphor as a mechanism of learning and the connection of language with other mental processes.

Abstract Hermann Paul (1846–1921) and his seminal work Principien der Sprachgeschichte (1st edn 1880; 5th edn 1920) have played a significant part in the history of linguistic ideas. Historiographical studies on Paul and his work are mainly conducted in the light of the second edition of Principien (1886) by revealing the divergent and convergent viewpoints between Paul and other prominent scholars. In order to expand the current knowledge of Paul’s role in the discourse of his time, this paper will trace the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas shortly after the first edition of Principien by analyzing the citations of his works in the publications of contemporary scholars (the so-called ‘citation network’). Furthermore, evidence from scholarly correspondence, which exerted great influence on the development of linguistic ideas at an informal level, will shed light on Paul’s role from a different perspective. Within these two aspects, namely the citation network and the scholarly correspondence, we will reassess the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas, especially in connection with the first edition of Principien.

The sawfly genus Euura of the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae, in which species level taxonomy has long been regarded as controversial, is particularly species rich in northern parts of the Holarctic. Among a majority of species with more or less free-living larvae, a sizeable minority belongs to a monophyletic lineage whose larvae complete their whole development in galls. We present illustrated keys to the adults and galls of 66 gall-inducing Euura species that occur, or might occur, in northern Europe. The distribution of these species is briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on the fauna of Sweden, where 55 species are now definitely recorded, two of them for the first time (E. bigallae, E. myrtilloidica). The species-level taxonomy of gall-inducing Euura remains partly problematic. Nominal species described on the basis of experimentally tested or assumed host plant specificity, but which cannot be recognised using morphological or genetic characters, are treated as conspecific with currently indistinguishable segregates ("host-plant races") associated with other Salix species. 20 new synonymies are proposed (valid names in parentheses): Eupontania acutifoliae baltica Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006 and Pontania acutifoliae daphnoides Zinovjev, 1993 (Euura acutifoliae (Zinovjev, 1985)), Euura boreoalpina Kopelke, 2001 (Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921), Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 preoccupied and Euura lapponica Kopelke, 1996 preoccupied (Euura auritae Kopelke 2000), Euura gemmacinereae Kopelke, 2001 and E. nigritarsis Cameron, 1885 (Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837)), Euura phylicifoliae Kopelke, 2001 (Euura myrsinifoliae Kopelke, 2001), Nematus westermanni Boheman, 1852 nomen oblitum (Euura scotaspis (Förster, 1854) nomen protectum), Nematus acerosus Hartig, 1840 (Euura saliciscinereae (Retzius, 1783)), Nematus alienatus Förster, 1854 and Phyllocolpa rolleri Liston, 2005 (Euura leucapsis (Tischbein, 1846)), Nematus angustus Hartig, 1837 (Euura atra (Jurine, 1807)), Nematus erythropygus Förster, 1854 (Euura leucosticta (Hartig, 1837)), Nematus impunctatus Herrich-Schäffer, 1840 (Euura amerinae (Linnaeus, 1758)), Pontania carinifrons Benson, 1940 and Phyllocolpa plicaglauca Kopelke, 2007 (Euura destricta (MacGillivray, 1923)), Pontania obscura Kopelke, 2005 (Euura bridgmanii (Cameron, 1883)), Pontania viminalis var. lugubris Enslin, 1918 and Eupontania collactanea rosmarinifoliae Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006 (Euura collactanea (Förster, 1854)). Euura weiffenbachiella nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Euura weiffenbachii Ermolenko, 1988; preoccupied in Euura by Pteronidea weiffenbachi Lindqvist, 1958 (Euura piliserra (Thomson, 1863)). Lectotypes are designated for the following 9 taxa: Euura insularis Kincaid, 1900, Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921, Euura lappo Malaise, 1921, Euura lappo var. hastatae Malaise, 1921, Nematus acerosus Hartig, 1840, Nematus leptocerus Förster, 1854, Nematus vallisnierii Hartig, 1837, Pontania megacephala Rohwer, 1908, and Pontania piliserra var. mascula Enslin, 1915. Because of secondary homonymy within Euura, the valid name of the Nearctic species E. arctica MacGillivray, 1919 is E. delicatula (MacGillivray, 1919). The Nearctic Euura megacephala is removed from synonymy with the Holarctic E. destricta and treated as a valid species. 34 species names are newly combined with Euura.

The novel With Fire and Sword by Henry Sienkiewicz (1846–1916) is an example of the interweaving of fiction, historiography, and national collective imagination. It was written at the end of the period of Polish partition (1882–1888) and deals with events that marked the history and the collective imaginations of Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews: the history of the Khmel’nyts’kyy Uprising (1648–1657). The epic nature of these historical events already carried the seeds of a powerful and emotional narrative that lends itself to mythicization. However, the reading of this book in a later situation, the Second Polish Republic (1921–1939), led the Polish Sanacja government to withdraw it from the compulsory reading in Polish schools in 1932.This aspect of the Jędrzejewicz school reform sparked a lively debate in the Polish press, whereby historians, literature scholars, and journalists discussed the function that this book should have in the patriotic education of young Polish citizens, against the backdrop of tensions between the state and the political opposition on the issue of minorities, namely the Ukrainian minority. This discussion discloses the central place that Sienkiewicz has been given in Polish culture. At the same time, it examines the position that Polish intellectuals attribute to the Ukrainian minority in the Polish state and culture.

The genus Pachygrapsus Randall, 1840 is revised with particular attention to the five Southwest Pacific species: P. fakaravensis Rathbun, 1907, P. laevimanus Stimpson, 1858, P. minutus A. MilneEdwards, 1873, P. planifrons De Man, 1888, and P. plicatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Pachygrapsus laevimanus Stimpson, 1858 is redescribed and a neotype is designated because of confusion of this species with P. transversus (Gibbes, 1850). Seven other species were examined: P. corrugatus (von Martens, 1872), P. crassipes Randall, 1840, P. gracilis (de Saussure, 1858), P. loveridgei Chace, 1966, P. marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787), P. maurus (Lucas, 1846), and P. transversus (Gibbes, 1850). The type specimens of P. striatus A. Milne-Edwards, 1873, and P. laevis Borradaile, 1900, were re-examined and found to be junior synonyms of P. plicatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), and P. planifrons De Man, 1888, respectively. Pachygrapsus kraussii (Dana, 1852) is considered a junior synonym of P. plicatus H. Milne Edwards, 1837. Pachygrapsus polyodous Stebbing, 1921, is excluded from Pachygrapsus and provisionally placed in Euchirograpsus H. Milne Edwards, 1853. Pachygrapsus propinquus De Man, 1908, is probably a junior synonym of P. minutus A. MilneEdwards, 1873, but its status needs to be confirmed with the collection of new material from the type locality. Pachygrapsus now includes twelve species, thirteen if P. propinquus De Man, 1908, proves to be a separate species. A key to all thirteen species is given.

Melyridae Dasytinae and rhadalidae of Cyprus have been studied, based on rather abundant materials from several collections and on the scarce (often obsolete) literature existing. A total of 9 genera and 18 species have been found to live on the Island: photographs or drawings of nearly all of them are provided and a determination key is proposed. Three new species are described: Dasytidius valdelatus n. sp., Dasytiscus anatolicus n. sp. and Aplocnemus (Diplambe) constantini n. sp. Three status changes are proposed, as a necessary anticipation (to be fully justified in a next paper): Dasytidius virescens (baudi di Selve, 1873) and Dasytidius funebris Majer, 1989, previously good species, are considered subspecies of Dasytidius indutus (Kiesenwetter, 1859); Dasytidius similis (Schilsky, 1896), formerly subspecies of D. indutus, is elevated to good species. One new synonymy is proposed: Danacea brevipennis Pic 1932 = Danacea cypria Schilsky, 1897. Dasytes xanthocnemus var. cyprius baudi di Selve, 1873 is not a synonym of Dasytes xanthocnemus Kolenati, 1846 but of Dasytes moniliatus Kiesenwetter, 1863. the variability of 3 species: Dasytes (Mesodasytes) aeneiventris Küster, 1850, Dasytidius inchoatus Majer, 1991 and Aplocnemus (Ischnopalpus) syriacus Schilsky, 1894 is discussed as relevant to their definition. the ♂ of Trichoceble testaceipes Pic, 1921 until now only known through ♀♀, is described. A short distributional analysis, including a rough comparison with the other large Mediterranean island has been attempted.

Summary Franz Boas’ (1858–1942) Statements on phonetics can only be appreciated adequately if they are read against the background of 19th-century experimental psychology, acoustics, physiology, and psychophysics. This paper demonstrates that Boas adhered to a theory of phonetics which included a physical and a psychological component. The former component was informed by contemporary ideas on phonetics put forward by Hermann Helmholtz (1821–1894), Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann Paul (1846–1921), and Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887). Within this component, Boas included the production of speech sounds, their acoustical nature, and the mechanical workings of the ear. For Boas, speech-sounds were averages consisting of groups of oscillations which gave each sound its peculiar character. The ear analyzed speech-sounds into their component groups of oscillations, and the resulting sensations were individually transmitted into consciousness. The psychological component of Boas’ theory was influenced by Gustav Fechner’s (1801–1887) psychophysics, and it was initially based on Herbartian psychology. This second component included mental representations (Vorstellungen) of sounds, the process of apperception, and Fechner’s law of thresholds (Schwellengesetz). Boas’ theory presupposed a model of the mind as machine in which the ear was seen as a mechanical extension of the mind. Within this mechanical model of the mind, the recognition of speech-sounds was deterministically governed by the law of thresholds and the process of apperception. The interaction of the law of thresholds with the process of apperception was responsible for the phenomenon of alternating sounds. With the help of his theory, Boas countered positions which considered such seemingly fluctuating sounds as the hallmark of ‘primitive’ languages. In order to distance himself from Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899) Eurocentric linguistics, which was rooted in the Herbartian tradition, Boas later abandoned his Herbartian framework in favor of an associationist theory of psychology.

Vers la fin du XIXe siècle,en 1883 était publié à Paris sous le titre "L'Art japonais", le premier ouvrage capital sur l'art du Soleil Levant, fruit d'une vaste érudition et de l'application de méthodes historiques et scientifiques. L'auteur de ce livre, Louis Gonse, était à l'époque directeur de la Gazette des Beaux Arts. Dans le courant des années 1870 jusqu'au début des années 1880, il était devenu un expert de renom en art japonais et possédait une importante collection d'objets d'art japonais d'une qualité indéniable. L'étude présentée ici a pour objectif de comprendre pourquoi "L'Art japonais" publié en 1883 fut considéré comme une oeuvre de grande valeur jusque dans les dernières années du XIXe siècle et pourquoi au XXe siècle il s'est vu dénié le statut d'ouvrage "sérieux" sur l'art japonais. Louis Gonse avait pourtant mis en pratique une méthode scientifique pour construire son histoire de l'art du Japon, avait fait des recherches approfondies sur toutes les données écrites disponibles et surtout il avait "interrogé" les objets japonais figurant dans les collections d'art occidentales. Si l'"Art japonais" de Louis Gonse peut paraître dépassé sur certains points, il offre encore aux lecteurs d'aujourd'hui une quantité appréciable d'informations valables sur les artistes japonais et sur l'éventail des techniques qu'ils utilisaient
Almost at the end of the XIXe century in 1883 the first comprehensive book ever written in the world about art and history of art in Japan is published in Paris under the title "L'art japonais". Numerous illustrations add to the attractiveness of the book. .

En 1880, lorsque Jean Aicard parcourt la France en faisant la lecture de son idylle provençale Miette et Noré, il souhaite que d'autres poètes chantent à leur tour leur terroir en français, appelant de tous ses vœux « une représentation poétique par province de toute la belle France ». Ce jeune auteur avait déjà célébré son pays dans une forme simple et claire, en 1873, avec Poèmes de Provence, donnant ainsi, de l’avis du critique Antoine Albalat, « droit de cité littéraire » à sa province. De là va naître une importante floraison de recueils poétiques qui, glorifiant tout le territoire, suscite et prépare le « réveil des provinces » de la Belle Epoque, étudié par de nombreux auteurs. Notre thèse propose l’étude de l’éclosion, dans les années 1870-1890, de cette poésie inspirée par le thème du pays natal. Un état des lieux de la réception critique permet de percevoir l’existence d’un courant. Ce constat est mis à jour grâce à une enquête dans la documentation, les archives et l’histoire littéraire. Puis, une analyse des Poèmes de Provence et d’un autre recueil, Le Clocher (1887) de François Fabié, révèle les principes de composition et d’écriture de deux ouvrages spécifiques. Déployant, l’un, la célébration du pays, l’autre, sa recherche dans le souvenir de l’exilé, ils proposent des modèles formels et thématiques qui seront repris ensuite par plusieurs générations de littérateurs. Enfin, un examen approfondi du texte démonte les mécanismes du fonctionnement argumentatif de cette poésie. La mise en œuvre discursive de l’ethos du locuteur, de la représentation qu’il se fait de l’auditoire, des valeurs nécessaires à l’accord préalable, montre que ces poètes travaillent particulièrement la réception de leur écriture par le public de l’époque. La mise à jour de cette poésie, axée sur la célébration des provinces, sur la thématique du lien et composée dans un but convaincant, apporte une contribution à l’histoire du mouvement littéraire régionaliste de langue française, éclairant une période antérieure à la Belle Epoque, proposant une archéologie littéraire du régionalisme
Après la guerre de 1870, Jean Aicard publie Poèmes de Provence (1873), une louange de son pays natal. A sa suite, plusieurs jeunes poètes composent la « petite légende » de leur province, tel François Fabié qui présente dans Le Clocher (1887) une écriture de la remémoration. Valorisant les provinces au moment où le développement économique accélère l’exode rural et la transformation des campagnes, cette poésie fournira des arguments aux revendications régionalistes de la Belle Epoque. Un état des lieux de cette question dans le corpus critique et dans les panoramas littéraires montre que ce mouvement participe à une tradition de poésie de la Nature et qu’il s’exprime sous l’influence du romantisme et du Parnasse. Une étude des Poèmes de Provence et du Clocher analyse le fonctionnement de ces louanges (composition, thèmes, style) et leur dimension argumentative, de l’image de l’auditoire à celle du poète, des figures de style à l’inscription de l’affectivité
After the 1870 war, Jean Aicard publishes Poèmes de Provence (1873), a poetic homage of his native country. Following his example, several young poets compose their own “small Légende des Siècles” in praise of their province, including François Fabié whose Le Clocher (1887) is a self-conscious act of remembering. Celebrating provincial life at the time when economic development is speeding up both the rural exodus and the countryside’s transformation, these poets will fuel regionalist claims during the Belle Epoque. Looking at this question in the existing criticism and literary surveys, shows that this movement belongs to a tradition of Nature poetry, and that its expression is influenced by romanticism and the Parnassian movement. This study of Poèmes de Provence and Le Clocher deals with how these praises function in terms of composition, themes and style. It analyses the mode of their arguments : the image of the reader, the representation of the poet, together with the stylistic figures involved in the expression of feeling

Orientador: Celia Maria Marinho de Azevedo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T17:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DaibertJunior_Robert_M.pdf: 13228653 bytes, checksum: d8abc0631484a948bf22667d454fda2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001
Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo acompanhar o processo de construção, circulação e apropriação de diferentes representações sobre a Princesa Isabel. Começando pelo seu nascimento, em 1846, este trabalho traz à luz diferentes momentos da construção de sua figura pública ao longo do Segundo Reinado e após a queda da Monarquia no Brasil. Busca-se mostrar como a formação da imagem da Princesa como "Redentora dos escravos" respondeu às necessidades políticas de um abolicionismo moderado, bem como às negociações relativas à continuidade do regime monárquico sob a condução de Isabel como possível Imperatriz. Procura-se ainda explicar de que maneira sobreviveu a representação da Princesa como "Redentora" apesar da insistência republicana em apagá-Ia da memória coletiva. Para tanto, são analisadas as comemorações do 13 de maio realizadas pelos afto-descendentes a fim de mostrar como suas festividades e manifestações religiosas perpetuaram os pressupostos culturais afticanos transplantados para o Brasil e, ao mesmo tempo, trouxeram novos significados à sua herança cultural. Por fim, apresenta-se a "ressurreição" da imagem da Princesa "Redentora", após a morte de Isabel em 1921. E sua posterior ascensão ao panteão de heróis cívicos brasileiros, posição ainda resistente, apesar de consideravelmente ameaçada pela emergência do herói negro Zumbi, evidenciada durante as comemorações do centenário da Abolição da Escravidão no Brasil em 1988
Abstract: This dissertation aims to the process of construction, circulation and appropriation of different representations of Princess Isabel. Beginning with her birth, in 1846, this work brings to light different moments of the construction of her public figure throughout the Second Reign and after the falI of the Monarchy in Brazil. The central concern is to show how the formation of the image of the Princess as the "Redeemer of the slave" responded to the political needs of a moderate abolitionism as well as to the political negotiations toward the continuity of the monarchic regime under the rule of Isabel as the would-be Empress. This work also aims at explaining in wich manner the representation of the Princess as the "Redeemer" of the slaves has survived despite the republican insistence in erasing it trom the collective memory. The commemorations of May 13th,the day the Abolition Law was signed, conducted by people of African descent in the streets are also analyzed here in order to show how their feasts and religious manifestations perpetuated African ways of being in Brazil and, at the same time, brougth new meanings to their cultural inheritance. Finally, it concludes presenting the "resurrection" of the image of the "Redeemer" Princess, after Isabel's death in 1921. Her ascension to the pantheon of Brazilian civic heroes still resists althoug considerably threatened by the emergence of the black hero Zumbi during the commemorations of the centennial of the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil in 1988
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Mestre em História

Abstract: In 1921, issue 11-12 of L’Esprit Nouveau featured an article entitled “Toepffer, précurseur du cinema” where Le Corbusier, signing as ‘De Fayet’, vindicated the figure of Rodolphe Töpffer (1799-1846), a Swiss a pioneer of comics, as a key element in the development of cinema. Marginal as it may seem, this reference unveils a deeper relationship between Jeanneret and Töpffer’s work which started in his childhood, and would have a key role in the development of some of Le Corbusier’s trademark obsessions: travel, drawing, and cinematic narratives. In this context, “La Ligne Claire de Le Corbusier” proposes a close examination of the presence of graphic narrative and its aesthetics in Le Corbusier's early work in relation to its evolution from a sequential promenade architecturale to multispatial enjambment. The paper explores themes such as narrative and the inclusion of time in le Corbusier's Purist paintings, or his evolution from a painterly approach to drawing to an idealized, linear and synthetic rendering style. Keywords: Sequence; Enjambment; Purism; Avant-Garde; Töpffer ; Bande Dessinée. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.814